The Tupolev ANT-25 was a Soviet long-range experimental aircraft which was also tried as a bomber . First constructed in 1933 , it was used by the Soviet Union for a number of record-breaking flights.
100-805: The ANT-25 was designed as the result of a recommendation by Kliment Voroshilov to the Revolutionary Military Council Revvoyensovyet on 7 December 1931, to build an aircraft for long-range flights. The aircraft was designed by the brigade of the Experimental Aircraft Design Department of TsAGI led by Pavel Sukhoi under the overall supervision of Andrei Tupolev . The first prototype, designated Experimental Airplane RD-1, (also designated TsAGI -25, ANT-25), RD standing for Rekord Dalnosty , i.e. "Range Record") made its maiden flight on 22 June 1933, piloted by Mikhail Gromov , using
200-596: A bear on the right (Red side) and a Siberian tiger on the left (blue side), holding a yellow shield with a blue reversed pall and a red fish . The flag is a representation of the coat of arms of Khabarovsk. The flag was adopted on 30 October 2007 and is 2:3 in ratio. The city is located 30 kilometers (19 mi) from the China–Russia border, at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers, about 800 kilometers (500 mi) north of Vladivostok . Khabarovsk experiences
300-532: A figurehead political post. Voroshilov was again re-elected to the Central Committee in 1966. Voroshilov was awarded a second medal of Hero of the Soviet Union 1968. During a winter night in 1969, Voroshilov started to feel unwell. His family proposed to call an ambulance immediately, but he adamantly refused. In the morning he put on his military uniform , and after calling a car, he went to
400-647: A non-stop flight [ ru ] from Moscow to Portland , United States, in bad weather. At the 60-hour point they passed Seattle , and after two more hours they passed the Portland lighthouse on the Columbia River and headed deeper into US territory. Over the city of Eugene they found they were short of fuel and turned back for the army airbase at Fort Vancouver Barracks at Vancouver , landing at Pearson Airfield . The 9,130-kilometre (5,670 mi) trip took 63 hours and 25 minutes. In 1975, an obelisk
500-422: A "Zinovievite"). Frunze was urged by a group of Stalin's hand-picked doctors to have surgery to treat an old stomach ulcer , despite previous doctors' recommendations to avoid surgery and Frunze's own unwillingness. He died on the operating table of a massive overdose of chloroform , an anaesthetic. Voroshilov became a full member of the newly formed Politburo in 1926, remaining a member until 1960. Voroshilov
600-831: A Russian worker's family in Ukraine, Voroshilov took part in the Russian Revolution of 1917 as an early member of the Bolsheviks . He served with distinction at the Battle of Tsaritsyn , during which he became a close friend of Stalin. Voroshilov was elected to the Central Committee of the Communist Party in 1921, and in 1925 Stalin appointed him People's Commissar for Military and Navy Affairs (later People's Commissar for Defence). In 1926, he became
700-583: A counter-attack against German tanks armed only with a pistol. However, the style of counterattack he launched had long since been abandoned by strategists and drew mostly contempt from his military colleagues; he failed to prevent the Germans from surrounding Leningrad and he was dismissed from his post and replaced by Georgy Zhukov on 8 September 1941. Stalin had a political need for popular wartime leaders, however, and Voroshilov remained as an important figurehead. Between 1945 and 1947, Voroshilov supervised
800-509: A direct-drive M-34 engine. The first crew, Gromov, Filin and Spirin, began with a long-range test flight in September 1934 on the second prototype, the RD-2. The RD-2 used a geared M-34R engine, which substantially increased its range. They spent 75 hours in the air, covering 12,411 kilometres (7,712 mi) in a single trip, ( Moscow – Ryazan – Tula – Dnepropetrovsk – Kharkov ). The aircraft
900-764: A full member of the Politburo . In 1935, Voroshilov was named a Marshal of the Soviet Union. At the outbreak of World War II , Voroshilov was held responsible for Soviet failures in Finland during the Winter War and was replaced as Defense Commissar by Semyon Timoshenko . Following the German invasion in June 1941, he was recalled and appointed to the State Defense Committee . Voroshilov failed to stop
1000-484: A general, the Red Army suffered about 320,000 casualties compared to 70,000 Finnish casualties. When the leadership gathered at Stalin's dacha at Kuntsevo , Stalin shouted at Voroshilov for the losses; Voroshilov replied in kind, blaming the failure on Stalin for eliminating the Red Army's best generals in his purges. Voroshilov followed this retort by smashing a platter of food on the table. Nikita Khrushchev said it
1100-521: A leading article "Glory to Stalin's Falcons!" («Слава сталинским соколам!»). A wooden runway was constructed on Udd island, and on 2 August the ANT-25 departed for Moscow. The trip back lasted a week, with stops at Khabarovsk , Chita , Krasnoyarsk and Omsk , with a grand welcome at each. Chkalov's trio each became a Heroes of the Soviet Union . Two islands nearby were renamed after Baydukov and Belyakov. Chkalov's achievement became world-famous; however,
SECTION 10
#17327907925181200-463: A monsoonal dry-winter humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dwb borders on Dwa ). Its climate is strongly continental, featuring very warm summers and bitterly cold winters. The average annual precipitation is 696 millimeters (27.4 in), mainly concentrated in the summer. In a few years, November to March hardly receive any precipitation. The driest year was 2001 with only 381 millimeters (15.0 in) of precipitation and
