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96-552: The Biennale's mission is to promote art and artists which challenge current conventions in the art world. The Biennale de Paris rejects exhibitions and art objects. It refuses to be "thought by art". It identifies and defends true alternatives. It calls for "non-standard practices". Inspired by the Venice Biennale and the São Paulo Art Biennial , the 'Biennale de Paris' was created by André Malraux ,

192-543: A Record of Decision approving the project on November 7, 2011. Work on the project cannot begin, however, until the Bureau of Land Management issues a Notice to Proceed. A lawsuit against Colorado Parks and Wildlife was filed on July 22, 2011, by Rags Over the Arkansas River (ROAR), a local group opposed to the project. The lawsuit is still awaiting a court date. Christo and Jeanne-Claude's inspiration for Over

288-473: A failed attempt to mount the curtain in late 1971, a new engineer and builder-contractor raised the fabric in August 1972. The work only stood for 28 hours before the wind again destroyed the fabric. This work, their most expensive to date and first to involve construction workers, was captured in a documentary by David and Albert Maysles . Christo's Valley Curtain was nominated for Best Documentary Short in

384-451: A flat roof and inward sloping sides. It sat on a floating platform of high-density polyethene , held in place by 32 anchors. It was 20 m (66 ft) in height and weighed 600 tonnes (660 short tons). The vertical ends were painted in a mosaic of red, blue and mauve, whilst the sloping sides were in red with bands of white. Simultaneously with the display of The London Mastaba , the nearby Serpentine Gallery presented an exhibition of

480-557: A future project, titled Over The River , to be constructed on the Arkansas River between Salida, Colorado , and Cañon City, Colorado , on the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains. Plans for the project call for horizontally suspending 10.8 km (6.7 mi) of reflective, translucent fabric panels high above the water, on steel cables anchored into the river's banks. Project plans called for its installation for two weeks during

576-475: A paint can. His collection of wrapped household items would be known as his Inventory . In February 1958, Christo left for Paris, having received a visa with the assistance of a Sofia academy connection. In 1973, after 17 stateless years, Christo became a United States citizen. He died at his home in New York City on May 31, 2020, at 84. No cause of death was specified. L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped ,

672-455: A pavilion was Belgium in 1907, followed by Germany, Britain and Hungary in 1909. The pavilions are the property of the individual countries and are managed by their ministries of culture. Countries not owning a pavilion in the Giardini are exhibited in other venues across Venice. The number of countries represented is still growing. In 2005, China was showing for the first time, followed by

768-568: A petition calling for Israel to be excluded from the Venice Biennale due to Israel's military campaign in the Gaza Strip . The Biennale rejected the petition, saying it would "not take into consideration any petition or call to exclude" countries recognized by Italy. Italian Culture Minister Gennaro Sangiuliano said that: "Israel not only has the right to express its art, but it has the duty to bear witness to its people precisely at

864-585: A planned work by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, went ahead posthumously in Paris in September 2021. Jeanne-Claude Denat de Guillebon ( French: [ʒan klod dəna də gijəbɔ̃] ) was born in Casablanca, Morocco , where her father, an army officer, was stationed. Her mother, Précilda, was 17 when she married Jeanne-Claude's father, Major Léon Denat. Précilda and Léon Denat divorced shortly after Jeanne-Claude

960-537: A railcar stowaway. He had little money after paying the bribe, did not speak the language, had deserted during his Bulgarian military service, and feared being trapped in a refugee camp. In Vienna, he stayed with a family friend (who had not expected him), studied at the Vienna Fine Arts Academy , and surrendered his passport to seek political asylum as a stateless person . There, he supported himself with commissions and briefly visited Italy with

1056-524: A record number of seven co-curators involved, including Hans Ulrich Obrist , Catherine David , Igor Zabel , Hou Hanru and Massimiliano Gioni . The 51st edition of the Biennale opened in June 2005, curated, for the first time by two women, Maria de Corral and Rosa Martinez . De Corral organized "The Experience of Art" which included 41 artists, from past masters to younger figures. Rosa Martinez took over

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1152-456: A retrospective of Picasso 's work. Peggy Guggenheim was invited to exhibit her collection, later to be permanently housed at Ca' Venier dei Leoni . 1949 saw the beginning of renewed attention to avant-garde movements in European—and later worldwide—movements in contemporary art. Abstract expressionism was introduced in the 1950s, and the Biennale is credited with importing Pop Art into

1248-667: A time like this when it has been ruthlessly struck by merciless terrorists . The Venice Art Biennale will always be a space of freedom, encounter and dialogue and not a space of censorship and intolerance." On 13 February 2024, the Holy See Press Office announced that Pope Francis would attend the Venice Biennale. He visited the Pavilion of the Holy See in the Prison Giudecca on Sunday 28 April 2024. This

