91-625: The Taft Commission , also known as the Second Philippine Commission ( Filipino : Ikalawang Komisyon ng Pilipinas ), was established by United States President William McKinley on March 16, 1900, following the recommendations of the First Philippine Commission , using presidential war powers while the U.S. was engaged in the Philippine–American War . McKinley's letter of instruction to
182-431: A Supreme Court , drew up a legal code , and organized a civil service . The 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidentes , vicepresidentes , and councilors to serve on municipal boards. The municipal board members were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining municipal properties, and undertaking necessary construction projects; they also elected provincial governors . Article 1, Section 1 of
273-556: A "Modernizing the Language Approach Movement" (MOLAM). Lacuesta hosted a number of "anti-purist" conferences and promoted a "Manila Lingua Franca" which would be more inclusive of loanwords of both foreign and local languages. Lacuesta managed to get nine congressmen to propose a bill aiming to abolish the SWP with an Akademia ng Wikang Filipino , to replace the balarila with a Gramatica ng Wikang Filipino , to replace
364-761: A Life Member of the Corporation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology . He was on the original standing committee of the Foundation for the Study of Cycles from 1941. He died unmarried in 1959. His seasonal home Birdwood , a mansion built in the 1930s for him in southern Georgia , is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Forbes' papers are in the Houghton Library at Harvard University . Copies of his annotated journal are at
455-653: A School of Agriculture in Negros . At the time Taft arrived in the Philippines, the student-teacher ratio was one teacher for 4,179 students. Section 15 of Act 74 empowered the general superintendent to import 1,000 teachers from the U.S. The first batch of 48 American teachers arrived in June 1901. The second batch of 509 teachers (386 men and 141 women, accompanied by 4 nurses, 13 spouses) arrived in August, and became known as
546-585: A common national language, termed Filipino , to replace Pilipino. Neither the original nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino; Instead, tasking the National Assembly to: take steps toward the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino. In 1987, a new constitution designated Filipino as the national language and, along with English, as an official language. That constitution included several provisions related to
637-736: A daily attendance of between 4,500 and 5,000 students. Commissioner Bernard Moses, who had been an educator at the University of California , worked with Captain Albert Todd and Dr. Fred Atkinson to draft Act No. 74, also known as the Education Act of 1901 . The act was largely based on a report which Todd submitted to the Commission on April 17, 1900. Some of the recommendations in the Todd Report were: On January 21, 1901,
728-484: A number of persons, but is often mentioned informally and collectively as the "Taft Commission". The Second Philippine Commission (the Taft Commission), established by President William McKinley on March 16, 1900, and headed by William Howard Taft , was granted legislative as well as limited executive powers. Between September 1900 and August 1902, it issued 499 laws, established a judicial system , including
819-627: A resolution on November 9, 1937 recommending Tagalog to be basis of the national language. On December 30, President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 134, s. 1937, approving the adoption of Tagalog as the language of the Philippines, and proclaimed the national language of the Philippines so based on the Tagalog language. Quezon himself was born and raised in Baler, Aurora , which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. The order stated that it would take effect two years from its promulgation. On December 31 of
910-566: A statement published on September 1, 1900, the commissioners announced the holding of public meetings every Wednesday and Friday to allow interested parties to comment and make suggestions on proposed legislative matters. The open sessions were mainly conducted in English and Spanish. As the Americans became familiar with Spanish, the commissioners allowed their guests to use the language of their choice. William Forbes , later Governor General of
1001-536: A town fiesta was a big shortcoming. Another problem encountered was difficulty in promoting equality among the students, as children of wealthy families thought they were entitled to special privileges. Some wealthy parents openly opposed the American educational system because of the insecurities it created. For them, education was a privilege of their class and should not be extended to the common people. They believed that general education would create an imbalance in
