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104-697: The Russian Far East (Russian: Дальний Восток России , IPA: [ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsʲiɪ] ) is a region in North Asia . It is the easternmost part of Russia and the Asian continent , and is coextensive with the Far Eastern Federal District , which encompasses the area between Lake Baikal and the Pacific Ocean . The area's largest city is Khabarovsk , followed by Vladivostok . The region shares land borders with

208-522: A Japanese invasion despite the fact that most of the remaining clashes occurred in Manchukuo. The clashes ended shortly before and after the conclusion of World War II (see Soviet–Japanese War ) when a war-weakened Japan found its territories of Manchukuo, Mengjiang , Korea , and South Sakhalin invaded by Soviet and Mongolian troops (August 1945). Both the Soviet Union and Japan regarded

312-527: A complex of plateaux and mountain ranges. One can find outcrops of these rocks in unfolded sections of the Shields. Their presence has been confirmed below Mesozoic and later sediments. There are three main periods of mountain building in Northern Asia, although it has occurred many times. The outer fold mountains that are on the margins of the Shields and that only affected Asia north of the line of

416-474: A major source of revenue for the city's inhabitants is the import of Japanese cars. Besides salesmen, the industry employs repairmen, fitters, import clerks as well as shipping and railway companies. The Vladivostok dealers sell 250,000 cars a year, with 200,000 going to other parts of Russia. Every third worker in the Primorsky Krai has some relation to the automobile import business. In recent years,

520-592: A minority of Koreans and Chinese in Vladivostok, accounting for roughly 1 percent of the population, as well as more recent immigrants from Central Asia , mainly from Uzbekistan . Historical German , French , Estonian , American , and Central Asian diasporas at the start of the 21st century have been little studied. According to the Russian census of 2010, Vladivostok's residents include representatives of over seventy nationalities and ethnic groups. Among them,

624-792: A second front by Governor-General of the Far East Nikolay Muraviev when China was suppressing the Taiping Rebellion , the Aigun Treaty was concluded by Muraviev's forces, after which Russian exploration of the Amur region began, and later, as a result of the signing of the Treaty of Tientsin and the Convention of Peking , the territory of modern Vladivostok was annexed to Russia. The name Vladivostok appeared in

728-423: A single constituency, and 17 deputies from single-seat constituencies. Vladivostok is the administrative center of the krai . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is, together with five rural localities , incorporated as Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction ; an administrative unit equal to that of the districts in status. As a municipal division , Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction

832-459: A stronghold in the Far East ; this role was played in turn by the settlements of Okhotsk , Ayan , Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky , and Nikolaevsk-on-Amur . By the middle of the 19th-century, the search for the outpost had reached a dead end. None of the ports met the necessary requirement: to have a convenient and protected harbor next to important trade routes. After China was threatened with war on

936-609: A warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean for the Imperial Russian Navy as well as to facilitate maritime trade. The recently established Pacific seaport of Vladivostok (founded in 1860) was operational only during the summer season, but Port Arthur (leased by Russia from China from 1896 onward) in Manchuria could operate all year. After the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the failure of

1040-489: A yearly mean temperature of around 5 °C (41 °F), Vladivostok has a cold climate for its mid-latitude coastal setting. This is due to winds from the vast Eurasian landmass in winter and the cooling ocean temperatures. Vladivostok means 'Lord of the East' or 'Ruler of the East'. The name derives from Slavic владь ( vlad , 'to rule' ) and Russian восток ( vostok , 'east'); Colloquial Russian speech may use

1144-886: Is included in the project for the development of the Far East tourism "Eastern Ring". Within the framework of the project, the Primorsky Stage of the Mariinsky Theater was opened, and there are plans to open branches of the Hermitage Museum , the Russian Museum , the Tretyakov Gallery and the State Museum of Oriental Art . Vladivostok entered the top ten Russian cities for recreation and tourism according to Forbes, and also took

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1248-431: Is incorporated as Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug. Vladivostok is divided into five administrative districts: The city charter approved the following structure of local government bodies: Vladivostok City Duma's history dates from November 21, 1875, when 30 "vowels" were elected. Great changes took place after the 1917 Revolution, when the first general elections were held and women were allowed to vote. The last meeting of

1352-670: Is located approximately 45 kilometers (28 mi) from the China–Russia border and 134 kilometers (83 mi) from the North Korea–Russia border . Shortly after the signing of the Treaty of Aigun between Qing China and the Russian Empire and affirmed by the Convention of Peking – from which it is also known as the Amur Annexation – the city was founded as a Russian military outpost on July 2, 1860. In 1872,

1456-520: Is now officially known by the transliteration Chinese : 符拉迪沃斯托克 ; pinyin : Fúlādíwòsītuōkè ), although the historical Chinese name 海參崴 ( Hǎishēnwǎi ) is still used in common parlance and outside Mainland China to refer to the city. According to the provisions of the Chinese government, all maps published in China must bracket the city's Chinese name. The modern-day Japanese name of

