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96-459: Standing at 86.12 metres, the tower is the traditional symbol of Modena , being visible from all directions outside the city. The structure was set up in 1179 on five floors, initially called Torre di San Geminiano . To compete with Bologna 's towers, the Comune added the characteristic octagonal cusp, designed by Arrigo da Campione, one of the numerous masters from Campione who took part in

192-477: A humid subtropical climate , with continental influences. It has an average annual precipitation of 809 millimetres (31.9 in). Summers are hot and winters are cool, with snowfall . This climate is described by the Köppen climate classification as Cfa . From 1946 to 1992, Modena had a series of Communist mayors. From the 1990s, the city has been governed by center-left coalitions . The legislative body of

288-686: A stroke while hearing mass at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, leaving him partially paralysed. Fagon , Louis XIV's personal physician, recommended the waters of Bourbon-l'Archambault , to cure James's paralysis. The waters, however, had little effect, and James died of a seizure on 16 September 1701. Louis, contravening the Peace of Ryswick and irritating William, declared James Francis Edward King of England, Ireland and Scotland as James III and VIII. Mary acted as nominal regent for her minor son. She presided over his regency council, too, although she

384-501: A "grander" match with the eleven-year-old Charles II of Spain . Whatever the reason for Laura's initial reluctance, she finally accepted the proposal on behalf of Mary, and they were married by proxy on 30 September 1673, she just shy of 15, he being 39. Modena was within the sphere of influence of Louis XIV of France , who endorsed Mary's candidature and greeted Mary warmly in Paris, where she stopped en route to England, giving her

480-626: A Protestant, the elder of James II’s daughters from his first marriage to Anne Hyde (1637–1671). Mary II and her husband, William III of Orange , would reign jointly over all three kingdoms. Mary went into exile in France, being known as the "Queen over the Water" among the Jacobites. She lived with her husband and children in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye , provided by King Louis XIV . Mary

576-548: A brooch worth £8,000. Her reception in England was much cooler. Parliament, which was entirely composed of Protestants, reacted poorly to the news of a Roman Catholic marriage, fearing it was a "Papist" plot against the country. The English public, who were predominantly Protestant, branded the Duchess of York – as Mary was thereafter known as until her husband's accession – the "Pope's daughter". Parliament threatened to have

672-566: A changeling upon the nation. Count Zuylestein, returning to the Netherlands shortly after the birth, agreed with Anne's findings. Issued by seven leading Whig nobles, the invitation for William to invade England signalled the beginning of a revolution that culminated in James's deposition. The invitation assured William that "nineteen parts of twenty of the people throughout the kingdom" wished for an intervention. The revolution, known as

768-749: A flexible mounting representing story, figures, places and races of the Modenese sport motor racing. Founded in 1986 by Giuseppe Panini, who then decided to donate his collection to the city, the Museo della figurina was opened to the public on 15 December 2006. It is located inside the Santa Margherita Palace, which also houses the Delfini Library and the City Gallery. The Museum houses several collections, including, apart from

864-454: A free comune starting from the 12th century. In the wars between Emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX Modena sided with the emperor. The Este family were identified as lords of Modena from 1288 ( Obizzo d'Este ). After the death of Obizzo's successor ( Azzo VIII , in 1308) the comune reasserted itself, but by 1336 the Este family was permanently in power. Under Borso d'Este , Modena

960-468: A head after the child was known to be male, and many Protestants believed the child was spurious; if not, James II's Catholic dynasty would have been perpetuated. Popular opinion alleged that the child, named James Francis Edward , was smuggled into the birth chamber as a substitute for the Queen's real but stillborn child. This rumour was widely accepted as fact by Protestants, despite the many witnesses of

1056-501: A large clothing company. Modena is, along with Turin , one of Italy's main centres of the automotive industry, with a rich history and tradition in this field. The iconic Ferrari brand was founded in Modena by Modenese legendary car tycoon Enzo Ferrari , and today is headquartered just outside the city, in the suburb of Maranello . Several other Italian luxury automobile manufacturers such as Pagani and Maserati are headquartered in

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1152-568: A more honourable footing: James was created King's Commissioner to Scotland. Separated from Lady Isabella once again, Mary sank into a state of sadness, exacerbated by the passing of the Exclusion bill in the Commons. Isabella, thus far the only one of Mary's children to survive infancy, died in February 1681. Isabella's death plunged Mary into a religious mania, worrying her physician . At