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#17327731989101092-429: A week and was known as Linggo ng Wika (Language Week). The celebration coincides with the month of birth of President Manuel L. Quezon, regarded as the "Ama ng Wikang Pambansa" (Father of the national language). In 1946, Proclamation No. 35 of March 26 provided for a week-long celebration of the national language. this celebration would last from March 27 until April 2 each year, the last day coinciding with birthday of
1183-801: Is a translation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Usually, the diacritics are not written, and the syntax and grammar are based on that of Tagalog . the General Assembly proclaims this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among
1274-421: Is an agglutinative language but can also display inflection . It is not a tonal language and can be considered a pitch-accent language and a syllable-timed language. It has nine basic parts of speech . The Philippines is a multilingual state with 175 living languages originating and spoken by various ethno-linguistic groups. Many of these languages descend from a common Malayo-Polynesian language due to
1365-600: Is argued that current state of the Filipino language is contrary to the intention of Republic Act (RA) No. 7104 that requires that the national language be developed and enriched by the lexicon of the country's other languages. It is further argued that, while the official view (shared by the government, the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino , and a number of educators) is that Filipino and Tagalog are considered separate languages, in practical terms, Filipino may be considered
1456-401: Is frequently used. While the word Tagalista literally means "one who specializes in Tagalog language or culture" or a "Tagalog specialist", in the context of the debates on the national language and " Imperial Manila ", the word Tagalista is used as a reference to "people who promote or would promote the primacy of Tagalog at the expense of [the] other [Philippine] indigenous tongues". This
1547-485: Is that speech variety spoken in Metro Manila and other urban centers where different ethnic groups meet. It is the most prestigious variety of Tagalog and the language used by the national mass media. The other yardstick for distinguishing a language from a dialect is: different grammar, different language. "Filipino", "Pilipino" and "Tagalog" share identical grammar. They have the same determiners (ang, ng and sa);
1638-414: Is the indigenous written and spoken language of Metro Manila and other urban centers in the Philippines used as the language of communication of ethnic groups . However, as with the 1973 and 1987 Constitutions, 92-1 went neither so far as to categorically identify, nor so far as to dis-identify this language as Tagalog. Definite, absolute, and unambiguous interpretation of 92–1 is the prerogative of
1729-597: Is the national language ( Wikang pambansa / Pambansang wika ) of the Philippines , lingua franca (Karaniwang wika), and one of the two official languages ( Wikang opisyal / Opisyal na wika ) of the country, with English . It is a standardized variety of the native language Tagalog , spoken and written in Metro Manila , the National Capital Region, and in other urban centers of
1820-650: The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino Language, or KWF), superseding the Institute of Philippine Languages. The KWF reports directly to the President and was tasked to undertake, coordinate and promote researches for the development, propagation and preservation of Filipino and other Philippine languages. On May 13, 1992, the commission issued Resolution 92-1, specifying that Filipino
1911-600: The Thomasites , after the United States Army Transport Thomas , one of the ships which transported them. From the very start, serious problems threatened the success of the educational program. Problems encountered included opposition from Catholic clerics, language difficulties, health problems and difficulty in adjusting to the tropical climate, financial problems brought on by delayed salary payments, lack of school buildings (many of
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#17327731989102002-479: The American colonial period , English became an additional official language of the Philippines alongside Spanish; however, the number of speakers of Spanish steadily decreased. The United States initiated policies that led to the gradual removal of Spanish from official use in the Philippines. This was not done through an outright ban, but rather through a strategic shift in language policy that promoted English as