1344-524: A world city. The Guardian posthumously described the work as their "most spectacular achievement". In 1998, the artists wrapped trees at the Beyeler Foundation and its nearby Berower Park. Prior attempts had failed to secure government support in St. Louis, Missouri , and Paris. The work was self-funded through sale of photographic documentation and preparatory works, as had become standard for

1440-430: A year of Wrapped Coast , Christo began work on Valley Curtain : an orange curtain of fabric to be hung across the mountainous Colorado State Highway 325 . They simultaneously worked on Wrapped Walk Ways (Tokyo and Holland) and Wrapped Island (South Pacific), neither of which came to fruition. The artists formed a corporation to benefit from tax and other liabilities, a form they used for later projects. Following

1536-785: The Wrapped Reichstag , The Pont Neuf Wrapped , Running Fence in California , and The Gates in New York City 's Central Park . Born in Bulgaria and Morocco , respectively, the pair met and married in Paris in the late 1950s. Originally working under Christo's name, they later credited their installations to both "Christo and Jeanne-Claude". Until his own death in 2020, Christo continued to plan and execute projects after Jeanne-Claude's death in 2009. Their work

1632-482: The 1974 Academy Awards . The Maysles would film many of the artists' later projects. Inspired by a snow fence, in 1972, Christo and Jeanne-Claude began preparations for Running Fence : a 24.5-mile fence of white nylon, supported by steel posts and steel cables, running through the California landscape and into the ocean. In exchange for temporary use of ranch land, the artists agreed to offer payment and use of

1728-820: The Biennale Foundation . It focuses on contemporary art , and includes events for art, contemporary dance, architecture, cinema, and theatre. Two main components of the festival are known as the Art Biennale ( La Biennale d'Arte di Venezia ) and the Architecture Biennale ( La Biennale d'Architettura di Venezia ), which are held in alternating years. The others – Biennale Musica , Biennale Teatro, Venice Film Festival , and Venice Dance Biennale – are held annually. The main exhibition held in Castello alternates between art and architecture (hence

1824-677: The Gasometer Oberhausen from March 16 until December 30, 2013, with the installation Big Air Package . After The Wall (1999) as the final installation of the Emscher Park International Building Exhibition, Big Air Package was his second work of art in the Gasometer. The " Big Air Package – Project for Gasometer Oberhausen, Germany" was conceived by Christo in 2010 (for the first time without his wife Jeanne-Claude). The sculpture

1920-472: The Lido . The Art Biennale (La Biennale d'Arte di Venezia) is one of the world's largest and most important contemporary visual art exhibitions. So-called because it is held biannually, it is the original biennale on which others in the world have been modeled. The exhibition space spans over 7,000 square meters, and artists from over 75 countries are represented in the collective exhibition spaces as well as in

2016-459: The Minister of Culture , in 1959 and headed by Raymond Cogniat . Cogniat held the position as director until 1967, when he resigned due to health concerns. He was succeeded by Jacques Lassaigne who lead the institution until its decommissioning in 1985. The initial goal of the Biennale was to present an overview of young creativity worldwide and to create a place of experiences and meetings; this

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2112-805: The Pérez Art Museum Miami presented Christo Drawings: A Gift from the Maria Bechily and Scott Hodes Collection , comprising drawings and project sketches produced by Christo and his life partner and artistic collaborator Jeane-Claude between the 1960s and the 2000s. Jeanne-Claude and Christo were born on the same day in 1935; Jeanne-Claude in Morocco and Christo in Bulgaria. Christo outlived Jeanne-Claude by ten-and-a-half years. Christo Vladimirov Javacheff ( Bulgarian : Христо Владимиров Явашев , [xrisˈtɔ vlɐˈdimirof jaˈvaʃɛf] )

2208-486: The 150th Anniversary of Italian Unification . The event was directed by Vittorio Sgarbi . The Giardini houses 30 permanent national pavilions. Alongside the Central Pavilion, built in 1894 and later restructured and extended several times, the Giardini are occupied by a further 29 permanent pavilions built at different periods by the various countries participating in the Biennale. The first nation to build

2304-428: The 1916 and 1918 events were cancelled. In 1920 the post of mayor of Venice and president of the Biennale was split. The new secretary general, Vittorio Pica brought about the first presence of avant-garde art, notably Impressionists and Post-Impressionists . 1922 saw an exhibition of sculpture by African artists . Between the two World Wars, many important modern artists had their work exhibited there. In 1928

2400-515: The 1988 and 1990 editions. A three-year gap was left afterwards to make sure that the 1995 edition would coincide with the 100th anniversary of the Biennale. The 1993 edition was directed by Achille Bonito Oliva. In 1995, Jean Clair was appointed to be the Biennale's first non-Italian director of visual arts while Germano Celant served as director in 1997. For the Centenary in 1995, the Biennale promoted events in every sector of its activity:

2496-415: The 1st of November 1977, Palais de Tokyo , Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris From the 20th of September to the 2nd of November 1980, Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris From the 2nd of October to the 14th of November 1982, Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris From the 21st of March to the 21st of May 1985, Grande halle de la Villette From the 20th of February to the 15th of March 2004, Paris et ailleurs From

2592-1721: The 1st of October 2006 to the 30th of September 2008, Paris, varied countries and regions Catherine Millet , Alfred Pacquement, Jean-Marc Poinsot, Daniel Abadie, Lucy R. Lippard , Pontus Hulten , Gérald Gassiot-Talabot, Achille Bonito Oliva , Pierre Restany , Pierre Courcelles, Paul Ardenne, Stephen Wright, Francesco Masci, Brian Holmes, Elisabeth Lebovici. Karen Andreassian, Horst Antes, John M. Armleder, La Bergerie , Joseph Beuys , Gary Bigot, Alighiero Boetti , Microcollection, Christian Boltanski , Thierry Boutonnier, Winston Branch , Florian Brochec, Bernard Brunon (That's Painting Productions), Kees Brusse, Bureau d'Etudes, Daniel Buren , Ian Burn , Michel Chevalier , Christo , René Daniëls , Olivier Darné, Sérgio de Camargo , Francois Deck, Bernard Delville, Chinnapan Jesudoss Anthony Doss, Marcel Duchamp , Sabine Falk, Jean-Baptiste Farkas, Dominic Gagnon, Gilbert and George , Rolf Glasmeier , Dan Graham , Johannes Heisig , Anish Kapoor , Yves Klein , Park Seo-Bo , Joseph Kosuth , Karine Lebrun, André Éric Létourneau , La Chèvre Phénomène, Saint-Thomas l'Imposteur, Gordon Matta-Clark , Ricardo Mbarkho , Mario Merz , Jan Middlebos, Nam June Paik , Rodolfo Nieto , OSTSA, Giulio Paolini, Pablo Picasso , Sadequain Michelangelo Pistoletto, Hubert Renard, Paul Robert, Saint Thomas L'Imposteur, Nana Petzet, That's Painting Productions, Richard Serra , Les Somnatistes, Robert Smithson , Soussan Ltd, Cosey Fanni Tutti , Niele Toroni, Liliane Viala, Visualinguistic, Wolf Vostell , Lawrence Weiner , Paratene Matchitt , Yasuo Mizui , Alberto Gironella , Gage Taylor (1975 he

2688-414: The 24th of September to the 1st of November 1969, Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris From the 15th of September to the 21st of October 1971, Parc floral de Paris , Bois de Vincennes From the 15th of September to the 21st of October 1973, Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris From the 19th of September to the 2nd of November 1975, Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris, Palais Galliera From the 17th of September to

2784-432: The 2nd to the 25th of October 1959, Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris From the 29th of September to the 5th of November 1961, Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris From the 28th of September to the 3rd of November 1963, Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris From the 28th of September to the 3rd of November 1965, Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris From the 29th of September to the 5th of November 1967, Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris From

2880-567: The 34th Festival del Teatro, the 46th art exhibition, the 46th Festival di Musica, the 52nd Mostra del Cinema. The 48th and 49th editions, in 1999 and 2001, were directed by Harald Szeemann . These editions had a larger representation of artists from Asia and Eastern Europe and young artists and expanded the show into several newly restored spaces of the Arsenale. In 1999 a new sector was created for live shows: DMT (Dance Music Theatre). The 50th edition, 2003, directed by Francesco Bonami , had

2976-550: The African Pavilion and Mexico (2007), the United Arab Emirates (2009), and India (2011). Christo Christo Vladimirov Javacheff (1935–2020) and Jeanne-Claude Denat de Guillebon (1935–2009), known as Christo and Jeanne-Claude , were artists noted for their large-scale, site-specific environmental installations , often large landmarks and landscape elements wrapped in fabric, including

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3072-513: The Aperto began as a fringe event for younger artists and artists of a national origin not represented by the permanent national pavilions. This is usually staged in the Arsenale and has become part of the formal biennale programme. In 1995 there was no Aperto so a number of participating countries hired venues to show exhibitions of emerging artists. From 1999, both the international exhibition and

3168-435: The Aperto were held as one exhibition, held both at the Central Pavilion and the Arsenale. Also in 1999, a $ 1 million renovation transformed the Arsenale area into a cluster of renovated shipyards, sheds and warehouses, more than doubling the Arsenale's exhibition space of previous years. A special edition of the 54th Biennale was held at Padiglione Italia of Torino Esposizioni – Sala Nervi (December 2011 – February 2012) for

3264-636: The Arsenale with "Always a Little Further." Drawing on "the myth of the romantic traveler" her exhibition involved 49 artists, ranging from the elegant to the profane. In 2007, Robert Storr became the first director from the United States to curate the Biennale (the 52nd), with a show entitled Think with the Senses – Feel with the Mind. Art in the Present Tense . Swedish curator Daniel Birnbaum