1300-638: A multi-story shopping mall and about a dozen hotels. Aleksandr Fedosov, the Khabarovsk Krai Minister of Culture, estimates that the city became more attractive to tourists following the 2015 Bandy World Championship . Khabarovsk is the closest major city to Birobidzhan , which is the administrative center of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast , Russia , located on the Trans-Siberian Railway , close to
1400-516: A nearby village, at the age of 12, and received two years' schooling. During his school years, Voroshilov became a close friend and almost a member of the family of Semyon Ryzhkov . In 1896, he started work in a factory near his home village, where he led a strike in 1899. In 1903, he enrolled in a German owned factory in Luhansk (which was renamed Vorshilov during the Stalin era). There, he joined
1500-614: A paid high-speed bypass of the city was completed. There are the following institutions of higher education in Khabarovsk: A key street in Khabarovsk is the broad Amursky Boulevard with its many shops and a local market. The city's five districts stretch for 45 kilometers (28 mi) along the Amur River. The similar boulevard – Ussuryisky is located between the two main streets Muravyov-Amursky and Lenin street and runs to
1600-598: A rare collection of old Russian icons. In 1916, the Khabarovsk Bridge across the Amur was completed, allowing Trans-Siberian trains to cross the river without using ferries (or temporary rail tracks over the frozen river in winter). During the Russian Civil War , Khabarovsk was occupied by Japan in September 1918. After the defeat of Japan in World War II , Khabarovsk was the site of
1700-569: Is Khabarovsk Novy Airport (KHV / UHHH), 198 km from the center of Birobidzhan . The headquarters of the Russian Ground Forces 's Eastern Military District is located at 15 Serysheva Street. The district was preceded by the Far Eastern Military District , which was located in the same location. The following component units of the district are stationed in the city: All 5 of these units make up
1800-556: Is a walking tour from the Lenin Square to Utyos on Amur via Muravyov-Amursky Street, where visitors find traditional Russian cuisine restaurants and shops with souvenirs. There are a number of night clubs and pubs in this area. In Wintertime ice sculptures are on display on the cities squares and parks. Artists come from as far as Harbin in China. Unlike Vladivostok , the city has never been closed to foreigners, despite it being
1900-559: Is marked by California State Historical Landmark Number 989. The crew, still composed of Gromov, Yumashev, and Sergey Danilin , flew for 62 hours and 17 minutes between 12 and 14 July 1937. After landing, the aircraft still had sufficient fuel for approximately 1,500 kilometres (930 mi), enough to reach Panama . This would have involved crossing the Mexican border without the permission of FAI sporting officials. Gromov became an unofficial Soviet Pilot No. 1 , though Chkalov remained
2000-651: Is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of krai significance of Khabarovsk —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of krai significance of Khabarovsk is incorporated as Khabarovsk Urban Okrug . Ethnic composition (2010): Primary industries include iron processing, steel milling, Khabarovsk shipyard, Daldizel, machinery, petroleum refining, flour milling, pharmaceutical industry, meatpacking and manufacturing of various types of heavy and light machinery. A high-speed international fiber-optic cable connects
2100-642: Is the largest city and the administrative centre of Khabarovsk Krai , Russia , located 30 kilometers (19 mi) from the China–Russia border , at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers , about 800 kilometers (500 mi) north of Vladivostok . As of the 2021 Russian census , it had a population of 617,441. The city was the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia from 2002 until December 2018, when
SECTION 20
#17327907925182200-432: The 2015 Bandy World Championship , which was visited by Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev . 21 teams were expected, which would have been 4 more than the then record-making 17 (now it's 18) from the 2014 tournament . In the end, China was the only newcomer, while Canada and Ukraine withdrew, the latter for political reasons . Khabarovsk organised the 2018 tournament as well, but not Division B that time around, which
2300-644: The Bolsheviks , and acted as a strike leader during the 1905 revolution . In April 1906, he travelled to Stockholm for the Fourth Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), using the provocative pseudonym 'Volodya Antimekov' or Anti- Menshevik . In Stockholm, he shared a room with the delegate from Georgia, Josif Dzhugashvili, later known as Stalin. In spring 1907, he travelled to London for
2400-619: The Khabarovsk War Crime Trials , in which twelve former members of the Japanese Kwantung Army and Unit 731 were put on trial for the manufacture and use of biological weapons during World War II. Chinese Emperor Puyi , captured by Soviet troops in Manchuria , was relocated to Khabarovsk and lived there from 1945 up to 1950, when he was returned to China. When Japan fell in September 1945
2500-548: The Trans-Siberian Highway ( M58 and M60 Highways), and water transport links are provided by the Amur River and Ussuri River . Public transport includes: tram (8 routes); trolleybus (4 routes); bus and fixed-route taxi ( marshrutka , approximately 100 routes). Transborder travel to China in winter ice road in summer boat on Amur river to Fuyuan (and train to Harbin ) In 2021, the construction of