2093-697: The Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ (English: Grammar of the National Language ) of grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced the 20-letter Abakada alphabet which became the standard of the national language. The alphabet was officially adopted by the Institute for the Tagalog-Based National Language. In 1959, the language became known as Pilipino in an effort to disassociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group . The changing of
2184-547: The Mariano Marcos State University in Batac, Ilocos Norte, that Filipino was simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with as yet no grammatical element or lexicon coming from Ilokano , Cebuano , Hiligaynon , or any of the other Philippine languages . He said further that this is contrary to the intention of Republic Act No. 7104, which requires that the national language be developed and enriched by
2275-713: The Supreme Court in the absence of directives from the KWF, otherwise the sole legal arbiter of the Filipino language. Filipino was presented and registered with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), by Ateneo de Manila University student Martin Gomez, and was added to the ISO registry of languages on September 21, 2004, with it receiving the ISO 639-2 code fil . On August 22, 2007, it
2366-681: The United States Constitution specifies that the U.S. Congress exercises legislative power. Since the Philippines was in a state of war, however, the Executive Branch ran affairs there without much congressional intervention. President McKinley's instruction to the Philippine Commission in April 1900 directed that, "... Beginning with the 1 day of September 1900, the authority to exercise that part of
2457-479: The 2,167 primary schools existing before the war had either been destroyed or pressed into use by the army as barracks, prisons, or hospitals), etc. Cultural values which had developed under Spanish rule also posed a severe hindrance. The Thomasites had a difficult time convincing their students to give more importance to activities that developed critical thinking than to those which simply required rote memorization, or that coming an hour late or being absent to attend
2548-466: The 20-letter Abakada with a 32-letter alphabet, and to prohibit the creation of neologisms and the respelling of loanwords. This movement quietened down following the death of Lacuesta. The national language issue was revived once more during the 1971 Constitutional Convention . While there was a sizable number of delegates in favor of retaining the Tagalog-based national language, majority of
2639-603: The American pacification program. On November 18, 1902, Papal representative Jean Baptiste Guidi arrived in Manila to negotiate the sale of the lands. Taft commissioned a survey to determine their market value, and a purchase price of $ 7,239,784.66 was paid in December 1903 by the Insular Government. The holdings amounted to some 166,000 hectares (410,000 acres), of which one-half was in the vicinity of Manila. The land
2730-518: The Austronesian migration from Taiwan. The common Malayo-Polynesian language split into different languages, and usually through the Malay language, the lingua franca of maritime Southeast Asia, these were able to adopt terms that ultimately originate from other languages such as Japanese , Hokkien , Sanskrit , Tamil , and Arabic . The Malay language was generally used by the ruling classes and
2821-513: The Commission should bear in mind that the government which they are establishing is designed not for our satisfaction, or the expression of our theoretical views, but for the happiness, peace, and prosperity of the people of the Philippine islands, and measures adopted should be made to conform to their customs, their habits, and even their prejudices, to the fullest extent consistent with the accomplishment of just and effective government.". In
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2912-523: The Filipino language. Article XIV, Section 6, omits any mention of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino, and states that: as Filipino evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. And also states in the article: Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain
3003-422: The Filipino writer Francisco Baltazar , author of the Tagalog epic Florante at Laura . In 1954, Proclamation No. 12 of March 26 provided that the week of celebration would be from March 29 to April 4 every year. This proclamation was amended the following year by President Ramon Magsaysay by Proclamation No. 186 of September 23, moving the dates of celebration to August 13–19, every year. Now coinciding with
3094-508: The General Appropriations Act, including salaries of government employees, burial benefits for victims of the war, funds for the construction of roads and bridges, and other miscellaneous expenses. The Commission created and reorganized government offices, including the following: President McKinley had declared in his message to Congress in December 1899 that Philippine reconstruction should proceed by building up from