3360-481: The Art Biennale, the exhibition is based one main exhibition in the arsenale halls, as well as national exhibitions hosted in the pavilions of the arsenale and Biennale gardens. When the Venice Biennale was founded in 1895, one of its main goals was to establish a new market for contemporary art. Between 1942 and 1968 a sales office assisted artists in finding clients and selling their work, a service for which it charged 10% commission. Sales remained an intrinsic part of

3456-663: The Art Exhibition. In 1972, for the first time, a theme was adopted by the Biennale, called "Opera o comportamento" ("Work or Behaviour"). Starting from 1973 the Music Festival was no longer held annually. During the year in which the Mostra del Cinema was not held, there was a series of "Giornate del cinema italiano" (Days of Italian Cinema) promoted by sectorial bodies in campo Santa Margherita, in Venice. 1973 saw

3552-533: The Berlin Reichstag building in 1995 following 24 years of governmental lobbying across six Bundestag presidents. Wrapped Reichstag 's 100,000 square meters of silver fabric draped the building, fastened with blue rope. Christo described the Reichstag wrapping as autobiographical based on his Bulgarian upbringing. The wrapping became symbolic of unified Germany and marked Berlin's return as

3648-496: The Biennale was set up. The director, Paolo Portoghesi , opened the Corderie dell'Arsenale to the public for the first time. At the Mostra del Cinema, the awards were brought back into being (between 1969 and 1979, the editions were non-competitive). In 1980, Achille Bonito Oliva and Harald Szeemann introduced "Aperto", a section of the exhibition designed to explore emerging art. Italian art historian Giovanni Carandente directed

3744-469: The Giardini. This included a Creative Time Summit, e-flux journal ' s SUPERCOMMUNITY , Gulf Labor Coalition, The Invisible Borders Trans-African Project and Abounaddara. The 2017 Biennale, titled Viva Arte Viva , was directed by French curator Christine Macel who called it an "exhibition inspired by humanism". German artist Franz Erhard Walther won the Golden Lion for best artist in

3840-489: The Istituto Storico d'Arte Contemporanea (Historical Institute of Contemporary Art) opened, which was the first nucleus of archival collections of the Biennale. In 1930 its name was changed into Historical Archive of Contemporary Art. In 1930, the Biennale was transformed into an Ente Autonomo (Autonomous Board) by Royal Decree with law no. 33 of 13 January 1930. Subsequently, the control of the Biennale passed from

3936-520: The Pont Neuf continued the tradition of transforming a sculptural dimension into a work of art. The fabric maintained the principal shapes of the Pont Neuf but it emphasized the details and the proportions. As with Surrounded Islands, workers who assisted with the installation and deinstallation of Pont Neuf Wrapped wore uniforms designed by Willi Smith. Their 1991 The Umbrellas involved

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4032-775: The River came in 1985 as they were wrapping the Pont-Neuf and a fabric panel was being elevated over the Seine . The artists began a three-year search for appropriate locations in 1992, considering some eighty-nine river locations. They chose the Arkansas River because its banks were high enough that recreational rafters could enjoy the river at the same time. Christo and Jeanne-Claude spent more than $ 6 million on environmental studies, design engineering, and wind tunnel testing of fabrics. As with past projects, Over The River would be financed entirely by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, through

4128-582: The River, Project for the Arkansas River, Colorado , and The Mastaba, Project for the United Arab Emirates . The Floating Piers were a series of walkways installed at Lake Iseo near Brescia , Italy. From June 18 to July 3, 2016, visitors were able to walk just above the surface of the water from the village of Sulzano on the mainland to the islands of Monte Isola and San Paolo. The floating walkways were made of around 200,000 polyethene cubes covered with 70,000 m (750,000 sq ft) of bright yellow fabric: 3 km (1.9 mi) of piers moved on

4224-644: The Soviet avant-garde . On the weekends, academy students were sent to paint propaganda and Christo unhappily participated. He found work as a location scout for the state cinema and served three tours of duty during summer breaks. In 1956, he used an academy connection to receive permission to visit family in Prague , where the theater of Emil František Burian reinvigorated him. Amid fears of further Russian suppression in Hungary, Christo decided to flee to Vienna as

4320-469: The Venice Biennale coincides with nearby Art Basel , the world's prime commercial fair for modern and contemporary art. Numerous galleries with artists on show in Venice usually bring work by the same artists to Basel. The formal Biennale is based at a park, the Giardini . The Giardini includes a large exhibition hall that houses a themed exhibition curated by the Biennale's director. Initiated in 1980,

4416-558: The Venice city council to the national Fascist government under Benito Mussolini . This brought on a restructuring, an associated financial boost, as well as a new president, Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata . Three entirely new events were established, including the Biennale Musica in 1930, also referred to as International Festival of Contemporary Music ; the Venice Film Festival in 1932, which they claim as