2600-597: The border with China . The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is a federal subject of Russia in the Russian Far East , bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast in Russia and Heilongjiang province in China . Its administrative center is the town of Birobidzhan , and it is the only region in the world in which Yiddish is the official language. Khabarovsk provides the closest major airport to Birobidzhan , which
2700-483: The 1650s set up a number of more or less fortified camps ( ostrogs ) on the Amur. Most of them were in use for only a few months and later destroyed. It is usually thought that the first such camp in the general area of today's Khabarovsk was the fortified winter camp named Achansk ( Ачанск ) or Achansky gorodok ( Ачанский городок ), built by the Cossacks of Yerofey Khabarov in September 1651 after they had sailed to
2800-427: The 1930s, denouncing many of his own military colleagues and subordinates when asked to do so by Stalin. He wrote personal letters to exiled former Soviet officers and diplomats such as commissar Mikhail Ostrovsky, asking them to return voluntarily to the Soviet Union and falsely reassuring them that they would not face retribution from authorities. Voroshilov personally signed 185 documented execution lists, fourth among
2900-621: The 1950s with his well-documented participation in the deadly purges of the 1930s (as described above) was noted even at the time by Khrushchev, who asked him, "So when were you acting according to your conscience, then or now?" After Khrushchev removed most of the Stalinists like Molotov and Malenkov from the party, Voroshilov's career began to fade. On 7 May 1960, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union granted Voroshilov's request for retirement and elected Leonid Brezhnev chairman of
3000-470: The 26 June 1953 arrest of Lavrenty Beria after Stalin's death. One of Voroshilov's responsibilities as chairman of the Presidium was to oversee the appeal review of Soviet death row inmates. Analysis by Jeffrey S. Hardy and Yana Skorobogatov describe his role thus: "Chairman Voroshilov presided over the meetings and clearly had the most influential voice, but split votes were not uncommon and Voroshilov
3100-399: The ANT-25 flown by Chkalov from Moscow to Vancouver at their pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair. The main reason for the aircraft's success was its wing design. The wide-span wings gave the aircraft good range and fuel-efficiency, and they could also house large fuel tanks. The proportion of the wingspan to the chord was more than a factor of 13. Fuel was 52% of the takeoff weight ,
Tupolev ANT-25 - Misplaced Pages Continue
3200-715: The Air Force. The Tupolev design bureau built an exact replica of an ANT-25 in 1989 for Monino aviation museum. Data from The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875 – 1995 General characteristics Performance Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Kliment Voroshilov Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov ( Russian : Климент Ефремович Ворошилов pronounced ; Ukrainian : Климент Охрімович Ворошилов , romanized : Klyment Okhrimovych Voroshylov ), popularly known as Klim Voroshilov (Russian: Клим Ворошилов ; 4 February 1881 – 2 December 1969),
3300-466: The Central Committee, which ended with the arrests of Nikolai Bukharin and Alexei Rykov , whom Voroshilov denounced as "renegades". In the early stages, he seemed to have believed that the purge would not affect the armed forces, and was seemingly unprepared for the arrest of Marshal Tukhachevsky and others in April and May. Voroshilov did not personally share the paranoia towards upper-class elements of
3400-467: The Cossacks stood their ground in a day-long battle and even managed to seize the attackers' supply train . Once the ice on the Amur broke in the spring of 1652, Khabarov's people destroyed their fort and sailed away. The exact location of Khabarov's Achansk has long been a subject for debate among Russian historians and geographers. A number of locations, both upstream and downstream of today's Khabarovsk, have been proposed since Richard Maack , one of
3500-734: The Fifth RSDLP Congress. On his return, he was arrested and deported to Arkhangelsk , but in December he escaped and moved to Baku, where Stalin was also active. Arrested again in 1908, he was released from exile in 1912, and for a time worked in an ordnance factory in Tsaritsyn (Stalingrad/Volgagrad). Voroshilov was in Petrograd (St Petersburg) during the February Revolution , but returned to Luhansk, where he
3600-663: The German encirclement of Leningrad and was again relieved from his command in September 1941. After the war, Voroshilov oversaw the establishment of a socialist regime in Hungary . Following Stalin's death in 1953, Voroshilov was appointed Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet . His fortunes declined during the rise of Nikita Khrushchev and the Supreme Soviet turned against him. He peacefully resigned in 1960, although he came out of retirement in 1966 and re-joined
3700-659: The Khabarovsk Garrison. The Russian Navy 's Pacific Fleet maintains a presence in the city as well. There is also an airbase located 3 km (1.9 mi) to the east of the city. The main public relations asset for the military in the city is the Military History Museum of the Far Eastern Military District and the district military band . The city was a host to the 1981 Bandy World Championship . It also hosted