1248-735: A new play-fellow". Unlike Lady Mary, Lady Anne disliked her father's new wife. Mary played games with Anne to win her affection. The Duchess of York received £5,000 spending money annually and her own household, headed by Carey Fraser, Countess of Peterborough; it was frequented by ladies of her husband's selection: Frances Stewart, Duchess of Richmond and Anne Scott, 1st Duchess of Buccleuch . That Mary loathed gambling did not stop her ladies compelling her to do so almost every day. They believed that "if she refrained, it might be taken ill". Consequently, Mary incurred minor gambling debts. The birth of Mary's first child, Catherine Laura, named after Queen Catherine , on 10 January 1675 OS represented

1344-456: A performance of Gandini 's Adelaide di Borgogna al Castello di Canossa , an opera specially commissioned for the occasion. Modena has a rich and diversified cuisine, often including meats, hams and salamis. One of the most famous modenese dishes is zampone (the fatter and heartier version) or cotechino Modena ( cotechino is leaner and less fat than zampone ). Cotechino dates back to around 1511 to Mirandola , where, whilst besieged,

1440-574: A strong sporting tradition, linked mainly to motor racing as the birthplace of Enzo Ferrari , founder of the eponymous motor racing team and car manufacturer based in nearby Maranello . The Ferrari 360 Modena was named after the city. Modena is known as the world's 'Supercar Capital', being the nearest large town to the homes of Maserati , Lamborghini , Pagani and previously also Ducati and De Tomaso . The city has had two major football clubs: Modena F.C. , who played in Serie B for many years but

1536-505: A substantial pension from Louis XIV of 50,000 livres . Mary tried her best to assist those of her husband's followers living in poverty, and encouraged her children to give part of their pocket money to Jacobite refugees. The collapse of James's invasion of Ireland in 1691 upset Mary. Her spirits were lifted by news of the marriage of her brother, the Duke of Modena, to Margherita Maria Farnese of Parma. When, in 1695, Mary's brother died,

1632-532: Is 44 compared to the Italian average of 42. Between 2002 and 2007, Modena grew by 2.4%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.6%. The current birth rate of Modena is 9.62 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. As of 2006 , 89.6% of the population was Italian . The largest foreign group comes from other parts of Europe (namely Romania and Albania ): 3.9%, followed by North Africa : 2.4%, and Sub-Saharan Africa : 1.9%. Modena has

1728-721: Is a city and comune ( municipality ) on the south side of the Po Valley , in the Province of Modena , in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy . A town, and seat of an archbishop , it is known for its car industry since the factories of the famous Italian upper-class sports car makers Ferrari , De Tomaso , Lamborghini , Pagani and Maserati are, or were, located there and all, except Lamborghini, (having their factory in Sant'Agata Bolognese ), have headquarters in

1824-614: Is also a baseball club with 50 years' tradition—the Modena BBC , currently playing in the A-Series of the Italian Baseball League . Mary of Modena Mary of Modena ( Italian : Maria Beatrice Eleonora Anna Margherita Isabella d'Este ; 5 October [ O.S. 25 September] 1658 – 7 May [ O.S. 26 April] 1718) was Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland as

1920-445: Is based in Modena. Modena and its province is one of Italy's most affluent areas, thanks to a rich agriculture and numerous small and medium manufacturing enterprises. Among the largest employers are BPER Banca , the publishing company Panini Group ; Cremonini Group , one of Europe's largest meat packaging and catering companies; Grandi Salumifici Italiani and Parmareggio, Gruppo Fini other large food processing companies; Liu Jo ,

2016-463: Is characterized by a Clock Tower ( Torre dell'Orologio , late 15th century), once paired with another tower ( Torre Civica ) demolished after an earthquake in 1671. In the interior, noteworthy is the Sala del Fuoco ("Fire Hall"), with a painted frieze by Niccolò dell'Abbate (1546) portraying famous characters from Ancient Rome against a typical Emilia background. The Camerino dei Confirmati ("Chamber of

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2112-405: Is cured pork back fat pounded with garlic, rosemary and Parmesan , used to fill borlenghi and crescentine. Balsamic vinegar of Modena became a protected geographical indication under EU law in 2000. The Balsamic Vinegar is a condiment for salad, cheese, strawberries and many other dishes. The practice of cooking the must of grapes can be traced back to the ancient Romans: the so-called sapum

2208-428: Is primarily remembered for the controversial birth of Prince James Francis Edward, her only surviving son. It was widely rumoured that he was smuggled into the birth chamber in a warming pan in order to perpetuate her husband's Roman Catholic Stuart dynasty . James Francis Edward's birth was a contributing factor to the " Glorious Revolution ", the revolution which deposed James II and VII, and replaced him with Mary II ,

2304-625: The Glorious Revolution , deprived James Francis Edward of his right to the English throne, on the grounds that he was not deemed the King's real son, and later because he was a Catholic. With England in the hands of William of Orange's 15,000-strong army, James and Mary decided to go into exile in France. On 9 December 1688, Mary left London in disguise with the infant Prince of Wales and in the company of Victoria Davia-Montecuculi , under