3185-500: The Institute of National Language (later the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ or SWP) and tasking it with making a study and survey of each existing native language, hoping to choose which was to be the base for a standardized national language. Later, President Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form the NLI. Led by Jaime C. De Veyra , who sat as
3276-480: The Philippines provided that: The National Assembly shall take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages. On November 13, 1936, the first National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved Commonwealth Act No. 184; creating
3367-409: The Philippines , wrote that he could not remember any instance where a commissioner protested because he could not understand an issue on linguistic grounds. A few months before the inauguration of Taft as governor-general, Senator John Spooner filed a bill giving unprecedented powers to the executive branch in the development of colonial policy in the Philippines. The Democrats ferociously attacked
3458-515: The Philippines. The gated community of Forbes Park in Makati , was named after him; and this community is the residence of some of the wealthiest people in the country. Lacson Avenue (formerly Gov. Forbes Street) in Sampaloc, Manila is still called "Forbes" by some up to the present day. Forbes was appointed by President Herbert Hoover in 1930 to lead a commission charged with investigating
3549-645: The President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The act also provided for the establishment of a bicameral legislature composed of a lower house, the Philippine Assembly, which would be popularly elected, and an upper house consisting of the Philippine Commission. The two houses would share legislative powers, although the upper house alone would pass laws relating to the Moros and other non-Christian peoples. The act also provided for extending
3640-821: The Spanish settlement in Asia due to the city's commercial wealth and influence, its strategic location, and Spanish fears of raids from the Portuguese and the Dutch. The first dictionary of Tagalog, published as the Vocabulario de la lengua tagala , was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, and published in 1613 by the "Father of Filipino Printing" Tomás Pinpin in Pila , Laguna . A latter book of
3731-583: The Spooner Amendment had laid the basis of a far-sighted and enlightened economic policy in the Philippines. The Philippine Organic Act of July 1902 was a basic law for the Insular Government (1901–1935). (The term "insular" refers to an unincorporated island territory .) The act provided that future appointments of the civil governor, vice-governor, members the Philippine Commission, and heads of Executive Departments shall be made by
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3822-516: The Taft commission legislative powers. Legislators repackaged it as an amendment to the 1901 Army Appropriation Bill. The passage of the Spooner amendment was a significant milestone in the development of U.S.–Philippine policy because it allowed the president to govern the Philippines by the authority of Congress and not by his wartime authority as commander in chief. Emilio Aguinaldo wrote in 1957 that
3913-620: The United States Bill of Rights to Filipinos and sending two Filipino resident commissioners to Washington to attend sessions of the United States Congress. The Philippine Assembly elections of 1907 were held on July 30, 1907 and the 1st Philippine Legislature opened its first session on October 16, 1907. The Taft Commission promulgated a total of 157 laws between September 1900 and July 4, 1901, when Taft became Civil Governor , classified as follows: Following
4004-472: The administration of President Theodore Roosevelt , he had been Commissioner of Commerce and Police in the American colonial Insular Government of the Philippines from 1904 through 1908; and he was Vice Governor from 1908 through 1909. Forbes was an enthusiastic supporter of the summer capital at Baguio designed by Daniel Burnham , and had a country club and golf course added to the plans. The summer capital drew resentment from local Filipinos, as it put
4095-550: The advice of McKinley to start at the bottom and gradually move upward, over seventy percent of the laws dealt with local government and the bureaucracy; with more than half of these being acts extending the provision of the Provincial Government Act to the different provinces. Others were acts establishing municipalities, and the rest concerned the local police. The thirty-three appropriations laws passed were appropriations to pay certain expenses not covered by
