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165-510: 1st President of Indonesia [REDACTED] Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia , serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independence from the Dutch colonialists . He was a prominent leader of Indonesia's nationalist movement during
330-548: A 17-day tour of Japan, where they were decorated by Emperor Hirohito and wined and dined in the house of Prime Minister Hideki Tojo in Tokyo . On 7 September 1944, with the war going badly for the Japanese, Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso promised independence for Indonesia, although no date was set. This announcement was seen, according to the U.S. official history, as immense vindication for Sukarno's apparent collaboration with
495-524: A 21-person committee tasked with creating the specific governmental structure of the future Indonesian state. On 9 August, the top leaders of PPKI (Sukarno, Hatta and KRT Radjiman Wediodiningrat ), were summoned by Commander-in-Chief of Japan's Southern Expeditionary Forces, Field Marshal Hisaichi Terauchi , to Da Lat , 100 km from Saigon . Terauchi gave Sukarno the freedom to proceed with preparation for Indonesian independence, free of Japanese interference. After much wining and dining, Sukarno's entourage
660-412: A 5-year term. The Amended 1945 Constitution : The presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen since their birth, who has not willingly become a citizen in another nation, has not betrayed the nation, and is physically and mentally capable of performing the duties. Amended Constitution also states that further criteria will be determined by laws. The president is also required to be nominated by
825-704: A Political Party or a coalition of Political Parties. 2017 Law No. 7 Regarding Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections The presidential candidate must: This law also stipulates that only political parties or a coalition of political parties that obtained 20% of the seats in the DPR or 25% of the total valid votes in the previous election may nominate president and vice president candidate. The Original 1945 Constitution : The presidential candidate has to be of Indonesian origin. The 1950 Provisional Constitution : The presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen aged at least 30 years old. They cannot be someone who
990-589: A deeper philosophical meanings. Several philosophical idioms sprung from Javanese classical literature, Javanese historical texts and oral traditions, and have spread into several media and promoted as popular mottos . For example, " Bhinneka Tunggal Ika " , used as the national motto of the Republic of Indonesia , "Gemah Ripah Loh Jinawi, Toto Tentrem Kerto Raharjo" , "Jer Basuki Mawa Bea" , "Rawe-Rawe rantas, Malang-Malang putung" and " Tut Wuri Handayani " . American anthropologist Clifford Geertz divided in
1155-526: A focus on architecture ) at the Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (Bandoeng Institute of Technology), where he obtained an Ingenieur degree (abbreviated as "Ir.", a Dutch-type engineer's degree ) in 1926. During his study in Bandung , Sukarno became romantically involved with Inggit Garnasih [ id ] , the wife of Sanoesi, the owner of the boarding house where he lived as
1320-540: A national army, for fear of antagonizing the Allied occupation forces and their doubt over whether they would have been able to form an adequate military apparatus to maintain control of seized territory. The members of various militia groups formed during Japanese occupation such as the disbanded PETA and Heiho , at that time were encouraged to join the BKR - Badan Keamanan Rakjat (The People's Security Organization), itself
1485-465: A pension. Former presidents are also entitled to a house, with electricity, water, and telephone bills covered by the government. In addition to that, former presidents shall have free healthcare for their families and a car with a chauffeur . The presidents of Indonesia, as the issuer of decorations and the Grandmaster of Star Decorations ( Tanda Kehormatan Bintang ) are automatically awarded
1650-501: A presidential obligation to deliver accountability speeches near the end of his terms. During the speech, Suharto outlined the achievements that his administration had made and how those achievements had adhered to the GBHN set by the MPR. Despite the constitutional and democratic façade, Suharto made sure that the MPR was subservient to him. In 1969, a law was passed that required appointments to
1815-571: A prince who had lived at the Sailendra court in Java, brought Javanese art and culture, including the concept of the devaraja , to Cambodia, laying the foundations for Khmer civilization. The centre of Javanese culture and politics was moved towards the eastern part of the island when Mpu Sindok (r. 929–947) moved the capital of the kingdoms eastward to the valleys of the Brantas River in
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#17327808349221980-550: A pro-independence party, the Indonesian National Party (PNI), of which Sukarno was elected the first leader. The party advocated independence for Indonesia , and opposed imperialism and capitalism because it opined that both systems worsened the life of Indonesian people. The party also advocated secularism and unity amongst the many different ethnicities in the Dutch East Indies, to establish
2145-412: A promise of office before officially becoming president. The term of office is five years and after that the president can be re-elected for only one more term, whether successive or separated. The president and vice president candidate must receive over half the votes total, including at least 20% of the votes in at least half the 38 provinces to win. In the event that no ticket wins an outright victory,
2310-464: A runoff is held between the two tickets with the first and second most votes in the first round, with the ticket that receives the most votes elected as President and Vice President. The Original 1945 Constitution : Together with the vice president, the president is elected by the MPR with the largest number of votes. The president-elect is also required to read either an oath or a promise of office before officially becoming president. The term of office
2475-675: A series of raids throughout Java. Sukarno himself was arrested while on a visit to Yogyakarta . During his trial at the Bandung Landraad courthouse from August to December 1930, Sukarno made a series of long political speeches attacking colonialism and imperialism, titled Indonesia Menggoegat ( Indonesia Accuses ). In December 1930, Sukarno was sentenced to four years in prison, which were served in Sukamiskin prison in Bandung. His speech, however, received extensive coverage by
2640-530: A significant genetic admixture of Austroasiatic and Austronesian ancestries. Hindu and Buddhist influences arrived through trade contacts with the Indian subcontinent . Hindu and Buddhist — traders and visitors, arrived in the 5th century. The Hindu, Buddhist and Javanese faiths blended into a unique local philosophy. The cradle of Javanese culture is commonly described as being in Kedu and Kewu Plain in
2805-534: A small house in Rengasdengklok, Karawang , owned by a Chinese family and occupied by PETA. There they gained Sukarno's commitment to declare independence the next day. That night, the youths drove Sukarno back to the house of Admiral Tadashi Maeda, the Japanese naval liaison officer in the Menteng area of Jakarta, who sympathised with Indonesian independence. There, he and his assistant Sajoeti Melik prepared
2970-573: A small minority identifying as Christians and Hindus . With a large global population, the Javanese are considered significant as they are the largest Muslim ethnic group in the Far East and the fourth largest in the world after the Arabs , Bengalis , and Punjabis . Javanese civilisation has been influenced by more than a millennium of interactions between the native animism Kejawen and
3135-669: A solar system based on the Hindu calendar . Unlike many other calendars, the Javanese calendar uses a 5-day week known as the Pasaran cycle. This is still in use today and is superimposed with 7-day week of the Gregorian calendar and Islamic calendar to become what is known as the 35-day Wetonan cycle . Throughout their long history, the Javanese have produced many important buildings, ranging from Hindu monuments, Buddhist stupa , mortuary temples, palace complexes, and mosques. Before
3300-482: A student. Inggit was 13 years older than Sukarno. In March 1923, Sukarno divorced Siti Oetari to marry Inggit (who also divorced her husband Sanoesi). Sukarno later divorced Inggit and married Fatmawati. Atypically even among the country's small educated elite, Sukarno was fluent in several languages. In addition to the Javanese language of his childhood, he was a master of Sundanese , Balinese and Indonesian , and
3465-712: A subordinate of the "War Victims Assistance Organization". It was only in October 1945 that the BKR was reformed into the TKR – Tentara Keamanan Rakjat ( People's Security Army ) in response to the increasing Allied and Dutch presence in Indonesia. The TKR armed themselves mostly by attacking Japanese troops and confiscating their weapons. Due to the sudden transfer of Java and Sumatra from General Douglas MacArthur 's American-controlled Southwest Pacific Command to Lord Louis Mountbatten 's British-controlled Southeast Asian Command,