2400-599: The Military Academy of Modena , and partly housed in the Baroque Ducal Palace . The Biblioteca Estense houses historical volumes and 3,000 manuscripts. The Cathedral of Modena , the Torre della Ghirlandina and Piazza Grande are a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997. Modena is also known in culinary circles for its production of balsamic vinegar . Famous Modenesi include Mary of Modena ,

2496-729: The Pianura Padana , and is bounded by the two rivers Secchia and Panaro , both affluents of the Po River . Their presence is symbolized by the Two Rivers Fountain in the city's center, by Giuseppe Graziosi . The city is connected to the Panaro by the Naviglio channel. The Apennines begin some 10 kilometres (6 miles) from the city, to the south. The comune is divided into four circoscrizioni . These are: Modena has

2592-547: The Po . The Gothic campanile (1224–1319) is called Torre della Ghirlandina from the bronze garland surrounding the weathercock. The Museum Palace, on the St. Augustine square, is an example of civil architecture from the Este period, built as a Hostel for the poor, together with the nearby Hospital in the late 18th century. Today it houses the main museums of Modena: The Estense Gallery and Library have reopened on 29 May 2015 after

2688-718: The Popish Plot , led to the Exclusionist movement , which was headed by Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury . The Exclusionists sought to debar the Catholic Duke of York from the throne. Their reputation in tatters, the Yorks were reluctantly exiled to Brussels , a domain of King Charles II of Spain , ostensibly to visit Lady Mary—since 1677 the wife of Prince William III of Orange. Accompanied by her not yet three-year-old daughter Isabella and Lady Anne,

2784-522: The Queen consort of England and Scotland; operatic tenor Luciano Pavarotti and soprano Mirella Freni , born in Modena itself; Enzo Ferrari , eponymous founder of the Ferrari motor company; Catholic priest Gabriele Amorth ; chef Massimo Bottura ; comics artist Franco Bonvicini ; the band Modena City Ramblers and singer-songwriter Francesco Guccini , who lived here for several decades. Modena lies on

2880-625: The Sala dei Torresani hall, in the fifth floor. The five bells are tuned in C major, cast during the Renaissance period. It also has a stand for the oaken bucket from the War of the Bucket . The tower underwent a restoration started in December 2007. At the beginning it was said it would be finished by the year 2010, but restoration work lasted till September 2011. During the work, the scaffolding

2976-415: The census of 2011 , there were 179,149 people residing in the city. The population density (persons per square kilometre) was 978.9/km (2,535.3/sq mi). Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totaled 16.2 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 22.5 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.1 percent (minors) and 19.9 percent (pensioners). The average age of Modena resident

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3072-599: The earthquake of 2012 . The Gallery has been completely restored but some pieces are still damaged and thus cannot be seen. Opened for the Great Jubilee in 2000, the Museum of the Cathedral houses a rich collection of artistic heritage, in particular liturgical ornaments and furnishings. Apart from the finds of the cathedral building site by Wiligelmus and Lanfranco, such as romanesque metopes and roof decorations, in

3168-544: The 17th-century Incoronation of Bradamante by Marco Antonio Franceschini . The Salottino d'Oro ("Golden Hall"), covered with gilted removable panels, was used by Duke Francis III as his main cabinet of work. Facing the Piazza Grande (a UNESCO World Heritage Site ), the Town Hall of Modena was put together in the 17th and 18th centuries from several pre-existing edifices built from 1046 as municipal offices. It

3264-474: The 3rd century BC, for in 218 BC, during Hannibal's invasion of Italy , the Boii revolted and laid siege to the city. Livy described it as a fortified citadel where Roman magistrates took shelter. The outcome of the siege is not known, but the city was most likely abandoned after Hannibal's arrival. Mutina was refounded as a Roman colony in 183 BC, to be used as a military base by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus , causing

3360-692: The Confirmed") houses one of the symbols of the city, the Secchia Rapita , a bucket kept in memory of the victorious Battle of Zappolino (1325) against Bologna . This relic inspired the poem of the same title by Alessandro Tassoni . Another relic from the Middle Ages in Modena is the Preda Ringadora , a rectangular marble stone next to the palace porch, used as a speakers' platform, and the statue called La Bonissima ("The Very Good"):

3456-453: The Duchess of York was saddened by James's extra-marital affair with Catherine Sedley . Mary's spirits were briefly revived by a visit from her mother, who was living in Rome . A report that King Charles was very sick sent the Yorks hastily back to England. They feared the King's eldest illegitimate son, James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth , the commander of England's armed forces, might usurp