4186-491: The appointment of Mariano Trias, Pablo Tecson, and Juan Cailles, respectively. The first major legislation passed by the commission was Act No. 5, the Civil Service Act, enacted on September 19, 1900. From the passage of this act until the departure of Taft from the Philippines, the number of Americans and Filipinos applying to serve the government continued to increase, as follows: General Elwell Otis had taken
4277-440: The archipelago. The 1987 Constitution mandates that Filipino be further enriched and developed by the other languages of the Philippines . Filipino, like other Austronesian languages, commonly uses verb-subject-object order, but can also use subject-verb-object order. Filipino follows the trigger system of morphosyntactic alignment that is also common among Austronesian languages. It has head-initial directionality. It
4368-516: The bill, resurrecting anti-imperialist arguments they had employed at the time of the Treaty of Paris . By February 1900, a filibuster was in full cry, with the Democrats determined to curb the powers of the Philippine Commission and reserve for Congress the right to grant franchises and sell lands in the Philippines. The Spooner bill was rejected on September 1, 1900, but McKinley nevertheless granted
4459-476: The birthday of President Manuel L. Quezon. The reason for the move being given that the original celebration was a period "outside of the school year, thereby precluding the participation of schools in its celebration". In 1988, President Corazon Aquino signed Proclamation No. 19, reaffirming the celebration every August 13 to 19. In 1997, the celebration was extended from a week to a month by Proclamation 1041 of July 15 signed by President Fidel V. Ramos . It
4550-401: The bottom. McKinley's instruction to the Commission stressed that the establishment of civilian government should start from the smallest unit of political organization and gradually move towards Manila. In compliance with this, on January 31, 1901, the Commission enacted Act No. 82, a Municipal Code to guide the formation and management of towns, and six days later, Act No. 83, a which dealt with
4641-452: The boy replied, 'Playing five.' I was as much astonished as though a tree had spoken." Of the original 161 country club members only six were Filipino. One of them was future Philippines president Manuel Quezon . Forbes likened him to a "wonderfully trained hunting dog gone wild." Quezon in turn remarked that Forbes loved Filipinos "in the same way the former slave owners loved their Negro slaves." In 1908 diary entry, Forbes described how he and
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#17327731989104732-747: The chair of the Institute and as the representative of Samar-Leyte-Visayans , the Institute's members were composed of Santiago A. Fonacier (representing the Ilokano-speaking regions ), Filemon Sotto (the Cebu-Visayans ), Casimiro Perfecto (the Bikolanos ), Felix S. Sales Rodriguez (the Panay-Visayans ), Hadji Butu (the languages of Muslim Filipinos ), and Cecilio Lopez (the Tagalogs ). The Institute of National Language adopted
4823-536: The club until the outbreak of World War II. The clubhouse was inaugurated on November 27, 1909. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding sent Forbes and Leonard Wood as heads of the Wood-Forbes Commission to investigate conditions in the Philippines. The Commission concluded that Filipinos were not yet ready for independence from the United States, a finding that was widely criticized in
4914-440: The commission defined American policies and intentions which make cultural and economic progress, acquire skill in self-government, and eventually progress to national independence. Emilio Aguinaldo , who led the Philippine war against America, wrote retrospectively in 1957 that McKinley's instructions to the commission would "prove one of the most important documents in the history of international relations." The Second Commission
5005-465: The commission enacted Act No. 74, establishing the Department of Public Instruction. Section One of the act provided that primary instruction should be free of charge and open to all Filipinos. Commissioner Bernard Moses became Secretary of Public Instruction and Dr. Atkinson became General Superintendent of Public Instruction. Atkinson was tasked to put up a school in every pueblo and empowered to fix
5096-429: The commission stipulated that it was their duty to make a thorough investigation into the titles of large tracts of land held or claimed by individuals or by religious orders. The commission conducted a series of public hearings into the matter beginning on July 31, 1900, and lasting until November. On November 30, 1900, a 604-page report submitted by the commission discussed the friar lands in detail, recommending that "...