3800-571: The Military Revolutionary Council, knowing that he would be arrested on the way. When the Council met on 1 June 1937, Voroshilov vacated the chair to deliver a report in which he said, apologetically: "I could not believe we would reveal so many and such scoundrels in the ranks fo the highest command of our glorious, our valiant Workers' and Peasants' Army." After that, he played a central role in Stalin's Great Purge of
3900-619: The People's Commissar for War, who considered him undisciplined and unfit to command an army, and in October 1918 threatened him with court martial. Voroshilov was transferred to Ukraine, as commander of the Kharkiv military district, and later People's Commissar for War in the Ukraine soviet republic. He sided with the ' Military Opposition ', who opposed the formation of a centralised army, preferring to rely on local mobile units, and objected to
4000-605: The Politburo still wanted the publicity of a direct flight. Gromov was ordered to fly to Brazil on 14 August 1936 in a second ANT-25, but as he prepared for the start on 25 September, Brazilian officials denied access to the Soviet plane, and the flight was cancelled. Both Chkalov's and Gromov's crews were now destined to fly north from Moscow to San Francisco . Over 18–20 June 1937 – the same crew of pilot Valery Chkalov, co-pilot Georgi Baidukov and navigator Alexander Belyakov made
4100-583: The Presidium of the Supreme Council (the head of state). The Central Committee also relieved him of duties as a member of the Party Presidium (as the Politburo had been called since 1952) on 16 July 1960. In October 1961, his political defeat was complete at the 22nd party congress when he was excluded from election to the Central Committee. Following Khrushchev's fall from power, Soviet leader Brezhnev brought Voroshilov out of retirement into
Tupolev ANT-25 - Misplaced Pages Continue
4200-457: The Red Army leadership a whole. They were hopelessly ineffective: territorial conscript Alexey Grigorovich Maslov noted that he never fired a shot during his training, while it was noted that these units only underwent real training in the one month a year when experienced veterans returned. Voroshilov commanded Soviet troops during the Winter War from November 1939 to January 1940 but, due to poor Soviet planning and Voroshilov's incompetence as
4300-573: The Soviet Union . Stalin's death on 5 March 1953 prompted major changes in the Soviet leadership . On 15 March 1953, Voroshilov was approved as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (i.e., the head of state) with Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Communist Party and Georgy Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union . Voroshilov, Malenkov, and Khrushchev brought about
4400-467: The Soviet leadership after Molotov , Stalin and Kaganovich . He had no problem denouncing officers he disliked such as Tukhachevsky. Despite taking part in the purging of many "mechanisers" (supporters of wide usage of tanks rather than cavalry) from the Red Army, Voroshilov became convinced that reliance on cavalry should be decreased while more modern arms should receive higher priority. Marshal Budyonny tried to recruit him to his cause of protecting
4500-724: The United States reached an agreement with Stalin to build two U.S. Naval Advance Bases (Fleet Weather Centrals) in the USSR. The U.S. built one 10 miles (16 km) outside Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on the Kamchatka Peninsula with the code name TAMA. The other was 20 miles (32 km) outside Khabarovsk in buildings provided by the Soviets, code-named MOKO. For mail Khabarovsk was assigned U.S.Navy number 1168, FPO San Francisco. The American use of these two bases
4600-772: The archives, the idea of a military variant of the RD first came to the engineer Zhemchuzhin of the 7th sector of the Soviet Air Force Scientific Research Institute. However, its slow speed, low altitude, poor maneuverability and large wingspan made it a perfect target for fighters and anti-aircraft guns. Only two aircraft were manufactured, which were followed by the Tupolev DB-1 . In 1934 the aviation plant in Voronezh received an order to construct 50 DB-1 aircraft (designated ANT-36) for
4700-426: The area from the upper Amur. The fort was named after the local tribe whom Khabarov's people called "Achans". On October 8 the fort was unsuccessfully attacked by joint forces of Achans and Duchers (who had good reasons to hate the Cossacks, due to their rather heavy-handed tribute -extraction tactics ), while many Russians were away fishing. In late November, Khabarov's people undertook a three-day campaign against
4800-475: The city hosted an international ice hockey tournament with the ball for the prize of the newspaper Sovietskaya Rossia . In 1981 the Bandy World Championship was played in the city. In 1996, Khabarovsk held its first mayoral elections . Paul D. Filippov, whose candidacy was supported by Governor Viktor Ishayev , was defeated. In 1998, reconstruction of the central square of Khabarovsk
4900-503: The city of Khabarovsk with the city of Fuyuan in China. The city is a principal railway center and is located along the Trans-Siberian Railway ; the rail distance of Khabarovsk railway station from Moscow is 8,523 kilometers (5,296 mi). Khabarovsk is served by the Khabarovsk Novy Airport with international flights to East Asia , Southeast Asia , European Russia , and Central Asia . Road links include
5000-466: The city's artificial lakes (Gorodskie Prudi) with the sport complex Platinum Arena. The lakes are famous for their fountains with the light show. The Military History Museum of the Far Eastern Military District is located in the city, the only such museum in the Russian Far East. Recently, there have been renovations in the city's central part, rebuilding with historical perspective. There
