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75-759: The seminary prepares candidates for priesthood in the Vilnius Archdiocese and the dioceses of Panevėžys and Kaišiadorys . Over the course of the six-year programme, candidates study philosophy, theology, sociology, church history and teachings, educational theory, singing, psychology, languages, art history, and rhetoric. Its graduates receive a baccalaureate from the Pontifical Lateran University . 54°44′17″N 25°16′43″E  /  54.73806°N 25.27861°E  / 54.73806; 25.27861 This Lithuanian university, college or other education institution article

150-702: A metropolitan archdiocese by Pope Pius XI on October 28, 1925. It has two suffragan sees of Kaišiadorys and Panevėžys . The archdiocese's motherchurch and thus seat of its archbishop is Cathedral-Basilica of St. Stanislaus and St. Ladislaus in Vilnius ; it also houses a minor basilica in Trakai . The current archbishop of Vilnius is Gintaras Grušas . He is assisted by auxiliary bishops Arūnas Poniškaitis and Darius Trijonis. The Archdiocese owes its foundation to Jogaila , who Christened Lithuania in 1387 and sent Dobrogost , Bishop of Poznań as ambassador to

225-520: A Bernardine convent at Slonim with four septuagenarian nuns, a Franciscan monastery at Grodno with a single friar and in the same city a convent of Brigittine Sisters with two religious. On October 28, 1925 the old bishopric, then in Poland, was promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese, with only two suffragans : the diocese of Łomża and the diocese of Pinsk , until 1991. In 1991–1992 the Polish parts of

300-801: A Lithuanian, who sent representatives to the Council of Basel and set up the Inquisition to combat the Hussites , founded many churches and strenuously defended the rights and privileges of the Lithuanians . Under Jan Łosowicz (1467–1481) many Ruthenians were converted to Catholicism and the Franciscan Bernardines were established at Vilnius. Albert Tabor, a Lithuanian, invited the Dominicans to Vilnius and entrusted to them

375-532: A Patriarchal Synod. The Holy Synod confirmed that Alexis was the Metropolitan of Kiev while Roman was also confirmed in his see at Novogorodek. In 1361, the two sees were formally divided. Shortly afterwards, in the winter of 1361/62, Roman died. From 1362 to 1371, the vacant see of Lithuania–Halych was administered by Alexius. By that point, the Lithuanian metropolis was effectively dissolved. Following

450-735: A distinct language (1995). Since the 19th century, several speculative theories emerged regarding the origin and nature of medieval and early modern uses of Ruthenian terms as designations for East Slavs. Some of those theories were focused on a very specific source, a memorial plate from 1521, that was placed in the catacombe Chapel of St Maximus in Petersfriedhof , the burial site of St Peter's Abbey in Salzburg (modern Austria ). The plate contains Latin inscription that mentions Italian ruler Odoacer (476–493) as king of "Rhutenes" or "Rhutenians" ( Latin : Rex Rhvtenorvm ), and narrates

525-475: A large Polish minority (26% of Vilnius county population) Ruthenians Ruthenian and Ruthene are exonyms of Latin origin, formerly used in Eastern and Central Europe as common ethnonyms for Ukrainians and partially Belarusians , particularly during the late medieval and early modern periods. The Latin term Rutheni was used in medieval sources to describe Eastern Slavs of

600-596: A story about the martyrdom of St Maximus during an invasion of several peoples into Noricum in 477. Due to the very late date (1521) and several anachronistic elements, the content of that plate is considered as legendary. In spite of that, some authors (mainly non-scholars) employed that plate as a "source" for several theories that were trying to connect Odoacer with ancient Celtic Ruthenes from Gaul, thus also providing an apparent bridge towards later medieval authors who labeled East Slavs as Ruthenes or Ruthenians . On those bases, an entire strain of speculative theories

675-589: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Vilnius Archdiocese The Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Vilnius ( Latin : Archidioecesis Vilnensis ; Lithuanian : Vilniaus arkivyskupija ) is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Lithuania . Established as the Diocese of Vilnius in the 14th century, it was elevated to the rank of