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#17327808349223630-533: A traditional Javanese name. Religion of Javanese Today, most Javanese officially follow Sunni Islam as their religion, first recorded instance of Islamic contact in Java is dated from 475 Hijri (1082 AD), as attested in the grave of Fatimah binti Maimun. However Islamic development only became more intensive during the Majapahit period, when they traded or made tributary relations with various states like Perlak and Samudra Pasai in modern-day Aceh . In
3795-538: A united Indonesia. Sukarno also hoped that Japan would commence a war against the western powers and that Indonesia could then gain its independence with Japan's aid . Coming soon after the disintegration of Sarekat Islam in the early 1920s and the crushing of the Indonesian Communist Party after its failed rebellion of 1926 , the PNI began to attract a large number of followers, particularly among
3960-447: Is tempeh , a meat substitute made from soybean fermented with mould . It is a staple source of protein in Java and popular around the world as a meat substitute for vegetarians . Javanese do not usually have family names or surnames, with only a single name. Javanese names may come from traditional Javanese languages, many of which are derived from Sanskrit . Names with the prefix Su- , which means good , are very popular. After
4125-427: Is a rice served in the shape of a conical volcano , usually with rice coloured yellow using turmeric . It is an important part of many ceremonies in Java. Tumpeng is served at landmark events such as birthdays, moving house, or other ceremonies. Traditionally, Tumpeng is served alongside fried chicken, boiled egg, vegetables, and goat meat on a round plate made from bamboo called besek . A notable food in Java
4290-487: Is also able to seek advice from the Supreme Advisory Council (DPA). The 1950 Provisional Constitution : The president is assisted by the vice president. The Amended 1945 Constitution : If the president dies, resigns, removed, or is unable to perform their duties for any reason, they are replaced by the vice president . If the vice president becomes vacant, the president nominates two candidates and
4455-707: Is also reinforced through adherence to Javanese adat (traditional rules) in ceremonies, such as Slametan , Satu Suro , Javanese weddings and Naloni Mitoni . However, the culture of pesisiran of Javanese north coast and in Eastern Java demonstrates some slightly different traits. They tend to be more open to new and foreign ideas, more egalitarian, and less conscious of one's social stature. Some of these northern settlements — such as Demak , Kudus, Tuban, Gresik and Ampel in Surabaya — have become more overtly Islamic, traditionally because these port towns are among
4620-466: Is assisted by the vice president and their ministers . The ministers are appointed and dismissed by the president. Each minister is in charge of certain government affairs. The president is also allowed to form their own advisory teams which will further be regulated by laws passed by the DPR. The Original 1945 Constitution : The president is assisted by the vice president and their ministers. The president
4785-630: Is considered a traditional food in Surabaya in East Java . Gudeg is a traditional food from Yogyakarta and Central Java which is made from young Nangka ( jack fruit ) boiled for several hours with palm sugar , and coconut milk . Pecel , a type of peanut sauce with chili is a common ingredient in Javanese cuisine. It is used in various types of Rujak and Gado-gado . It can also be used as stand-alone sauce with rice, prawns, eggs and vegetables as Nasi Pecel (Pecel rice). Tumpeng ,
4950-420: Is deemed to be undesirable or has had their right to take part in elections revoked. They are also required to not be involved with any private corporations. The Amended 1945 Constitution : Together with the vice president, the president is elected directly by the people on a single ticket. Further election rules are determined by laws passed by the DPR . The president-elect is required to read either an oath or
5115-543: Is due to the long history of Hindu and Buddhist influences in Java. Many Javanese in Indonesia are bilingual , being fluent in Indonesian (the standardized variant of the Malay language ) and Javanese. The Javanese language was formerly written with a script descended from the Brahmi script , natively known as Hanacaraka or Carakan . In addition, Javanese language can also written with right-to-left script descended from
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5280-452: Is five years and after that the president can be re-elected again. The 1950 Provisional Constitution : Together with the vice president, the president is elected according to rules specified by laws. The president-elect is required to read either an oath or a promise or a statement of office before officially becoming president. The president is constitutionally required to live where the seat of Government is. Before entering his/her office,
5445-511: Is seen as a symbol of development and prosperity, whereas tuber vegetables like cassava are associated with poverty. Javanese cuisine varies by region. Eastern Java has a preference for hot and salty foods, while the Central Javanese tend to prefer sweeter foods. A famous food in Javanese cuisine is Rujak Cingur , marinated cow lips and noses served with vegetable, shrimp prawn and peanut sauce with chili . Rujak Cingur
5610-459: Is still in frequent use, mainly because he signed his name in the old spelling . Sukarno himself insisted on a "u" in writing, not "oe", but said that he had been told in school to use the Dutch style, and that after 50 years, it was too difficult to change his signature, so he still signed with an "oe". Official Indonesian presidential decrees from the period 1947–1968, however, printed his name using
5775-628: Is the leader of the executive branch of the Indonesian government and the supreme commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Indonesian National Police . Since 2004 , the president and vice president have been directly elected to a five-year term, once renewable, allowing for a maximum of 10 years in office. The new president of Indonesia is Prabowo Subianto , who assumed office on 20 October 2024 . The Indonesian presidency
5940-477: Is the official calendar of Indonesia, while the Islamic calendar is used by Muslims and Indonesian government for religious worship and deciding relevant Islamic holidays . The Javanese calendar is presently used mostly for cultural events (such as Siji Suro ). The Javanese calendar system is currently a lunar calendar adopted by Sultan Agung in 1633, based on the Islamic calendar. Previously, Javanese people used
6105-476: Is used instead of the more typically Muslim dome . These roofs are often multi-tiered and tiled. In addition to not using domes, traditional Javanese mosques also often lack minarets . The split gate from earlier Hindu-Buddhist period is still used in many mosques and public buildings in Java. Some notable examples of mosques using traditional Javanese architecture include the Agung Demak Mosque ,
6270-425: The 1947 spelling . The Soekarno–Hatta International Airport , which serves the area near Indonesia's capital, Jakarta , still uses the Dutch spelling . Indonesians also remember him as Bung Karno (Brother/Comrade Karno) or Pak Karno ("Mr. Karno"). Like many Javanese people , he had only one name . He is sometimes referred to in foreign accounts as Achmed Sukarno , or some variation thereof. A source from
6435-606: The 30 September Movement of 1965, the military general Suharto largely took control of the country in a Western-backed military overthrow of the Sukarno-led government . This was followed by repression of real and perceived leftists, including executions of Communist party members and suspected sympathisers in several massacres with support from the CIA and British intelligence services , resulting in an estimated 500,000 to over 1,000,000 deaths. In 1967, Suharto officially assumed
6600-775: The Arabic script called Pegon . Upon Indonesian independence it was replaced with a form of the Latin alphabet . While Javanese was not made an official language of Indonesia, it has the status of regional language for communication in the Javanese-majority regions. The language also can be viewed as an ethnic language because it is one of the defining characteristics of the Javanese ethnic identity. Javanese intellectuals, writers, poets and men of letters are known for their ability to formulate ideas and creating idioms for high cultural purpose, through stringing words to express
6765-495: The Central Indonesian National Committee instead of the president. On 14 November 1945, Sukarno appointed Sutan Sjahrir as first prime minister, he was a European-educated politician who was never involved with the Japanese occupation authorities. In late 1945 Dutch administrators who led the Dutch East Indies government-in-exile and soldiers who had fought the Japanese began to return under
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6930-463: The MPR has to elect a new vice president out of the candidates within 60 days. If the president and the vice president dies, resigns, or are unable to perform their duties for any reason, the government will be taken over together by the minister of home affairs , minister of foreign affairs , and minister of defense . No later than 30 days after that, MPR must elect a new president and vice president from