3552-539: The Duke and Duchess returned to England, and Mary gave birth to a daughter named Charlotte Mary in August 1682; Charlotte Mary's death three weeks later, according to the French ambassador, robbed James of "hope that any child of his can live"—all James's sons by his first wife died in infancy. James's sadness was dispelled by his revival in popularity following the discovery of a plot to kill him and Charles. The objective of

3648-456: The Duke of Modena, marry the former, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici. In February 1687, Mary, at the time irritated by James's affair with Catherine Sedley, Countess of Dorchester , moved into new apartments in Whitehall ; Whitehall had been home to a Catholic chapel since December 1686. Her apartments were designed by Christopher Wren at the cost of £13,000. Because the palace's renovation

3744-453: The Duomo of Modena was finished in 1184. The building of a great cathedral in this flood-prone ravaged former center of Arianism was an act of urban renewal in itself, and an expression of the flood of piety that motivated the contemporary First Crusade . Unusually, the master builder's name, Lanfranco , was celebrated in his own day: the city's chronicler expressed the popular confidence in

3840-555: The Este pictures were sold and many of them wound up in Dresden . Ercole III died in exile at Treviso , having refused Napoleonic offers of compensation when Modena was made part of the Napoleonic Cispadane Republic . His only daughter, Maria Beatrice d'Este , married Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria-Este , son of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria ; and in 1814 their eldest son, Francis IV , received back

3936-500: The French court and French royal house, as did her daughter in her capacity of a royal princess until the next French dauphine appeared in 1711. James was largely excluded from French court life. His contemporaries found him boring, and French courtiers frequently joked that "when one talks to him, one understands why he is here." Mary gave birth to a daughter, Louise Mary , in 1692. She was to be James and Mary's last child. Initially supported by Irish Catholics in his effort to regain

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4032-629: The House of Este was left with one progenitor, their uncle Cardinal-Duke Rinaldo . Queen Mary, concerned for the dynasty's future, urged the Cardinal-Duke to resign his cardinalate, "for the good of the people and for the perpetuation of the sovereign house of Este". Rinaldo's bride, Princess Charlotte Felicitas of Brunswick-Lüneburg , was, according to Mary, "of an easy disposition best suited to [the Duke]". A bone of contention, however, arose over

4128-513: The Lapidary there are also reliefs, sculptures and inscriptions of the Roman, Medieval and Renaissance era found in the cathedral area during the restoration works between the 19th and the 20th century. Inaugurated on 10 March 2012, the museum complex includes Enzo Ferrari 's birthplace and a futuristic automotive design gallery, painted in the yellow that Enzo Ferrari chose as the background for

4224-787: The Ligurians to sack it in 177 BC. Nonetheless, it was rebuilt, and quickly became the most important centre in Cisalpine Gaul , both because of its strategic importance and because it was on an important crossroads between Via Aemilia and the road going to Verona . In the 1st century BC, Mutina was besieged twice. The first siege was by Pompey in 78 BC, when Mutina was defended by Marcus Junius Brutus (a populist leader, not to be confused with his son, Caesar's best known assassin). The city eventually surrendered out of hunger, and Brutus fled, only to be slain in Regium Lepidi . In

4320-519: The Modena area. The electric motorcycle maker Energica Motor Company is headquartered in the city. Modena railway station , opened in 1859, forms part of the Milan–Bologna railway , and is also a terminus of two secondary railways, linking Modena with each of Verona and Sassuolo . Modena's urban public transport network is operated by SETA. The network includes the Modena trolleybus system . At

4416-698: The Most Illustrious Community), architect Francesco Vandelli was engaged to design the Teatro dell'Illustrissima Comunità, as the theatre was first called, "for the dignity of the city and for the transmission of the scenic arts". Paid for in the manner typical of the time – from the sale of boxes – in addition to a significant gift from Duke Friedrich IV, Vandelli created a design for the new theatre combining ideas from those in Piacenza , Mantua , and Milan , and it opened on 2 October 1841 with

4512-473: The Prancing horse on his logo. The exhibition gallery was designed by the famous architect Jan Kaplický , who suddenly died in 2009, and carried on by his associate and loyal assistant Andrea Morgante. The interior features a multimedia display of pictures, unpublished films and precious mementoes of Enzo Ferrari's life as a man, driver and car-maker throughout the 20th century. The Exhibition Gallery houses

4608-414: The Queen to surrender to them custody of James Francis Edward and accede to his conversion to Protestantism . The conversion, said Belhaven, would enable his accession to the English throne upon William's death. Mary was not swayed by Belhaven's argument, so a compromise was reached: James Francis Edward, if he became king, would limit the number of Catholic priests in England and promise not to tamper with

