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58-630: The Villanovans introduced iron-working to the Italian Peninsula . They practiced cremation and buried the ashes of their dead in pottery urns of distinctive double-cone shape. The name Villanovan of the early phases of the Etruscan civilization comes from the site of the first archaeological finds relating to this advanced culture, which were remnants of a cemetery found near Villanova ( Castenaso , 12 kilometres east of Bologna ) in northern Italy . The excavation lasting from 1853 to 1855

116-410: A clock tower were built there, giving the square its present shape and size. Until the 18th century raiding armies, earthquakes, famines, floods and pirate attacks ravaged the city. In this gloomy situation and due to a weakened local economy, fishing took on great importance, a fact testified by the construction of structures such as the fish market and Rimini Lighthouse . In 1797, Rimini, along with

174-487: A form of Villanovan pottery known as impasto . A custom believed to originate with the Villanovan culture is the usage of hut-shaped urns, which were cinerary urns fashioned like the huts in which the villagers lived. Typical sgraffito decorations of swastikas , meanders , and squares were scratched with a comb-like tool. Urns were accompanied by simple bronze fibulae , razors and rings. The Villanovan culture

232-521: A gold medal for civic valour for its partisan resistance . In recent years, the Rimini Fiera has become one of the largest sites for trade fairs and conferences in Italy. As of 31 December 2019, Rimini's urban area was home to 151,200 people, with approximately 325,000 living in the eponymous province , making it the twenty-eighth largest city in Italy. The area was inhabited by Etruscans until

290-592: A last attempt to gain allies before his defeat in the Neapolitan War , Murat published the Rimini Proclamation , one of the earliest calls for Italian unification . In 1845, a band of adventurers commanded by Ribbotti entered the city and proclaimed a constitution which was soon abolished. In 1860, Rimini and Romagna were incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy . The city was transformed after

348-486: A minor stream. To its southwest, Rimini is surrounded by several rolling hills: Covignano (153 metres (502 feet) altitude), Vergiano (81 metres (266 feet) altitude), San Martino Monte l'Abbate (57 metres (187 feet) altitude) and San Lorenzo in Correggiano (60 metres (200 feet) altitude). The hills are widely cultivated, with vineyards, olive groves and orchards, and historic villas. Rimini's city centre, bounded by

406-624: A rule which looked tyrannous even for the time. Pope Adrian VI expelled him again and gave Rimini to the Duke of Urbino , the pope's vicar in Romagna. In 1527, Sigismondo managed to regain the city, but in the following year the Malatesta dominion died forever. At the beginning of the 16th century, Rimini, now a secondary town of the Papal States, was ruled by an Apostolic Legate . Towards

464-663: A strategically-important passage along the Adriatic Sea at the boundary between northern Italy , characterised by the plains of the Po Valley , and central Italy , characterised by more mountainous terrain. For its geographical position and its climatic features, Rimini is situated on the edge between the Mediterranean and the central European microclimates , providing an environment of notable naturalistic value. Rimini's coastal strip, made of recent marine deposits,

522-637: A while he was the commander-in-chief of the Papal armies. A skilled general, Sigismondo often acted as condottiero for other states to gain money to embellish it (he was also a dilettante poet). He had the famous Tempio Malatestiano rebuilt by Leon Battista Alberti . However, after the rise of Pope Pius II , he had to fight constantly for the independence of the city. In 1463, he was forced to submit to Pius II, who left him only Rimini and little more; Roberto Malatesta , his son (1482), under Pope Paul II , nearly lost his state, but under Pope Sixtus IV , became

580-546: Is broadly divided into Villanovan I from c.  960 BCE to c.  801 BCE and the Villanovan II from c.  800 BCE to 720 BCE. The later phase (Villanovan II) saw radical changes, evidence of contact with Hellenic civilization and trade with the north along the Amber Road . This evidence takes the form of glass and amber necklaces for women, armor and horse harness fittings of bronze , and

638-485: Is divided into various states listed in the following table: Rimini Rimini ( / ˈ r ɪ m ɪ n i / RIM -in-ee , Italian: [ˈriːmini] ; Romagnol : Rémin or Rémne ; Latin : Ariminum ) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy . Sprawling along the Adriatic Sea , Rimini is situated at a strategically-important north-south passage along

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696-432: Is edged by a fine sandy beach, 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) long and up to 200 metres (660 feet) wide, interrupted only by river mouths and gently shelving towards the sea. Along the coastline, there is a low sandy cliff, created by the rising sea in around 4000 BC, partly conserved north of Rimini, between Rivabella and Bellaria-Igea Marina , approximately 1.3 kilometres (0.81 miles) from the coast. Rimini's ancient coastline