1560-561: Is planned to produce 13,200 cars in Vladivostok in 2010. Vladivostok is a link between the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Pacific Sea routes, making it an important cargo and passenger port. It processes both cabotage and export-import general cargo of a wide range. 20 stevedoring companies operate in the port. The cargo turnover of the Vladivostok port, including the total turnover of all stevedoring companies, at

1664-678: Is the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District, and is the home to the headquarters of the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy . Due to its geographical position in Asia combined with its Russian architecture , the city has been referred to as "Europe in the Far East". Many foreign consulates and businesses have offices in Vladivostok, and the city hosts the annual Eastern Economic Forum . With

1768-581: The Andronovo culture . During the 1st millennium BCE, polities such as the Scythians and Xiongnus emerged in the region, who often clashed with its Persian and Chinese neighbors in the south. The Göktürks dominated southern Siberia during the 1st millennium CE, while in the early 2nd millennium, the Mongol Empire and its successor states ruled the region. The Khanate of Sibir was one of

1872-531: The Battle of Lake Khasan (July–August 1938) involved an attempted military incursion of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo into territory claimed by the Soviet Union. This incursion was founded in the beliefs of the Japanese side that the Soviet Union had misinterpreted the demarcation of the boundary based on the 1860 Treaty of Peking between Imperial Russia and Manchu China . Primorsky Krai was always threatened by

1976-719: The Bering Straits . Northern Asia is built around the Angara Shield, which lies between the Yenisey River and the Lena River . It developed from fragments of Laurasia , whose rocks were mainly Precambrian crystalline rocks, gneisses , and schists , and Gondwana . These rocks can be found in the Angara Shield, Inner Mongolian-Korean Shield, Ordes Shield, and Southeast Asia Shield. The fragments have been subject to orogenesis around their margins, giving

2080-792: The Far Eastern Federal District , comprised Amur Oblast , the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug , the Jewish Autonomous Oblast , Kamchatka Oblast with the Koryak Autonomous Okrug , Khabarovsk Krai , Magadan Oblast , Primorsky Krai , the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic , and Sakhalin Oblast . In November 2018 Zabaykalsky Krai and the Republic of Buryatia were added; they had previously formed part of

2184-733: The Far Eastern Republic , a Soviet-backed buffer state between Soviet Russia and Japan, was proclaimed on April 6, 1920. The Soviet government officially recognized the new republic in May, but in Primorye a riot occurred, where significant forces of the White Movement were located, leading to the creation of the Provisional Priamurye Government , with Vladivostok as its capital. In October 1922,

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2288-577: The Himalayas , are attributed to the Caledonian and Hercynian orogenies of the late Palaeozoic Era . The Alpine orogeny caused extensive folding and faulting of Mesozoic and early Tertiary sediments from the Tethys geosyncline . The Tibetan and Mongolian plateaux, and the structural basins of Tarim , Qaidam , and Junggar , are delimited by major east–west lithospheric faults that were probably

2392-598: The Koryo-mar dialect and the use of Russian. Development of numerous remote locations in the Soviet Far East relied on Gulag labour camps during Stalin's rule, especially in the region's northern half. After the death of Stalin in 1953 the large-scale use of forced labour waned and was superseded by volunteer employees attracted by relatively high wages. During the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931,

2496-518: The Late Pleistocene , approximately 100,000 years ago, and modern humans are confirmed to arrived in the region by 45,000 years ago with the first humans in the region having West Eurasian origins. Its Neolithic culture is characterized by characteristic stone production techniques and the presence of pottery of eastern origin. The Bronze Age began during the 3rd millennium BCE, with influences of Indo-Iranian cultures as evidenced by

2600-451: The M58 highway was completed in 2010. Uniquely for Russia, most cars have right-hand drive (73% of cars in the region), though they are still driven on the right-hand side of the road. Railways are better developed. The Trans-Siberian Railway and Baikal–Amur Mainline (since 1984) provide a connection with Siberia (and the rest of the country). The Amur–Yakutsk Mainline is aimed to link

2704-518: The Manchu Haišenwai ( Manchu : ᡥᠠᡳᡧᡝᠨᠸᡝᡳ ,  Möllendorff : Haišenwai ,  Abkai : Haixenwai ) or small seaside fishing village . However, according to National Chung Cheng University 's research department for Manchu studies, the Manchu name comes from Chinese, specifically Mandarin Chinese , that was named for its historical abundance of sea cucumbers. In China, Vladivostok

2808-850: The October Revolution in 1917, during which the Bolsheviks came to power, the Decree on Peace was announced, and as a result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk concluded between the Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers , led to the end of Soviet Russia 's participation in World War I. On October 30, the sailors of the Siberian Military Flotilla decided to "rally around the united power of

