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109-434: The tour featured twenty-five of the world's premier athletics meetings comprising: six Golden League meetings, five Super Grand Prix meetings and fourteen Grand Prix meetings. There were also 25 or more area permit meetings every year which were run by one of the six continental athletics associations , and featured some point-scoring events. Athletes collected points at the meetings, dependent upon their finishing position, and

218-484: A plague killed about 20,000 (36 percent) of the population. After the end of the Great Northern War the city stagnated; population growth halted and economic growth slowed. The city was in shock after having lost its place as the capital of a great power . However, Stockholm maintained its role as Sweden's political centre and continued to develop as the country's economic and cultural capital. During

327-748: A congress in Berlin , Germany, the following year, overseen by Sigfrid Edström who was to become the fledgling organisation's first president. The 1913 congress formally completed the founding of what was then known as the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF). It was headquartered in Stockholm from 1912 to 1946, in London from 1946 to 1993, and thereafter moved to its current location in Monaco . In 1926,

436-437: A formal part of the series. Area permit meetings were divided by continent as follows: Asian Grand Prix (Asia), CAA Grand Prix Series (Africa), EAA Outdoor Meetings (Europe), Oceania Area Permit Meetings (Oceania), NACAC Area Permit Meetings (North America), and Grand Prix Sudamericano (South America). A total of five meeting categories existed over the lifetime of the circuit: Athletes earned points in each event at

545-766: A history going back to the conservatory founded as part of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1771, the Royal University College of Fine Arts , which has a similar historical association with the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts and a foundation date of 1735, and the Swedish National Academy of Mime and Acting , which is the continuation of the school of the Royal Dramatic Theatre , once attended by renowned actors like Greta Garbo . Other schools include

654-470: A major European power, reflected in the development of the city of Stockholm. From 1610 to 1680 the population multiplied sixfold. In 1634, Stockholm became the official capital of the Swedish empire. Trading rules were also created that gave Stockholm an essential monopoly over trade between foreign merchants and other Swedish, Baltic and Scandinavian territories. In 1697, Tre Kronor Castle burned down and

763-514: A modern and ethnically diverse city in the latter half of the 20th century. Many historical buildings were torn down during the modernist era, including substantial parts of the historical district of Klara (which caused major controversy), and replaced with modern architecture. However, in many other parts of Stockholm (such as in Gamla stan , Södermalm , Östermalm , Kungsholmen and Vasastan ), many older buildings, blocks and streets built before

872-465: A result of this massive population growth, there has been a proposal to build densely packed high-rise buildings in the city centre connected by elevated walkways, though these have been opposed by several groups. Stockholm is located on Sweden's east coast at the 59th parallel north, where the freshwater Lake Mälaren —Sweden's third-largest lake—flows out into the Baltic Sea. The central parts of

981-779: A scale unprecedented since the reign of Queen Christina . During this time, Carl Michael Bellman and Joseph Martin Kraus helped develop the city's music, a process further accelerated by the founding of the Royal Swedish Opera . Various artists and writers became prominent, funded by the king and other cultural patrons like Carl Gustaf Tessin ; the two aforementioned figures laid the base for Sweden's Nationalmuseum at this time. Science also became prevalent; renowned figures like Carl Linnaeus and Anders Celsius spent time in Stockholm, and various research institutes, like

1090-732: A season-ending IAAF Grand Prix Final for a selection of men's and women's events. The IAAF World Cross Challenge followed in 1990 and began an annual series for cross country running . The track and field circuit was expanded in 1993 with the creation of the IAAF Grand Prix II level, and the IAAF Golden League in 1998. World Athletics began recognising annual indoor track meets via the IAAF Indoor Permit Meetings series in 1997, and in 1998 decathletes and heptathletes found seasonal support with

1199-466: A similar latitude, or even farther south. With an average of 1900 hours of sunshine per year, it is also one of the sunniest cities in Northern Europe, receiving more sunshine than Paris, London and a few other major European cities of a more southerly latitude. Because of the urban heat island effect and the prevailing wind travelling overland rather than sea during summer months, Stockholm has

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1308-499: Is Sebastian Coe of the United Kingdom , who was elected to the four-year position in 2015 and re-elected in 2019 for a second four-year term, and then again in 2023 for a third four-year term. The process to found World Athletics began in Stockholm , Sweden, on 18 July 1912 soon after the completion of the 1912 Summer Olympics in that city. At that meeting, 27 representatives from 17 national federations agreed to meet at

1417-580: Is Sweden's primary financial centre , one of the largest in Scandinavia, and hosts several of Sweden's largest companies. Furthermore, the headquarters of most of Sweden's largest banks are in Stockholm. Stockholm is one of Europe's major tech centres; the city has sometimes been called Europe's innovation hub. The Stockholm region has a GDP of around $ 180 billion, and Stockholm County has the highest GDP per capita of all counties in Sweden . Stockholm