754-404: Is the main centre of a 50-kilometre (31-mile) coastal conurbation , which extends from Cervia to Gabicce Mare , including the seaside resorts of Cesenatico , Gatteo a Mare , Bellaria-Igea Marina , Riccione , Misano Adriatico and Cattolica . The conurbation is a result of urban sprawl as the tourist economy developed along the riviera romagnola . Rimini's natural geography provides

812-769: The 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade was awarded the honorific title "Rimini Brigade". 1,939 Allied soldiers, of which 1,413 are British, were buried in the Coriano Ridge War Cemetery in Coriano . 114 Greek soldiers were buried in a cemetery in Riccione's Fontanelle area, and an Indian cemetery with 618 burials is located on the San Marino Highway . Following Rimini's liberation, reconstruction work began, culminating in huge development of

870-594: The Adriatic coastal plain. The burial characteristics relate the Villanovan culture to the Central European Urnfield culture ( c.  1300 –750 BCE) and Celtic Hallstatt culture that succeeded the Urnfield culture. It is not possible to tell these apart in their earlier stages. Cremated remains were placed in cinerary urns , specifically in biconical urns and then buried. The urns were

928-649: The Apennines or the Po Valley . Humidity is high all year round, averaging a minimum of approximately 72% in June and July and a maximum of approximately 84% in November and December. Prevailing winds blow from west, south, east, and northwest. Southwesterly winds, known as libeccio or garbino, are foehn winds , which may bring warm temperatures in each season. On average, there are over 2,040 sunshine hours per year. As of 2019 , Rimini has 150,951 inhabitants, with

986-764: The Arch of Augustus and the Ponte di Tiberio at the start of strategic roads that ended in Rimini. During the Renaissance, the city benefited from the court of the House of Malatesta , hosting artists like Leonardo da Vinci and producing the Tempio Malatestiano . In the 19th century, Rimini hosted many movements campaigning for Italian unification . Much of the city was destroyed during World War II , and it earned

1044-655: The Austro-Hungarian Navy. After Italy's declaration of war on 15 May 1915, the Austro-Hungarian fleet left its harbours the same day and started its assault on the Adriatic coast between Venice and Barletta . The 1916 Rimini earthquakes , on 17 May and 16 August, led to the demolition of 615 buildings in the city, with many historic churches severely damaged. 4,174 people were displaced between Rimini and Riccione . On 19 October 1922, Riccione

1102-912: The Gothic War (535–554) , Rimini was taken and retaken many times. In its vicinity the Byzantine general Narses overthrew (553) the Alamanni . Under the Byzantine rule, it belonged to the Duchy of the Pentapolis , part of the Exarchate of Ravenna . In 728, it was taken with many other cities by Liutprand, King of the Lombards but returned to the Byzantines about 735. Pepin the Short gave it to

1160-514: The Malatesta city walls , was divided in the medieval era into four rioni . Clodio, in the city's north, was popular and a peculiar urban structure tied with the Marecchia. Pomposo, in the city's east, was the largest district, and included large orchards and convents . Cittadella, in the city's west, was the most important district, including the municipal palaces, Castel Sismondo , and

1218-553: The Po Valley and the southern slopes of the Alps . The Italian peninsula has the only active volcano on continental Europe , Mount Vesuvius . In general discourse, "Italy" and the "Italian peninsula" are often used as synonymous terms. However, northern Italy may be excluded from the Italian peninsula. From a political point of view, the Italian peninsula in the strict sense (therefore excluding insular Italy and northern Italy )

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1276-471: The Via Popilia that extended northwards; it also opened up trade by sea and river. Remains of the amphitheatre that could seat 12,000 people, and a five-arched bridge of Istrian stone completed by Tiberius (21 AD), are still visible. Later Galla Placidia built the church of Santo Stefano. The evidence that Rimini is of Roman origins is illustrated by the city being divided by two main streets,

1334-405: The 14th-century School of Rimini, which was the expression of original cultural ferment. The House of Malatesta emerged from the struggles between municipal factions with Malatesta da Verucchio , who in 1239 was named podestà (chief magistrate) of the city. Despite interruptions, his family held authority until 1528. In 1312 he was succeeded by Malatestino Malatesta , first signore (lord) of