2912-733: The Permian–Triassic extinction event . Geographically, North Asia is a subregion of Asia. Historically, it has been home to various East Asian-related ethnic groups from a diverse range of language families, including the Ainu , Chukotko-Kamchatkan , Mongolic , Nivkh , Tungusic , Turkic , Uralic , Yeniseian , Yukaghir , and Eskaleut peoples. However, because it was colonised and incorporated into Russia, some international organisations either consider or classify North Asia as part of Eastern Europe along with European Russia. European cultural influences, specifically Russian , are predominant in

3016-700: The Pleistocene , but this played a less significant part in the geology of the area compared to the part that it played in North America and Europe . The Scandinavian ice sheet extended to the east of the Urals, covering the northern two thirds of the Ob Basin and extending onto the Angara Shield between the Yenisei River and the Lena River . There are legacies of mountain glaciation to be found on

3120-683: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the city became a part of the Russian Federation . Today, Vladivostok remains the largest Russian port on the Pacific Ocean , and the chief cultural, economic, scientific, and tourism hub of the Russian Far East. As the terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway , the city was visited by over three million tourists in 2017. The city

3224-495: The Russky Island Bridge from the mainland to Russky Island (the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world). The new campus of Far Eastern Federal University was completed on Russky Island in 2012. In December 2018, the seat of the Far Eastern Federal District , established in May 2000, was moved from Khabarovsk to Vladivostok. In November 2020, the city and region had experienced a rare weather phenomenon in

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3328-488: The Siberian Federal District . Since 2000, Russians have increasingly used the term "Far East" to refer to the federal district, though the term is often also used more loosely. Defined by the boundaries of the federal district, the Far East has an area of 6.2 million square kilometres (2,400,000 sq mi)—over one-third of Russia's total area. Russia in the early 1900s persistently sought

3432-712: The Soviet era when it was called the Soviet Far East ). In Russia, the region is usually referred to as simply the Far East (Russian: Дальний Восток , romanized:  Dal'niy Vostok ). What is known in English as the Far East is usually referred to as the Asia-Pacific Region ( Азиатско-тихоокеанский регион , Aziatsko-tiho-okeanskiy region , abbreviated АТР (ATR)), or East Asia ( Восточная Азия , Vostochnaya Aziya ), depending on

3536-526: The Treaty of Portsmouth on 5 September 1905, and both Japan and Russia agreed to evacuate Manchuria and to return its sovereignty to China, but Japan was allowed to lease the Liaodong Peninsula (containing Port Arthur and Talien , aka Kwantung Leased Territory ), and the Russian rail system in southern Manchuria with its access to strategic resources. Japan also received the southern half of

3640-718: The Ural Mountains , a widely recognized but informal geographical divide between Europe and Asia. Of these Russian citizens of Siberia, most are Slavic -origin Russians and Russified Ukrainians . The Turkic peoples who are native to some parts of Siberia and native Tungusic and Mongolic peoples are now a minority in North Asia due to the Russification process during the last three centuries. Russian census records indicate they make up only an estimated 10% of

3744-439: The Vilyuy Plateau ); and the Central Yakutian Lowland . Western Siberia is usually regarded as the Northwest Asia, Kazakhstan also sometimes included there. However, Northwest Asia sometimes refers to the South Caucasus or its nearby areas. The geomorphology of Northern Asia in general is imperfectly known, although the deposits and mountain ranges are well known. To compensate for new sea floor having been created in

3848-415: The plains of Siberia and Turkestan . The plateau and plains of North Asia comprise the West Siberian Lowlands ; the Angara Shield , with the Taymyr Peninsula , the coastal lowlands (the East Siberian Lowland and the North Siberian Lowland ), and the Central Siberian Plateau (the Anabar Plateau , the Lena Plateau , the Lena-Angara Plateau , the Putorana Plateau , the Tunguska Plateau , and

3952-427: The 1903 negotiations between Japan and the Tsar Nicholas II 's government, Japan chose war to protect its domination of Korea and adjacent territories. Russia, meanwhile, saw war as a means of distracting its populace from government repression and of rallying patriotism in the aftermath of several general strikes. Japan issued a declaration of war on 8 February 1904. Three hours before Japan's declaration of war

4056-411: The 20th-century was characterized by a protracted crisis caused by the political situation: the government's attention was shifted to Lüshunkou and the Port of Dalian (Talien). As well as the Boxer uprising in North China in 1900–1901, the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, and finally the first Russian revolution led to stagnation in the economic activity of Vladivostok. Since 1907, a new stage in