7095-755: The Majapahit Kingdom (14th to 16th century AD) in Trowulan , East Java . The complex covers an area of 11 km x 9 km. It consists of various brick buildings, a canal ranging from 20 to 40 meters wide, purification pools, temples and iconic split gates. The capital complex is currently being considered as a candidate for becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Traditional Javanese buildings can be identified by their trapezoid shaped roofs supported by wooden pillars. Another common feature in Javanese buildings are pendopo , pavilions with open-sides and four large pillars. The pillars and other parts of
7260-626: The Menara Kudus Mosque and the Great Mosque of Banten . The Kudus Mosque is also of note because it incorporates Hindu-style stone architecture. Rice is the staple crop of Javanese cuisine; a meal in Java is not considered a meal without it. It is also an important part of the Javanese cultural identity, differentiating them from residents of other Indonesian islands who eat sago (for example Moluccans ) and expatriates from western countries who tend more towards bread . Rice
7425-476: The Netherlands . The Javanese ethnic group has many sub-groups (based on native Javanese community on the island of Java) that can be distinguished based on their characteristics, customs, traditions, dialects, or even their respective ways of life. These include Banyumasan , Cirebonese , Mataram , Osing , and Tenggerese . The majority of the Javanese people identify themselves as Sunni Muslims , with
7590-493: The Tiga-A mass organization movement. In March 1943, the Japanese formed a new organization called Poesat Tenaga Rakjat (POETERA/Center of People's Power) under Sukarno, Hatta, Ki Hadjar Dewantara , and KH Mas Mansjoer . These organizations aimed to galvanise popular support for recruitment of romusha , to requisition of food products, and to promote pro-Japanese and anti-Western sentiments amongst Indonesians. Sukarno coined
7755-648: The Yogyakarta Special Region . The Sri sultan became Governor of Yogyakarta, and the Prince of Pakualaman became vice-governor; both were responsible to the President of Indonesia. The Special Region of Yogyakarta was created after the war of independence ended and formalized on 3 August 1950. Surakarta was later absorbed as part of the Central Java province. The Javanese culture is one of
7920-617: The independence of the Republic of Indonesia in front of a crowd of 500 people. This most historic of buildings was later ordered to be demolished by Sukarno himself, without any apparent reason. On the following day, 18 August, the PPKI declared the basic governmental structure of the new Republic of Indonesia: Sukarno's vision for the 1945 Indonesian constitution comprised the Pancasila ( five principles ). Sukarno's political philosophy
8085-614: The western coast of Sumatra , in February 1938. In Bengkulu, Sukarno became acquainted with Hassan Din, the local head of Muhammadiyah organization, and he was allowed to teach religious teachings at a local school owned by the Muhammadiyah. One of his students was 15-year-old Fatmawati , daughter of Hassan Din. He became romantically involved with Fatmawati, which he justified by stating the inability of Inggit Garnasih to produce children during their almost 20-year marriage. Sukarno
8250-511: The 10th century CE. The move was most likely caused by the volcanic eruption of Merapi and/or invasion from Srivijaya . At the end of the 13th century, The major spread of Javanese influence occurred under King Kertanegara of Singhasari . The expansionist king launched several major expeditions to Madura, Bali in 1284, Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, and most importantly to Sumatra in 1275. He also extended Javanese involvement in
8415-566: The 1945 Constitution, it did not mean that it was strictly adhered to. The MPR, which at this stage was still on a provisional basis (MPRS), was subservient to the president despite its status of the Nation's highest Governing Body. It was only in 1966, when the political tide began to turn against Sukarno that the MPRS nominally regained its rightful constitutional status. In 1967, Sukarno was forced to resign as president, and army chief of staff Suharto
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#17327808349228580-479: The 1960s the Javanese community into three aliran or "streams": santri , abangan and priyayi . According to him, the Santri followed an orthodox interpretation Islam , the abangan followed a syncretic form of Islam that mixed Hindu and animist elements (often termed Kejawen ), and the priyayi were the nobility. The Geertz opinion is often opposed today because he mixed the social groups with belief groups. It
8745-518: The Armed Forces although any decision on this matter needs to be countersigned by the appropriate ministers and wartime control of troops has to be placed under an Armed Forces Commander. The president requires permission from the DPR to declare war and sign treaties although the president has independent power to appoint ambassadors and to accept them. The president also has the power to grant pardons. The Amended 1945 Constitution : The president
8910-544: The Brahmin caste named Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai from Buleleng , Bali, Sukarno was born in Surabaya , East Java, in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), where his father had been sent following an application for a transfer to Java . He was originally named Kusno Sosrodihardjo . Following Javanese custom, he was renamed after surviving a childhood illness. After graduating from a native primary school in 1912, he
9075-481: The British, repatriated more than 70,000 Japanese and Allied POWs and internees by the end of 1946. However, due to the relative weakness of the military of the Republic of Indonesia, Sukarno sought independence by gaining international recognition for his new country rather than engage in battle with British and Dutch military forces. Sukarno was aware that his history as a Japanese collaborator and his leadership in
9240-588: The DPR). If the Constitutional Court decides that the president has violated the law, the DPR can motion for the MPR to convene. The president would then be given one last chance to defend himself before the MPR makes the decision whether or not the president should be impeached. The decision of the MPR to dismiss the President and/or the Vice President is made with the approval of at least 2/3 of
9405-720: The Dutch PID . In mid-1933, Sukarno published a series of writings titled Mentjapai Indonesia Merdeka ("To Attain Independent Indonesia"). For this writing, he was arrested by Dutch police while visiting fellow nationalist Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin in Jakarta on 1 August 1933. This time, to prevent providing Sukarno with a platform to make political speeches, the hardline governor-general Jonkheer Bonifacius Cornelis de Jonge utilised his emergency powers to send Sukarno to internal exile without trial. In 1934, Sukarno
9570-553: The Dutch East Indies quickly defeating Dutch forces who marched, bussed and trucked Sukarno and his entourage three hundred kilometres from Bengkulu to Padang , Sumatra . They intended keeping him prisoner and shipping him to Australia but abruptly abandoned him to save themselves upon the impending approach of Japanese forces on Padang. The Japanese had their own files on Sukarno, and the Japanese commander in Sumatra approached him with respect, wanting to use him to organize and pacify
9735-591: The Dutch and Indonesians to the negotiating table. The result of these negotiations was the Linggadjati Agreement signed in November 1946, where the Dutch acknowledged de facto Republican sovereignty over Java, Sumatera, and Madura. In exchange, the Republicans were willing to discuss a future Commonwealth-like United Kingdom of Netherlands and Indonesia. Sukarno's decision to negotiate with
9900-591: The Dutch in Yogyakarta on 18 December 1948. Sukarno then gave a mandate for Sjafruddin Prawiranegara to form an emergency government. This was done and the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) was formed in Sumatra with Prawiranegara as its chairman. Prawiranegara handed back his mandate to Sukarno on 13 July 1949. On 17 December 1949, Sukarno was elected president of
10065-565: The Dutch to halt their invasion force in August 1947. Sjahrir, who has been replaced as prime minister by Amir Sjarifuddin , flew to New York City to appeal Indonesian case in front of United Nations . UN Security Council issued a resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire and appointed a Good Offices Committee (GOC) to oversee the ceasefire. The GOC, based in Jakarta, consisted of delegations from Australia (led by Richard Kirby , chosen by Indonesia), Belgium (led by Paul van Zeeland , chosen by
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#173278083492210230-654: The Dutch was met with strong opposition by various Indonesian factions. Tan Malaka , a communist politician, organized these groups into a united front called the Persatoean Perdjoangan (PP). PP offered a "Minimum Program" which called for complete independence, nationalisation of all foreign properties, and rejection of all negotiations until all foreign troops are withdrawn. These programmes received widespread popular support, including from armed forces commander General Sudirman . On 4 July 1946, military units linked with PP kidnapped Prime Minister Sjahrir who