5100-521: The course of the year. The average temperature in January is −19.2 °C (−2.6 °F) and the average for July is +21.4 °C (70.5 °F). Extremes have ranged from −40 °C (−40 °F) in January 2011 to +36.4 °C (97.5 °F) in June 2010. Khabarovsk is the administrative center of the krai and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Khabarovsky District , even though it
SECTION 50
#17327907925185200-499: The establishment of the socialist republic in postwar Hungary . He attributed the poor showing of the Hungarian Communist Party in the October 1945 Budapest municipal elections to the number of minorities in leadership positions, arguing that it was "detrimental to the party that its leaders are not of Hungarian origin". In 1952, Voroshilov was appointed a member of the Presidium of the Communist Party of
5300-470: The favourite pilot of the Soviet people. Joy at the achievements were tempered by Levanevsky crashing on the same route in a brand-new four-engined DB-A . The record set by the Soviets was broken by two British Vickers Wellesley bombers which flew from Egypt to Australia in November 1938; a distance of 11,523.9 kilometres (7,160.6 mi). The USSR did not continue the race as aviation design bureau work
5400-460: The first Russian scholars to visit the region, identified Achansk in 1859 with the ruins on Cape Kyrma, which is located on the southern (Chinese) shore of the Amur, upstream of Khabarovsk. The most widely accepted point of view is probably that of Boris Polevoy , who believed that Khabarov's Achansk was located in the Nanai village later known as Odzhal- Bolon ( Russian : Оджал-Болонь ), located on
5500-649: The headquarters of the Far East Military District , and retains its historically international flavor. Once the capital of the Soviet Far East (from 1926 to 1938), since the demise of the Soviet Union , it has experienced an increased Asian presence. It is estimated that over one million Chinese travel to and through Khabarovsk yearly, and foreign investment by Japanese and Korean corporations have grown in recent years. The city has
5600-407: The heritage of his birth-country (Ukraine) and to the previous family name of Voroshylo . In his published autobiography, Voroshilov described a childhood of extreme hardship, working from the age of six or seven, and receiving frequent beatings from wealthy peasants, which left him with a lifelong aversion to ' kulaks '. He grew up illiterate, until he was able to enroll in a newly opened school in
5700-518: The hospital himself, fully decorated. Voroshilov died on 2 December, at the age of 88, and was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis , in one of the twelve individual tombs located between the Lenin Mausoleum and the Kremlin wall . Voroshilov was married to Ekaterina Voroshilova , born Golda Gorbman, a Ukrainian Jew from Mardarovka. She changed her name when she converted to Orthodox Christianity in order to be allowed to marry Voroshilov. They met while both were exiled in Arkhangelsk , where Ekaterina
5800-450: The influence of alcohol; he judged those convicted of political crimes or acts with financial motives more harshly. During his tenure, many individuals sentenced to death had their punishments commuted to prison terms of varying lengths. The authors of the study observe that his successor, Brezhnev, took a noticeably harder line in appeals cases. However, the contrast between Voroshilov's relatively magnanimous attitude toward pardon cases in
5900-441: The instigators of these reforms which positively impacted the Red Army. These commanders themselves turned out not to be able to carry out such operations in practice. Voroshilov and Kulik turned out to be unable to put these reforms into practice. One of these reforms was a reorganization of Red Army field units which accidentally moved Red Army organization to a far less advanced state than it had been in 1936. This reorganization
6000-420: The left bank of the Amur, closer to Amursk than to Khabarovsk. One of his arguments was that both Khabarov's Achan (sometimes also spelt by the explorer as Otshchan, Отщан), and Wuzhala (乌扎拉) of the Chinese records of the 1652 engagement are based on the name of the Nanai clan "Odzhal" (Оджал), corresponding to the 20th-century name of the village as well. (The name of the clan was also written as "Uzala", as in
6100-479: The local chief Zhakshur (Жакшур) (whose name is also known in a more Russian version, Zaksor (Заксор)), collecting a large amount of tribute and announcing that the locals were now subjects of the Russian Czar. A similar campaign was waged later in winter against the Ducher chief Nechiga (Нечига), farther away from Achansk. On 24 or 26 March 1652, Fort Achansk was attacked by Manchu cavalry, led by Ninguta 's commander Haise, reinforced by Ducher auxiliaries, but
SECTION 60
#17327907925186200-414: The middle and lower Amur region was nominally part of the Jilin Province, run first out of Ninguta and later out of Jilin City . French Jesuits who sailed along the Ussuri and the Amur Rivers in 1709 prepared the first more or less precise map of the region. According to them, the indigenous Nanai people were living on the Ussuri and on the Amur down to the mouth of the Dondon River (i.e., in
6300-440: The name of its best-known member, Dersu Uzala ). Polevoy's view appeared to gain wide support among the Russian geographer community; petitioned by the Amur Branch of the Russian Geographical Society , the Russian Government renamed the village of Odzhal to Achan in 1977, to celebrate its connection with Khabarov's raid. As to the Cape Kyrma ruins, thought by Maack to be the remains of Achansk, B.P. Polevoy identified them as