750-999: Is a colloquial term for Russians ) and only the citizens of the capital called themself "Muscovites". Margeret considered that this error is worse than calling all the French "Parisians". Professor David Frick from the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute has also found in Vilnius the documents from 1655, which demonstrate that Moscovitae were sometimes referred in Lithuania as Rutheni (as former part of Kievan Rus'). The 16th century Portuguese poet Luís Vaz de Camões in his Os Lusíadas " (Canto III, 11) clearly writes "...Entre este mar e o Tánais vive estranha Gente: Rutenos, Moscos e Livónios, Sármatas outro tempo..." differentiating between Ruthenians and Muscovites. Ruthenians of different regions in 1836: After

825-654: Is well represented in Slovakia. The single category of people who listed their ethnicity as Rusyn was created in the 1920s; however, no generally accepted standardised Rusyn language existed. After World War II, following the practice in the Soviet Union, Ruthenian ethnicity was disallowed. This Soviet policy maintained that the Ruthenians and their language were part of the Ukrainian ethnic group and language. At

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900-532: The Blessed Trinity , St. Stanislaus and St. Ladislaus , was erected in the place of a demolished pagan sanctuary in virtue of a Papal Bull of 12 March 1387. Burned down in 1399, it was rebuilt in the Gothic style in 1399 by Grand Duke Vytautas ; again destroyed in 1531 and 1662, its restoration was begun in 1769 and finished in 1801. It contains splendid chapels, especially those of St. Casimir and of

975-866: The Canons Regular of the Lateran to Vilnius, and energetically combated the Protestants and the Orthodox. Abraham Woyna (1631–1649) introduced the Fatebene Brethren and strenuously opposed Calvinism . Jerzy Tyszkiewicz (1650–1656) annexed the whole of Courland to his diocese. Aleksander Sapieha (1666–1671) founded the Church of Saints Peter and Paul , taking St. Peter's for his model. The diocese then comprised 25 deaneries with 410 churches. Constantius Casimir Brzostowski (1687–1722) brought

1050-536: The Council of Lords of Lithuania, could not give all their attention to the spiritual necessities of their flock; hence, from the fifteenth centuries they had coadjutors or auxiliary Bishops . Many of these, particularly in the 16th and 17th centuries, were titular bishops of Methoni, Messenia (on the Peloponnesus ). Among the most famous may be mentioned George Casimir Ancuta (d. 1737), author of "Jus plenum religionis catholicae in regno Poloniaw", showing that

1125-599: The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople to the Holy See . It had a single metropolitan territory — the Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia . The formation of the church led to a high degree of confrontation among Ruthenians, such as the murder of the hierarch Josaphat Kuntsevych in 1623. Opponents of the union called church members " Uniates ", although Catholic documents no longer use

1200-610: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania , as an exonym for people of the former Kievan Rus' , thus including ancestors of the modern Belarusians , Rusyns and Ukrainians . The use of Ruthenian and related exonyms continued through the early modern period, developing several distinctive meanings, both in terms of their regional scopes and additional religious connotations (such as affiliation with the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church ). In medieval sources,

1275-486: The Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 16th century, was known in European Latin sources as Rhuteni Imperator , do to a self proclaimed title "Tsar of Rus' (Russia)" . Jacques Margeret in his book "Estat de l'empire de Russie, et grande duché de Moscovie" of 1607 said that the name "Muscovites" for the population of Tsardom (Empire) of Russia is an error. During conversations, they called themselves rusaki (which

1350-727: The Immaculate Conception . Other important churches are those of the Holy Cross , allegedly founded in the fourteenth century on the spot where, according to the legend from the Bychowiec Chronicle , fourteen Franciscans were martyred by the pagans in 1366; the Church of Saint Martin , founded by Jogaila in 1380, built on the ruins of an ancient pagan temple; St. Anne , founded for the Germans by Anna ,

1425-600: The Insurrection of 1831 , returned in 1832, was preconized Bishop of Vilnius in 1839 and took possession of the see on June 28, 1841. He died the same year, after witnessing the ruin of the Ruthenian Uniat Church in his diocese. The chapter elected John Cywinski as vicar suffragan; he saw the University of Vilnius closed, the clergy and churches of his diocese despoiled of their property. In 1848 he

1500-409: The Insurrection of 1863 , the diocese saw all its religious violently expelled. The monasteries were converted into barracks, the churches given to the Orthodox or the secular clergy, the libraries dispersed, the possessions of the religious confiscated. In 1910 there remained only one monastery of Benedictine Sisters (connected with the Church of St. Catherine at Vilnius) with six septuagenarian nuns,