4512-532: The World was lent by the American Folk Art Museum and exhibited in the first room of the Arsenale for the duration of the biennale. For Gioni, Auriti's work, "meant to house all worldly knowledge, bringing together the greatest discoveries of the human race, from the wheel to the satellite," provided an analogous figure for the "biennale model itself...based on the impossible desire to concentrate

4608-568: The academy, whose program he found equally unhappy as the one before it. At the behest of a friend relocated from Sofia, he saved up to visit Geneva in late 1957. In violation of his visa, he continued to pursue commissions (whose works he would sign with his family name, reserving his given name for more serious work) and was transformed after visiting the Kunstmuseum Basel and Kunsthaus Zürich . In January 1958, he first began to wrap things, as would become his trademark, starting with

4704-418: The artists' work, entitled Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Barrels and The Mastaba 1958–2018 . The exhibition comprised sculptures, drawings, collages, scale-models and photographs from the last 60 years of the artists' work. Another Mastaba of over 400,000 oil barrels is intended to be built at Al Gharbia , 160 km (100 mi) from the city Abu Dhabi . Christo and Jeanne-Claude announced plans for

4800-476: The back reading “Christo Surrounded Islands”, and then in acknowledging the garment's designer, "designed and produced by Willi Smith ". Jeanne-Claude became an American citizen in March 1984. The couple received permission to wrap the Pont Neuf , a bridge in Paris, in August 1985. The bridge stayed wrapped for two weeks (22 Sep - 5 Oct 1985). The Pont Neuf Wrapped attracted three million visitors. Wrapping

4896-452: The biennale until 1968, when a sales ban was enacted. An important practical reason why the focus on non-commodities has failed to decouple Venice from the market is that the biennale itself lacks the funds to produce, ship and install these large-scale works. Therefore, the financial involvement of dealers is widely regarded as indispensable; as they regularly front the funding for production of ambitious projects. Furthermore, every other year

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4992-475: The canon of art history by awarding the top prize to Robert Rauschenberg in 1964. From 1948 to 1972, Italian architect Carlo Scarpa did a series of remarkable interventions in the Biennale's exhibition spaces. In 1954 the island San Giorgio Maggiore provided the venue for the first Japanese Noh theatre shows in Europe. 1956 saw the selection of films following an artistic selection and no longer based upon

5088-655: The central pavilion, while Carolee Schneemann was awarded a posthumous Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement. The 2019 Biennale, titled May You Live In Interesting Times , was directed by American-born curator Ralph Rugoff . The 2022 edition, curated by Italian curator Cecilia Alemani , was entitled "The Milk of Dreams" after a book by British-born Mexican surrealist painter Leonora Carrington . The Biennale has an attendance to date of over 500,000 visitors. In February 2024, thousands of artists and cultural workers, including Jesse Darling , Joanna Piotrowska , Nan Goldin , Michael Rakowitz and Leila Sansour , signed

5184-465: The controversial project citing protest of the new administration as well as tiring from the hard-fought legal battle waged by local residents. Continuing their series of monumental "wrapping" projects, the Arc de Triomphe in Paris was wrapped in 30,000 square meters of recyclable polypropylene fabric in silvery blue, and 7,000 meters (23,000 feet) of red rope. Originally scheduled for autumn of 2020, it

5280-721: The country's fluid borders. During evacuations, he and his brothers stayed with a family in the rural hills outside town, where Christo connected with nature and handicraft. Christo pursued realistic painting through the mid-1950s, a period during which Western art was suppressed in Bulgaria. He was admitted into the Sofia Academy of Fine Arts in 1953 but found the school dull and stifling. Instead, he found inspiration in Skira art books, and visiting Russian professors who were older than him and once active in Russian modernism and

5376-487: The couple. Work began on the installation of the couple's most protracted project, The Gates , in New York City 's Central Park in January 2005. Its full title, The Gates, Central Park, New York, 1979–2005 , refers to the time elapsed between the year of the artists' initial proposal and the year they were allowed to proceed, having received permission from the newly elected mayor Michael R. Bloomberg . The Gates

5472-588: The deconstructed building materials. Others challenged its construction in 18 public hearings and three state court sessions. The fence began construction in April 1976 and the project culminated in a two-week display in September, after which it was deconstructed. Their 1978 Wrapped Walk Ways covered paths within Kansas City, Missouri 's Loose Park in 12,540 square meters (135,000 square feet) of saffron-colored nylon fabric covering 4.4 kilometers (2.7 miles) of

5568-550: The designation of the participating country. The 1957 Golden Lion went to Satyajit Ray's Aparajito which introduced Indian cinema to the West. 1962 included Arte Informale at the Art Exhibition with Jean Fautrier , Hans Hartung , Emilio Vedova , and Pietro Consagra . The 1964 Art Exhibition introduced continental Europe to Pop Art ( The Independent Group had been founded in Britain in 1952). The American Robert Rauschenberg