10395-623: The Dutch, and its former members formed two different parties; the Indonesia Party (Partindo) under Sukarno's associate Sartono who were promoting mass agitation, and the Indonesian Nationalist Education (New PNI) under Mohammad Hatta and Sutan Sjahrir , two nationalists who recently returned from studies in the Netherlands, and who were promoting a long-term strategy of providing modern education to
10560-427: The Government and has the power to name and remove ministers. The president has the power to create laws with the agreement of the People's Representative Council (DPR), to make Government regulations in accordance with laws, and in the case of emergencies has the power to make Government regulations in lieu of law. Militarily, the president holds supreme authority over the Army, Navy, and Air Force whilst security-wise,
10725-454: The Indian Hindu — Buddhist culture, and this influence is still visible in Javanese history, culture, traditions, and art forms. The ancient Javanese kingdoms of Singhasari and Majapahit were among the most powerful maritime empires in the region, whose boundaries included most of Maritime Southeast Asia and parts of Indochina . Javanese heritage has created magnificent religious monuments such as Borobudur and Prambanan which are among
10890-446: The Indonesians. Sukarno, on the other hand, wanted to use the Japanese to gain independence for Indonesia: "The Lord be praised, God showed me the way; in that valley of the Ngarai I said: Yes, Independent Indonesia can only be achieved with Dai Nippon...For the first time in all my life, I saw myself in the mirror of Asia." In July 1942, Sukarno was sent back to Jakarta, where he re-united with other nationalist leaders recently released by
11055-399: The Japanese occupation, the Outer Islands (excluding Java and Sumatra) were occupied by the Japanese Navy ( Kaigun ), who did not allow for political mobilisation of the islanders. Consequently, there was little Republican activity in these islands post-proclamation. Australian and Dutch forces were able to quickly take control of these islands without much fighting by the end of 1945 (excluding
11220-420: The Japanese were in confusion and before the arrival of Allied forces. Faced with this quick turn of events, Sukarno procrastinated. He feared bloodbath due to hostile response from the Japanese to such a move and was concerned with prospects of future Allied retribution. On the early morning on 16 August, the three youth leaders, impatient with Sukarno's indecision, kidnapped him from his house and brought him to
11385-448: The Japanese within Indonesia and as far away as Burma . Additionally, the Japanese requisitioned rice and other food produced by Indonesian peasants to supply their troops, while forcing the peasantry to cultivate castor oil plants to be used as aviation fuel and lubricants. To gain cooperation from Indonesian population and to prevent resistance to these measures, the Japanese put Sukarno as head of 3A Japanese propaganda movement or
11550-644: The Japanese, including Hatta. There, he met the Japanese commander General Hitoshi Imamura , who asked Sukarno and other nationalists to galvanise support from Indonesian populace to aid the Japanese war effort. Sukarno was willing to support the Japanese, in exchange for a platform for himself to spread nationalist ideas to the mass population. The Japanese, on the other hand, needed Indonesia's workforce and natural resources to help its war effort. The Japanese recruited millions of people, mainly from Java, to be forced labour called romusha in Japanese. They were forced to build railways, airfields, and other facilities for
11715-468: The Japanese-approved PUTERA during the occupation would make the Western countries distrustful of him. To help gain international recognition as well as to accommodate domestic demands for representation, Sukarno "allowed" the formation of a parliamentary system of government, whereby a prime minister controlled day-to-day affairs of the government, while Sukarno as president remained as a figurehead. The prime minister and his cabinet would be responsible to
11880-601: The Japanese. The USA at the time considered Sukarno one of the "foremost collaborationist leaders". On 29 April 1945, when the Philippines were liberated by American forces, the Japanese allowed for the establishment of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence ( Indonesian ; Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan; BPUPK ), a quasi-legislature consisting of 67 representatives from most ethnic groups in Indonesia. Sukarno
12045-599: The Javanese cultural heartland; those of highly polished aristocratic culture of the keratons in Yogyakarta and Surakarta — demonstrates some specific traits, such as particular concern with elegance and refinement (Javanese: alus ), subtlety, politeness, courtesy, indirectness, emotional restraint and consciousness to one's social stature. Javanese culture values harmony and social order highly, and abhors direct conflicts and disagreements. These Javanese values are often promoted through Javanese cultural expressions, such as Javanese dance , gamelan , wayang and batik . It
12210-508: The Javanese diaspora live there. Like most Indonesian ethnic groups, including the Sundanese of West Java , the Javanese are of Austronesian origins whose ancestors are thought to have originated in Taiwan , and migrated through the Philippines to reach Java between 1,500 BC and 1,000 BC. However, according to recent genetic study, Javanese together with Sundanese and Balinese has
12375-469: The Javanese realm was marked by the establishment of the Mangkunegaran and Pakualaman princedom. Although the real political power in those days actually lay with the colonial Dutch, the Javanese kings, in their keratons , still held prestige as the supposed power centre of the Javanese realm, especially in and around Surakarta and Yogyakarta. Dutch rule was briefly interrupted by British rule in
12540-552: The Linggadjati Agreement in March 1947. On 21 July 1947, the Linggadjati Agreement was broken by the Dutch, who launched Operatie Product , a massive military invasion into Republican-held territories. Although the newly reconstituted TNI was unable to offer significant military resistance, the blatant violation by the Dutch of an internationally brokered agreement outraged world opinion. International pressure forced
12705-460: The MPR to be made official by the president. He also took measures that largely emasculated the opposition parties. For example, he had the power to issue governmental regulations in lieu of law. Nominally, if these regulations were not approved by the House of People's Representatives (DPR, the pre-2004 legislative branch), they were considered revoked. However, given the DPR's infrequent sessions and
12870-621: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs revealed that "Achmed" (later, written as "Ahmad" or "Ahmed" by Arab states and other foreign state press) was coined by M. Zein Hassan, an Indonesian student at Al-Azhar University and later a member of the staff at the Ministry, to establish Sukarno's identity as a Muslim to the Egyptian press after a brief controversy at that time in Egypt alleging Sukarno's name
13035-523: The Netherlands), and the United States (led by Frank Porter Graham , neutral). President of Indonesia [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The president of the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Presiden Republik Indonesia ) is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Indonesia . The president
13200-594: The President of the Republic of Indonesia : "I solemnly pledge to fulfill the duties of President (Vice President) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my capabilities and in the fairest way possible, to uphold the Constitution by all means and to execute all laws and regulations as straightforwardly as possible as well as to dedicate myself to the service of the Nation and the People." The Amended 1945 Constitution : The president has constitutional authority over
13365-417: The President of the Republic of Indonesia : "I swear by God to fulfill the duties of President (Vice President) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my capabilities and in the fairest way possible, to uphold the Constitution by all means and to execute all laws and regulations as straightforwardly as possible as well as to dedicate myself to the service of the Nation and the People." Pledge of Office of
13530-553: The President or Vice President must take an oath or affirmation in the session of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) . If the MPR is unable to hold a session, the oath or promise is made in a session of the People's Representative Council (DPR) . If the DPR is unable to hold a session, the oath or affirmation is made before the leadership of the MPR in the presence of the leadership of the Supreme Court . Oath of Office of