1575-589: The Piarists to Vilnius and encouraged the development of the religious orders. In the episcopate of Michael Zienkowicz (1730–1762), conflicts between the Jesuits and the Piarists arose, resulting in the closing of Piarist schools. Prince Ignacy Jakub Massalski (1762–1794) encouraged the reform of the clergy and devoted his immense fortune to the churches of his diocese. After the partitions of Poland–Lithuania ,

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1650-639: The Polish census of 1931 counted Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Rusyn as separate language categories, and the census results were substantially different from before. According to Rusyn -American historian Paul Robert Magocsi , Polish government policy in the 1930s pursued a strategy of tribalization, regarding various ethnographic groups—i.e., Lemkos , Boykos , and Hutsuls , as well as Old Ruthenians and Russophiles —as different from other Ukrainians and offered instructions in Lemko vernacular in state schools set up in

1725-856: The Soviet Union by the end of World War II in June 1945. Ruthenians who identified under the Rusyn ethnonym and considered themselves to be a national and linguistic group separate from Ukrainians and Belarusians were relegated to the Carpathian diaspora and formally functioned among the large immigrant communities in the United States. A cross-European revival took place only with the collapse of communist rule in 1989. This has resulted in political conflict and accusations of intrigue against Rusyn activists, including criminal charges. The Rusyn minority

1800-459: The Uniate or Greek Catholic Churches . In Galicia, the Polish government actively replaced all references to "Ukrainians" with the old word rusini ("Ruthenians"). The Polish census of 1921 considered Ukrainians no other than Ruthenians, meanwhile Belarusians have already become a separate nation, which in Polish is literally translated as "White Ruthenians" ( Polish : Białorusini ). However

1875-666: The Upper and the Lower Castle , respectively) were erected in Vilnius. Upon Wasilko's death in 1398, he was succeeded by a Franciscan , Jakub Plichta (1398–1407), in whose time the Cathedral perished in fire. Among his successors were: Piotr Krakowczyk of Kustynia (1414–1421), whom Pope Martin V invested with full powers to bring back the Orthodox of Lithuania to the Catholic Church; Matthias of Trakai (1421–1453),

1950-532: The catechism , mixed marriages and spiritual exercises. After the synod of 1744, under Bishop Michael Zienkowicz, no others were held, but the bishops addressed to their clergy pastoral letters, some of them of notable import. The diocese possesses splendid churches and venerable sanctuaries. Of the former the largest and most beautiful are in Vilnius, although many, violently wrested from the Catholics, became Russian Orthodox churches. The cathedral , dedicated to

2025-880: The partition of Poland , the term Ruthenian referred exclusively to people of the Rusyn- and Ukrainian-speaking areas of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, especially in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , Bukovina , and Transcarpathia . At the request of Mykhailo Levytsky , in 1843, the term Ruthenian became the official name for the Rusyns and Ukrainians within the Austrian Empire . For example, Ivan Franko and Stepan Bandera in their passports were identified as Ruthenians ( Polish : Rusini ). By 1900, more and more Ruthenians began to call themselves with

2100-655: The 12th century, the land of Rus' was usually known in Western Europe by the Latinised name Ruthenia . The Ruthenian language ( Ruthenian : рускаꙗ мова, рускїй ѧзыкъ) was an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties , particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . By

2175-759: The 15th up to the 18th centuries. In the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy , the same term ( German : Ruthenen ) was employed up to 1918 as an official exonym for the entire Ukrainian population within the borders of the Monarchy. Ruteni , a misnomer that was also the name of an extinct and unrelated Celtic tribe in Ancient Gaul , was used in reference to Rus' in the Annales Augustani of 1089. An alternative early modern Latinisation, Rucenus (plural Ruceni ) was, according to Boris Unbegaun , derived from Rusyn . Baron Herberstein , describing

2250-516: The Church of the Holy Spirit; Albert Radziwiłł (1508–1519) died in the odour of sanctity ; John the Lithuanian (1519–1537) held the first diocesan synod at Vilnius in 1526; Prince Paweł Holszański (1534–1555) restored his cathedral in the Gothic style and held a synod in 1555; Walerian Protasewicz Suszkowski (1556–1580) had to contend for the celibacy of the clergy and the use of Latin in