5187-472: The country's workforce, with the labor market having a surplus of people seeking white-collars and a shortage of people willing to engage in manual work. To address this concern, education officials propagated the trade and agricultural schools, explaining that graduates of these schools were at par with those earning degrees from the normal school and universities. As the years went by, the Thomasites won
5278-461: The delegates who were non-Tagalogs were even in favor of scrapping the idea of a "national language" altogether. A compromise was reached and the wording on the 1973 constitution made no mention of dropping the national language Pilipino or made any mention of Tagalog. Instead, the 1973 Constitution , in both its original form and as amended in 1976, designated English and Pilipino as official languages and provided for development and formal adoption of
5369-403: The fall of Cebu. The eventual capital established by Spain for its settlement in the Philippines was Manila , situated in a Tagalog-speaking region, after the capture of Manila from the Muslim Kingdom of Luzon ruled by Raja Matanda with the heir apparent Raja Sulayman and the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom of Tondo ruled by Lakan Dula . After its fall to the Spaniards, Manila was made the capital of
5460-416: The government at a distance from the people and was paid for with money earmarked for postwar recovery. Forbes had a low opinion of Filipinos, regarding them as naturally subordinate and unready for self-government. He interacted with them as little as possible. In a 1909 diary entry he recounted an incident when he was playing golf with an Igorot caddy. Forbes wrote "I said to myself, 'Now how many am I?' and
5551-416: The initiative on September 1, 1898, of establishing a public school system, organizing seven schools in Manila. While the war was raging, American soldiers took time out to organize schools, and to teach classes. When General MacArthur assumed command, he continued the public education project and increased its budget. When the Taft Commission arrived in Manila, the Army had organized 39 schools in Manila with
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#17327731989105642-399: The insular government buy the large haciendas of the friars and sell them out as small holdings to the present tenants." In 1902, testifying in the U.S. before the House Committee on Insular Affairs, Taft repeated this recommendation, appraising the market value of the friar lands as between $ 2,500,000 to $ 7,000,000 in gold, and proposing that the Insular Government be allowed to float bonds for
5733-498: The latest edition being published in 2013 in Manila. Spanish served in an official capacity as language of the government during the Spanish period. Spanish played a significant role in unifying the Philippines, a country made up of over 7,000 islands with a multitude of ethnicities, languages, and cultures. Before Spanish rule, the archipelago was not a unified nation, but rather a collection of independent kingdoms, sultanates, and tribes, each with its own language and customs. During
5824-401: The latter national. This is similar to the comparison between Castilian and Spanish , or Mandarin and Chinese . Political designations aside, Tagalog and Filipino are linguistically the same, sharing, among other things, the same grammatical structure. On May 23, 2007, Ricardo Maria Nolasco, KWF chair and a linguistics expert, acknowledged in a keynote speech during the NAKEM Conference at
5915-408: The lexicon of the country's other languages, something toward which the commission was working. On August 24, 2007, Nolasco elaborated further on the relationship between Tagalog and Filipino in a separate article, as follows: Are "Tagalog," "Pilipino" and "Filipino" different languages? No, they are mutually intelligible varieties, and therefore belong to one language. According to the KWF, Filipino
6006-442: The merchants from the states and various cultures in the Philippine archipelago for international communication as part of maritime Southeast Asia. In fact, Filipinos first interacted with the Spaniards using the Malay language. In addition to this, 16th-century chroniclers of the time noted that the kings and lords in the islands usually spoke around five languages. Spanish intrusion into the Philippine islands started in 1565 with
6097-431: The name did not, however, result in universal acceptance among non- Tagalogs , especially Cebuanos who had previously not accepted the 1937 selection. The 1960s saw the rise of the purist movement where new words were being coined to replace loanwords. This era of "purism" by the SWP sparked criticisms by a number of persons. Two counter-movements emerged during this period of "purism": one campaigning against Tagalog and
6188-401: The official name of Tagalog, or even a synonym of it. Today's Filipino language is best described as "Tagalog-based". The language is usually called Tagalog within the Philippines and among Filipinos to differentiate it from other Philippine languages, but it has also come to be known as Filipino to differentiate it from the languages of other countries; the former implies a regional origin,