4704-409: The Queen's inheritance and dowry . Duke Rinaldo refused to release the former, and left the latter £15,000 in arrears. In 1700, five years later, Rinaldo finally paid Mary her dowry; her inheritance, however, remained sequestered, and relations with Modena worsened again when Rinaldo allied himself with Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I . Leopold was an enemy of Louis XIV. In March 1701, James suffered

4800-614: The age of 16. When James Francis Edward was asked to leave France as part of the settlement from the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), Mary stayed despite having no family there, her daughter having died of smallpox . Fondly remembered by her French contemporaries, Mary died of breast cancer in 1718. Maria Beatrice d'Este , the second (but eldest surviving) child of Alfonso IV, Duke of Modena , and his wife, Laura Martinozzi ,

4896-613: The archaeologist in charge of the dig, stated. Its exiles founded a new city a few miles to the northwest, still represented by the village of Cittanova (literally "new city"). About the end of the 9th century, Modena was restored and refortified by its bishop, Ludovicus . At about this time the Song of the Watchmen of Modena was composed. Later the city was part of the possessions of the Countess Matilda of Tuscany , becoming

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4992-715: The arrangement of Antoine Nompar de Caumont . After arriving in France through Calais , she was joined by James a few weeks later. There, they stayed at the expense of James's first cousin King Louis XIV , who supported the Jacobite cause. James was formally deposed on 11 December 1688 OS in England and on 11 May 1689 OS in Scotland, and his daughter Mary II and her husband, William III, were made joint monarchs. James, however, backed by Louis XIV of France, still considered himself king by divine right , and maintained it

5088-496: The beginning of a string of children that would die in infancy. At this time the Duchess of York was on excellent terms with Lady Mary, and visited her in The Hague after the younger Mary had married William of Orange . She travelled incognito and took Lady Anne with her. The Duchess's Catholic secretary, Edward Colman , was, in 1678, falsely implicated in a fictitious plot against the King by Titus Oates . The plot, known as

5184-577: The birth. Mainly by mismanagement on James's part, these rumours had some excuse as from personal prejudice he had excluded many from the ceremony whose testimony must have been counted valid; most of the witnesses were Catholics or foreigners, and several, such as his daughter Anne and the Protestant prelates, or the maternal relatives of his daughters, whom the new birth would remove from the direct succession, were not present. Anne and her elder sister, Mary, still suspected that their father had thrust

5280-520: The cathedral's renovation in the 13th-15th centuries. The top of the tower is decorated with two ghirlande (two marble railings), whence the name. In the interior, the Sala della Secchia room (with 15th-century frescoes) is home of a copy of the depiction of the Secchia rapita , a memory of the tower's former role as treasury of the Modenese Comune. Also notable are the sculpted capitals in

5376-433: The city or nearby. One of Ferrari's cars, the 360 Modena , was named after the town itself. Ferrari's production plant and Formula One team Scuderia Ferrari are based in Maranello south of the city. The University of Modena , founded in 1175 and expanded by Francesco II d'Este in 1686, focuses on economics , medicine and law , and is the second oldest athenaeum in Italy. Italian military officers are trained at

5472-419: The civil war following Caesar's assassination , the city was besieged again, this time by Mark Antony , in 44 BC, and defended by Decimus Junius Brutus . Octavian relieved the city with the help of the Senate (see: Battle of Mutina ). Cicero called it Mutina splendidissima ("most beautiful Mutina") in his Philippics (44 BC). Until the 3rd century AD, it kept its position as the most important city in

5568-451: The classic stickers, cigarette cards, letter seals, matchboxes and calendars, all of which represent a very important historical document of the development of picture cards throughout the years. The Teatro Comunale Modena (Community Theatre of Modena, but renamed in October 2007 as "Teatro Comunale Luciano Pavarotti") is an opera house in Modena. The idea for the creation of the present theatre dates from 1838, when it became apparent that

5664-415: The company of her family, Mary lived out the rest of her days at Chaillot and Saint-Germain in virtual poverty, unable to travel by her own means because all her horses had died and she could not afford to replace them. Following her death from cancer on 7 May 1718, Mary was remembered fondly by her French contemporaries, three of whom, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate , the Duke of Saint-Simon and

5760-613: The crown if Charles died before their return. The danger was compounded by the fact that Monmouth enjoyed the support of the Exclusionists, who held a majority in the English House of Commons . Charles survived but, feeling the Yorks returned to court too soon, sent James and Mary to Edinburgh , where they stayed on-and-off for the next three years. Lodging in Holyrood Palace , the Yorks had to make do without Ladies Anne and Isabella, who stayed in London on Charles's orders. The Yorks were recalled to London in February 1680, only to return again to Edinburgh that autumn; this time they went on