4160-475: The Korean population in the city stood at around 10,000. Sinhanch'on became a hub of the Korean independence movement and hosted the first Korean provisional government, the Korean Independence Army Government . On the orders of Joseph Stalin , both Millionka and Sinhanch'on were liquidated, and their residents deported between 1936 and 1938. Today, the city is much more homogeneous, with more than 90 percent declaring Russian ethnicity. However, there still exists

4264-409: The Koreans might act as spies for Japan. Many Koreans died on the way in cattle trains due to starvation, illness, or freezing conditions. Soviet authorities purged and executed many community leaders; Koryo-saram were not allowed to travel outside of Central Asia for the next 15 years. Koreans were also not allowed to use the Korean language and its use began to become lost with the involvement of

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4368-458: The Primorsky Krai as a strategic location in World War II, and clashes over the territory were common. The Soviets and the other Allies considered it a key location for the planned invasion of Japan through Korea; Japan viewed it as a key location to begin a mass invasion of Eastern Russia . The Primorsky Krai served as the Soviet Union's Pacific headquarters in the war to plan an invasion for allied troops of Korea in order to reach Japan. After

4472-441: The Russian Far East one of the most sparsely populated areas in the world. The population of the Russian Far East has been rapidly declining since the dissolution of the Soviet Union (even more than for Russia in general), dropping by 14% in the last fifteen years. The Russian government had been discussing a range of re-population programs to avoid the forecast drop to 4.5 million people by 2015, hoping to attract in particular

4576-466: The Russian Federal Statistics Bureau. The city's age distribution includes a large segment of older adults. Overall, the population includes 12.7% who are younger than able-bodied; 66.3% who are able-bodied; and 21% who are older than able-bodied. Vladivostok's population, like that of Russia as a whole, includes a significantly greater number of women than men. The demographic makeup of the city went through significant changes since its foundation, and

4680-441: The Russian government has made attempts to improve the country's own car industry . This has included raising tariffs for imported cars, which has put the car import business in Vladivostok in difficulties. To compensate, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin ordered the car manufacturing company Sollers to move one of its factories from Moscow to Vladivostok. The move was completed in 2009, and the factory now employs about 700 locals. It

4784-411: The Siberian basin, the whole of the Eurasian Plate has pivoted about a point in the New Siberian Islands , causing compression in the Verkhoyansk mountains , which were formed along the eastern margin of the Angara Shield by tectonic uplift during the Mesozoic Era . There is a southern boundary to this across the northern margin of the Alpine folds of Afghanistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan, which at

4888-399: The Soviet Union in 1991 left Russia as the administrator of the region. For geographical and statistical reasons, the United Nations geoscheme and various other classification schemes will not subdivide countries, and thus place all of Russia in Europe or the Eastern Europe subregion. There are no mountain chains in North Asia to prevent air currents from the Arctic flowing down over

4992-438: The Soviet invasion, the USSR returned Manchukuo and Mengjiang to China; Korea became liberated . The Soviet Union also occupied and annexed Japan's Kuril Islands and southern Sakhalin. The planned Soviet invasion of Japan proper never happened. During the Korean War , Primorsky Krai became the site of extreme security concern for the Soviet Union. Vladivostok was the site of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks in 1974. At

5096-499: The Soviet military caused the infamous Korean Air Lines Flight 007 incident in 1983. In 2016, President Vladimir Putin proposed the Russian Homestead Act to populate the Russian Far East. According to the 2021 Census , the Far Eastern Federal District had a population of 7.98 million. Most of it is concentrated in the southern parts. Given the vast territory of the Russian Far East, 6.3 million people translates to slightly less than one person per square kilometer, making

5200-429: The Soviets occupied Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island , Yinlong Island , and several adjacent islets to separate the city of Khabarovsk from the territory controlled by a possibly hostile power. Indeed, Japan turned its military attention to Soviet territories. Conflicts between the Japanese and the Soviets frequently happened on the border of Manchuria between 1938 and 1945. The first confrontation occurred in Primorsky Krai,

5304-413: The Soviets", and the power of Vladivostok, as well as all of the Trans-Siberian Railway passed to the Bolsheviks. During the Russian Civil War , from May 1918, they lost control of the city to the White Army -allied Czechoslovak Legion , who declared the city to be an Allied protectorate. Vladivostok became the staging point for the Allies' Siberian intervention , a multi-national force including Japan,

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5408-412: The United States and China; China sent forces to protect the local Chinese community after appeals from Chinese merchants. The intervention ended in the wake of the collapse of the White Army and regime in 1919; all Allied forces except the Japanese withdrew by the end of 1920. Throughout 1919 the region was engulfed in a partisan war. To avoid a war with Japan, with the filing of the Soviet leadership,