13695-938: The Proclamation Monument and adjacent Gedung Pola in Jakarta; the Youth Monument ( Tugu Muda ) in Semarang ; the Alun-alun Monument in Malang ; the Heroes' Monument in Surabaya; and also the new city of Palangkaraya in Central Kalimantan . Sukarno was also deeply involved in building the Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex which includes him proposing the design for the roof of its main stadium . Sukarno
13860-497: The Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RIS) and presidential mandate passed to Assaat . When it became clear that RIS was going to be replaced by a unitary state , Asaat stepped down from the presidency and Sukarno once again became president on 15 August 1950. Indonesia now adopted the constitution that had been intended for RIS. Officially known as the Provisional Constitution , the document confirmed
14025-525: The Social Revolutions in Aceh and North Sumatera , where large numbers of Acehnese and Malay aristocrats were killed, and the "Three Regions Affair" in northwestern coast of Central Java . These bloody incidents continued until late 1945 to early 1946, and begin to peter out as Republican authorities begin to exert and consolidate control. Sukarno's government initially postponed the formation of
14190-467: The advent of Islam, many Javanese began to use Arabic names, especially coast populations, where Islamic influences are stronger. Commoners usually only have one-word names, while nobilities use two-or-more-word names, but rarely a surname. Some people use a patronymic . Due to the influence of other cultures, many people started using names from other languages, mainly European languages . Christian Javanese usually use Latin baptism names followed by
14355-766: The allied forces of the Portuguese and the Sunda Kingdom , establishing in the process the Sultanate of Banten . Demak was succeeded by the Kingdom of Pajang and finally the Sultanate of Mataram . The centre of power moved from coastal Demak, to Pajang in Blora, and later further inland to Mataram lands in Kotagede , near present-day Yogyakarta . The Mataram Sultanate reached its peak of power and influence during
14520-555: The architectural firm Soekarno & Anwari in Bandung, which provided planning and contractor services. Among Sukarno's architectural works are the renovated building of the Preanger Hotel (1929), where he acted as assistant to famous Dutch architect Charles Prosper Wolff Schoemaker . Sukarno also designed many private houses on today's Jalan Gatot Subroto, Jalan Palasari, and Jalan Dewi Sartika in Bandung. Later on, as president, Sukarno remained engaged in architecture, designing
14685-561: The art of Wayang kulit shadow play. The migration of Javanese people westward has created a coastal Javanese culture in West Java distinct from the inland Sundanese culture . Javanese is a member of the Austronesian family of languages and is closely related to, but distinct from, other languages of Indonesia . It is notable for its great number of nearly ubiquitous Sanskrit loans, found especially in literary Javanese. This
14850-471: The buildings can be richly carved . This architecture style can be found at kraton , or palaces, of the Sultanates of Yogyakarta (palaces of Hamengkubuwono and Pakualaman ) and Surakarta (palaces of Pakubuwono and Mangkunegaran ). Traditional mosques in Java maintain a distinctive Javanese style. The pendopo model is used as the main feature of mosques as prayer halls. A trapezoidal roof
15015-503: The capital (eventually Jakarta), and in his socialist politics, though he did not extend his taste for modern art to pop music ; he had the Indonesian musical group Koes Bersaudara imprisoned for their allegedly decadent lyrics despite his reputation for womanising. For Sukarno, modernity was blind to race, neat and elegant in style, and anti-imperialist. After graduation in 1926, Sukarno and his university friend Anwari established
15180-538: The central and eastern part of the Indonesian island of Java . With more than 100 million people, Javanese people are the largest ethnic group in both Indonesia and in Southeast Asia as a whole. Their native language is Javanese , it is the largest of the Austronesian languages in number of native speakers and also the largest regional language in Southeast Asia. As the largest ethnic group in
15345-496: The colonial period and spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the invading Japanese forces in World War II . Sukarno and his fellow nationalists collaborated to garner support for the Japanese war effort from the population, in exchange for Japanese aid in spreading nationalist ideas. Upon Japanese surrender , Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, and Sukarno
15510-548: The earliest places that Islamic teachings gained foothold in Java. Javanese culture is traditionally centered in the Central Java , Yogyakarta and East Java . Due to various migrations, it can also be found in other parts of the world, such as Suriname (where 15% of the population are of Javanese descent), the broader Indonesian archipelago region, Cape Malay , Malaysia , Singapore , Netherlands and other countries. The migrants bring with them various aspect of Javanese cultures such as Gamelan music, traditional dances and
15675-530: The early 19th century. While short, the British administration led by Stamford Raffles was significant, and included the re-discovery of Borobudur . Conflict with foreign rule was exemplified by the Java War between 1825 and 1830, and the leadership of Prince Diponegoro . Like the rest of the Dutch East Indies , Java was captured by the Empire of Japan during World War II . With Japan's defeat, independence
15840-565: The fact that politics can only make real changes through formation and utilisation of force ( machtsvorming en machtsaanwending ). During this period, to support himself and the party financially, Sukarno returned to architecture, opening the bureau of Soekarno & Roosseno with his university junior Roosseno . He also wrote articles for the party's newspaper, Fikiran Ra'jat (People's Mind) . While based in Bandung, Sukarno travelled extensively throughout Java to establish contacts with other nationalists. His activities attracted further attention by
16005-452: The fall of the country under Dutch occupation and exploitation, and the imperialism practised by Western countries, which he termed as "exploitation of humans by other humans" ( exploitation de l'homme par l'homme ). He blamed this for the deep poverty and low levels of education of Indonesian people under the Dutch. To promote nationalistic pride amongst Indonesians , Sukarno interpreted these ideas in his dress, in his urban planning for
16170-516: The fertile slopes of Mount Merapi as the heart of the Mataram Kingdom . The earliest Sanjaya and Sailendra dynasties had their power base there. Between the late 8th century and the mid-9th century, the kingdom saw the blossoming of classical Javanese art and architecture reflected in the rapid growth of temple construction . The most notable of the temples constructed are Kalasan , Sewu , Borobudur and Prambanan . The Java valley
16335-429: The first Allied soldiers (1st Battalion of Seaforth Highlanders) did not arrive in Jakarta until late September 1945. British forces began to occupy major Indonesian cities in October 1945. The commander of the British 23rd Division, Lieutenant General Sir Philip Christison , set up command in the former governor-general's palace in Jakarta. Christison stated that he intended to free all Allied prisoners-of-war and to allow
16500-409: The first president who had to beat another candidate to be elected, as Sukarno and Suharto had been sole candidates. As a result of this, Wahid was also the first president to be elected through counting votes instead of by acclamation. However, Wahid was impeached and removed from office by the MPR. This was a clear sign that while the presidency is the key institution, the MPR was now truly a check on
16665-542: The first time shall be elected by the PPKI." Also, the body responsible for the presidential elections, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), had not yet been formed. On 16 October 1945, Vice President Mohammad Hatta announced a vice-presidential decree which gave the Central National Committee of Indonesia (KNIP) legislative powers. On 11 November 1945, the KNIP made the decision to separate
16830-477: The five-point Pancasila, in a document known as the Jakarta Charter : Due to pressure from the Islamic element, the first principle mentioned the obligation for Muslims to practice Islamic law ( sharia ). However, the final Sila as contained in the 1945 Constitution which was put into effect on 18 August 1945, excluded the reference to Islamic law for the sake of national unity. The elimination of sharia
16995-466: The future independence of Indonesia. He also was involved with the formation of Defenders of the Homeland ( Pembela Tanah Air; PETA ) and Heiho (Indonesian volunteer army troops) via speeches broadcast on the Japanese radio and loudspeaker networks across Java and Sumatra. By mid-1945 these units numbered around two million and were preparing to defeat any Allied forces sent to re-take Java. In
17160-426: The government and has the power to name and remove ministers. The president has the right to propose bills to DPR , to discuss bills with the DPR to reach an agreement, make government regulations in accordance with laws, and in the case of emergencies has the power to make Government regulations in lieu of law. Militarily, the president holds supreme authority over the Indonesian National Armed Forces . Diplomatically,