6400-410: The officer corps. He openly declared that the saboteurs in the Red Army were few in number and tried to save the lives of officers like Lukin , who would serve with distinction during the Second World War, and Sokolov-Strakhov, and he was sometimes successful. But on 30 May, he telephoned the commander of the Ukraine military district, Iona Yakir ordering him to take a train to Moscow for a meeting of
6500-645: The order for their execution in the Katyn massacre of 1940. Between 1941 and 1944, Voroshilov was a member of the State Defense Committee . After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Voroshilov became commander of the short-lived Northwestern Direction (July to August 1941), controlling several fronts . In September 1941 he commanded the Leningrad Front . Working alongside military commander Andrei Zhdanov as German advances threatened to cut off Leningrad , he displayed considerable personal bravery in defiance of heavy shelling at Ivanovskoye; at one point he rallied retreating troops and personally led
6600-462: The party. Voroshilov died in 1969 at the age of 88. Voroshilov was born in the settlement of Verkhnyeye, Bakhmut uyezd , Yekaterinoslav Governorate , Russian Empire (now part of Lysychansk city in Luhansk Oblast , Ukraine ). His father, a former soldier, was employed at different times as a railway worker or miner, and went through periods of unemployment. According to the Soviet Major General Petro Grigorenko , Voroshilov himself alluded to
6700-704: The political line of the party, because he was from a working class, a common man, very good orator. He was clean, yes. And he was personally devoted to Stalin. But his devotion was not very strong. However in this period he advocated Stalin very actively, supported him in everything, though not entirely sure in everything. It also affected their relationship. This is a very complex issue. This must be taken into account to understand why Stalin treated him critically and not invited him at all our conversations. At least at private ones. But he came by himself. Stalin frowned. Under Khrushchev, Voroshilov behaved badly." The Kliment Voroshilov (KV) series of tanks , used in World War II,
6800-402: The recruitment into the Red Army of former officers from the Tsarist army. Voroshilov served as a member of the Central Committee from his election in 1921 until 1961. In April 1921, he was appointed commander of the North Caucasus military district. In March 1924, he was promoted to the post of commander of the Moscow military district. In 1925, after the death of Mikhail Frunze , Voroshilov
6900-425: The region including the site of the future Khabarovsk). These people were known to the Chinese as Yupi Dazi ("Fish skin Tartars"). In 1858, the area was ceded to Russia under the Treaty of Aigun . The Russians founded the military outpost of Khabarovka ( Хаба́ровка ), named after Yerofey Khabarov . The post later became an important industrial center for the region. Town status was granted in 1880. In 1893, it
7000-421: The remains of another ostrog – namely, Kosogorsky Ostrog, where Onufriy Stepanov stayed a few years later. After the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) between the Tsardom of Russia and the Qing Empire , the area became an uncontested part of China for the next century and a half. Modern historical maps of the Qing period published in China mark the site of future Khabarovsk as Bólì ( Chinese : 伯力 ). All of
7100-501: The rudimentary nature of the command structure in tank units and other modern arms. When the Great Purge ended, some reforms were undertaken by the high command to reconcile Red Army doctrine (for example deep operations doctrine ) with the real state of the Red Army. The politically appointed commanders of the post-purge Red Army saw that the army, especially after the purge, was not suitable to carry out deep operations style warfare. Commanders such as Voroshilov and Kulik were among
7200-506: The same aircraft from Moscow to the Far East ( Stalin's Route ) in 56 hours 20 minutes, a distance of 9,374 kilometres (5,825 mi). They passed Franz Josef Land – Severnaya Zemlya – Tiksi – Yakutia – Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky – Khabarovsk – Okhotsk Sea and landed on a beach at Udd Island (now called Chkalov Island), near the Amur River . The next day, the Pravda newspaper published
7300-482: The status of cavalry in the Red Army but Voroshilov openly declared his intention to do the opposite. He praised the army's combined arms warfare capabilities as well as the high quality and ability to take initiative of the officers during the 1936 summer manoeuvers. However he also pointed out issues in the Red Army as a whole in his full report. Among the issues he pointed out were insufficient communication, ineffective staffs, insufficient cooperation between arms, and
7400-401: The status was given to Vladivostok. It is the largest city in the Russian Far East , having overtaken Vladivostok in 2015. It was known as Khabarovka until 1893. As is typical of the interior of the Russian Far East, Khabarovsk has an extreme climate with strong seasonal swings resulting in strong, cold winters and relatively hot and humid summers. Historical records indicate that a city
7500-526: The straight-line record. They wanted to fly the traditional long-range route via Africa and the Atlantic Ocean to South America. A crewman, Sigizmund Levanevsky , on studying some maps, suggested they fly in a completely different direction – to the north. Polar aviators were extremely popular at that time, so his plan was considered plausible. The flight was cancelled in the spring of 1935 when he fell seriously ill. The next long-range flight planned