5512-463: The Vladivostok City Duma took place on October 19, 1922, and on October 27 it was officially abolished. In Soviet times, its functions were performed by the City Council. In 1993, by a presidential decree, the Soviets were dissolved and, until 2001, all attempts to elect a new Duma were unsuccessful. The Duma of the city of Vladivostok of the fifth (current) convocation began work in the fall of 2017, consisting of 35 deputies. The head of Vladivostok, on

5616-504: The accelerated development of the city, which was formalized by the decree of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union on January 18, 1960. During the 1960s, a new tram line was built, a trolleybus was launched, the city became a huge construction site: residential neighborhoods were being erected on the outskirts, and new buildings for public and civil purposes were erected in the center. In 1974, Gerald Ford paid an official visit to Vladivostok, to meet with Leonid Brezhnev , becoming

5720-432: The administrative center of Primorsky Krai and the capital of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia. It is located around the Golden Horn Bay on the Sea of Japan , covering an area of 331.16 square kilometers (127.86 square miles), with a population of 603,519 residents as of 2021. Vladivostok is the second-largest city in the Far Eastern Federal District , as well as the Russian Far East , after Khabarovsk . It

5824-422: The city is transliterated as Urajiosutoku ( ウラジオストク ) . Historically, the city's name was transliterated with Kanji as 浦鹽斯德 and shortened to Urajio ( ウラジオ , 浦鹽 ). The city was the site of a Chinese settlement around 600 AD, where it was known as Yongmingcheng (永明城 [ Yǒngmíngchéng ], "city of eternal light") during the Yuan dynasty . For a long time, the Russian government looked for

5928-500: The city of Vladikavkaz ("Ruler of the Caucasus" or "Rule the Caucasus"), now in North Ossetia–Alania , which was founded and named by the Russian Empire in 1784. Chinese maps from the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) referred to Vladivostok as Yongmingcheng ( 永明城 ; Yǒngmíngchéng ). Since the Qing dynasty , the city has also been known as Haishenwai / Haishenwei / Hai-shen-wei ( 海參崴 ; Hǎishēnwǎi, Hǎishēnwēi ; 'sea cucumber bay ') from Mandarin Chinese, ultimately from

6032-473: The city of Yakutsk to the Russian railway network. Passenger trains connect to Nizhny Bestyakh as of 2013. As in nearby Siberia, for many remote localities, aviation is the main mode of transportation to/from civilisation, but the infrastructure is often poor. Maritime transport is important for delivering supplies to localities near the Pacific and Arctic coasts, and for shipping exports, especially oil, gas and ores. North Asia Topographically,

6136-441: The city. Life was paralyzed; there was no money in the banks, and the equipment of enterprise was plundered. Due to mass migration and repression, the city's population decreased to 106,000 inhabitants. Between 1923 and 1925, the government adopted a "three-year restoration" plan, during which operations at the commercial port were resumed, and it became the most profitable in the country (from 1924 to 1925). The "restoration" period

6240-401: The coast of Vladivostok. With the summit on Russky Island, the government and private businesses inaugurated resorts , dinner and entertainment facilities, in addition to the renovation and upgrading of Vladivostok International Airport . Two giant cable-stayed bridges were built in preparation for the summit, the Zolotoy Rog bridge over the Zolotoy Rog Bay in the center of the city, and

6344-421: The completion of the construction of the Ussuriyskaya branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Chinese-Eastern Railway . According to the first census of the population of Russia on February 9, 1897, roughly 29,000 inhabitants lived in Vladivostok, and 10 years later the city's population had tripled. Korean haenyeo divers from Jeju Island and vicinities were active in Vladivostok. The first decade of

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6448-440: The context. Russians reached the Pacific coast in 1647 with the establishment of Okhotsk , and the Russian Empire consolidated its control over the Russian Far East in the 19th century, after the annexation of part of Chinese Manchuria (1858-1860). Primorskaya Oblast was established as a separate administrative division of the Russian Empire in 1856, with its administrative center at Khabarovsk . Several entities with

6552-401: The countries of Mongolia , China , and North Korea to its south, as well as maritime boundaries with Japan to its southeast, and with the United States along the Bering Strait to its northeast. Although the Russian Far East is often considered as a part of Siberia abroad, it has been historically categorized separately from Siberia in Russian regional schemes (and previously during

6656-467: The decree of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union "Issues of the Fifth Navy" dated August 11, 1951, a special regime was introduced in Vladivostok (it began to operate on January 1, 1952); the city was closed to foreigners. It was planned to remove from Vladivostok not only foreign consulates, but also the merchant and fish fleet and transfer all regional authorities to Voroshilov (now Ussuriysk ). However, these plans were not implemented. During

6760-442: The development of the city began: the losses of Lüshunkou and Dalian (Talien) again made Vladivostok the main port of Russia on the Pacific Ocean . A free port regime was introduced, and until 1914 the city experienced rapid growth, becoming an important economic hub in the Asia-Pacific , as well as an ethnically diverse city with a population exceeding over 100,000 inhabitants: during the time ethnic Russians made up less than half of