1526-543: Is also responsible for financial administration and long-term development. The City Executive Board consists of 13 members, who represent both the majority and the opposition. Its meetings are not open to the public. Stockholm City Hall is one of the city's key landmarks, built in the National Romantic Style at the beginning of the twentieth century. Hosting the Nobel Prizes and the government of

1635-726: Is an administrative unit defined by geographical borders. The semi-official name for the municipality is City of Stockholm ( Stockholms stad in Swedish). As a municipality, the City of Stockholm is subdivided into district councils, which carry responsibility for primary schools, social, leisure and cultural services within their respective areas. The municipality is usually described in terms of its three main parts: Innerstaden ( Stockholm City Centre ), Söderort (Southern Stockholm) and Västerort (Western Stockholm). The districts of these parts are: The modern centre Norrmalm (concentrated around

1744-572: Is based on export-oriented services, often towards larger, nearby European markets like Poland or Germany. Tourism is a major industry in Stockholm. Research and higher education in the sciences started in Stockholm in the 18th century, with education in medicine and various research institutions such as the Stockholm Observatory . The medical education was eventually formalised in 1811 as Karolinska Institutet . KTH Royal Institute of Technology ( Swedish: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan )

1853-605: Is headed by a president . The World Athletics Council has a total of 26 elected members, comprising one president, four vice-presidents (one senior), the presidents of the six area associations, two members of the Athletes' Commission and 13 Council members. Each member of the Council is elected for a four-year period by the World Athletics Congress, a biennial gathering of athletics officials that consists of

1962-613: Is outlined in the World Athletics Constitution, which may be amended by the Congress. The World Athletics Council appoints a chief executive officer (CEO), who is focused on improving the coverage of the sport and the organisation's commercial interests. This role was created and merged with the General Secretary role that had existed previously. British former athlete and businessman Jon Ridgeon

2071-513: Is projected to reach 1,079,213 by 2030. Of the inhabitants, 482,982 were men and 492,569 women. The average age is 39 years; 40.1% of the population is between 20 and 44 years. The marimonial statistics are that 411,273 people, or 42.2% of the population, over the age 15 were unmarried; 268,291 people, or 27.5% of the population, were married; and 104,099 or 10.7% of the population, had been married but divorced. As of December 2021, there were 252,750 foreign-born people in Stockholm, making up 25.8% of

2180-584: Is the capital and most populous city of the Kingdom of Sweden , as well as the largest urban area in the Nordic countries . Approximately 1 million people live in the municipality , with 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east, and along

2289-530: Is the name of the local assembly. Its 101 councillors are elected concurrently with general elections , held at the same time as the elections to the Riksdag and county councils . The Council convenes twice every month at Stockholm City Hall , and the meetings are open to the public. The matters on which the councillors decide have generally already been drafted and discussed by various boards and committees. Once decisions are referred for practical implementation,

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2398-743: Is the official residence and principal workplace of the Swedish monarch, while Drottningholm Palace in neighbouring Ekerö serves as the Royal Family 's private residence. Stockholm's location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit , and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne . Birka , located near Stockholm, was one Sweden's major trade centres during the Viking Age , and its restored remains are one of Stockholm County 's most-visited sites. The earliest written mention of

2507-777: Is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies , including the highest courts in the judiciary , and the official residences of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister . The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag (Swedish parliament) is seated in the Parliament House , and the Prime Minister's residence is adjacent at the Sager House . Stockholm Palace

2616-661: The 2016 Olympics in Rio . That meant Russian athletes could compete at all major events in the following years, including the 2017 IAAF World Championships in London and the 2018 European Championships in Berlin . In September 2018, World Athletics faced a legal challenge by Russia to overturn the suspension after the reinstatement of the Russian Anti-Doping Agency , but Hugo Lowell of the i newspaper reported

2725-459: The Age of Enlightenment in the late eighteenth century, the city flourished. The new monarch, Gustav III , proved an able and energetic regnant; his economic policies helped the Swedish economy develop, and his partially successful war against Russia restored some of Sweden's international reputation. The king was an avid patron of the arts, and scientists and cultural figures flocked to Stockholm on

2834-671: The Authorised Neutral Athlete (ANA) process. In 2022, though, World Athletics imposed sanctions against the Member Federations of Russia and Belarus because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine , and all athletes, support personnel, and officials from Russia and Belarus were excluded from all World Athletics Series events for the foreseeable future, and Russian athletes who had received ANA status for 2022 were excluded from World Athletics Series events for

2943-650: The Hanseatic League . Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck , Hamburg , Gdańsk (Danzig), Visby , Tallinn (Reval), and Riga during this time. The strategic and economic importance of the city made Stockholm an important factor in relations between the Danish Kings of the Kalmar Union and the Swedish national independence movement in the fifteenth century and early sixteenth century. The Danish King Christian II