6279-493: The other campaigning for more inclusiveness in the national language. In 1963, Negros Occidental congressman Innocencio V. Ferrer took a case reaching the Supreme Court questioning the constitutionality of the choice of Tagalog as the basis of the national language (a case ruled in favor of the national language in 1970). Accusing the national language as simply being Tagalog and lacking any substantial input from other Philippine languages, Congressman Geruncio Lacuesta eventually led
6370-454: The other lawmakers completed their business at Baguio in "about an hour or less" and devoted the remainder of the day to leisure. Forbes, who was a polo enthusiast, founded the Manila Polo Club in 1919 in Pasay , Rizal . It was the first polo field in the Philippines. Forbes had envisioned the club as a venue for polo and leisure for "gentlemen of a certain class" assigned to work in the Philippines like himself. He served as delegate of
6461-880: The peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. ang Pangkalahatáng Kapulungán ay nagpapahayág ng PANGKALAHATÁNG PAGPAPAHAYÁG NA ITÓ NG MGÁ KARAPATÁN NG TÁO bílang pangkalahatáng pamantáyang maisasagawâ pára sa lahát ng táo at bansâ, sa layúning ang báwat táo at báwat galamáy ng lipúnan, na láging nása ísip ang Pahayág na itó, ay magsíkap sa pamamagítan ng pagtutúrò at edukasyón na maitagúyod ang paggálang sa mgá karapatán at kalayáang itó at sa pamamagítan ng mgá hakbáng na pagsúlong na pambansâ at pandaigdíg, ay makamtán ang pangkalahatán at mabísang pagkilála at pagtalíma sa mgá itó, magíng ng mgá mamamayán ng mgá Kasáping Estádo at ng mgá mamamayán ng mgá teritóryo na nása ilálim ng kaniláng nasasakúpan. William Cameron Forbes William Cameron Forbes (May 21, 1870 – December 24, 1959)
6552-605: The power of government in the Philippine Islands which is legislative, is to be transferred from the Military Governor to this commission." The instruction also gave the Commission the power to appoint officers under the judicial, educational, and civil service systems and in the municipal and departmental governments. The instruction charged the Commission, "... In all the forms of government and administrative provisions which they are authorized to proscribe,
6643-469: The primary language for education, governance, and law. At present, Spanish was designated an optional and voluntary language under the 1987 Constitution, along with Arabic. While Spanish and English were considered "official languages" during the American colonial period, there existed no "national language" initially. Article XIII, section 3 of the 1935 constitution establishing the Commonwealth of
6734-604: The procedure for the creation of provincial governments. Both acts were titled A General Act for the Organization of Municipal Governments in the Philippines . In some instances, the Commission doled out government offices to persuade leaders of the resistance movement to give up the fight. General Martin Delgado, for example, was appointed the governor of Iloilo and similar moves were done in Cavite, Bulacan, and Laguna with
6825-514: The purchase of the lands and use the proceeds from the sale of the lands to settle the bonds. The Philippine Organic Act, enacted in July 1902, authorized the Insular Government to purchase the friar lands, empowering it to issue bonds for the purpose. Taft traveled to Rome in May 1902, meeting with Pope Leo XIII and proposing to buy the lands. The Pope promised to study the issue and expressed support for
6916-767: The reasons for ongoing minor rebellions in Haiti . Forbes gave Hoover a plan to stabilize Haiti and remove the US Marines. An agreement in August 1931 started the withdrawal and a similar plan led to Hoover's withdrawal of troops from Nicaragua. Franklin Roosevelt later completed the process, calling it the " Good Neighbor policy ." Forbes was nominated by President Hoover and confirmed as United States Ambassador to Japan . He served from 1930 to 1932. In 1935, Forbes headed an American Economic Mission to Japan and China to promote good business relations. The April 9, 1935 photo to
7007-460: The respect and admiration not only of their students but also of their parents. The parents admired the way the American teachers treated their children and managed classroom activities. Specifically, they lauded the abolition of corporal punishment . The Thomasites' friendliness, informality, and approachability were admired by many Filipinos, who still remembered bad experiences with the aristocratic Spanish. The instructions of President McKinley to
7098-540: The right presents Forbes meeting with the Japanese Minister of Commerce and Industry, Machida Chūji , at the official residence of Machida, in Tokyo. Together, they renegotiated agreements that would improve commercial relations between the two nations. W. Cameron Forbes was a life-long friend of George Santayana , who was a young professor at Harvard during Forbes's last three undergraduate years there. Forbes