6864-423: The east Siberian mountains, on the mountains of the Kamchatka Peninsula , on the Altai , on Tian Shan , and on other small areas of mountains, ice caps remain on the islands of Severnaya Zemlya and Novaya Zemlya , and several Central Asian mountains still have individual glaciers. North Asia itself has permafrost , ranging in depths from 30 to 600 metres and covering an area of 9.6 million km . Several of

6968-401: The east of Brahmaputra turns to run south towards the Bay of Bengal along the line of the Naga Hills and the Arakan Yoma , continues around Indonesia , and follows the edge of the continental shelf along the eastern seaboard of China . The Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate meet across the neck of Alaska , following the line of the Aleutian Trench , rather than meeting at

7072-413: The eastern part of the region as part of the Ring of Fire , evidenced by the formation of island arcs such as the Kuril Islands and ultra-prominent peaks such as Klyuchevskaya Sopka , Kronotsky , and Koryaksky . The central part of North Asia is a large igneous province called the Siberian Traps , formed by a massive eruption occurred 250 million years ago. The formation of the traps coincided with

7176-427: The end of 2018 amounted to 21.2 million tons. In 2015, the total volume of external trade seaport amounted to more than 11.8 billion dollars. Foreign economic activity was carried out with 104 countries. Vladivostok is located in the extreme southeast of the Russian Far East, and is the closest city to the countries of the Asia-Pacific with an exotic European culture, which makes it attractive to tourists. The city

7280-402: The entire region, due to it experiencing Russian emigration from Europe starting from the 16th century. Slavs and other Indo-Europeans make up the vast majority of North Asia's population, and over 85% of the region's population is of European descent . Whereas the indigenous peoples comprise only about 5% of the North Asian population. The region was first populated by hominins in

7384-399: The face of freezing rain caused by collision of warm and cold air masses. The result was wires and trees encrusted in ice up to 1.2 cm thick. More than 1,500 homes were left without electricity, 900 without heating, 870 without heat water, 500 without cold water. 60 % to 70 % of Vladivostok's forests were damaged. The structure of the city administration has the City Council at

7488-517: The first President of the United States to visit the city. On September 20, 1991, Boris Yeltsin signed decree No. 123 "On the opening of Vladivostok for visiting by foreign citizens", which entered into force on January 1, 1992, ending Vladivostok's status as a closed city. In 2012, Vladivostok hosted the 24th APEC summit . Leaders from the APEC member countries met at Russky Island , off

7592-414: The first civilian settler, a merchant, Yakov Lazarevich Semyonov, arrived in Vladivostok with his family. On March 15, 1862, the first act of his purchase of land was registered, and in 1870 Semyonov was elected the first head of the post, and a local self-government emerged. By this time, a special commission decided to designate Vladivostok as the main port of the Russian Empire in the Far East. In 1871,

7696-632: The fourteenth place in the National Tourism Rating. In addition to being a cultural hub, the city also is a tourism hub in the Peter the Great Gulf . The city's resort area is located on the coast of Amur Bay , which includes over 11 sanatoriums. Vladivostok also has a bustling gambling zone, which has over 11 casinos planned to open by 2023. Tigre de Cristal, the city's first casino, was visited by over 80,000 tourists, in less than

7800-404: The island of Sakhalin from Russia. In 1907 Japan forced Russia to confiscate land from Korean settlers (who formed the majority of Primorsky Krai's population) due to a fear of an invasion of Korea and of the ousting of Japanese troops by Korean guerrillas. Between 1937 and 1939, the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin deported over 200,000 Koreans to Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan , fearing that

7904-480: The largest ethnic groups (over 1,000 people) are: ethnic Russians (475,200); Ukrainians (10,474); Uzbeks (7,109); Koreans (4,192); Chinese (2,446); Tatars (2,446); Belarusians (1,642); Armenians (1,635); and Azerbaijanis (1,252). The city's main industries are shipping , commercial fishing , and the naval base . Fishing accounts for almost four-fifths of Vladivostok's commercial production. Other food production totals 11%. A very important employer and

8008-585: The last independent Turkic states in North Asia before its conquest by the Tsardom of Russia in the 16th century. Russia would then gradually annex the region into its territory until the Convention of Peking was signed in 1860. After the October Revolution in 1917, the region was contested between the Bolsheviks and Whites until the Soviet Union asserted full control in 1923. The collapse of

8112-542: The main Russian naval base on the Pacific Ocean was transferred to the city, stimulating its growth. In 1914 the city experienced rapid growth economically and ethnically diverse with population exceeding over 100,000 inhabitants with slightly less than half of the population being Russians. During this time, large Asian communities developed in the city. The public life of the city flourished; many public associations were created, from charities to hobby groups. After