3052-641: The IAAF Hammer Throw Challenge as the top level of hammer throwing contests (as hammer was not included in the Diamond League). The Road Race Label grouping was also expanded that year with the creation of a Bronze label status. The Race Walking Challenge Final was removed from the racewalking schedule after 2012, as the series focused on international championship performances. In 2016, the IAAF World Indoor Tour

3161-493: The Stockholm Observatory , were founded. The early nineteenth century saw a major economic decline of Stockholm and Sweden as a whole, but by the second half of the nineteenth century, Stockholm had regained its leading economic role. New industries emerged with industrialisation and Stockholm was transformed into an important trade and service centre as well as a key gateway point within Sweden. The population also grew dramatically during this time, mainly through immigration . At

3270-528: The Swedish Museum of Natural History , as well as the botanical garden Bergianska trädgården . The Stockholm School of Economics , founded in 1909, is one of the few private institutions of higher education in Sweden, and is generally reckoned one of the most prestigious business schools in the world. In the fine arts , educational institutions include the Royal College of Music , which has

3379-653: The World Athletics Continental Tour . The organisation hosts the annual World Athletics Awards, formerly the World Athletics Gala until 2017, at the end of each year to recognise the achievements of athletes and other people involved in the sport. Members may also be inducted into the IAAF Hall of Fame as part of the ceremony. The following awards are given: The World Athletics Heritage Plaque for (a) Legend, and (b) Culture

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3488-546: The sport of athletics , covering track and field , cross country running , road running , race walking , mountain running , and ultra running . Included in its charge is the standardization of rules and regulations for the sports, certification of athletic facilities, recognition and management of world records , and the organisation and sanctioning of athletics competitions, including the World Athletics Championships . The organisation's president

3597-504: The 16th century. In 1625, the Great Stockholm Fire of 1625 destroyed the southwestern section of Stadsholmen , an island in the centre of Stockholm. The amount of destruction led to the beginning of the demolition of the Stockholm walls. Today, most of the younger city walls cannot be found anywhere above ground. However, parts of the northern city walls are preserved in the modern Museum of Medieval Stockholm . In 1710,

3706-657: The City Executive Board. The Mayor holds a special position among the Vice Mayors, chairing both the Council of Mayors and the City Executive Board. The City Executive Board ( Swedish : Kommunstyrelsen ) is elected by the City Council and is equivalent to a cabinet . The City Executive Board renders an opinion in all matters decided by the council and bears the overall responsibility for follow-up, evaluation and execution of its decisions. The Board

3815-742: The Council, Honorary Members, and up to three delegates from each of the national member federations. Chairpersons and members of Committees, which manage specialist portfolios, are also elected by the Congress. There are four committees: the Cross Country Committee, the Race Walking Committee, the Technical Committee, and the Women's Committee. A further three committees were launched in 2019: Development, Governance and Competitions. The governance structure

3924-616: The European Union. The Stockholm Stock Exchange , founded in 1863, is the largest stock exchange in the Nordic Countries measured by market capitalisation, listing numerous multinational Swedish companies. Trade is a vital part of Stockholm's economy; the city's corporations are largely reliant on foreign consumers to supplement the small Swedish market. Stockholm is one of the Baltic Sea's larger ports, hosting especially cruise ships and yachts. Most of Stockholm's economy

4033-541: The Gold Label category. Road running was the last sport governed by World Athletics to receive seasonal sanctioning. The 2010 season saw several changes to World Athletics' one-day governance. The World Athletics Tour was made defunct and replaced with three separate series: the 14-meet Diamond League as the top level of track meetings, the IAAF World Challenge as a second tier of track meetings, and

4142-726: The Golden League, IAAF Super Grand Prix , Grand Prix, Grand Prix II, and the IAAF World Athletics Final . The new final format was introduced with a new global performance ranking system for qualification and featured an increased programme of track and field events, mirroring the World Championships in Athletics programme bar the road events, combined events, relays, and the 10,000 metres . The final achieved gender parity in events in 2005, with

4251-681: The IAAF created a commission to regulate all ball games that were played by hand, including basketball and handball . Subsequently, the International Amateur Handball Federation was founded in 1928, and the International Basketball Federation was founded in 1932. Beginning in 1982, the IAAF passed several amendments to its rules to allow athletes to receive compensation for participating in international competitions. However,

4360-540: The World Athletics Championships. The commission chairperson and one other athlete of the opposite sex are given voting rights on the Council. The last election was held in October 2019 at the 2019 World Athletics Championships . Following doping and corruption issues, a Code of Ethics was agreed in 2013 and an Ethics Commission was appointed in 2014. The Council appoints the chairperson from

4469-530: The actual synthetic track surface, whilst Class 2 venues only ensures that the synthetic surface has a valid Product Certificate (from an accredited synthetic track surface manufacturer) and the facility conforms to the stringent requirements for accurate measurement contained in World Athletics Rules and Regulations. World Athletics organizes many major athletics competitions worldwide. World Athletics became involved in annual one-day meetings as