1392-455: The 1843 founding of the first bathing establishment and the Kursaal, a building constructed to host sumptuous social events, became the symbol of Rimini's status as a tourist resort. In just a few years, the seafront underwent considerable development work, making Rimini 'the city of small villas'. During World War I , Rimini and its surrounding infrastructure was one of the primary targets of

1450-696: The Cardo and the Decumanus. The end of Roman rule was marked by destruction caused by invasions and wars, but also by the establishment of the palaces of the Imperial officers and the first churches, the symbol of the spread of Christianity that held the important Council of Ariminum in the city in 359. When the Ostrogoths conquered Rimini in 493, Odoacer , besieged in Ravenna, had to capitulate. During

1508-612: The Cathedral of Santa Colomba. Montecavallo, in the city's south, is characterised today by bowed, irregular streets of medieval origins, by the Fossa Patara creek and a small hill called Montirone. The boundaries of these rioni are not known, but it is assumed that they followed the current Corso d'Augusto, Via Garibaldi, and Via Gambalunga. Outside Rimini's city centre were four ancient boroughs: San Giuliano, San Giovanni, San Andrea, and Marina. These were entirely incorporated to

1566-539: The Holy See, but during the wars of the popes and the Italian cities against the emperors, Rimini sided with the latter. In the 13th century, it suffered from the discords of the Gambacari and Ansidei families. The city became a municipality in the 14th century, and with the arrival of the religious orders, numerous convents and churches were built, providing work for many illustrious artists. In fact, Giotto inspired

1624-660: The Italian peninsula consists of the Apennine Mountains , from which it takes one of its names. The peninsula comprises much of Italy and also includes the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City . Geographically, the minimum extent of the Italian peninsula consists of the land south of a line extending from the Magra to the Rubicon rivers, north of the Tuscan–Emilian Apennines . It excludes

1682-458: The Malatestas tried, in fact, to take advantage of his weakness and to capture the city, but Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta , Carlo's nephew, who was only 14 at the time, intervened to save it. Galeotto retired to a convent, and Sigismondo obtained the rule of Rimini. Sigismondo Pandolfo was the most famous lord of Rimini. In 1433, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor , sojourned in the city and for

1740-578: The Tyrrhenian Etruria, in Tuscany and Lazio . Further south, Villanovan cremation burials are to be found in Campania , at Capua , at the "princely tombs" of Pontecagnano near Salerno , at Capo di Fiume, at Vallo di Diano and at Sala Consilina . Small scattered Villanovan settlements have left few traces other than their more permanent burial sites, which were set somewhat apart from

1798-428: The Villanovan period Etruscans traded with other states from the Mediterranean such as Greeks, Balkans, and Sardinia. Trade brought about advancement in metallurgy, and Greek presence influenced Villanovan pottery. Buildings were rectangular in shape. The people lived in small huts, made of wattle and daub with wooden poles for support. Within the huts, cooking stands, utensils and charred animal bones give evidence about

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1856-756: The arrival of the Celts , who held it from the 6th century BC until their defeat by the Umbri in 283 BC. In 268 BC at the mouth of the Ariminus (now called the Marecchia), the Roman Republic founded the colonia of Ariminum. Ariminum was seen as a bastion against Celtic invaders and also as a springboard for conquering the Padana plain. The city was involved in the civil wars of the first century, aligned with

1914-462: The city and Pandolfo I Malatesta , the latter's brother, named by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor , as imperial vicar of Romagna . Ferrantino, son of Malatesta II (1335), was opposed by his cousin Ramberto and by Cardinal Bertrand du Pouget (1331), legate of Pope John XXII . Malatesta II was also lord of Pesaro . He was succeeded by Malatesta Ungaro (1373) and Galeotto I Malatesta , uncle of

1972-456: The city by the urban sprawl in the early 20th century: San Giovanni and Sant'Andrea were developed in the 15th century; they burned in a fire in 1469 and were rebuilt in the 19th century, relocating small industries and manufactures, including a brick factory and a phosphorus matches factory. Rimini's municipality includes the coastal districts of Torre Pedrera  [ it ] , Viserbella, Viserba, Rivabella, and San Giuliano Mare to

2030-467: The city centre's north. To the city centre's south are the coastal districts of Bellariva, Marebello, Rivazzurra, and Miramare . These coastal districts are characterised by their tourist economy, with hotels and entertainment venues. Along the Via Emilia, to Rimini's northwest, is the suburb of Celle and Santa Giustina, just before the border with Santarcangelo di Romagna. North of Santa Giustina are