8216-475: The main naval base of the Siberian Military Flotilla, the headquarters of the military governor and other naval departments were transferred from Nikolaevsk-on-Amur to Vladivostok. In the 1870s, the government encouraged resettlement to the South Ussuri region, which contributed to an increase in the population of the post: according to the first census of 1878, there were 4,163 inhabitants. The city status

8320-536: The middle of 1859, was used in newspaper articles and denoted a bay. On June 20 (or July 2 of the Gregorian calendar ), 1860 the transport of the Siberian Military Flotilla "Mandzhur" under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Alexei Karlovich Shefner delivered a military unit to the Golden Horn Bay to establish a military post, which has now officially received the name of Vladivostok. On October 31, 1861,

8424-907: The mountainous regions are volcanic, with both the Koryak Mountains and the Kamchatka Peninsula having active volcanoes . The Anadyr Plateau is formed from igneous rocks . The Mongolian Plateau has an area of basaltic lavas and volcanic cones . The Angara Shield also underlies the lowlands of the Ob River , but to the south and east in the Central Asian mountains and in the East Siberian Mountains there are folded and faulted mountains of Lower Palaeozoic rocks. Most estimates are that there are around 33 million Russian citizens living east of

8528-525: The name "Far East" existed in the first half of the 20th century, all with rather different boundaries: Until 2000 the Russian Far East lacked officially-defined boundaries. A single term "Siberia and the Far East" ( Сибирь и Дальний Восток ) often referred to Russia's regions east of the Urals without drawing a clear distinction between "Siberia" and "the Far East". In 2000 Russia's federal subjects were grouped into larger federal districts , one of which,

8632-652: The outbreak of the Russian Revolution in 1917, Vladivostok was occupied in 1918 by White Russian and Allied forces , the last of whom, from the Japanese Empire , were not withdrawn until 1922 as part of its wider intervention in Siberia ; by that time the antirevolutionary White Army forces had collapsed. That same year, the Red Army occupied the city, absorbing the Far Eastern Republic into

8736-580: The periods of the Russian Civil War and the demographic crisis after dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s. In the 1970s, the population exceeded over 500,000, and in 1992 reached a historical high of over 648,000. The average population density is about 1,832 people/km . The population has risen by 30,000. Since 2013, natural growth dynamics added 727 individuals to this figure by 2015's end. By 2020, Vladivostok's population reached over 600,000, as reported by

8840-408: The population of North Asia to be 8 million. Between 1801 and 1914, an estimated 7 million settlers moved from European Russia to Siberia , 85% during the quarter-century before World War I . Vladivostok Vladivostok ( / ˌ v l æ d ɪ ˈ v ɒ s t ɒ k / VLAD -iv- OST -ok ; Russian : Владивосток , IPA: [vlədʲɪvɐˈstok] ) is the largest city and

8944-470: The population, and large Asian communities developed in the city. The public life of the city flourished; many public associations were created, from charities to hobby groups. During World War I , no active hostilities took place in the city. However, Vladivostok was an important staging post for the import of military-technical equipment for troops from allied and neutral countries, as well as raw materials and equipment for industry. Immediately after

9048-577: The principles of one-man management, manages the city's administration, which he forms in accordance with federal laws, laws of the Primorsky Territory and the city charter. The city's administrative structure is approved by the City Duma on the proposal of the head, and may include sectoral (functional) and territorial bodies of the administration of Vladivostok. Igor Pushkaryov was the city's mayor from May 2008 to June 2016; previously he

9152-640: The region is dominated by the Eurasian Plate , except for its eastern part, which lies on the North American , Amurian , and Okhotsk Plates . It is divided by three major plains: the West Siberian Plain , Central Siberian Plateau , and Verhoyansk-Chukotka collision zone. The Uralian orogeny in the west raised Ural Mountains, the informal boundary between Asia and Europe . Tectonic and volcanic activities are frequently occurred in

9256-537: The region's population, with the largest being the Buryats numbering at 445,175, and the Yakuts at 443,852. According to the 2002 census, there are 500,000 Tatars in Siberia , but 300,000 of them are Volga Tatars who settled in Siberia during periods of colonization. Other ethnic groups that live in the region and make a significant portion include ethnic Germans numbering about 400,000. In 1875, Chambers reported

9360-592: The region. In the 1930s and 1940s, Vladivostok served as a transit point on the route used to deliver prisoners and cargo for the Sevvostlag of the Soviet super-trust Dalstroy . The notorious Vladivostok transit camp was located in the city. In addition, in the late 1930s and early 1940s, the Vladivostok forced labour camp (Vladlag) was located in the area of the Vtoraya Rechka railway station. Vladivostok