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4578-621: The annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city's most prized museums, the Vasa Museum , is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro , opened in 1950, is well known for the decor of its stations; it has been called the longest art gallery in the world. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics , and has played host to several other international sports events since. Stockholm

4687-568: The autumn the leaves change color. During the winter months, the trees lose their leaves. For details about the other municipalities in the Stockholm area, see the pertinent articles. North of Stockholm Municipality: Järfälla , Solna , Täby , Sollentuna , Lidingö , Upplands Väsby , Österåker , Sigtuna , Sundbyberg , Danderyd , Vallentuna , Ekerö , Upplands-Bro , Vaxholm , and Norrtälje . South of Stockholm: Huddinge , Nacka , Botkyrka , Haninge , Tyresö , Värmdö , Södertälje , Salem , Nykvarn and Nynäshamn . Stockholm Municipality

4796-585: The city consist of fourteen islands that are continuous with the Stockholm archipelago . The geographical city centre is situated on the water, in Riddarfjärden bay. Over 30% of the city area is made up of waterways and another 30% is made up of parks and green spaces. Positioned at the eastern end of the Central Swedish lowland and near the Bergslagen region, the city's location reflects

4905-455: The city is said to have been founded by Birger Jarl to protect Sweden from sea invasions made by Karelians after the pillage of Sigtuna on Lake Mälaren in the summer of 1187. Stockholm's core, the present Old Town ( Gamla Stan ) was built on the central island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid-13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of

5014-530: The city of Stockholm, it is one of Sweden's most important buildings. As the primary financial centre in Sweden, Stockholm is an influential hub for trade, finance and technology in Europe , and one of Scandinavia's largest financial centres. The Stockholm region is the leading region in Sweden by both GDP and GDP per capita, and is amongst the ten wealthiest regions in the European Union when measured by

5123-455: The coast, is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC, and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . The city serves as the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of

5232-665: The code through doping or impeding any anti-doping actions. Doping is still a serious issue in world athletics due to the increased use of banned substances by athletes to improve their athletic performance. To address the problem, athletes participating in sports are required to sign the World Anti-Doping Agency code and are subjected to random urine or blood samples testing, leading to penalties like game suspension, or lifetime ban for violating code. International level athletics competitions are mostly divided by sex and World Athletics applies eligibility rules for

5341-472: The conduct to occur and must accept its responsibility" and that "corruption was embedded" in the organization. In January 2016, as a result of the doping scandal and WADA's report, the World Athletics' biggest sponsor, Adidas , announced that it was ending its sponsorship deal with the World Athletics four years early. The BBC reported that as a result World Athletics would lose $ 33 million (£23 million) worth of revenue. The 11-year sponsorship deal with Adidas

5450-426: The constituent meetings, and the duration of the series all regularly changing from year to year. Athletes received points based on their performances at the meetings on the circuit, with more points being given at the more prestigious and competitive competitions. From 2006 to 2009, series points could also be scored in certain events at Area Permit Meetings (APMs), although the meetings themselves were not considered

5559-441: The country's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . Considered a global city , it is the largest in Scandinavia and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europe's top-ranking universities, such as the Karolinska Institute (medicine), KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm School of Economics and Stockholm University . It hosts

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5668-431: The country's status would not change. The legal case was later dropped. World Athletics was the first international sporting body to suspend the Russian Athletics Federation (RusAF) from World Athletics starting in 2015, for eight years, due to doping violations, making it ineligible to host World Athletics events or send teams to international championships. However, Russian athletes were eligible to compete pursuant to

5777-470: The creation of the IAAF Combined Events Challenge . The World Cross Challenge was disbanded in 2000 and cross country reverted to a permit format via the IAAF Cross Country Permit Meetings . The IAAF Race Walking Challenge was initiated in 2003 to provide a seasonal calendar for racewalking. World Athletics reformed its track and field circuit in 2003, with the IAAF World Outdoor Meetings series grouping five tiers of annual track and field competitions:

5886-415: The current municipal area. In the ensuing decades several other areas were incorporated (such as Brännkyrka Municipality in 1913, at which time it had 25,000 inhabitants, and Spånga in 1949). The municipal border was established in 1971; with the exception of Hansta, in 1982 purchased by Stockholm Municipality from Sollentuna Municipality and today a nature reserve. The population was 984,748 in 2022 and

5995-418: The design school Konstfack , founded in 1844, the University College of Opera (founded in 1968 but with older roots), the University College of Dance , and the Stockholms Musikpedagogiska Institut (the University College of Music Education). The Södertörn University was founded in 1995 as a multi-disciplinary institution for southern Metropolitan Stockholm , to balance the many institutions located in