2325-737: The Diocese of Vilnius became part of the Russian Empire and no longer enjoyed freedom of relations with the Holy See but many Catholics supported the Russian government after Bishop of Vilnius Ignacy Jakub Massalski was hanged in 1794 by the revolutionaries of the Kościuszko Uprising . In 1795 the chapter nominated David Pilchowski vicar in spiritualibus . Livonia was added to the diocese, and John Nepomucene Kossakowski (1798–1808)

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2400-678: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A parallel succession to the title ensued between Moscow and Vilnius. The Metropolitans of Kiev are the predecessors of the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' that was formed in the 16th century. The Ruthenian Uniate Church was created in 1595–1596 by those clergy of the Eastern Orthodox churches who subscribed to the Union of Brest . In the process, they switched their allegiances and jurisdiction from

2475-522: The Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. The Catholic population of the city was only 96,000. Dependent upon the parish of St. Teresa is the chapel of the miraculous image of Our Lady of Ostrobrama, the centre of many pilgrimages in Lithuania, and venerated also by the Orthodox; its miraculous image stands upon an arch, and the street which passes under this arch is occupied at all hours of the day by a crowd of prostrate suppliants; anyone passing under

2550-455: The Latin term Rutheni was commonly applied to East Slavs in general, thus encompassing all endonyms and their various forms ( Belarusian : русіны , romanized :  rusiny ; Ukrainian : русини , romanized :  rusyny ). By opting for the use of exonymic terms, authors who wrote in Latin were relieved from the need to be specific in their applications of those terms, and

2625-585: The Liturgy; he brought the Jesuits , among whom was Piotr Skarga , to Vilnius. Prince Jerzy Radziwiłł (1581–1591) fostered the Alma Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Iesu , founded a seminary, under the direction of the Jesuits, introduced the regulations of the Council of Trent , and having been made a cardinal, was transferred to the Diocese of Kraków in 1591. The chapter then entrusted

2700-453: The Orthodox church was still dominant. In the 14th century, Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos sanctioned the creation of two additional metropolitan sees: the Metropolis of Halych (1303) and the Metropolis of Lithuania (1317). Metropolitan Roman (1355–1362) of Lithuania and Metropolitan Alexius of Kiev both claimed the see. Both metropolitans travelled to Constantinople to make their appeals in person. In 1356, their cases were heard by

2775-594: The Ottoman Empire. Domination of tsarist-ruled Ukraine by the Russian Empire (from 1721) eventually led to the decline of Uniate Catholicism (officially founded in 1596) in the Ukrainian lands under Tsarist control. Musical scores titled " Baletto Ruteno " or " Horea Rutenia ", meaning Ruthenian Ballet can be found in European collections during the Lithuanian and Polish rule of Ruthenia, such as

2850-498: The Pope Urban VI with a petition for the erection of an episcopal see at Vilnius and the appointment of Andrzej Wasilko (former bishop of Siret and confessor of Elisabeth of Hungary ) to fill it. This was granted and the foundation of a collegiate church of ten canons authorized. Under Wasilko's rule, the churches of Saint John , that became the parish church of the city, as well as of Saint Martin and Saint Anne (in

2925-464: The Protestants and Orthodox had not the same rights as the Catholics. Beginning from the seventeenth century there were also auxiliary Bishops for Belarus . In 1798 Pius VI recognized the ancient See of Brest-Litovsk as "suffragan" of Vilnius. So also the ancient Diocese of Livonia , suppressed in 1797, had become annexed to Vilnius, and in 1798 had for its first auxiliary bishop Adam Kossiafkowski (titular Bishop of Limira, died 1828) but after 1848 it

3000-736: The Ruthenian autonomies. The disadvantageous political status of the Ruthenian people also affected the status of their church and undermined her capacity for reform and renewal. Furthermore, they could not expect support from the Mother Church in Constantinople or from their co-religionists in Moscow. Thus, the Ruthenian church was in a weaker position than the Catholic Church in the Commonwealth. Until 1666, when Patriarch Nikon

3075-418: The Ukrainian-speaking literary class in the Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . Following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, new states emerged and dissolved; borders changed frequently. After several years, the Rusyn and Ukrainian speaking areas of eastern Austria-Hungary found themselves divided between the Czechoslovakia , Poland , and Romania . When commenting on

