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57-442: Constructivism is an early twentieth-century art movement founded in 1915 by Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko . Abstract and austere, constructivist art aimed to reflect modern industrial society and urban space. The movement rejected decorative stylization in favour of the industrial assemblage of materials. Constructivists were in favour of art for propaganda and social purposes, and were associated with Soviet socialism ,

114-644: A Plane Made a Plane, Bread, My Little Book about the Seas and the Lighthouse, the Mail, and On the River. The books were well received. Nikolai Punin, who wrote the first monograph on Lebedev, considered him one of the most important illustrators of the era: After his brilliant experiments with "Circus" and "Ice Cream" ... bookstores burst into color with numerous imitations of his examples, and book illustrations in

171-491: A distinctive style of photography, involving jagged angles and contrasts and abstract use of light, which paralleled the work of László Moholy-Nagy in Germany: The major practitioners of this included, along with Rodchenko, Boris Ignatovich and Max Penson , among others. Kulagina, collaborating with Klutiso, utilised the use of photomontage to create political and personal posters of representative subjects from women in

228-458: A fixation on jazz-age America which was characteristic of the philosophy, with its praise of slapstick-comedy actors like Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton , as well as of Fordist mass production. Like the photomontages and designs of Constructivism, early Soviet cinema concentrated on creating an agitating effect by montage and 'making strange'. Although originated in Germany, photomontage

285-459: A kind of Constructivist flapper dress before her early death in 1924, the plans for which were published in the journal LEF . In these works, Constructivists showed a willingness to involve themselves in fashion and the mass market, which they tried to balance with their Communist beliefs. The Soviet Constructivists organised themselves in the 1920s into the 'Left Front of the Arts', who produced

342-472: A major controversy in the Moscow group in 1920 when Gabo and Pevsner's Realistic Manifesto asserted a spiritual core for the movement. This was opposed to the utilitarian and adaptable version of Constructivism held by Tatlin and Rodchenko. Tatlin's work was immediately hailed by artists in Germany as a revolution in art: a 1920 photograph shows George Grosz and John Heartfield holding a placard saying 'Art

399-547: A more socially oriented group who wanted this art to be absorbed in industrial production. A split occurred in 1922 when Pevsner and Gabo emigrated. The movement then developed along socially utilitarian lines. The productivist majority gained the support of the Proletkult and the magazine LEF, and later became the dominant influence of the architectural group O.S.A. , directed by Alexander Vesnin and Moisei Ginzburg . A number of Constructivists would teach or lecture at

456-552: A professional bandurist , accompanying his own singing in Ukrainian. Tatlin became familiar with the work of Pablo Picasso during a trip to Paris in 1913. Tatlin achieved fame as the architect who designed the huge monument to the Third International , also known as Tatlin's Tower . Tatlin began to design it in 1919. The monument was to be a tall tower made of iron , glass and steel which would have dwarfed

513-451: A single figure, in bold color, built from spare geometric forms, and engaged in varying kinds of labor. In the 1910s and 1920s, he kept company with many of the most influential figures in the radical Soviet avant-garde art movement, among them constructivist Vladimir Tatlin , cubo-futurist Ivan Puni , suprematist Kazimir Malevich , futurist Vladimir Mayakovsky and acmeist and formalist literary critic Nikolay Punin . In

570-613: A term in Gabo's Realistic Manifesto of 1920. Aleksei Gan used the word as the title of his book Constructivism , printed in 1922. Constructivism as theory and practice was derived largely from a series of debates at the Institute of Artistic Culture (INKhUK) in Moscow, from 1920 to 1922. After deposing its first chairman, Wassily Kandinsky , for his 'mysticism', The First Working Group of Constructivists (including Liubov Popova , Alexander Vesnin , Rodchenko , Varvara Stepanova , and

627-476: Is Dead – Long Live Tatlin's Machine Art', while the designs for the tower were published in Bruno Taut 's magazine Frühlicht . The tower was never built, however, due to a lack of money following the revolution. Tatlin's tower started a period of exchange of ideas between Moscow and Berlin, something reinforced by El Lissitzky and Ilya Ehrenburg 's Soviet-German magazine Veshch-Gegenstand-Objet which spread

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684-523: Is also considered among the most innovative in the history of children's literature. Lebedev began his career at age 14, painting postcards sold in a shop in Saint Petersburg . His first exhibit at the Academy of Fine Arts was held five years later. In 1913, he began working as a political cartoonist for several satirical journals, including the famed Satirikon (Сатирикон). By then, he