6104-408: The designated IAAF World Athletics Tour meetings. Winning athletes at Grand Prix level meetings earned ten points, while runners-up earned between one and eight points dependent on their finishing position. The Golden League and Super Grand Prix meets were worth twice as many points. Furthermore, athletes may earned additional points at certain area permit meetings. The athletes with the most points at

6213-473: The early orientation of Swedish trade toward the Baltic region. Stockholm belongs to the Temperate deciduous forest biome, which means the climate is very similar to that of the far northeastern area of the United States and coastal Nova Scotia in Canada . The average annual temperature is 7.9 °C (46 °F). The average rainfall is 531 mm (21 in) per year. The deciduous forest has four distinct seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and winter. In

6322-429: The elected members, and in turn, the chairperson appoints a deputy chair. The Ethics Board's scope was limited in 2017 with the creation of the independent Athletics Integrity Unit , headed by Australia's Brett Clothier , to oversee ethical issues and complaints at arm's length. The International Athletics Foundation is a charity closely associated with World Athletics that engages in projects and programmes to develop

6431-447: The employees of the City administrations and companies take over. The elected majority has a Mayor and eight Vice Mayors. The Mayor and each majority Vice Mayor is the head of a department, with responsibility for a particular area of operation, such as City Planning. The opposition also has four Vice Mayors, but they hold no executive power. Together the Mayor and the 12 Vice Mayors form the Council of Mayors, and they prepare matters for

6540-475: The end of 2018, which would allow the organisation to remain solvent in the face of delays to the 2020 Summer Olympics due to the COVID-19 pandemic . World Athletics Day is celebrated on 7 May. In 2022, World Athletics imposed sanctions against the Member Federations of Russia and Belarus because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine , and all athletes, support personnel, and officials from Russia and Belarus were excluded from all World Athletics Series events for

6649-433: The end of the nineteenth century, less than 40% of the residents were Stockholm-born, with most migrants being from poorer rural Sweden; major settlement began to expand outside the historical city limits. The nineteenth century also saw the establishment of a number of scientific institutes and universities, including the Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . The General Art and Industrial Exposition

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6758-439: The end of the season's World Athletics Tour were entered to compete at the World Athletics Final , an event which offers athletes the possibility of substantial earnings. The IAAF World Athletics Tour calendar was subject to change during its lifetime, with the number of meetings, the constituent meetings and the duration of the series all regularly changing from year to year. Athletes received points based on their performances at

6867-527: The foreseeable future, and Russian athletes who had received ANA status for 2022 were excluded from World Athletics Series events for the foreseeable future. World Athletics Council also applied sanctions on the Belarus Athletic Federation , including banning its hosting of any international or European athletics events, representation at Congress or in decisions which require Congressional votes, involvement of its personnel in programs, and accreditation to attend any World Athletics Series events. World Athletics

6976-461: The foreseeable future. World Athletics Council also applied sanctions on the Belarus Athletic Federation , including banning its hosting of any international or European athletics events, representation at Congress or in decisions which require Congressional votes, involvement of its personnel in programs, and accreditation to attend any World Athletics Series events. Stockholm Stockholm ( Swedish: [ˈstɔ̂kː(h)ɔlm] )

7085-438: The foundation of clean athletes worldwide", and that its "independent commission will investigate the claims". Around the same time, the University of Tübingen in Germany claimed that World Athletics suppressed publication of a 2011 report in which "[h]undreds of athletes", as many as a third of the world's top athletes, "admitted violating anti-doping rules". On 1 November 2015, former World Athletics president Lamine Diack

7194-543: The inclusion of a women's 3000 metres steeplechase . The track and field circuit was rebranded as the IAAF World Athletics Tour in 2006, which removed the global rankings and the IAAF Grand Prix II (replaced with a level of meetings given permit status by continental governing bodies). With World Athletics having recognised the sport of mountain running in 2002, the annual WMRA World Cup meetings received official sanctioning in 2006, organised under World Mountain Running Association . The IAAF Race Walking Challenge Final

7303-458: The lack of student accommodations, the difficulty in finding other accommodations and the high rent. The Stockholm region is home to around 22% of Sweden's total population, and accounts for about 29% of its gross domestic product . The geographical notion of "Stockholm" has changed over time. By the turn of the 19th century, Stockholm largely consisted of the area today known as City Centre, roughly 35 km (14 sq mi) or one-fifth of

7412-399: The largest investment firms in Europe are headquartered in the city, including Investor AB and Nordstjernan ; also headquartered in Stockholm is EQT AB . Stockholm is one of continental Europe's leading hubs for the technology industry; this influential industry is based in Kista , a suburb in northern Stockholm which is Europe's largest Informations and Technology cluster. Stockholm has

7521-513: The latter. Many of Sweden's largest companies are headquartered in the city; they are drawn by its central location, skilled workforce and preeminent financial sector. These companies include some of the Nordic region 's most valuable corporations, like Ericsson , which is one of the world's largest telecommunications companies, or Atlas Copco , which is one of the world's largest industrial companies; other large companies based in Stockholm include Electrolux , H&M and Securitas AB . Some of