17325-468: The greatest extent of Majapahit, making it one of the most influential empires in Indonesian and Southeast Asian history. Various kingdoms of Java were actively involved in the spice trade in the sea route of the Silk Road . Although not major spice producers, these kingdoms were able to stockpile spice by trading for it with rice , of which Java was a major producer. Majapahit is usually regarded as
17490-649: The greatest of these kingdoms. It was both an agrarian and a maritime power, combining wet-rice cultivation and foreign trade. The ruin of their capital can be found in Trowulan . Islam gained its foothold in port towns on Java's northern coast such as Gresik , Ampel Denta ( Surabaya ), Tuban, Demak and Kudus . The spread and proselytising of Islam among the Javanese was traditionally credited to Wali Songo . Java underwent major changes as Islam spread. Following succession disputes and civil wars, Majapahit power collapsed. After this collapse, its various dependencies and vassals broke free. The Sultanate of Demak became
17655-535: The help of invading Mongol troops in March 1293. Raden Wijaya would later establish Majapahit near the delta of the Brantas River in modern-day Mojokerto , East Java . Kertanegara policies were later continued by the Majapahits under King Hayam Wuruk and his minister Gajah Mada , whose reign from 1350 to 1389 was marked by conquests that extended throughout Southeast Asia. This expansion marked
17820-848: The highest class of all civilian and military Star Decorations. Currently there are 14 decorations which will be bestowed upon them soon after taking office, namely: The most recent presidential election was held in 2024 where Prabowo Subianto and his running mate Gibran Rakabuming Raka defeated Anies Baswedan and Ganjar Pranowo with 58.6% of the vote. Javanese people The Javanese ( / dʒ ɑː v ə ˈ n iː z / , jah-və- NEEZ , / dʒ æ v -/ jav- , /- ˈ n iː s / - NEESS ; Indonesian : Orang Jawa ; Javanese : ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦗꦮ , Wong Jawa (in Ngoko register ) ; ꦠꦶꦪꦁꦗꦮꦶ , Tiyang Jawi (in Krama register ) ) are an Austronesian ethnic group native to
17985-471: The implementation of " Guided Democracy ," in which decisions would be made after lengthy deliberation with a view toward achieving a consensus under presidential "guidance." The rest of the decade saw a series of unstable governments. Taking advantage of the situation, Sukarno made a speech in April 1959 and suggested that Indonesia return to the 1945 Constitution. The People reacted enthusiastically and there
18150-574: The instability and rebellions which were threatening the survival of the diverse and fractious country. In the early 1960s Sukarno embarked on a series of aggressive foreign policies under the rubric of anti-imperialism and personally championed the Non-Aligned Movement . These developments led to increasing friction with the West and closer relations with the USSR. After the events surrounding
18315-553: The joint session of the BPUPK held in the former Volksraad Building (now called the Pancasila Building ). Pancasila , as presented by Sukarno during the BPUPK speech, consisted of five principles which Sukarno saw as commonly shared by all Indonesians: On 22 June, the Islamic and nationalist elements of the BPUPK created a small committee of nine ( Indonesian : Panitia Sembilan ), which formulated Sukarno's ideas into
18480-588: The lucrative spice trade with the Maluku Islands . Following the defeat of the Melayu Kingdom in eastern Sumatra, Singhasari controlled trade in the Strait of Malacca . Singhasari dominance was cut short in 1292 by Kediri's rebellion under Jayakatwang , killing Kertanegara. However, Jayakatwang's reign as king of Java soon ended as he was defeated by Kertanegara's son-in-law, Raden Wijaya with
18645-508: The massive eruption of Mount Merapi in 1006 AD. Two important religious monuments are the Hindu temple of Prambanan and the Buddhist temple of Borobudur . Both of them are 9th century temples and UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Both are located near Yogyakarta in the slope of Mount Merapi. Meanwhile, examples of secular buildings can be seen in the ruins of the former capital city of
18810-644: The meantime, Sukarno eventually divorced Inggit, who refused to accept her husband's wish for polygamy. She was provided with a house in Bandung and a pension for the rest of her life. In 1943, he married Fatmawati. They lived in a house in Jalan Pegangsaan Timur No. 56, confiscated from its previous Dutch owners and presented to Sukarno by the Japanese. This house would later be the venue of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945. On 10 November 1943, Sukarno and Hatta were sent on
18975-517: The members of the MPR who are present at the session which is attended by at least 3/4 of all members of the MPR (at least 50% of the total members of the MPR). The Original 1945 Constitution : If the president dies, resigns, or is unable to perform their duties for any reason, they are replaced by the vice president. The 1950 Provisional Constitution : If the president dies, resigns, or is unable to perform their duties for any reason, they are replaced by
19140-442: The name of Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA), with the protection of the British. They were led by Hubertus Johannes van Mook , a colonial administrator who had evacuated to Brisbane , Australia. Dutch soldiers who had been POWs under the Japanese were released and rearmed. Shooting between these Dutch soldiers and police supporting the new Republican government soon developed. This soon escalated to armed conflict between
19305-577: The near-total dominance of the pro-government political grouping, Golkar , such approval was a mere formality. Thus, for all intents and purposes, Suharto ruled by decree for most of his tenure. For the better part of Suharto's rule, he effectively held all governing power in the nation. Suharto fell from power in 21 May 1998 and the presidency experienced changes as a result of the reform movement. Compared to Suharto, who had all of his accountability speeches accepted, B. J. Habibie had his only accountability speech rejected. Abdurrahman Wahid then became
19470-470: The new strongest power, gaining supremacy among city-states on the northern coast of Java. Aside from its power over Javanese city-states, it also gained overlordship of the ports of Jambi and Palembang in eastern Sumatra. Demak played a major role in opposing the newly arrived colonial power, the Portuguese . Demak twice attacked the Portuguese following their capture of Malacca . They also attacked
19635-493: The new university-educated youths eager for broader freedoms and opportunities denied to them in the racist and constrictive political system of Dutch colonialism. PNI activities came to the attention of the colonial government, and Sukarno's speeches and meetings were often infiltrated and disrupted by agents of the colonial secret police ( Politieke Inlichtingendienst ). Eventually, Sukarno and other key PNI leaders were arrested on 29 December 1929 by Dutch colonial authorities in
19800-876: The newly constituted Republican forces aided by a myriad of pro-independence fighters and the Dutch and British forces. On 10 November, a full-scale battle broke out in Surabaya between the 49th Infantry Brigade of the British Indian Army and Indonesian nationalist militias. The British-Indian force were supported by air and naval forces. Some 300 Indian soldiers were killed (including their commander Brigadier Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby ), as were thousands of nationalist militiamen and other Indonesians. Shootouts broke out with alarming regularity in Jakarta, including an attempted assassination of Prime Minister Sjahrir by Dutch gunmen. To avoid this menace, Sukarno and majority of his government left for
19965-402: The oldest civilizations and has flourished in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. It has gradually absorbed various elements and influences from other cultures, including native reverence for ancestral and natural spirits, Buddhist and Hindu dharmic values, Islamic civilization, and to a lesser extent, Christianity, Western philosophy and modern ideas. Nevertheless, Javanese culture — especially in
20130-458: The power to name cabinets and appoint the prime minister with the advice of formateurs. The president is able to remove ministers from office and has the right to be informed of important matters by the Council of Ministers. As the head of state, the president has the power to dissolve the DPR and order for an election to be held within 30 days. Militarily, the president holds supreme authority over
20295-421: The presidency about with numerous checks and balances to prevent another president from completely dominating the system. For example, the president was limited to two terms, whether successive or separated. He also lost the right to legislate, but could propose legislation. In 2004 election , Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono became Indonesia's first directly elected president, beating incumbent Megawati Sukarnoputri in
20460-465: The presidency, replacing Sukarno, who remained under house arrest until his death in 1970. His eldest daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri , who was born during her father's rule in 1947, later served as the fifth president of Indonesia from 2001 to 2004. The name Sukarno comes from the mythological chief hero of the Mahabharata , Karna . The spelling " Soekarno ", based on Dutch orthography ,