7600-418: The tanks had been moved from the fuselage – this allowed the wings to tension as fuel weight opposed the aerodynamics forces. Research was conducted into special forms of vibration of the aircraft because of the longer wings and at a speed greater than some critical point – the so-called flutter effect . To stay afloat after ditching , the ANT-25 used air-filled bags made of rubberised fabric. According to
7700-544: The wettest was 1981 when 1,105 millimeters (43.5 in) of precipitation fell. The wettest month was August 1981 with a total precipitation of 434 millimeters (17.1 in). Due to high summer humidity , overnight lows remain mild to warm during several months. Snowfall is common, though light, with an average maximum snow height of 16 centimeters (6.3 in). During peak winter, highs above freezing are very rare. The city's extreme climate sees daily average high and low temperatures vary by around 50 °C (90 °F) over
7800-560: Was a prominent Soviet military officer and politician during the Stalin-era (1924-1953). He was one of the original five Marshals of the Soviet Union , the second highest military rank of the Soviet Union (junior to the Generalissimo of the Soviet Union , which was a post only held by Joseph Stalin ), and served as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet , the nominal Soviet head of state , from 1953 to 1960. Born to
7900-558: Was appointed People's Commissar (Minister) for Defence in 1934 and a Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1935. During the first of the Moscow trials , in August 1936, Voroshilov was one of four Politburo members who signed the order that appeals for clemency were to be denied and that the defendants were to be executed without delay. He was also of the main speakers at the March 1937 plenum of
8000-653: Was appointed People's Commissar for Military and Navy Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR , a post he held until 1934. Despite the high offices he held, Voroshilov appears not to have been part in the inner leadership. In November 1930, the chairman of the Russian government, Sergey Syrtsov alleged that a "tiny group", which excluded Voroshilov but included nominally much less senior figures such as Pavel Postyshev ,
8100-432: Was at first sceptical about his selection, as he was a fighter pilot with little navigational knowledge. Baydukov briefed Chkalov on the finer points of flying the ANT-25 and proposed Alexander Belyakov , who was the chief instructor of their flight academy, as their third crewman. Chkalov's authority was enough to convince Joseph Stalin . In July 1936, the record was broken by Chkalov, Georgy Baydukov and Belyakov flying
8200-586: Was chairman of the town soviet, and was elected to the Constituent Assembly . His military career began early in 1918, when he was given command of the Fifth Ukrainian Army, which was made up of a few scattered units, who were driven out of Ukraine by the German army. After a long, hazardous retreat, his group reached Tsaritsyn, where Stalin was posted in summer 1918 as representative of the central party leadership, and where Voroshilov
8300-461: Was completed. In May 2000, President of Russia , Vladimir Putin , decreed that new federal districts be formed, and Khabarovsk became the center of the Far Eastern Federal District . In 2006, the Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, a high-tech medical center, was constructed according to a Russian national health project . In 2008, the train station was completely renovated, and the adjacent square
8400-474: Was conceived by Kulik but put into practice by Voroshilov. When territorial units were abolished Voroshilov noted that among the reasons for disbanding them was inability to train conscripts in the use of modern technology. He had openly proclaimed that the system was inadequate in an era in which imperialist powers (such as Germany ) were expanding the capabilities of their armies. The territorial units had been very unpopular, not only with Voroshilov, but with
8500-417: Was discovered, but the aircraft was able to make an emergency landing at Krechevits near Novgorod . Levanevsky was called to a Politburo meeting, where he blamed Tupolev, declaring that his single-engined ANT-25 was underpowered. It seemed to be the end for the aircraft. His second pilot, Georgy Baydukov, who was also an aviation engineer, disagreed and proposed Valery Chkalov for a second attempt. Chkalov
8600-715: Was erected on the airfield to commemorate this event. Another widely publicized feat was the Moscow– San Jacinto non-stop flight in a backup aircraft just three weeks after Chkalov's. This journey [ ru ] , via the North Pole, covered 11,500 kilometres (7,100 mi) and ended in a dairy pasture outside of San Jacinto, California, after they had encountered fog conditions in San Diego and as far inland as March Air Force base in Riverside. The landing site
8700-568: Was founded on the site in the eighth century. The Tungusic peoples are indigenous to the city's vicinity. The city was named Boli ( 伯力 ; Bólì ) in Chinese when it was part of the Chinese empire. During the Tang dynasty, Boli was the capital of Heishui Protectorate, called Heishui Duhufu. In AD 722, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (唐玄宗) established Heishui Protectorate and gave self-rule to Heishui Mohe tribes. The seat of this administrative region
8800-640: Was from Moscow to the US via the North Pole. A sloping concrete runway, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) in length, was built at Schelkovo air base near Moscow. In the early morning of 3 August 1935, Levanevsky, Baydukov and Levchenko climbed aboard their RD and took to the air. For the first 50 kilometres (31 mi), the aircraft ascended to only 500 metres (1,600 ft). They then steadily increased their altitude to 5,000 metres (16,000 ft), maintaining an average speed of 165 kilometres per hour (103 mph). After approximately 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), an oil leak