7630-416: The meetings on the circuit, with more points being given at the more prestigious and competitive competitions. International Association of Athletics Federations#Area associations World Athletics , formerly known as the International Amateur Athletic Federation and International Association of Athletics Federations and formerly abbreviated as the IAAF , is the international governing body for

7739-404: The modernism and functionalism movements survived this era of demolition. Throughout the century, many industries shifted away from industrial activities into more high-tech and service industry areas, which still dominate the city's economy today. Stockholm's metropolitan area has become one of the fastest-growing regions in Europe. In 2020 alone, Stockholm's population increased by 1,477. As

7848-491: The most precipitation falling in December and January (as either rain or snow). The average winter temperatures range from −3 to −1 °C (27 to 30 °F), and occasionally drop below −20 °C (−4 °F) in the outskirts of the city. Spring and autumn are generally cool to mild. The climate table below presents weather data from the years 1991–2020. According to ongoing measurements, the temperature has increased during

7957-437: The name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name ( stock ) means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word ( Stock ) meaning fortification . The second part of the name ( holm ) means islet and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. According to Erik's Chronicle

8066-785: The northern part of the region. Other institutes of higher education include the Military Academy Karlberg , the world's oldest military academy to remain in its original location, inaugurated in 1792 and housed in Karlberg Palace ; there is also the Swedish Defence University , Ersta Sköndal University College , Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences and the University College Stockholm . The biggest complaints from students of higher education in Stockholm are

8175-477: The number of daylight hours is relatively small during winter – about six hours – while in June and the first half of July, the nights are relatively short, with about 18 hours of daylight. Due to its eastern position within Sweden's respective time zone, sunsets occur as early as 2:46 PM in mid-December. Around the summer solstice the sun never reaches further below the horizon than 7.3 degrees. This gives

8284-452: The organisation had revenue of around US$ 200 million spread over a four-year Olympic cycle, with around a fifth of that revenue coming from Olympic broadcasting rights. The reports showed a deficit in each of the non-Olympic years of 2017 and 2018 of around US$ 20 million. It also showed heavy dependence on its partnership with Japanese marketing agency Dentsu , which made up half of 2018's revenue. It also highlighted reserves of US$ 45 million at

8393-697: The organization retained the word amateur in its name until its 2001 congress, at which it changed its name to the International Association of Athletics Federations. In June 2019 the organization chose to rebrand as World Athletics , with a rollout beginning after the 2019 World Championships in Doha . Following repeated requests, World Athletics became the last body within the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations to make public its financial reports in 2020. It revealed

8502-606: The overall points leaders gained entry to the annual World Athletics Final . From 2010 onwards the World Athletics Tour is replaced by the IAAF Diamond League and IAAF World Challenge Meetings . In 2020, the World Challenge was replaced by the World Athletics Continental Tour . The IAAF World Athletics Tour calendar was subject to change during its lifetime, with the number of meetings,

8611-535: The queen for several years prior to his death. Inventors, like Christopher Polhem , moved to the city during the time of the Swedish Empire. Academics also spent much time in Stockholm, like Olaus Rudbeck , rector of the Uppsala University . Throughout Sweden's history, walls were created in Stockholm to defend the city from attacks. These defensive walls were modified throughout the 13th to

8720-509: The results, Robin Parisotto, a scientist and leading "anti-doping" expert, said, "Never have I seen such an alarmingly abnormal set of blood values. So many athletes appear to have doped with impunity, and it is damning that the IAAF appears to have idly sat by and let this happen." Craig Reedie, president of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), said his organisation was "very disturbed by these new allegations ... which will, once again, shake

8829-401: The rules on the basis that discrimination against the minority of DSD athletes was proportional as a method of preserving access to the female category to a much larger majority of women without DSDs. In 2023, World Athletics tightened their regulations further, excluding transgender women who have gone through male puberty from competing in the female category. The new regulations also reduced

8938-656: The second most unicorns per capita in the world, after Silicon Valley; the city also has one of the highest startup rates in Europe. Prominent startup technology companies in Stockholm include Mojang , Spotify and Klarna ; the latter two either have been or are among the largest startup companies in the world. Most of Sweden's largest banks are headquartered in the city, including the SEB Group , Handelsbanken and Swedbank ; Nordea had its headquarters in Stockholm until moving to Helsinki in 2018 for legal reasons involving

9047-495: The sky a bright blue colour in summer once the sun has set because it does not get any darker than nautical twilight . Also, when looking straight up towards the zenith , few stars are visible after the sun has gone down. This is not to be confused with the midnight sun , which occurs north of the Arctic Circle , around 7 degrees farther north. The Stockholm Municipal Council ( Swedish : Stockholms kommunfullmäktige )