5664-576: The dissident movement in the USSR) opened. Because of the ensuing controversies within the Italian left wing parties, president Ripa di Meana resigned at the end of the year. In 1978 the new presidency of Giuseppe Galasso (1978-1983) began. The principle was laid down whereby each of the artistic sectors was to have a permanent director to organise its activity. In 1980, the Architecture section of

5760-515: The exhibition. In 1993, Alfred Pacquement headed attempts to restore and finance a new edition of the Biennale, but the plans were ultimately dropped. In 2000, Alexandre Gurita headed the reestablishment of the Biennale as a public institution with a focus on challenging and pushing conventions of contemporary art. With support from contemporary artists and art critics, the Biennale put on its first exhibition since 1985 in 2004, and continues to run with its emphasis on non-traditional art forms. From

5856-468: The first film festival in history, also referred to as Venice International Film Festival; and the Biennale Theatro in 1934, also referred to as International Theatre Festival . In 1933 the Biennale organized an exhibition of Italian art abroad. From 1938, Grand Prizes were awarded in the art exhibition section. During World War II , the activities of the Biennale were interrupted: 1942 saw

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5952-551: The first internationally well-known artists were displayed: a room dedicated to Gustav Klimt , a one-man show for Renoir , a retrospective of Courbet . A work by Picasso "Family of Saltimbanques" was removed from the Spanish salon in the central Palazzo because it was feared that its novelty might shock the public. By 1914 seven pavilions had been established: Belgium (1907), Hungary (1909), Germany (1909), Great Britain (1909), France (1912), and Russia (1914). During World War I ,

6048-405: The infinite worlds of contemporary art in a single place: a task that now seems as dizzyingly absurd as Auriti's dream." Curator Okwui Enwezor was responsible for the 2015 edition. He was the first African-born curator of the biennial. As a catalyst for imagining different ways of imagining multiple desires and futures Enwezor commissioned special projects and programs throughout the Biennale in

6144-499: The island of San Paolo, which was surrounded by Floating Piers walkways. The work was a success with the Italian public and critics as well. The London Mastaba was a temporary floating installation exhibited from June to September 2018 on The Serpentine in London . The installation consisted of 7,506 oil barrels, in the shape of a mastaba , a form of an early bench, as well as a style of tomb, in use in ancient Mesopotamia, with

6240-417: The largest collection of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's work in the United States. X-TO + J-C featured more than fifty works by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, including pieces such as Christo's evocative Package (1960), alongside drawings related to his early concealed objects: chairs, road signs, and other commonplace items. Christo himself gave a lecture in which he discussed two works that were in progress: Over

6336-506: The largest self-supporting sculpture in the world. In the accessible interior of Big Air Package , the artist generated a unique experience of space, proportions, and light. In 2014, the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego presented the exhibit X-TO + J-C: Christo and Jeanne-Claude Featuring Works from the Bequest of David C. Copley , one of the museum's patrons and trustees who also had

6432-580: The last edition of the events. The Film Festival restarted in 1946, the Music and Theatre festivals were resumed in 1947, and the Art Exhibition in 1948. The Art Biennale was resumed in 1948 with a major exhibition of a recapitulatory nature. The Secretary General, art historian Rodolfo Pallucchini, started with the Impressionists and many protagonists of contemporary art including Chagall , Klee , Braque , Delvaux , Ensor , and Magritte , as well as

6528-518: The museum director Jan van der Marck they wrapped the Chicago Museum of Contemporary Art while it remained open. It was panned by the public and ordered to be undone by the fire department, but the order went unenforced. With the help of Australian collector John Kaldor , Christo and Jeanne-Claude and 100 volunteers wrapped the coast of Sydney 's Little Bay as Wrapped Coast , the first piece for Kaldor Public Art Projects . Within

6624-446: The myriad elements that brought the projects to fruition as integral to the artwork itself, and said their projects contained no deeper meaning than their immediate aesthetic impact; their purpose being simply for joy, beauty, and new ways of seeing the familiar. Christo and Jeanne-Claude met in October 1958 when he was commissioned to paint a portrait of her mother, Précilda de Guillebon. Their first show, in Cologne , 1961, showcased

6720-466: The name biennale ), and there are around 30 permanent pavilions built by different countries. The Biennale has been organised every year since 1895, which makes it the oldest of its kind. Since 2021, the Art Biennale has taken place in even years and the Architecture Biennale in odd years. On 19 April 1893, the Venetian City Council passed a resolution to set up an biennial exhibition of Italian Art ("Esposizione biennale artistica nazionale") to celebrate

6816-419: The national pavilions. Until 2019, the Art Biennale used to take place in odd years and the Architecture Biennale in even years, but after the COVID-19 pandemic forced a postponement, the Art Biennale now takes place in even years (2022, 2024) and the Architecture Biennale in odd years (2021, 2023). The Architecture Biennale (La Biennale d'Architettura di Venezia) is held in odd-numbered years. Similarly to