20625-512: The president can only sign treaties, rehabilitate prisoners, and appoint Judicial Committee members with the DPR's agreement. The President can only appoint ambassadors and accept ambassadors from other countries by taking into account the DPR's considerations. The president has the power to grant pardons but must consider the advice of the Supreme Court . The president also has the final say over chief justice candidates. The Original 1945 Constitution : The president has constitutional authority over
20790-456: The president has the power to declare a State of Emergency. Diplomatically, the president, with the agreement of the DPR, has the power to declare war, peace, and to sign treaties. In addition, the president appoints ambassadors and consuls as well as accepting ambassadors from other countries. Finally, the president has power to give amnesties and pardons as well as awarding titles and honours. The 1950 Provisional Constitution : The president has
20955-495: The president's power. Wahid was replaced by his vice president, Megawati Sukarnoputri , daughter of Sukarno and former opposition leader during Suharto's presidency. Megawati is the first and, so far, only female ever to become President of Indonesia. During the 2001 MPR Annual Session, it was finally decided that from 2004 onwards, the president will directly be elected by the people. In response to Sukarno and Suharto's abuses of power, other amendments passed at that session hedged
21120-429: The president's role as the head of state, but limited him to a mostly ceremonial role. He appointed a prime minister on the advice of formateurs. Despite his limited constitutional role, Sukarno commanded great moral authority. Nonetheless, he was never content with the role of ceremonial head of State, and grew increasingly disenchanted with western-style parliamentary democracy. In the early 1950s, he began calling for
21285-407: The press, and due to strong pressure from the liberal elements in both the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies, Sukarno was released early on 31 December 1931. By this time, he had become a popular hero widely known throughout Indonesia. However, during his imprisonment, the PNI had been splintered by the oppression of colonial authorities and internal dissension. The original PNI was disbanded by
21450-425: The region, the Javanese have historically dominated the social, political, and cultural landscape of both Indonesia and Southeast Asia. There are significant numbers of Javanese diaspora outside of central and eastern Java regions, including the other provinces of Indonesia , as well as other countries such as Suriname , Singapore , Malaysia , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Sri Lanka , Yemen and
21615-642: The reign of Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo between 1613 and 1645. In 1619 the Dutch established their trading headquarter in Batavia . Java slowly fell to the Dutch East India Company , which would also eventually control most of Maritime Southeast Asia . The internal intrigue and war of succession, in addition to Dutch interference, caused the Mataram Sultanate to break up into Surakarta and Yogyakarta . The further separation of
21780-471: The requirements to be president, the DPR can ask the Constitutional Court to look into the matter, during which it has 90 days to make a decision. The DPR's request to the Constitutional Court can only be made with the support of 2/3 of the total number of DPR members who are present at the session which is attended by at least 2/3 of the DPR's members (At least 44.44% of the total members of
21945-793: The resistance of I Gusti Ngurah Rai in Bali, the insurgency in South Sulawesi , and fighting in Hulu Sungai area of South Kalimantan ). Meanwhile, the hinterland areas of Java and Sumatera remained under Republican control. Eager to pull its soldiers out of Indonesia, the British allowed for large-scale infusion of Dutch forces into the country throughout 1946. By November 1946, all British soldiers had been withdrawn from Indonesia. They were replaced with more than 150,000 Dutch soldiers. The British sent Lord Archibald Clark Kerr, 1st Baron Inverchapel and Miles Lampson, 1st Baron Killearn to bring
22110-525: The return of Indonesia to its pre-war status, as a colony of Netherlands. The Republican government were willing to cooperate with the release and repatriation of Allied civilians and military POWs, setting-up the Committee for the Repatriation of Japanese and Allied Prisoners of Wars and Internees ( Panitia Oeroesan Pengangkoetan Djepang dan APWI , POPDA) for this purpose. POPDA, in cooperation with
22275-477: The rise of Islam, between the 5th to 15th centuries, Dharmic faiths (Hinduism and Buddhism) were the majority in the Indonesian archipelago , especially in Java . As a result, numerous Hindu temples, locally known as Candi , were constructed and dominated the landscape of Java. According to local beliefs, the Java valley had thousands of Hindu temples that co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in
22440-594: The role of Head of State from that of Head of Government. Although a new constitution had not been set up yet, Indonesia was now a de facto parliamentary democracy with the president as a ceremonial Head of State whose function was to ask the prime minister as the Head of the Government to form a new Cabinet. During the Indonesian National Revolution , both Sukarno and Hatta were captured by
22605-578: The runoff election. He was re-elected in 2009 . In 2014, Yudhoyono finished his second presidential term and was barred from seeking re-election. The 3rd Indonesian presidential election was held on 9 July 2014 and matched former general and Suharto's ex-son in law Prabowo Subianto against the governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo . On 22 July the General Elections Commission announced Joko Widodo's victory. He and his vice president, Jusuf Kalla , were sworn in on 20 October 2014, for
22770-496: The safety of Yogyakarta on 4 January 1946. There, the Republican government received protection and full support from Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX . Yogyakarta would remain as the Republic's capital until the end of the war in 1949. Sjahrir remained in Jakarta to conduct negotiations with the British. The initial series of battles in late 1945 and early 1946 left the British in control of major port cities on Java and Sumatra. During
22935-477: The southern Bandung area, who owned his little plot of land and worked on it himself, producing sufficient income to support his family. In university, Sukarno began organizing a study club for Indonesian students, the Algemeene Studieclub , in opposition to the established student clubs dominated by Dutch students. On 4 July 1927, Sukarno with his friends from the Algemeene Studieclub established
23100-482: The strong level of popular support for the new Republic, at least on Java and Sumatra. In these two islands, the Sukarno government quickly established governmental control while the remaining Japanese mostly retreated to their barracks awaiting the arrival of Allied forces. This period was marked by constant attacks by armed groups on anyone who were perceived to oppose Indonesian independence. The most serious cases were
23265-424: The term Amerika kita setrika, Inggris kita linggis ("Let's iron America, and bludgeon the British") to promote anti-Allied sentiments. In later years, Sukarno was lastingly ashamed of his role with the romusha . Additionally, food requisitioning by the Japanese caused widespread famine in Java, which killed more than one million people in 1944–1945. In his view, these were necessary sacrifices to be made to allow for
23430-473: The text of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence. In the early morning of 17 August 1945, Sukarno returned to his house at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur No. 56, where Hatta joined him. Throughout the morning, impromptu leaflets printed by PETA and youth elements informed the population of the impending proclamation. Finally, at 10 am, Sukarno and Hatta stepped to the front porch, where Sukarno declared
23595-482: The two pairs of candidates nominated by the political party or coalition of political parties whose candidates were the winner and the runner-up in the previous presidential election. Under the amended constitution, the president (also vice president) can now be impeached and removed from office. If the president is viewed to have violated the law in the form of treason against the state, corruption, bribery, other serious crimes, or disgraceful acts, and/or no longer meets
23760-562: The uneducated Indonesian populace to develop an intellectual elite able to offer effective resistance to Dutch rule. After attempting to reconcile the two parties to establish one united nationalist front, Sukarno chose to become the head of Partindo on 28 July 1932. Partindo had maintained its alignment with Sukarno's own strategy of immediate mass agitation, and Sukarno disagreed with Hatta's long-term cadre-based struggle. Hatta himself believed Indonesian independence would not occur within his lifetime, while Sukarno believed Hatta's strategy ignored