741-556: Is one of many examples of photomontage that utilises photo collage to create a multi-layer composition. This brought forth the Constuctor's artistic vision and technique of utilising 2D space with limited technology. However Constructivist montages would be less 'destructive' than those of Dadaism. Perhaps the most famous of these montages was Rodchenko's illustrations of the Mayakovsky poem About This . LEF also helped popularise

798-690: The Bauhaus schools in Germany, and some of the VKhUTEMAS teaching methods were adopted and developed there. Gabo established a version of Constructivism in England during the 1930s and 1940s that was adopted by architects, designers and artists after World War I (see Victor Pasmore ), and John McHale . Joaquín Torres García and Manuel Rendón were instrumental in spreading Constructivism throughout Europe and Latin America. Constructivism had an effect on

855-638: The Black Sea and also to Egypt . In 1905 he started and in 1910 successfully completed his studies at N. Selivestrov Penza Art School in Penza . During the summer vacations he traveled to Moscow and St. Petersburg to participate in various art events. In 1911 he resettled to Moscow to live by his uncle and began his art career as an icon painter. He also played the bandura , a Ukrainian folk instrument he picked up when living in Kharkov, and performed abroad as

912-531: The Bolsheviks and the Russian avant-garde . Constructivist architecture and art had a great effect on modern art movements of the 20th century, influencing major trends such as the Bauhaus and De Stijl movements. Its influence was widespread, with major effects upon architecture, sculpture , graphic design , industrial design , theatre, film, dance, fashion and, to some extent, music. Constructivism

969-650: The Eiffel Tower in Paris (the Monument to the Third International was a third taller at 400 meters high). Inside the iron-and-steel structure of twin spirals, the design envisaged three building blocks, covered with glass windows, which would rotate at different speeds (the first one, a cube, once a year; the second one, a pyramid, once a month; the third one, a cylinder, once a day). The entire building

1026-714: The Stenberg brothers . Later the definition would be extended to designs for two-dimensional works such as books or posters, with montage and factography becoming important concepts. As much as involving itself in designs for industry, the Constructivists worked on public festivals and street designs for the post-October revolution Bolshevik government. Perhaps the most famous of these was in Vitebsk , where Malevich's UNOVIS Group painted propaganda plaques and buildings (the best known being El Lissitzky 's poster Beat

1083-575: The deconstruction literary approach). It was developed by architects Zaha Hadid , Rem Koolhaas and others during the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Zaha Hadid by her sketches and drawings of abstract triangles and rectangles evokes the aesthetic of constructivism. Though similar formally, the socialist political connotations of Russian constructivism are deemphasized by Hadid's deconstructivism. Rem Koolhaas' projects revive another aspect of constructivism. The scaffold and crane -like structures represented by many constructivist architects are used for

1140-479: The 1920s, and some of his most ground-breaking work was created in collaboration with the poet Samuil Marshak , whom Maxim Gorky called "the founder of Russia's (Soviet) children's literature ." Together, they published more than a dozen picture books, on topics both fanciful: Tale About a Foolish Mouse and instructive: How a Plane Made a Plane . Raduga ("The Rainbow"), a renowned Soviet publishing house published most of them. Founded in 1922 by Lev Kliachko, it

1197-460: The Department for Agitation and Propaganda ( Agitprop ). The goal in both cases was to promote the solidarity of the working class. Since both newspapers and literacy were limited, the posters were strategically displayed in empty shop windows — known as ROSTA windows — which functioned as a crude form of mass communications. Lebedev's posters were notable for their stark, simplified imagery:

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1254-625: The Russian Constructivists: the INKhUK debates of 1920–22 had culminated in the theory of Productivism propounded by Osip Brik and others, which demanded direct participation in industry and the end of easel painting. Tatlin was one of the first to attempt to transfer his talents to industrial production, with his designs for an economical stove, for workers' overalls and for furniture. The Utopian element in Constructivism

1311-729: The Stenberg brothers. These ideas would influence German directors like Bertolt Brecht and Erwin Piscator , as well as the early Soviet cinema. The key work of Constructivism was Vladimir Tatlin's proposal for the Monument to the Third International (Tatlin's Tower) (1919–20) which combined a machine aesthetic with dynamic components celebrating technology such as searchlights and projection screens. Gabo publicly criticised Tatlin's design saying, "Either create functional houses and bridges or create pure art, not both." This had already caused

1368-516: The US. The Constructivists' main early political patron was Leon Trotsky , and it began to be regarded with suspicion after the expulsion of Trotsky and the Left Opposition in 1927–28. The Communist Party would gradually favour realist art during the course of the 1920s (as early as 1918 Pravda had complained that government funds were being used to buy works by untried artists). However it