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3150-540: The administration of the diocese to the suffragan bishop, Ciprian. At his death in 1594, the clergy were divided into factions on the choice of a successor, until Sigismund III nominated Benedict Wolna (1600–1615), who exerted himself efficaciously for the canonization of Saint Casimir Jagiellon, in whose honour the first stone of a church was laid it Vilnius in 1604. He succeeded in his efforts to have St. Casimir regarded as patron saint of Lithuania. His successor, Eustachius Wollowicz (1616–1630), founded hospitals, invited

3225-431: The arch – even Hebrews – traditionally uncovers the head in token of reverence. The secular clergy numbered about 440 priests; the cathedral chapter 5 prelates and 3 canons. The secular clergy are educated in the seminary, which has 15 professors and 160 students when founded in 1582, closed in 1862; reopened in 1872, and had but two students, but their number gradually increased. At Brest there

3300-403: The consort of Vytautas , in 1392; St. John the Evangelist , founded in 1386 and enriched with privileges by Leo X ; Corpus Domini, founded by the Archconfraternity of the Blessed Sacrament in 1573; and the Church of the Guardian Angels . To these must be added the numerous churches of the religious order, which flourished in Lithuania, but of which few traces remain. The Dominicans , who in

3375-418: The end of the 12th century, Europe was generally divided into two large areas: Western Europe with dominance of Catholicism, and Eastern Europe with Orthodox and Byzantine influences. The border between them was roughly marked by the Bug River . This placed the area now known as Belarus in a unique position where these two influences mixed and interfered. The first Latin Church diocese in White Ruthenia

3450-400: The end of the 18th century, they gradually diverged into regional variants, which subsequently developed into the modern Belarusian ( White Ruthenian ), Ukrainian ( Ruthenian ), and Rusyn ( Carpathian Ruthenian ) languages. With the baptism of Volodymyr began a long history of the dominance of Eastern Orthodoxy in Ruthenia . The Rus' accepted Christianity in its Byzantine form at

3525-422: The episcopate, and in 1890 abdicated and withdrew to Galicia . During his exile Ludovic Zdanowicz governed the diocese as vicar patriarchal. In 1890 Anthony Francis Audziewicz, a canon of Saint Petersburg and a learned theologian, was appointed Bishop of Vilnius. He died in 1895; the diocese was then governed by Louis Zdanowicz, titular Bishop of Dionysias . In 1897 Canon Stephen Alexander Zwerowicz succeeded, and

3600-439: The expansion of Soviet Ukraine following World War II, several groups who had not previously considered themselves Ukrainians were merged into the Ukrainian identity. In the interbellum period of the 20th century, the term rusyn ( Ruthenian ) was also applied to people from the Kresy Wschodnie (the eastern borderlands) in the Second Polish Republic , and included Ukrainians, Rusyns, and Lemkos, or alternatively, members of

3675-413: The fifteenth century had a church dedicated to the Holy Spirit, built in 1679–1688 another, which in 1844 was given up by them and transformed into a parish church. The Bernardines undertook at Vilnius, in 1469, the construction of a wooden church, rebuilt in stone in 1500; it was burnt down in 1794 and restored in 1900; this order was forced to leave the diocese in 1864. The Church of Saints Peter and Paul

3750-482: The land of Russia (Rus'), inhabited by the Rutheni who call themselves Russi , claimed that the first of the governors who rule Russia (Rus') is the Grand Duke of Moscow, the second is the Grand Duke of Lithuania and the third is the King of Poland. According to professor John-Paul Himka from the University of Alberta the word Rutheni did not include the modern Russians, who were known as Moscovitae throughout Western Europe. Vasili III of Russia , who ruled

3825-408: The nominee of Hieronim Stroynowski as administrator and later Bishop (1808–1815), upon whose death he arrogated to himself the government of the diocese with the title of primate of Lithuania. In 1827, after Siestrzencewicz's death, the vicar capitular , Milucki, ruled the diocese for a short time. In 1828 Andreas Klagiewicz was appointed administrator; he was sent to the interior of Russia during

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3900-440: The old bishopric became separate dioceses, under the new Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Białystok . In the early 20th century the Roman Catholic diocese of Vilnius had 1,420,000 faithful distributed among 23 rural deaneries as follows: Besides the cathedral parish the city of Vilnius contains those of St. John Baptist, the Holy Spirit, St Teresa, Saints Philip and James, St. Raphael the Archangel, St. Francis of Assisi, All Saints,