5856-405: The day of their second marriage ceremony. James was pleased with his bride. Mary, however, at first disliked him, and burst into tears each time she saw him. Nonetheless, she soon warmed to James. From his first marriage to Anne Hyde , a commoner, who had died in 1671, James had two daughters: Lady Mary and Lady Anne . They were introduced to Mary by James with the words, "I have brought you

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5952-402: The death of Lady Isabella. So much so, in fact, that the Tuscan envoy reported to Florence that "general opinion turns [for Mary's successor] in the direction of the Princess , Your Highness 's daughter". France, too, was preparing for Mary's imminent demise, putting forward as its candidate for James's new wife the Duke of Enghien 's daughter. The Queen was then trying to make her brother,

6048-494: The death of Mary's mother as a guise to send his cousin Count Zuylestein , to England, ostensibly to condole the Queen, but in reality as a spy. Having visited Bath , in the hope its waters would aid conception, Queen Mary became pregnant in late 1687. When the pregnancy became public knowledge shortly before Christmas, Catholics rejoiced. Protestants, who had tolerated James's Catholic government because he had no Catholic heir, were concerned. The Protestant disillusion came to

6144-408: The design process had been sought from the contemporary luminaries, Cortona , Bernini , and Borromini . The Palace currently houses the Accademia Militare di Modena , the Military Museum and a precious library. The Palace has a Baroque façade, from which the Honour Court (where the military ceremonies are held) and the Honour Staircase can be accessed. The Central Hall has a frescoed ceiling with

6240-471: The established Church of England . In exchange, the confederate Lords would do all in their power to block the passing of the Hanoverian succession in Scottish parliament. When, in March 1702, William died, Lord Lovat declared for James Francis Edward at Inverness . Soon after, Lovat travelled to the court-in-exile at Saint-Germain, and begged Mary to allow her son to come to Scotland. Lovat intended to raise an army of 15,000 soldiers in Scotland to seize

6336-484: The estates of the Este. Quickly, in 1816, he dismantled the fortifications and began Modena's years under Austrian rule. His son Francis V was considered a just ruler, and famously tended the victims of war and cholera with his own hands. However, he too had to face yet more foreign-inspired revolutions and was temporarily expelled from Modena in the Revolutions of 1848 . He was restored, amidst wide popular acclaim, by Austrian troops. Ten years later, on 20 August 1859,

6432-434: The form of a ring and stuffed with meat or cheese. Cappello del prete is also a popular meal, which is a very fatty pig's trotter. Other dishes include torta Barozzi or torta nera , which is a black tart (a dessert made with a coffee/cocoa and almond filling encased in a fine pastry dough), ciccioli , made by slowly cooking, compressing, drying, and aging fatty, leftover pieces of pork, and pesto modenese , which

6528-403: The interior. In Wiligelmus' sculpture at Modena, the human body takes on a renewed physicality it had lost in the schematic symbolic figures of previous centuries. At the east end, three apses reflect the division of the body of the cathedral into nave and wide aisles with their bold, solid masses. Modena's Duomo inspired campaigns of cathedral and abbey building in emulation through the valley of

6624-402: The latter, portraying a female figure, was erected in the square in 1268 and later installed over the porch. The Cathedral of Modena and the annexed campanile are a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Begun under the direction of the Countess Matilda of Tuscany with its first stone laid 6 June 1099 and its crypt ready for the city's patron, Saint Geminianus , and consecrated only six years later,

6720-427: The marriage annulled, leading Charles to suspend parliament until 7 January 1674 OS, to ensure the marriage would be honoured and safeguarding the reputation of his House of Stuart . James, an avowed Roman Catholic, was twenty-five years older than his bride, scarred by smallpox and afflicted with a stammer. He had secretly converted to Catholicism around 1668. Mary first saw her husband on 23 November 1673 OS, on

6816-405: The master-mason from Como , Lanfranco: by God's mercy the man was found ( inventus est vir ). The sculptor Wiligelmus who directed the mason's yard was praised in the plaque that commemorated the founding. The program of the sculpture is not lost in a welter of detail: the wild dangerous universe of the exterior is mediated by the Biblical figures of the portals leading to the Christian world of

6912-525: The municipality ( comune ) is the City Council ( Consiglio Comunale ), which is composed by 32 members elected (jointly with the mayor) by the citizens every five years. Modena's executive body is the City Committee ( Giunta Comunale ), which is composed by 9 assessors (appointed and dismissed by the mayor), of which one is deputy-mayor, and the mayor. The mayor from 2019 to 2024 of Modena