1425-699: The Whites with the Red Wedge (1919)). Inspired by Vladimir Mayakovsky 's declaration 'the streets our brushes, the squares our palettes', artists and designers participated in public life during the Civil War. A striking instance was the proposed festival for the Comintern congress in 1921 by Alexander Vesnin and Liubov Popova, which resembled the constructions of the OBMOKhU exhibition as well as their work for

1482-696: The construction of Letatlin personal flying apparatus. Tatlin taught and directed the theatre, film and photography department at the Kyiv Art Institute from 1925 to 1927. In 1930 he taught in Kyiv where one of his students was Joseph Karakis . From the 1930s Tatlin worked for different theatres in Moscow and during the Great Patriotic War , in Gorky ( Nizhny Novgorod ). He also worked for and with many Soviet art organizations, including

1539-472: The department of Fine Arts (IZO) of Narkompros . In 1948 he was heavily criticized for his allegedly anti-communist stance and lost his job, but was not repressed. Tatlin died in 1953 in Moscow and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery . Vladimir Lebedev (painter) Vladimir Vasilyevich Lebedev ( Russian : Влади́мир Васи́льевич Ле́бедев ; 26 May 1891 – 21 November 1967)

1596-706: The early twenties. Through their collaboration with Otto Neurath and the Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum such artists as Gerd Arntz , Augustin Tschinkel and Peter Alma affected the development of the Vienna Method . This link was most clearly shown in A bis Z , a journal published by Franz Seiwert , the principal theorist of the group. They were active in Russia working with IZOSTAT and Tschinkel worked with Ladislav Sutnar before he emigrated to

1653-529: The easel painting and traditional narratives that elements of the Communist Party were trying to revive then. Important Constructivists were very involved with cinema, with Mayakovsky acting in the film The Young Lady and the Hooligan (1919), Rodchenko's designs for the intertitles and animated sequences of Dziga Vertov 's Kino Eye (1924), and Aleksandra Ekster designs for the sets and costumes of

1710-763: The finished forms of his designs and buildings. Vladimir Tatlin Vladimir Yevgrafovich Tatlin was born in Moscow or Kharkiv , Russian Empire . His father, Yevgraf Nikoforovich Tatlin was a hereditary nobleman from Oryol , a mechanical engineer graduated from the Technological Institute in St.Petersburg and employed by the Moscow-Brest Railway in Moscow. His mother, Nadezhda Nikolaevna Tatlina (Bart)

1767-484: The former represented best by the brightly coloured, geometric posters of the Stenberg brothers (Georgii and Vladimir Stenberg), and the latter by the agitational photomontage work of Gustav Klutsis and Valentina Kulagina . In Cologne in the late 1920s Figurative Constructivism emerged from the Cologne Progressives , a group which had links with Russian Constructivists, particularly Lissitzky, since

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1824-524: The idea of 'Construction art', as did the Constructivist exhibits at the 1922 Russische Ausstellung in Berlin, organised by Lissitzky. A Constructivist International was formed, which met with Dadaists and De Stijl artists in Germany in 1922. Participants in this short-lived international included Lissitzky, Hans Richter , and László Moholy-Nagy . However the idea of 'art' was becoming anathema to

1881-445: The influence of constructivism. In the 1980s graphic designer Neville Brody used styles based on Constructivist posters that initiated a revival of popular interest. Also during the 1980s designer Ian Anderson founded The Designers Republic , a successful and influential design company which used constructivist principles. So-called Deconstructivist architecture shares elements of approach with Constructivism (its name refers more to

1938-421: The influential journal LEF , (which had two series, from 1923 to 1925 and from 1927 to 1929 as New LEF ). LEF was dedicated to maintaining the avant-garde against the critiques of the incipient Socialist Realism , and the possibility of a capitalist restoration, with the journal being particularly scathing about the 'NEPmen', the capitalists of the period. For LEF the new medium of cinema was more important than

1995-508: The mid-1920s, he partnered with poet Samuil Marshak to create both picture books and politically conscious "production books." The latter form, unique to the Soviet Union, told stories that taught children about "the world of workers and how things are made" Their titles included: Circus , Ice Cream , Tale About a Foolish Mouse , Moustached and Striped , Book of Many Colours , Twelve Months and Luggage , as well as The Table, How