8900-592: Was given command of the Tenth Army. Stalin and Voroshilov led the Red Army 's 1918 defense of Tsaritsyn . They also sponsored the creation of the first Red Cavalry unit, commanded by Semyon Budyonny , which was composed chiefly of peasants from southern Russia. During the Polish–Soviet War , Voroshilov was political commissar with Budienny's First Cavalry. In Tsaritsyn, Voroshilov clashed with Leon Trotsky ,
9000-681: Was given its present name: Khabarovsk . In 1894, a department of the Russian Geographical Society was formed in Khabarovsk and to found libraries, theatres and museums in the city. Since then, Khabarovsk's cultural life has flourished. Much of the local indigenous history has been well preserved in the Regional Lore Museum and Natural History Museum and in places like near the Nanai settlement of Sikachi-Alyan , where cliff drawings from more than 13,000 years ago can be found. The Khabarovsk Art Museum exhibits
9100-554: Was making decisions "behind the back of the Politburo". His main accomplishment in this period was to move key Soviet war industries east of the Urals, so that the Soviet Union could strategically retreat, while keeping its manufacturing capability intact. Frunze's political position adhered to that of the Troika ( Grigory Zinoviev , Lev Kamenev , Stalin), but Stalin preferred to have a close, personal ally in charge (as opposed to Frunze,
9200-755: Was named after him. Two towns were also named after him: Voroshilovsk in Donbas (now Alchevsk) Voroshilovgrad in Ukraine (now changed back to the historical Luhansk ) and Voroshilov in the Soviet Far East (now renamed Ussuriysk after the Ussuri river), as well as the General Staff Academy in Moscow. Stavropol was called Voroshilovsk from 1935 to 1943. Khabarovsk Khabarovsk ( / ˈ x ɑː b ə r ɒ f s k / KHAH-bə-rofsk ; Russian : Хабаровск [xɐˈbarəfsk] )
9300-619: Was reconstructed to include fountains and an underground passage. In 2009, Khabarovsk hosted the EU-Russia summit . In 2010, the city hosted a meeting of the Great Circle of Ussuri Cossacks . On 3 November 2012, Khabarovsk was awarded the honorary title of " City of Military Glory ". On 9 July 2020, the governor of the region, Sergei Furgal , was arrested and flown to Moscow. The 2020 Khabarovsk Krai protests began on 11 July 2020 in support of Furgal. The flag of Khabarovsk displays
9400-629: Was sent in 1906. While both serving on the Tsaritsyn Front in 1918, where Ekaterina was helping orphans, they adopted a four-year-old orphan boy who they named Petya. They also adopted the children of Mikhail Frunze following his death in 1925. During Stalin's rule, they lived in the Kremlin at the Horse Guards. His personality as it was described by Molotov in 1974: "Voroshilov was nice, but only in certain times. He always stood for
9500-629: Was short-lived. On 5 November 1956, the first phase of the city tram was commissioned. The Khabarovsk television studio began broadcasting in 1960. On 1 September 1967, the Khabarovsk Institute of Physical Education, now the Far Eastern State Academy of Physical Culture , opened. On 14 January 1971, Khabarovsk was awarded the Order of October Revolution . In 1975 the first stage of the urban trolley opened. In 1976
9600-455: Was sometimes outvoted... Throughout his tenure as Presidium chair, he behaved like someone who believed that one should follow established procedure and not act too quickly in matters of life and death." Hardy and Skorobogatov indicate that Voroshilov frequently exerted his influence on the committee toward leniency, especially in the case of those who expressed repentance in their appeal documents and those convicted of crimes of passion or under
9700-587: Was stalled by repression : Tupolev was jailed, and Gromov was also on the brink of arrest. Chkalov crashed while testing a new fighter on 15 December 1938. After Chkalov's death, Usachyov, the Chief of the Aviation Industry Directorate, Belyaikin, the director of the plant where Chkalov's machine had been built, and Tomashevich, the designer, all came under suspicion of sabotage . Nikolai Polikarpov escaped arrest. The Soviets displayed
9800-470: Was the only time he ever witnessed such an outburst. Voroshilov was nonetheless made the scapegoat for the initial failures in Finland. He was later replaced as Defense Commissar by Semyon Timoshenko . Voroshilov was then made Deputy Premier responsible for cultural matters. Voroshilov initially argued that thousands of Polish army officers captured in September 1939 should be released, but he later signed
9900-625: Was then established near today's Khabarovsk. In the mid-17th century, the Amur Valley became the scene of hostilities between the Russian Cossacks , who tried to expand into the region and collect tribute from the natives, and the rising Manchu Qing dynasty , who were intent on securing the region for themselves. The coastal areas had historically been the native home of the Manchu people. The Russian explorers and raiders of
10000-451: Was unable to return to Moscow because of a fuel shortage. Gromov was made a Hero of the Soviet Union . The flight was not recognised as a world record as it could not complete the circuit to Moscow, and so could not claim the closed-circuit record, while the direct distance between Moscow and Kharkov was too short for the distance in a straight-line record. Gromov and Andrey Yumashev decided to make their next long-range flight an attempt at
#517482