2088-506: The coast at the southern tip of the Po Valley . It is one of the most notable seaside resorts in Europe , with a significant domestic and international tourist economy. The first bathing establishment opened in 1843. The city is also the birthplace of the film director Federico Fellini , and the nearest Italian city to the independent Republic of San Marino . The ancient Romans founded the colonia of Ariminum in 268 BC, constructing

2146-548: The commanding officer of the pontifical army against Ferdinand of Naples. Sigismondo was, however, defeated by Neapolitan forces in the battle of Campomorto (1482). Pandolfo IV , his son (1500), lost Rimini to Cesare Borgia , after whose overthrow it fell to Venice (1503–1509), but it was later retaken by Pope Julius II and incorporated into the Papal States . After the death of Pope Leo X , Pandolfo returned for several months, and with his son Sigismondo Malatesta held

2204-572: The country's railway tunnels . As the Allied frontline approached the city, naval bombardment followed, and remaining citizens hid in makeshift shelters or in caves by the Covignano hill. Partisan resistance was also notable in Rimini, with official reports of 400 young people involved in resistance cells. On 16 August 1944, three partisans were hanged in Rimini's central square, which would later be renamed in their honour. The Battle of Rimini

2262-671: The development of elite graves in contrast to the earlier egalitarian culture. Chamber tombs and inhumation (burial) practices were developed side-by-side with the earlier cremation practices. With the last phase of Villanovan II the Etruscans, in particular Southern Etruria , entered the Orientalizing period . The northernmost areas of the Etruscan world, such as Etruria Padana, continued in their development as Villanovan III (750–680 BCE) and Villanovan IV (680–540 BCE). The metalwork quality found in bronze and pottery demonstrate

2320-514: The end of the 16th century, the municipal square (now Piazza Cavour), which had been closed off on a site where the Poletti Theatre was subsequently built, was redesigned. The statue of Pope Paul V has stood in the centre of the square next to the fountain since 1614. In the 16th century, the 'grand square', which was where markets and tournaments were held, underwent various changes. A small temple dedicated to Saint Anthony of Padua and

2378-696: The family life of early inhabitants in Italy. Some huts contained large pottery jars for food storage sunk into their floors. There was also a rock cut drain to channel rainwater to communal reservoirs. Generally speaking, Villanovan settlements were centered in the Adriatic Etruria , in Emilia Romagna (in particular, in Bologna and in Verucchio , near Rimini ), in Marche ( Fermo ), and in

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2436-469: The former (1385), lord also of Fano (from 1340), Pesaro, and Cesena (1378). His son, Carlo I Malatesta , one of the most respected condottieri of the time, enlarged the Riminese possessions and restored the port. Carlo died childless in 1429, and the lordship was divided into three parts, Rimini going to Galeotto Roberto Malatesta , a Catholic zealot inadequate for the position. The Pesarese line of

2494-521: The former. Italian Peninsula 42°00′N 14°00′E  /  42.000°N 14.000°E  / 42.000; 14.000 The Italian peninsula ( Italian : penisola italica or penisola italiana ), also known as the Italic peninsula , Apennine peninsula , Italian boot , or mainland Italy , is a peninsula , within the Italian geographical region , extending from the southern Alps in

2552-441: The maternal haplogroup K1a4 , found all over Europe since Neolithic times, and her autosomal DNA was a mixture of 72.9% Copper Age ancestry ( EEF + WHG ) and 27.1% Steppe-related ancestry . There was evidence for consanguinity for this sample with another ancient sample (700 BCE - 600 BCE) from the Etruscan necropolis of La Mattonara near Civitavecchia , compatible with being the latter an offspring of third-degree relatives from

2610-495: The north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south which comprises much of the country of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City . It is nicknamed lo Stivale (the Boot), because the shape of the peninsula resembles a high-heeled boot . Three smaller peninsulas contribute to this characteristic shape, namely Calabria (the "toe"), Salento (the "heel") and Gargano (the "spur"). The backbone of

2668-500: The old city walls to empty at Piazzale Kennedy. From the 1960s, the Ausa was diverted to flow parallel to the SS16  [ it ] state road along cemented banks, and empty into the Marecchia. The diversion was completed in 1972, with the Ausa's former route reduced to a sewage outlet, and redeveloped into a series of public parks. The Marecchia itself, which flows north of Rimini,

2726-600: The popular party and its leaders, first Gaius Marius , and then Julius Caesar . After crossing the Rubicon , the latter made his legendary appeal to the legions in the Forum of Rimini. As the terminus of the Via Flaminia , which ended in the town at the surviving prestigious Arch of Augustus (erected 27 BC), Rimini was a road junction connecting central and northern Italy by the Via Aemilia that led to Piacenza and