2052-491: The modern masters of Latin America such as: Carlos Mérida , Enrique Tábara , Aníbal Villacís , Édgar Negret , Theo Constanté , Oswaldo Viteri , Estuardo Maldonado , Luis Molinari , Carlos Catasse , João Batista Vilanova Artigas and Oscar Niemeyer , to name just a few. There have also been disciples in Australia, the painter George Johnson being the best known. In New Zealand, the sculptures of Peter Nicholls show

2109-627: The new social demands and industrial tasks required of the new regime. Two distinct threads emerged, the first was encapsulated in Antoine Pevsner's and Naum Gabo's Realist manifesto which was concerned with space and rhythm, the second represented a struggle within the Commissariat for Enlightenment between those who argued for pure art and the Productivists such as Alexander Rodchenko, Varvara Stepanova and Vladimir Tatlin,

2166-405: The receding cultural tradition—all the 'World of Art' illustrations—paled in comparison ... in terms of form, [they] began to seem impotent, overly concerned with aesthetics, and unexpressive. By the late 1920s and 30s, most of Lebedev's peers had left the Soviet Union, but he remained. As social realism began to dominate arts and letters, and "acquir[ed] the status of state policy in 1934," Lebedev

2223-596: The science fiction film Aelita (1924). The Productivist theorists Osip Brik and Sergei Tretyakov also wrote screenplays and intertitles, for films such as Vsevolod Pudovkin 's Storm over Asia (1928) or Victor Turin's Turksib (1929). The filmmakers and LEF contributors Dziga Vertov and Sergei Eisenstein as well as the documentarist Esfir Shub also regarded their fast-cut, montage style of filmmaking as Constructivist. The early Eccentrist movies of Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg ( The New Babylon , Alone ) had similarly avant-garde intentions, as well as

2280-417: The theatre'. Meyerhold developed a 'biomechanical' acting style, which was influenced both by the circus and by the 'scientific management' theories of Frederick Winslow Taylor . Meanwhile, the stage sets by the likes of Vesnin, Popova and Stepanova tested Constructivist spatial ideas in a public form. A more populist version of this was developed by Alexander Tairov , with stage sets by Aleksandra Ekster and

2337-517: The theatre. There was a great deal of overlap during this period between Constructivism and Proletkult , the ideas of which concerning the need to create an entirely new culture struck a chord with the Constructivists. In addition some Constructivists were heavily involved in the 'ROSTA Windows', a Bolshevik public information campaign of around 1920. Some of the most famous of these were by the poet-painter Vladimir Mayakovsky and Vladimir Lebedev . The constructivists tried to create works that would make

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2394-482: The theorists Aleksei Gan , Boris Arvatov and Osip Brik ) would develop a definition of Constructivism as the combination of faktura : the particular material properties of an object, and tektonika , its spatial presence. Initially the Constructivists worked on three-dimensional constructions as a means of participating in industry: the OBMOKhU (Society of Young Artists) exhibition showed these three dimensional compositions, by Rodchenko, Stepanova, Karl Ioganson and

2451-497: The time of the 0.10 Exhibition in 1915 (long before the birth of constructivism), also called "the last futurist exhibition", apparently over the ' suprematist ' works Malevich exhibited there. This led Malevich to develop his ideas further in the city of Vitebsk , where he found a school called UNOVIS (Champions of the New Art). Tatlin also dedicated himself to the study of clothes, and various objects, and flight, culminating in

2508-437: The traditional ideas of art, though he did not regard himself as a constructivist and objected to many of the movement's ideas. Later prominent constructivists included Varvara Stepanova , Alexander Rodchenko , Manuel Rendón Seminario , Joaquín Torres García , László Moholy-Nagy , Antoine Pevsner and Naum Gabo . Although colleagues at the beginning of their careers, Tatlin and Malevich quarrelled fiercely and publicly at

2565-538: The viewer an active viewer of the artwork. In this it had similarities with the Russian Formalists ' theory of 'making strange', and accordingly their main theorist Viktor Shklovsky worked closely with the Constructivists, as did other formalists like the Arch Bishop. These theories were tested in theatre, particularly with the work of Vsevolod Meyerhold , who had established what he called 'October in

2622-502: The workforce to satirise the humour of the local government. This also shared many characteristics with the early documentary movement. The book designs of Rodchenko, El Lissitzky and others such as Solomon Telingater and Anton Lavinsky were a major inspiration for the work of radical designers in the West, particularly Jan Tschichold . Many Constructivists worked on the design of posters for everything from cinema to political propaganda:

2679-749: Was a poet who sympathized with the Narodnaya Volya revolutionary movement. After she died in 1887, his father married again and resettled to Kharkiv. His father, by whom he lived after having failed to study in Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture died in 1904, so young Vladimir had to interrupt his studies at the Kharkov Arts School and to leave for Odesa to become a merchant sea cadet. According to his own memories, sea and distant lands gave him both means of subsistence and source of inspiration; he sailed all across

2736-441: Was a popular art form for Constructivists to create visually striking art and a method to convey change; "". The Constructivists were early developers of the techniques of photomontage . Gustav Klutsis' 'Dynamic City' and 'Lenin and Electrification' (1919–20) are the first examples of this method of montage, which had in common with Dadaism the collaging together of news photographs and painted sections. Lissitzky's 'The Constructor'

2793-471: Was a post-World War I development of Russian Futurism , and particularly of the 'counter reliefs' of Vladimir Tatlin , which had been exhibited in 1915. The term itself was invented by the sculptors Antoine Pevsner and Naum Gabo , who developed an industrial, angular style of work, while its geometric abstraction owed something to the Suprematism of Kazimir Malevich. Constructivism first appears as

2850-617: Was already a prolific illustrator for the children's magazines Jackdaw ( Галчонок ), Blue Journal (Синий Журнал), Everyone's Journal (Журнал для всех), and Argus (Аргус) and, in 1917, he had also illustrated the children's book The Lion and the Bull . From 1920-1922, only a few years after the Revolution, Lebedev was hired to create more than 500 posters, or placards, for the Russian Telegraph Agency ( ROSTA ) and

2907-634: Was among the artists who "became victims of frequent attacks." The book Inside the Rainbow - Russian Children's Literature 1920-35: Beautiful Books, Terrible Times published by Pegasus, in Holland, details threats made by Soviet authorities against Lebedev. The book was the subject of reviews in The Guardian and The Financial Times , among other publications. Forced to accommodate Stalinist art diktats , Lebedev's professional experiments ceased. In

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2964-636: Was intended to create a reaction, and function emotionally – most were designed for the state-owned department store Mosselprom in Moscow, for pacifiers, cooking oil, beer and other quotidian products, with Mayakovsky claiming that his 'nowhere else but Mosselprom' verse was one of the best he ever wrote. Additionally, several artists tried to work with clothes design with varying success: Varvara Stepanova designed dresses with bright, geometric patterns that were mass-produced, although workers' overalls by Tatlin and Rodchenko never achieved this and remained prototypes. The painter and designer Lyubov Popova designed

3021-754: Was maintained by his 'letatlin', a flying machine which he worked on until the 1930s. In 1921, the New Economic Policy was established in the Soviet Union, which opened up more market opportunities in the Soviet economy. Rodchenko , Stepanova , and others made advertising for the co-operatives that were now in competition with other commercial businesses. The poet-artist Vladimir Mayakovsky and Rodchenko worked together and called themselves " advertising constructors ". Together they designed eye-catching images featuring bright colours, geometric shapes, and bold lettering. The lettering of most of these designs

3078-578: Was not until about 1934 that the counter-doctrine of Socialist Realism was instituted in Constructivism's place. Many Constructivists continued to produce avant-garde work in the service of the state, such as Lissitzky, Rodchenko and Stepanova's designs for the magazine USSR in Construction . Constructivist architecture emerged from the wider constructivist art movement. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 , it turned its attentions to

3135-482: Was part of the Russian avant-garde : A painter, a political cartoonist and a poster artist, with an experimental style influenced by Russian folk art, lubki , futurism , constructivism , suprematism , productionism and cubism . A pioneer in the field of children's illustration, he would later acknowledge his role in inventing a new illustrative style, created in the "language of cubism." Lebedev's most important contributions to children's literature were made in

3192-489: Was shut down by the government in 1930." He was one of the members of the art association ‘ The Four Arts ’, which existed in Moscow and Leningrad in 1924-1931. The demise of Raduga coincided with the state's push toward social realism, which forced Lebedev toward a more naturalistic style. By then, however, his reputation was already made. Nowadays, he is still classified as one of the most important Russian and Soviet children's book illustrators. His collaboration with Marshak

3249-599: Was to house the executive and legislature of the Comintern, and be a central area for the creation and dissemination of propaganda. For financial and practical reasons, however, the tower was never built. Tatlin was also regarded as a progenitor of Soviet post-revolutionary constructivist art with his pre-revolutionary counter-reliefs, three-dimensional constructions made of wood and metal, some placed in corners (corner counter-reliefs) and others more conventionally. Tatlin conceived these sculptures in order to question

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