6912-414: The other could continue their work. The couple relocated to New York City, the new art world capital, in 1964. Christo began to make Store Fronts , wooden facades made to resemble shop windows, which he continued for four years. His largest piece was shown in the 1968 Documenta 4 . In the mid-1960s, they also created Air Packages , inflated and wrapped research balloons. In 1969, at the invitation of

7008-532: The park's formal garden walkways and jogging paths. Christo and Jeanne-Claude planned a project based on Jeanne-Claude's idea to surround eleven islands in Miami's Biscayne Bay with 603,850 m (6,499,800 sq ft) of pink polypropylene floating fabric. Surrounded Islands was completed on May 7, 1983, with the aid of 430 workers and could be admired for two weeks. The workers were outfitted with pink long sleeve shirts with pale blue text written on

7104-665: The place of women in art history. Christo and Jeanne-Claude's work is held by many major public collections. The artists received the 1995 Praemium Imperiale , the 2006 Vilcek Prize , and the 2004 International Sculpture Center 's Lifetime Achievement in Contemporary Sculpture Award. Art critic David Bourdon described Christo's wrappings as a "revelation through concealment". Unto his critics Christo replied, "I am an artist, and I have to have courage ... Do you know that I don't have any artworks that exist? They all go away when they're finished. Only

7200-415: The preparatory drawings, and collages are left, giving my works an almost legendary character. I think it takes much greater courage to create things to be gone than to create things that will remain." Jeanne-Claude was a firm believer in the aesthetic beauty of works of art; she said, "'We want to create works of art of joy and beauty, which we will build because we believe it will be beautiful.'" In 2022,

7296-494: The resulting installation. Christo and Jeanne-Claude hired assistants to do the work of wrapping the object at hand. They originally worked under the name "Christo" to simplify dealings and their brand, given the difficulties of establishing an artist's reputation and the prejudices against female artists, but they would later retroactively credit their large-scale outdoor works to both "Christo and Jeanne-Claude". They eventually flew in separate planes such that, in case one crashed,

7392-407: The sale of Christo's preparatory drawings, collages, scale models, and early works of the 1950s/1960s. On July 16, 2010, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management released its four-volume Draft Environmental Impact Statement, which reported many potentially serious types of adverse impact but also many proposed "mitigation" options. In January 2017, after the election of President Trump , Christo canceled

7488-578: The silver anniversary of King Umberto I and Margherita of Savoy . A year later, the council decreed "to adopt a 'by invitation' system; to reserve a section of the Exhibition for foreign artists too; to admit works by uninvited Italian artists, as selected by a jury." The first Biennale , "I Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte della Città di Venezia (1st International Art Exhibition of the City of Venice)" (although originally scheduled for 22 April 1894)

7584-507: The simultaneous setup of blue and gold umbrellas in Japan and California, respectively. The 3,100-umbrella project cost US$ 26 million and attracted three million visitors. Christo closed the exhibition early after a woman was killed by a windblown umbrella in California. Separately, a worker was killed during the deconstruction of the Japanese exhibit. Christo and Jeanne-Claude wrapped

7680-463: The start of the five-year presidency of Carlo Ripa di Meana . The International Art Exhibition was not held (until it was resumed in 1976). Theatre and cinema events were held in October 1974 and 1975 under the title Libertà per il Cile (Freedom for Chile)—a major cultural protest against the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet . On 15 November 1977, the so-called Dissident Biennale (in reference to

7776-452: The summer of 2015, at the earliest, and for the river to remain open to recreation during the installation. Reaction among area residents was intense, with supporters hoping for a tourist boom and opponents fearing that the project would ruin the visual appeal of the landscape and inflict damage on the river ecosystem . One local rafting guide compared the project to "hanging pornography in a church." The U.S. Bureau of Land Management released

7872-555: The three types of artworks for which they would be known: wrapped items, oil barrels, and ephemeral, large-scale works. Near Christo's first solo show in Paris, in 1962, the pair blocked an alley with 240 barrels for several hours in a piece called Iron Curtain , a poetic reply to the Berlin Wall . They developed consistent, longtime terms of their collaboration. They together imagined projects, for which Christo would create sketches and preparatory works that were later sold to fund

7968-532: The water; another 1.5 km (0.93 mi) of golden fabric continued along the pedestrian streets in Sulzano and Peschiera Maraglio . After the exhibition, all components were to be removed and recycled. The installation was facilitated by the Beretta family, owners of the oldest active manufacturer of firearm components in the world and the primary sidearm supplier of the U.S. Army . The Beretta family owns

8064-490: Was achieved partly with an international jury and the institution of an upper age limit of 35 years for submitted artists. Held every two years from 1959 to 1985, it was eventually decommissioned by the Ministry of Culture for a multitude of reasons including the rise of competing art exhibitions in Paris and the removal of the age requirements for artists. After its decommissioning, there were several failed attempts to revive