7189-409: The salaries of teachers, formulate curricula, purchase school supplies, construct school buildings, and disburse the funds of the Department. A Superior Advisory Board assisted Atkinson in policy-making concerning educational needs and the condition of the islands. Act 74 divided the archipelago into divisions composed of school districts and ordered the creation of Normal and Trade schools in Manila and
7280-501: The same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein (known locally as Pablo Clain) at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He wrote a dictionary, which he later passed to Francisco Jansens and José Hernández. Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlúcar and published as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly re-edited, with
7371-398: The same personal pronouns (siya, ako, niya, kanila, etc.); the same demonstrative pronouns (ito, iyan, doon, etc.); the same linkers (na, at and ay); the same particles (na and pa); and the same verbal affixes -in, -an, i- and -um-. In short, same grammar, same language. In connection with the use of Filipino, or specifically the promotion of the national language, the related term Tagalista
7462-636: The same year, Quezon proclaimed Tagalog as the basis of the Wikang Pambansâ (National Language) giving the following factors: On June 7, 1940, the Philippine National Assembly passed Commonwealth Act No. 570 declaring that the Filipino national language would be considered an official language effective July 4, 1946 (coinciding with the country's expected date of independence from the United States). That same year,
7553-518: The use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system. and: The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Section 17(d) of Executive Order 117 of January 30, 1987 renamed the Institute of National Language as Institute of Philippine Languages . Republic Act No. 7104, approved on August 14, 1991, created
7644-614: Was an American investment banker and diplomat . He served as governor-general of the Philippines from 1909 to 1913 and ambassador of the United States to Japan from 1930 to 1932. He was the son of William Hathaway Forbes , president of the Bell Telephone Company , who was part of the Boston Brahmin family that made its fortune trading in China, and wife Edith Emerson, a daughter of Ralph Waldo Emerson . He
7735-684: Was at first the sole legislative body of the Philippines , then known as the Philippine Islands under the sovereign control of the United States . After the passage of the Philippine Organic Act in 1902, the Commission functioned as the house of a bicameral legislature until it was supplanted by an elected legislature established in 1916 by the Philippine Autonomy Act . William Howard Taft
7826-476: Was eventually resold to Filipinos, some of them tenants but the majority were estate owners. This was the first program of modern land reform in the Philippines . Filipino language Filipino ( English: / ˌ f ɪ l ɪ ˈ p iː n oʊ / , FIH-lih-PEE-noh ; Wikang Filipino , [ˈwi.kɐŋ fi.liˈpi.no̞] ) is a language under the Austronesian language family . It
7917-516: Was grandson of Sarah Hathaway and John Murray Forbes and Lidian Jackson and Ralph Waldo Emerson. After education at the Milton Academy and Boston's Hopkinson School and graduation from Harvard in 1892, he embarked on a business career, eventually becoming a partner in J. M. Forbes and Company. During the administration of President William Howard Taft , Forbes was Governor-General of the Philippines from 1909 to 1913. Previously, during
8008-646: Was one of the models for the protagonist Oliver Arden in Santayana's novel The Last Puritan . Santayana was a frequent guest at Naushon , an island in Buzzard's Bay , Cape Cod , that belonged to Cam's grandfather, John Murray Forbes , and at the family estate in Milton, Massachusetts ... Forbes received an LL.D. from Bates College in 1932. He was on the Board of Trustees, Carnegie Institution of Washington and
8099-463: Was reported that three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English , in order to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines . De la Rama said it
8190-416: Was the dream of Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna , Cavite , Quezon , Aurora , Nueva Ecija , Batangas , Rizal , and Metro Manila , all of which mentioned are natively Tagalog-speaking. Since 1997, a month-long celebration of the national language occurs during August, known in Filipino as Buwan ng Wika (Language Month). Previously, this lasted only
8281-476: Was the first head of the Philippine Commission from March 16, 1900 until July 4, 1901, after which the commission's head also became the Civil Governor of the Philippines. Taft served in that office until January 31, 1904, when he was appointed Secretary of War by President Theodore Roosevelt . Taft was succeeded by vice-governor Luke Edward Wright and the Philippine Commission was subsequently headed by
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