9156-465: The sport began to professionalise in the late 1970s. Between 1978 and 1982, World Athletics staged twelve Golden Events , all for men and principally in track running, which saw World Athletics offer prizes to encourage competition. Three years later in 1985, an annual track and field circuit was created in the form of the IAAF Grand Prix , which linked existing top-level one-day meetings with

9265-544: The sport. There have been six presidents since the establishment of World Athletics: Following World Athletics has a total of 214 member federations divided into 6 area associations. As of 1 November 2015: To allow athletes of different ages to compete against athletes of similar ability, several age categories are maintained. The open class of competition without age limit is defined as "senior". For younger athletes, World Athletics organises events for under-20 athletes (athletes aged 18 or 19 years on 31 December of

9374-647: The sport. Albert II, Prince of Monaco is the Honorary President and the role of IAF President is held by the World Athletics President. A World Athletics Heritage department was created in 2018 to maintain historic artifacts and display them through a physical gallery in Monaco, a virtual online gallery, and a traveling exhibition. The department also issues World Athletics Heritage Plaques to commemorate locations of historic interest to

9483-636: The testosterone limit for androgen-sensitive XY DSD athletes to 2.5 nmol/L and extended the limit to apply to all women's events, where it had previously only applied to track events of distances between 400m and one mile. World Athletics president Sebastian Coe described this as "decisive action to protect the female category in our sport". World Athletics provides approval certificates to venues of athletic facilities: Class 1, Class 2 and Indoor. To receive certification, venues are required to submit measurement reports of their track and field facilities. Class 1 venues are fully certified along with in-situ tests of

9592-452: The town square Sergels torg ) is the largest shopping district in Sweden . It is the most central part of Stockholm in business and shopping. Stockholm has a humid continental climate in the 0 °C isotherm ( Köppen : Dfb ) bordering on an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) in the -3 °C isotherm. Although winters are cold, average temperatures generally remain above 0 °C for much of

9701-529: The typical male range (7.7 to 29.4 nmol/L), and are androgen-sensitive so that their bodies make use of that testosterone. World Athletics requires any such athlete to reduce their blood testosterone level to 5 nmol/L or lower for a six-month period before becoming eligible for international competition. The rules have been challenged by affected athletes in the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), though no athlete has done so successfully. In May 2019, CAS upheld

9810-918: The warmest July months of the Nordic capitals. Stockholm has an annual average snow cover between 75 and 100 days. Despite its mild climate, Stockholm is located further north than parts of Canada that are above the Arctic tree line at sea level. Summers average daytime high temperatures of 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) and lows of around 13 °C (55 °F), but temperatures can reach 30 °C (86 °F) on some days. Days above 30 °C (86 °F) occur on average 1.55 days per year (1992–2011). Days between 25 °C (77 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F) are relatively common especially in July and August. Night-time lows of above 20 °C (68 °F) are rare, and hot summer nights vary from 17 to 18 °C (63 to 64 °F). Winters generally bring cloudy weather with

9919-409: The women's category. World Athletics has regulations for intersex and transgender athletes. The differences of sex development (DSD) regulations apply to athletes who are legally female or intersex and have certain physiology . DSD athletes who are legally female or intersex are subject to specific rules if they have XY male chromosomes , testes rather than ovaries , circulating testosterone in

10028-510: The year of the competition) as well as under-18 athletes (athletes aged 16 or 17 years on 31 December of the year of the competition), historically referred to as "junior" and "youth" age groups, respectively. Age-group competitions over the age of 35 are organised by World Masters Athletics and are divided into five-year groupings. The organisation is a signatory to the World Anti-Doping Agency 's World Anti-Doping Code and applies sanctions to athletes, coaches and other sportspeople who breach

10137-399: The year. Summers are pleasantly warm, and precipitation occurs throughout the year. Due to the city's high northerly latitude, the length of the day varies widely from more than 18 hours around midsummer to only around 6 hours in late December. The nights from late May until mid-July are not completely dark even when cloudy. Stockholm has relatively mild weather compared to other locations at

10246-457: The year. The precipitation is not uniformly distributed throughout the year. The second half of the year receives 50% more than the first half. Snowfall occurs mainly from December through March. Snowfall may occasionally occur in late October as well as in April. In Stockholm, the aurora borealis can occasionally be observed. Stockholm's location just south of the 60th parallel north means that

10355-506: The years 1991–2020 as compared with the last series, from 1961 to 1990. This increase averages about 1.0 °C (1.8 °F) over all months. Warming is most pronounced during the winter months, with an increase of more than 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) in January. For the 2002–2014 measurements some further increases have been found, although some months such as June have been relatively flat. The highest temperature ever recorded in Stockholm