3975-431: The partition of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany in March 1939, US diplomat George Kennan noted, "To those who inquire whether these peasants are Russians or Ukrainians, there is only one answer. They are Neither. They are simply Ruthenians ." Dr. Paul R. Magocsi emphasizes that modern Ruthenians have "the sense of a nationality distinct from Ukrainians" and often associate Ukrainians with Soviets or Communists. After

4050-423: The ruling class. Jogaila , then ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , ordered the whole population of Lithuania to convert to Catholicism. One and a half years after the Union of Krewo, the Wilno (Vilnius) episcopate was created which received a lot of land from the Lithuanian dukes. By the mid-16th century Catholicism became strong in Lithuania and bordering with it north-west parts of White Ruthenia, but

4125-405: The same quality of Ruthenian exonyms is often recognized in modern, mainly Western authors, particularly those who prefer to use exonyms (foreign in origin) over endonyms. During the early modern period, the exonym Ruthenian was most frequently applied to the East Slavic population of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , an area encompassing territories of modern Belarus and Ukraine from

4200-426: The same time as the Poles accepted it in its Latin form , Lithuanians largely remained pagan to the late Middle Ages before their nobility embraced the Latin form upon the political union with the Poles. The eastward expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been facilitated by amicable treaties and inter-marriages of the nobility when faced with the external threat of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' . By

4275-420: The same time, the Greek Catholic church was banned and replaced with the Eastern Orthodox church under the Russian Patriarch, in an atmosphere which repressed all religions. Thus, in Slovakia, the former Ruthenians were technically free to register as any ethnicity but Ruthenian. The government of Slovakia has proclaimed Rusyns ( Rusíni ) to be a distinct national minority (1991) and recognised Rusyn language as

4350-422: The self-designated name Ukrainians. With the emergence of Ukrainian nationalism during the mid-19th century, use of "Ruthenian" and cognate terms declined among Ukrainians and fell out of use in Eastern and Central Ukraine. Most people in the western region of Ukraine followed suit later in the 19th century. During the early 20th century, the name Ukrajins'ka mova ("Ukrainian language") became accepted by much of

4425-439: The seventeenth century there were 101 monasteries in Lithuania. The library of the Missionaries of Vilnius contained 8284 volumes; that of the Piarists, 7000; that of the Bernardines, 4142. The University of Vilnius possessed 20,000 volumes of theology, part of which were given to the Catholic Theological Academy of St. Petersburg , to the University of Kyiv (Ukraine) and to the Public Library of Vilnius. The Vilnius region has

4500-411: The shifting geographical scopes of the term Carpathian Ruthenia . Those meanings were also spanning from wider uses as designations for all East Slavs of the Carpathian region, to narrower uses, focusing on those local groups of East Slavs who did not accept a modern Ukrainian identity, but rather opted to keep their traditional Rusyn identity. The designations Rusyn and Carpatho-Rusyn were banned in

4575-417: The signing of the Council of Florence , Metropolitan Isidore of Kiev returned to Moscow in 1441 as a Ruthenian cardinal. He was arrested by the Grand Duke of Moscow and accused of apostasy . The Grand Duke deposed Isidore and in 1448 installed own candidate as Metropolitan of Kyiv — Jonah . This was carried out without the approval of Patriarch Gregory III of Constantinople . When Isidore died in 1458, he

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4650-444: The spread of Lutheranism ; of 1582; of 1607, which made many regulations for the administration of the sacraments and the discipline of the clergy; of 1630, regulating the administration of ecclesiastical property; of 1654, to aid the state with new imposts; of 1669 with its disciplinary regulations; of 1685, with ordinances relating to the administration of the sacraments and the life of the clergy; of 1744, with regulations in regard to

4725-452: The term due to its perceived negative overtones. In 1620, these dissenters erected their own metropolis — the " Metropolis of Kyev, Galicia and all Ruthenia ". In the 16th century, a crisis began in Christianity: the Protestant Reformation began in Catholicism and a period of heresy began in an Orthodox area. From the mid-16th century Protestant ideas began spreading in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . The first Protestant Church in Belarus

4800-497: The westernmost Lemko Region . The Polish census of 1931 listed "Belarusian", "Rusyn" and "Ukrainian" ( Polish : białoruski, ruski, ukraiński , respectively) as separate languages. By the end of the 19th century, another set of terms came into use in several western languages, combining regional Carpathian with Ruthenian designations, and thus producing composite terms such as: Carpatho-Ruthenes or Carpatho-Ruthenians. Those terms also acquired several meanings, depending on