8160-556: Was artistic director of the 2009 edition entitled "Fare Mondi // Making Worlds". The 2011 edition was curated by Swiss curator Bice Curiger entitled "ILLUMInazioni – ILLUMInations". The Biennale in 2013 was curated by the Italian Massimiliano Gioni . His title and theme, Il Palazzo Enciclopedico / The Encyclopedic Palace , was adopted from an architectural model by the self-taught Italian-American artist Marino Auriti . Auriti's work, The Encyclopedic Palace of

8256-511: Was born on June 13, 1935, in Gabrovo , Bulgaria , as the second of three sons to Tzveta Dimitrova, a Macedonian Bulgarian from Thessaloniki , and Vladimir Javacheff, who worked at a textile manufacturer. Christo was shy and had a predilection for art. He received private art instruction at a young age and the support of his parents, who invited visiting artists to their house. Christo was particularly affected by events from World War II and

8352-630: Was born, and Précilda remarried three times. Jeanne-Claude earned a baccalauréat in Latin and philosophy in 1952 from the University of Tunis . After Précilda married the General Jacques de Guillebon in 1947, the family lived in Bern (1948–1951) and Tunisia (1952–1957) before returning to Paris. Jeanne-Claude was described as "extroverted" and with natural organizational abilities. Her hair

8448-589: Was dyed red, which she claimed was selected by her husband. She took responsibility for overseeing work crews and for raising funds. Jeanne-Claude died in New York City on November 18, 2009, from complications due to a brain aneurysm . Her body was to be donated to science, one of her final wishes. When she died, she and Christo were at work on Over the River and the United Arab Emirates project, The Mastaba . She said, "Artists don't retire. They die. That's all. When they stop being able to create art, they die." Christo and Jeanne-Claude met in October 1958 when he

8544-603: Was featured in the Paris Biennalle at the Museum of Modern Art ("Mindscapes From The New Land")) 48°52′01″N 2°19′59″E  /  48.86694°N 2.33306°E  / 48.86694; 2.33306 Venice Biennale The Venice Biennale ( / ˌ b iː ɛ ˈ n ɑː l eɪ , - l i / ; Italian : La Biennale di Venezia ) is an international cultural exhibition hosted annually in Venice , Italy, by

8640-562: Was open to the public from February 12–27, 2005. A total of 7,503 gates made of saffron-colored fabric were placed on paths in Central Park. They were five meters (16 ft) high and had a combined length of 37 km (23 mi). The mayor presented them with the Doris C. Freedman Award for public art. The project cost an estimated US$ 21 million, which the artists planned to recoup by selling project documentation. Christo filled

8736-467: Was opened on 30 April 1895, by the Italian King and Queen, Umberto I and Margherita di Savoia . The first exhibition was seen by 224,000 visitors. The exhibition took place in the Giardini. The event became increasingly international in the first decades of the 20th century: from 1907 on, several countries installed national pavilions at the exhibition, with the first being from Belgium. In 1910

8832-518: Was postponed a year to Saturday, September 18 to Sunday, October 3, 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France and its impact on the arts and cultural sector worldwide . Following Christo's death, his office stated that the project would nevertheless be completed. Several articles in the press cut the name of Jeanne-Claude on their coverage of the event leading to a debate about the suppression of

8928-457: Was set up in the interior of the industrial monument and was made of 20,350 m (719,000 cu ft) of translucent fabric and 4,500 m (14,800 ft) of rope. In the inflated state, the envelope, with a weight of 5.3 tonnes (5.8 short tons), reached a height of more than 90 m (300 ft), a diameter of 50 m (160 ft) and a volume of 177,000 m (6,300,000 cu ft). The monumental work of art was, temporarily,

9024-547: Was the first American artist to win the Gran Premio, and the youngest to date. The student protests of 1968 also marked a crisis for the Biennale. Student protests hindered the opening of the Biennale. A resulting period of institutional changes opened and ending with a new Statute in 1973. In 1969, following the protests, the Grand Prizes were abandoned. These resumed in 1980 for the Mostra del Cinema and in 1986 for

9120-542: Was the first time a pope has visited the international exhibition. The main exhibition held in Castello, in the halls of the Arsenale and Biennale Gardens , alternates between art and architecture (hence the name biennale ; biennial ). The other events hosted by the Foundation—spanning theatre, music , and dance—are held annually in various parts of Venice, whereas the Venice Film Festival takes place at

9216-417: Was typically large, visually impressive, and controversial, often taking years and sometimes decades of careful preparation – including technical solutions, political negotiation, permitting and environmental approval, hearings and public persuasion. The pair refused grants, scholarships, donations or public money, instead financing the work via the sale of their own artwork. Christo and Jeanne-Claude described

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