7008-521: The newly formed province Aemilia , but the fall of the Empire brought Mutina down with it, as it was used as a military base both against the barbarians and in the civil wars. It is said that Mutina was never sacked by Attila , for a dense fog hid it (a miracle said to be provided by Saint Geminianus , bishop and patron of Modena), but it was eventually buried by a great flood in the 7th century and abandoned. In December 2008, Italian researchers discovered

7104-405: The people had to find a way to preserve meat and use the less tender cuts, so made the cotechino . By the 18th century it had become more popular than the yellowish sausage had been around at the time, and in the 19th century was in mass production in and around the area. Modena's contribution to the Italian pasta culture are tortellini and tortelloni , which are squares of pasta shaped in

7200-534: The plot, known as the Rye House Plot , was to have Monmouth placed on the throne as Lord Protector. The revival was so strong that, in 1684, James was re-admitted to the Privy Council , after an absence of eleven years. Despite all the furore over Exclusionism, James ascended his brother's thrones easily upon the latter's death – which occurred on 6 February 1685 OS – possibly owing to the risk that

7296-422: The pottery center where the oil lamps that lit the ancient Roman empire were made. Evidence of the pottery workshops emerged in Modena, during construction work to build a residential complex near the ancient walls of the city. "We found a large ancient Roman dumping filled with pottery scraps. There were vases, bottles, bricks, but most of all, hundreds of oil lamps, each bearing their maker's name", Donato Labate ,

7392-557: The revolutionaries again invaded (this time the Piedmontese), annexing Modena to the revolutionary Savoyard Kingdom of Italy . The Ducal Palace of Modena , initiated by Francesco I d'Este in 1634 and completed by Francis V , was the seat of the Este court from the 17th to 19th century. The palace occupies the site of the former Este Castle, once located in the periphery of the city. Although generally credited to Bartolomeo Avanzini , it has been suggested that advice and guidance in

7488-458: The said alternative might provoke another civil war. Mary sincerely mourned Charles, recalling in later life, "He was always kind to me." Mary and James's £119,000 coronation , occurring on 23 April OS, Saint George's day, was meticulously planned. Precedents were sought for Mary because a full-length joint coronation had not occurred since the coronation of King Henry VIII and Queen Catherine . Queen Mary's health had still not recovered after

7584-464: The same time as news reached Holyrood of Isabella's death, Mary's mother was falsely accused of offering £10,000 for the murder of the King. The accuser, a pamphleteer, was executed by order of the King. The Exclusionist reaction that followed the Popish plot had died down by May 1682. Exclusionist-dominated Parliament, suspended since March 1681, never again met in the reign of Charles II. Therefore,

7680-413: The second wife of James II and VII . A devout Roman Catholic , Mary married the widower James, who was then the younger brother and heir presumptive of Charles II . She was devoted to James and their children, two of whom survived to adulthood: the Jacobite claimant to the thrones, James Francis Edward , and Louisa Maria Teresa . Born a princess of the northwestern Italian Duchy of Modena , Mary

7776-546: The then-existing Teatro Comunale di via Emilia (in dual private and public ownership) was no longer suitable for staging opera. However, this house had been the venue for presentations of all of the works of Donizetti , Bellini and Rossini up to this time, and a flourishing operatic culture existed in Modena. Under the Mayor of Modena in collaboration with the Conservatorio dell'Illustrissima Comunità (Conservatory of

7872-591: The throne for James Francis Edward. Mary refused to part with James Francis Edward, and the rising failed. Mary's regency ceased with her son's reaching of the age of 16. Having wished to become a nun in her youth, Mary sought refuge from the stresses of exile at the Convent of the Visitations, Chaillot, near Paris, where she befriended Louis's penitent mistress, Louise de La Vallière . There, Mary stayed with her daughter for long periods almost every summer. It

7968-751: The thrones, James launched an expedition to Ireland in March 1689. He abandoned it upon his defeat at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. During James's campaign, Mary supported his cause throughout the British Isles: she sent three French supply ships to Bantry Bay and £2,000 to Jacobite rebels in Dundee . She financed those measures by selling her jewellery. Money problems plagued the Stuart court-in-exile, despite

8064-645: Was Gian Carlo Muzzarelli , a member of the Democratic Party . The territory around Modena ( Latin : Mutina , Etruscan : Mutna ) was inhabited by the Villanovans in the Iron Age , and later by Ligurian tribes, Etruscans , and the Gaulish Boii (the settlement itself being Etruscan). Although the exact date of its foundation is unknown, it is known that it was already in existence in