10464-464: Was 36 °C (97 °F) on 3 July 1811; the lowest was −32 °C (−26 °F) on 20 January 1814. The temperature has not dropped to below −25.1 °C (−13.2 °F) since 10 January 1987. The warmest month ever recorded was July 2018 with a mean temperature of 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) which is also the nationwide record. Annual precipitation is 546.4 mm (21.51 in) with around 170 wet days and light to moderate rainfall throughout

10573-602: Was able to enter the city in 1520 and on 8 November of that year, a massacre of opposition figures called the Stockholm Bloodbath took place and set off further uprisings that eventually led to the breakup of the Kalmar Union with the attainment of Swedish independence. With the accession of Gustav Vasa in 1523 and the establishment of royal power, the population of Stockholm began to grow, reaching 10,000 by 1600. The seventeenth century saw Sweden grow into

10682-429: Was able to install two of his sons and a friend into positions that exerted influence over the IAAF. The report says that Lamine Diack "was responsible for organizing and enabling the conspiracy and corruption that took place in the IAAF." In 2018, Diack was handed an additional charge of "breach of trust" by French prosecutors. On 18 June 2020, the trial of Diack and five other people, including his son, concluded. Diack

10791-408: Was appointed to the role in December 2018. Olivier Gers was the first person to officially hold the position in 2016, succeeding the interim CEO/General Secretary Jean Gracia . In order to give active athletes a voice in the governance of the sport, World Athletics created the Athletes' Commission. Athletes are elected to the commission by other athletes, typically held at the Congress attached to

10900-492: Was arrested in France and is under investigation on suspicion of corruption and money laundering. Diack allegedly accepted "$ 1.2 million from the Russian athletics federation to cover up the positive doping tests of at least six Russian athletes in 2011." The IOC provisionally suspended Diack, and he resigned his position as an IOC Honorary Member. In 2016, the World Anti-Doping Agency reported that with his influence, Diack

11009-649: Was created in 2007 to serve as a seasonal final for the Race Walking Challenge. World Athletics designed a sanctioning process for the road running competitions in 2008, with races having to meet organisational requirements to achieve Gold or Silver status under the IAAF Road Race Label Events brand. This incorporated the World Marathon Majors (a privately run series for major marathons initiated in 2006) within

11118-495: Was disqualified by decision of the World Athletics Council for eight years for the creation of a doping system. World Athletics has since resisted demands that Russia be re-instated, on the basis that the country repeatedly failed to satisfy all the agreed criteria. The decision was supported by Sean Ingle of The Guardian who wrote in a column that World Athletics should maintain their ban on Russia through

11227-454: Was due to run until 2019. World-record holding sprinter Michael Johnson described the scandal as more serious than that faced by FIFA . In February 2016, Nestlé announced that it was ending its World Athletics sponsorship. In June 2016, following a meeting of the IAAF's ruling council, World Athletics upheld its ban on Russia's track and field team from entering the Rio de Janeiro Olympics. In February 2017, All-Russia Athletic Federation

11336-473: Was founded in 1827 and is Scandinavia's largest higher education institute of technology with 13,000 students; it is Sweden's foremost polytechnic, and spearheaded several governmental research projects in the twentieth century. Stockholm University , founded in 1878 with university status granted in 1960, has 52,000 students as of 2008 . It also incorporates historical institutions, such as the Observatory,

11445-553: Was held in 1897, drawing international attention. From 1887 to 1953 the Old Stockholm telephone tower was a landmark; originally built to link phone lines, it became redundant after these were buried, and it was later used for advertising before its demolition in the twentieth century. The early twentieth century also saw the creation of the Nobel Prizes , some of Stockholm's most renowned institutions. Stockholm became

11554-562: Was introduced as a replacement of the Indoor Permit Meetings series. The track and field circuit is due for further changes in 2020, including an increase in the number of Diamond League meetings, the reduction of Diamond League events from 32 to 24, reduction of the Diamond League television running time to 90 minutes, the creation of a one-day Diamond League final, and the relaunch of the World Challenge series as

11663-479: Was replaced eventually by Stockholm Palace ; the time of the Swedish Empire also saw several architectural modernisations of the city. The beginning of the Swedish Empire saw a renaissance in the arts and sciences; the new queen, Christina , was a strong supporter of science and culture. Réne Descartes , one of the most prominent European philosophers of his time, died in Stockholm; he had been hosted by

11772-464: Was sentenced to jail for four years, two of them suspended. In November 2015, WADA published its report, which found "systemic failures" in the World Athletics had prevented an "effective" anti-doping programme and concluded that Russia should be banned from competing in international competitions because of its athletes' test results. The report continued that "the World Athletics allowed

11881-456: Was started in 2023. In 2015, a whistleblower leaked World Athletics' blood test records from major competitions. The records revealed that, between 2001 and 2012, athletes with suspicious drug test results won a third of the medals in endurance events at the Olympics and World Championships—a total of 146 medals including 55 golds—but the World Athletics caught none of them. After reviewing

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