9464-445: The remaining Russian population of the near abroad but eventually agreeing on a program to resettle Ukrainian Illegal immigrants. Ethnic Russians and Ukrainians make up the majority of the population. 75% of the population is urban. The largest cities are: The original population groups of the Russian Far East include (grouped by language group): The region was not connected with the rest of Russia via domestic highways until

9568-511: The results of stresses caused by the impact of the Indian Plate against Laurasia. Erosion of the mountains caused by this orogeny has created a large amount of sediment, which has been transported southwards to produce the alluvial plains of India, China, and Cambodia, and which has also been deposited in large amounts in the Tarim and Dzungarian basins. Northern Asia was glaciated in

9672-415: The short form Vladik ( Russian : Владик ) to refer to the city. The city, along with other features in the Peter the Great Gulf area, was first given its modern name in 1859 by Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky . The name initially applied to the bay, but following an expedition by Alexey Karlovich Shefner in 1860, it was later applied to the new settlement. The form of the name appears analogous to that of

9776-536: The time, the Soviet Union and the United States decided quantitative limits on various nuclear weapons systems and banned the construction of new land-based ICBM launchers. Vladivostok and other cities in Primorsky Krai soon became closed cities because of the bases of the Soviet Pacific Fleet . Incursions of American reconnaissance aircraft from Alaska sometimes happened. Concerns of

9880-577: The top. The responsibilities of the administration of Vladivostok are: Legislative authority is vested in the City Council. The new City Council began operations in 2001 and in June that year, deputies of the Duma of the first convocation of Vladivostok began their work. On December 17, 2007, the Duma of the third convocation began. The deputies consist of 35 elected members, including 18 members chosen by

9984-642: The troops of the Red Army of the Far Eastern Republic under the command of Ieronim Uborevich occupied Vladivostok, displacing the White Army formations from it. In November, the Far Eastern Republic liquidated and became a part of Soviet Russia. By the time of the establishment of Soviet power, Vladivostok was clearly in decline. The retreating forces of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) removed items of material value from

10088-464: The years of the Khrushchev Thaw , Vladivostok received special attention from state authorities. In 1954, Nikita Khrushchev visited the city for the first time to finally decide whether to secure the status of a closed naval base for him. It was noted that at that time the urban infrastructure was in a deplorable state. In 1959, Khrushchev visited the city again. The result was a decision on

10192-575: Was a Federation Council member of Primorsky Krai. On June 27, 2016, Konstantin Loboda, the first deputy mayor, was appointed as the Vladivostok's new acting mayor. On December 21, 2017, Vitaly Vasilyevich Verkeenko was appointed the head of the city. According to the Russian Census of 2021 , Vladivostok had a population of 603,519, with 634,835 residents in the greater urban area. Since the city's founding its population has actively grown, save for

10296-463: Was adopted and the city Duma was established, the post of the city head, the coat of arms was adopted, although Vladivostok was not officially recognized as a city. Due to the constant threat of attack from the Royal Navy , Vladivostok also actively developed as a naval base. In 1880, the post officially received the status of a city. The 1890s saw a demographic and economic boom associated with

10400-560: Was distinguished by a number of peculiarities: the Russian Far East did not adopt ' war communism ', but was, immediately, inducted to the New Economic Policy . In 1925, the government decided to accelerate the industrialization of the country. A number of subsequent "five-year plans" changed the face of Primorye, making it an industrial region, partly as a result of the creation of numerous concentration camps in

10504-423: Was heavily dependent on the services provided by the Chinese merchants and businessmen in the neighbourhood. Specifically, the retail services of the city were controlled by the Chinese, as they had more retail shops than Russians did. There also existed an ethnic enclave of Koreans called Sinhanch'on . Koreans moved to the area in significant quantities following the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910. By 1915,

10608-548: Was marked by several waves of immigration from both Europe and Asia. From the late 1890s to the early 1920s, half of the city's population was Asian, with the Chinese being the largest Asian group, followed by Koreans and Japanese . The old Chinese quarter of the city was called Millionka and in its peak accommodated up to 50,000 Chinese residents. The neighbourhood had its own small shops, theatres, opium dens, brothels, and hideouts for smugglers and thieves. The city's economy

10712-506: Was not a place of hostilities during the Great Patriotic War , although there was a constant threat of attack from Japan. In the city, a "Defense Fund" was created (the first in the country), to which the residents of Vladivostok contributed personal wealth. During the war years Vladivostok handled imported cargo ( lend-lease ) of a volume almost four times more than Murmansk and almost five times more than Arkhangelsk . By

10816-649: Was received by the Russian government, the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked the Russian 1st Pacific Squadron at Port Arthur. Eight days later Russia declared war on Japan. The war ended in September 1905 with a Japanese victory following the fall of Port Arthur and the failed Russian invasion of Japan through the Korean Peninsula and Northeast China ; also, Japan had threatened to invade Primorsky Krai via Korea. The warring parties signed

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