2784-419: The rest of Romagna , was affected by the passage of the Napoleonic army and became part of the Cisalpine Republic . Napoleonic policy suppressed the monastic orders, confiscating their property and thus dispersing a substantial heritage, and demolished many churches including the ancient cathedral of Santa Colomba. The troops of Joachim Murat , King of Naples , marched through Rimini on 30 March 1815. In

2842-429: The settlements—largely because the settlement sites were built over in Etruscan times. Modern opinion generally follows Massimo Pallottino in regarding the Villanovan culture as ancestral to the Etruscan civilization . A genetic study published in Science in November 2019 examined the remains of a female from the Villanovan culture buried in Veio Grotta Gramiccia , Italy between ca. 900 BCE and 800 BCE. She carried

2900-475: The skill of the Villanovan artisans. Some grave goods from burial sites display an even higher quality, suggesting the development of societal elites within Villanovan culture. Tools and items were placed in graves suggesting a belief in an afterlife. Men's graves contained weapons, armor, while those for women included weaving tools. A few graves switched or mixed these, indicating the possibility that some women employed tools and that some men made clothing. During

2958-533: The suburbs of Colonnella and Lagomaggio. Rimini has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa ) moderated by the influence of the Adriatic Sea , featuring autumn and winter mean temperatures and annual low temperatures among the very highest in Emilia-Romagna . Precipitations are equally distributed during the year, with a peak in October and minimums in January and July. In spring, autumn, and winter, precipitations mainly come from oceanic fronts, while in summer, they are brought by thunderstorms , coming from

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3016-503: The tourist industry in the city. Rimini is situated at 44°03′00″ north and 12°34′00″ east , along the coast of the Adriatic Sea , at the southeastern edge of Emilia-Romagna , at a short distance from Montefeltro and Marche . Rimini extends for 135.71 square km and borders the municipalities of Bellaria-Igea Marina , San Mauro Pascoli , and Santarcangelo di Romagna towards NW, Verucchio and Serravalle, San Marino towards SW, Coriano towards S, and Riccione towards SE. Rimini

3074-402: The villages of Orsoleto and San Vito . Along the Via Marecchiese, to Rimini's east, are the suburbs of Marecchiese, Villaggio Azzurro, Padulli, and Spadarolo, and the rural village of Corpolò. On the road to San Marino is the village of Grotta Rossa. On the road to Ospedaletto is the suburb of Villaggio 1° Maggio and the rural village of Gaiofana. Along the Via Flaminia, to Rimini's southeast, are

3132-404: Was a major engagement in the Gothic Line . Oliver Leese , the British Eighth Army 's commander, called the advance to liberate Rimini "one of the hardest battles of the Eighth Army ... comparable to El Alamein , Mareth , and the Gustav Line ( Monte Cassino )". Within 37 days of the battle, over 10,000 soldiers had died between the Allied and Axis forces. For its role in liberating Rimini,

3190-417: Was also deviated to empty into the Adriatic Sea further north, between San Giuliano Mare and Rivabella. The deviation was prompted because the river was subjected to periodic, destructive floods near its mouth, where the riverbed became narrow after various bends. The ancient riverbed is still used as Rimini's harbour. Rimini's southern boundary with the municipality of Riccione is marked by the Rio dell'Asse,

3248-422: Was done by the scholar and site owner, count Giovanni Gozzadini , and involved 193 tombs, six of which were separated from the rest as if to signify a special social status. The "well tomb" pit graves lined with stones contained funerary urns . These had been only sporadically plundered and most were untouched. In 1893, a chance discovery unearthed another distinctive Villanovan necropolis at Verucchio overlooking

3306-419: Was separated from Rimini to form a separate comune . In World War II , Rimini suffered sustained Allied aerial bombardment from November 1943 until its liberation on 21 September 1944. 82% of Rimini's buildings were destroyed, the highest figure among Italian cities with over 50,000 inhabitants. Around 55,000 refugees fled to the north, to the hinterland, and to San Marino, where they sheltered in

3364-424: Was situated much farther inland: it gradually shifted outward over centuries, with new land developed throughout the 20th century. Rimini's city centre was founded between two rivers: the Marecchia and the Ausa . Until the 1960s, the Ausa flowed south of Rimini's city centre, running between the present-day Rimini Sud junction of the A14 tolled highway and the Arch of Augustus , where it turned north-east along

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