23925-437: The vice president. Although there is no article about president (and vice president) impeachment in the original 1945 Constitution, Sukarno and Abdurrahman Wahid were still impeached in 1967 and 2001. Article on the impeachment of the president and vice president were made after the impeachment of Abdurrahman Wahid in the 3rd amendment to the Constitution. Law No.7 of 1978 stipulates that former presidents are entitled to
24090-765: The world's largest temples. Javanese culture has a strong influence in most of the Southeast Asian countries. In Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore, the influence of Javanese culture can be seen in many aspects of modern Malay culture . Javanese culture has greatly influenced their traditional cuisine with many dishes such as satay , sambal , ketupat , nasi kuning ( pulut kuning ), and rojak . Kris weaponry, batik and ronggeng dance art, gamelan musical instruments, and wayang kulit puppetry were introduced to them through Javanese contact . Javanese culture has also spread widely beyond Southeast Asia such as Sri Lanka , South Africa , and Suriname , where many of
24255-460: Was "not Muslim enough". After the use of the name "Achmed" began, Muslim and Arab states freely supported Sukarno. Thus, in correspondence with the Middle East , Sukarno always signed his name as "Achmed Sukarno". The son of a Muslim Javanese primary school teacher, an aristocrat named Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo who hailed from Grobogan , Central Java, and his Hindu Balinese wife from
24420-474: Was also difficult to apply this social categorization in classing outsiders, for example other non- indigenous Indonesians such as persons of Arab , Chinese and Indian descent. Social stratification is much less rigid in northern coast area. The Javanese calendar is used by the Javanese people concurrently with two other calendars, the Gregorian calendar and the Islamic calendar . The Gregorian calendar
24585-481: Was appointed as acting president. Suharto was appointed president in his own right in 1968. During his rise to power, Suharto seemed determined to observe at least the forms of the constitution, and this continued when he became president. Under the constitution, the MPR was responsible for formulating the Outlines of State Policy (GBHN); as president, Suharto was responsible for implementing them. Suharto also made it
24750-413: Was appointed as head of the BPUPK and was tasked to lead discussions to prepare the basis of a future Indonesian state. To provide a common and acceptable platform to unite the various squabbling factions in the BPUPK, Sukarno formulated his ideological thinking developed over the previous twenty years into five principles. On 1 June 1945, he introduced a set of five principles, known as pancasila , during
24915-415: Was appointed president. He led the Indonesian resistance to Dutch re-colonisation efforts via diplomatic and military means until the Dutch recognition of Indonesian independence in 1949. As a result, he was given the title "Father of Proclamation." After a chaotic period of parliamentary democracy , Sukarno established an autocratic system called " Guided Democracy " in 1959 that successfully ended
25080-399: Was done by Hatta based upon a request by Christian representative Alexander Andries Maramis , and after consultation with moderate Islamic representatives Teuku Mohammad Hassan, Kasman Singodimedjo, and Ki Bagoes Hadikoesoemo. On 7 August 1945, the Japanese allowed the formation of a smaller ( Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence Panitia Persiapan kemerdekaan Indonesia; PPKI ),
25245-544: Was due to irreconcilable differences between various social, political, religious and ethnic factions. In the days following the proclamation, the news of Indonesian independence was spread by radio, newspaper, leaflets, and word of mouth despite attempts by the Japanese soldiers to suppress the news. On 19 September, Sukarno addressed a crowd of one million people at the Ikada Field of Jakarta (now part of Merdeka Square ) to commemorate one month of independence, indicating
25410-465: Was especially strong in Dutch. He was also quite comfortable in German , English, French , Arabic , and Japanese , all of which were taught at his HBS. He was helped by his photographic memory and precocious mind . In his studies, Sukarno was "intensely modern", both in architecture and in politics. He despised both the traditional Javanese feudalism , which he considered "backward" and to blame for
25575-559: Was established during the formulation of the 1945 Constitution by the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK). The office was first filled on 18 August 1945 when Sukarno was elected by acclamation by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) because according to the Transitional Provisions of the Constitution, "the President and the Vice President for
25740-412: Was first exposed to nationalist ideas while living under Tjokroaminoto. Later, while a student in Bandung, he immersed himself in European , American , nationalist, communist , and religious political philosophy, eventually developing his own political ideology of Indonesian-style socialist self-sufficiency. He began styling his ideas as Marhaenism , named after Marhaen, an Indonesian peasant he met in
25905-615: Was flown back to Jakarta on 14 August. Unbeknownst to the guests, atomic bombs had been dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and the Japanese were preparing for surrender . The following day, on 15 August, the Japanese declared their acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration terms and unconditionally surrendered to the Allies. On the afternoon of that day, Sukarno received this information from leaders of youth groups and members of PETA Chairul Saleh , Soekarni , and Wikana , who had been listening to Western radio broadcasts. They urged Sukarno to declare Indonesian independence immediately, while
26070-414: Was home to thousands of Hindu temples that co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in the massive eruption of Mount Merapi in 1006 AD. At its peak, the Javanese kingdom had become a dominant empire that exercised its power—not only in Java island, but also in Sumatra , Bali , southern Thailand , Indianized kingdoms of the Philippines , and the Khmer in Cambodia . Jayavarman II ,
26235-435: Was mainly a fusion of elements of Marxism , nationalism and Islam. This is reflected in a proposition of his version of Pancasila he proposed to the BPUPK in a speech on 1 June 1945. Sukarno argued that all of the principles of the nation could be summarised in the phrase gotong royong . The Indonesian parliament, founded on the basis of this original (and subsequently revised) constitution, proved all but ungovernable. This
26400-404: Was proclaimed in the new Republic of Indonesia . When the Indonesian independence was proclaimed on 17 August 1945, the last sovereign Javanese monarchies, represented by the Sri Sultan of Yogyakarta , the Sunanate of Surakarta , Prince of Mangkunegara and Prince of Pakualaman declared that they would become part of the Republic of Indonesia. Yogyakarta and Pakualaman were later united to form
26565-401: Was sent to the Europeesche Lagere School (a Dutch primary school) in Mojokerto . Subsequently, in 1916, Sukarno went to a Hogere Burgerschool (a Dutch-type higher-level secondary school) in Surabaya, where he met Tjokroaminoto , a nationalist and founder of Sarekat Islam . In 1920, Sukarno married Tjokroaminoto's daughter Siti Oetari. In 1921, he began to study civil engineering (with
26730-415: Was shipped, along with his family (including Inggit Garnasih), to the remote town of Ende , on the island of Flores . During his time in Flores, he utilised his limited freedom of movement to establish a children's theatre. Among its members was future politician Frans Seda . Due to an outbreak of malaria in Flores, the Dutch authorities decided to move Sukarno and his family to Bencoolen (now Bengkulu ) on
26895-403: Was still in Bengkulu exile when the Japanese invaded the archipelago in 1942. In early 1929, during the Indonesian National Revival , Sukarno and fellow Indonesian nationalist leader Hatta (later Vice President ), first foresaw a Pacific War and the opportunity that a Japanese advance on Indonesia might present for the Indonesian independence cause. In February 1942, Imperial Japan invaded
27060-500: Was strong pressure on the Constitutional Assembly , the body responsible for formulating a new constitution, to adopt the 1945 Constitution. When the assembly did not budge, Sukarno issued a presidential decree on 5 July 1959 declaring that Indonesia was returning to the 1945 Constitution. That document made the president head of government as well as head of state. In May 1963, the People's Consultative Assembly appointed Sukarno president for life . Although Indonesia had re-adopted
27225-405: Was visiting Yogyakarta. Sjahrir was leading the negotiation with the Dutch. Sukarno, after successfully influencing Sudirman, managed to secure the release of Sjahrir and the arrest of Tan Malaka and other PP leaders. Disapproval of Linggadjati terms within the KNIP led Sukarno to issue a decree doubling KNIP membership by including many pro-agreement appointed members. As a consequence, KNIP ratified
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