8160-420: Was accorded the privileges and rank of a queen, Maria Anna was outranked by her. Therefore, Maria Anna refused to see Mary, etiquette being a sensitive issue at Versailles. In spite of this, Louis and his secret wife, Madame de Maintenon , became close friends with Mary. As there was no queen at the French court, nor a dauphine after Maria Anna's death in 1690, Mary took precedence over all the female members of

8256-462: Was born on 5 October 1658 NS in Modena , Duchy of Modena , Italy. Her only younger brother, Francesco , succeeded their father as Duke upon the latter's death in 1662, the year Mary turned four. Mary and Francesco's mother, Laura, was strict with them and acted as regent of the duchy until her son came of age. Mary's education was excellent; she spoke French and Italian fluently, had a good knowledge of Latin and, later, mastered English. Mary

8352-470: Was described by contemporaries as "tall and admirably shaped", and was sought as a bride for James, Duke of York , by Lord Peterborough . Lord Peterborough was Groom of the Stole to the Duke of York. A widower, James was the younger brother and heir of Charles II of England . Duchess Laura was not initially forthcoming with a reply to Peterborough's proposal, hoping, according to the French ambassador, for

8448-441: Was dissolved in 2017, and Serie B team Carpi F.C. 1909 . In 2018, Modena F.C. was reincarnated as Modena F.C. 2018 who play at the 21,151-seat Stadio Alberto Braglia , the former home of Modena F.C. which has also hosted international rugby union . Volleyball plays an important role in Modena's sport history, with Modena Volley having won 12 National championships, four Champion's League seasons, and other trophies. There

8544-400: Was here, too, in 1711, that Mary found out that, as part of the embryonic Treaty of Utrecht , James Francis Edward was to lose Louis's explicit recognition and be forced to leave France. The next year, when James Francis Edward was expelled and Louise Mary died of smallpox, Mary was very upset; according to Mary's close friend Madame de Maintenon, Mary was "a model of desolation". Deprived of

8640-438: Was hidden behind an artistic screen painted by the Italian sculptor Mimmo Paladino . This choice has caused perplexity in the town, given the high cost of the operation and the very idea of it. Modena Modena ( UK : / ˈ m ɒ d ɪ n ə / , US : / ˈ m oʊ d -/ ; Italian: [ˈmɔːdena] ; Modenese : Mòdna [ˈmɔdnɐ] ; Etruscan : Mutna ; Latin : Mutina )

8736-504: Was made a duchy. Enlarged and fortified by Ercole II , it was made the primary ducal residence when Ferrara , the main Este seat, fell to the Pope in 1598. Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena (1629–1658) built the citadel and began the palace, which was largely embellished by Francesco II . In the 18th century, Rinaldo d'Este was twice driven from his city by French invasions, and Francesco III built many of Modena's public buildings, but

8832-496: Was not within parliament's prerogative to depose a monarch. Louis gave the exiled royal couple the use of Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye , where they set up a court-in-exile. Mary quickly became a popular fixture at Louis XIV's court at Versailles , where diarist Madame de Sévigné acclaimed Mary for her "distinguished bearing and her quick wit". Questions of precedence, however, marred Mary's relations with Louis's daughter-in-law, Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria . Because Mary

8928-430: Was popular among Louis's courtiers; James, however, was considered a bore. In widowhood, Mary spent time with the nuns at the Convent of Chaillot, frequently during summers with her daughter, Louisa Maria Teresa. In 1701, when James II died, young James Francis Edward, aged 13, became king in the eyes of the Jacobites. Given that he was too young to assume the nominal reins of government, Mary represented him until he reached

9024-451: Was thus far unfinished, James received ambassadors in her rooms, much to Mary's chagrin. Five months later, shortly after the marriage talks with Tuscany collapsed, the Queen's mother, Duchess Laura, died. Therefore, the whole English court went into mourning. Duchess Laura left Mary "a considerable sum of cash" and some jewellery. William III of Orange, James's nephew and son-in-law, sensed popular discontent with James's government; he used

9120-435: Was uninterested in politics. Before his death, James II expressed his wish that Mary's regency would last no longer than their son's 18th birthday. Dressed in mourning for the remainder of her life, Mary's first act as regent was to disseminate a manifesto, outlining James Francis Edward's claims. It was largely ignored in England. In Scotland, however, the confederate Lords sent Lord Belhaven to Saint-Germain, to convince

9216-704: Was used both as a medicinal product and in the kitchen as a sweetener and condiment. The long history of the Balsamic Vinegar came to us through centuries and now is most consumed abroad than in Italy. Modena contains Italy's most acclaimed restaurant, Osteria Francescana , which holds three stars in the Michelin Guide since 2013 and, as of 2018, has been named as the best restaurant in the world in The World's 50 Best Restaurants . Art studio fuse*

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