4875-460: Was a petit seminaire , which was closed in 1830; the seminary at Białystok was closed in 1842. The clergy always exerted a beneficial influence upon popular education. At the beginning of the nineteenth century twenty-five parochial elementary schools were in operation at Vilnius; schools and colleges were conducted by the Jesuits , Uniates , Basilians , Piarists , and other religious orders. The monastic libraries were centres of culture; as late as

4950-422: Was annexed to the Diocese of Samogitia (in Lithuania proper ). The flourishing Catholic life of the Diocese of Vilnius is attested by the large number of synods held there. The first of these was in 1502, under Bishop Tabor. Then followed the synods of 1526, for the reform of manners and the organization of the parochial schools; of 1528, to collect funds for the restoration of the cathedral; of 1555, to oppose

5025-405: Was appointed bishop. He did much for the prosperity of the seminary. After his death the chapter became involved in a conflict with Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz , the Catholic Metropolitan Archbishop of Mohilev (from 1798 to 1925 Vilnius was a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Mohilev, the effective see was in Saint Petersburg ), who used his metropolitan rights and forced, upon the chapter,

5100-428: Was created in Brest by Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł . Protestantism did not survive due to the Counter-Reformation in Poland . Both the Catholic Church in the Commonwealth and the Ruthenian Church underwent a period of decay. The Ruthenian Church was the church of a people without statehood. The Poles considered the Ruthenians a conquered people. Over time, the Lithuanian military and political ascendancy did away with

5175-420: Was created, regarding the alleged connection between ancient Gallic Ruthenes and later East Slavic "Ruthenians". As noted by professor Paul R. Magocsi , those theories should be regarded as "inventive tales" of "creative" writers. From the 9th century, Kievan Rus' – now part of the modern states of Ukraine , Belarus and Russia – was known in Western Europe by a variety of names derived from Rus'. From

5250-473: Was deposed by the tsar , the Russian Orthodox Church had been independent of the State. In 1721, the first Russian Emperor, Peter I , abolished completely the patriarchate and effectively made the church a department of the government, ruled by the Most Holy Synod composed of senior bishops and lay bureaucrats appointed by the emperor himself. Over time, Imperial Russia would style itself a protector and patron of all Orthodox Christians, especially those within

5325-400: Was established in Turaŭ between 1008 and 1013. Catholicism was a traditionally dominant religion of Belarusian nobility (the szlachta ) and of a large part of the population of western and northwestern parts of Belarus. Before the 14th century, the Eastern Orthodox Church was dominant in White Ruthenia. The Union of Krewo in 1385 broke this monopoly and made Catholicism the religion of

5400-683: Was given to the Lateran Canons in 1638; they abandoned it in 1864. St. Casimir, with the annexed Jesuit college, founded in 1604, was turned into an Orthodox church in 1832 (it was returned to the Jesuits in the 1920s). St. Ignatius Loyola , founded by the Jesuits in 1622, became the club of the officials. The Carmelite Church of St. Teresa has a miraculous image of the Madonna. The Augustinians , Trinitarians , Brigittines , Carmelite Sisters, Piarists, Visitandines and others also had churches, to which must be added numerous chapels. After

5475-572: Was succeeded as metropolitan in the Patriarchate of Constantinople by Gregory the Bulgarian . Gregory's canonical territory was the western part of the traditional Kievan Rus' lands — the states of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland . The episcopal seat was in the city of Navahrudak which is today located in Belarus . It was later moved to Vilnius — the capital of

5550-432: Was succeeded by Wenceslaus Zylinski, who was transferred in 1856 to the metropolitan see of Mohilev , but continued to govern his former diocese until 1858. Adam Stanislaus Krasinski was expelled from the diocese in consequence of the Insurrection of 1863 , but nevertheless continued to govern the diocese until 1883, when he withdrew to Kraków . His successor, Charles Hrynieweki, was exiled to Jaroslav after two years of

5625-618: Was transferred in 1902 to the See of Sandomir . His place was taken by Baron Edward Ropp , who set about organizing the Catholic movement in the diocese, thereby incurring the hostility of the Russian Government. Bishop Ropp having been banished to Pskov , the diocese was entrusted to Casimir Nicholas Michalkiewicz as administrator Apostolic . The bishops of Vilnius , presiding over a vast diocese and being senators and members of

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