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139-791: The region is named after a town of Mačva, which existed in the Medieval Ages near the river Sava . In the past, the region was also known as Lower Srem , while the neighbouring region on the northern bank of the river Sava (present-day Srem ) was known as Upper Srem . In Serbian Cyrillic , the region is known as Мачва, in Serbian Latin , Bosnian and Croatian as Mačva , in Hungarian as Macsó or Macsóság , in Turkish as Maçva , and in German as Matschva . Throughout history,

278-599: A drainage divide between the Adriatic and Danube basins . The Sava Dolinka spring is fed by groundwater possibly exhibiting bifurcation of source karst aquifer to the Sava and Soča basins. Nadiža creek, a short losing stream flowing nearby, is the source of Zelenci Pools water. The Sava Dolinka is considered the Sava's initial, 45-kilometre (28 mi) segment. The Sava Bohinjka originates in Ribčev Laz , at

417-458: A 1042 charter in which a certain ban "S", most probably Stjepan Praska, founded by himself a monastery of Chrysogoni Jaderæ granting it land, taxation, wealth, cattle, peasants, and that he attained the Byzantine imperial title of protospatharios . This imperial title, somehow related to that of a ban, was given to provincial governors and foreign rulers, and most probably was used to highlight

556-530: A cost of 800  million euros. The four power plants will have an installed capacity of 122  megawatts and an annual production capacity of 610 gigawatt-hours. Use of water for public water supply in the Sava River basin is estimated at 783,000,000 cubic metres (2.77 × 10 cubic feet) per year, and another 289,000,000 cubic metres (1.02 × 10 cubic feet) of water per year is used for industrial production purposes. Use of water for agriculture in

695-477: A military term used by the troops who had Germanic or fought against Germanic peoples. Bali considered that the Croatian rulers possibly were influenced by the Byzantine model in the organization of the territory and borrowed the terminology and that such thesis can be related to Sokol's arguing of Western influence. Sources from the earliest periods are scarce, but existing show that since Middle Ages "ban"

834-592: A part of European route E70 Bordeaux – Turin –Ljubljana–Zagreb–Belgrade– Bucharest , and the European route E61 Villach –Ljubljana– Trieste – Rijeka . A largely double track and electrifried railway is also a part of the Corridor X. The railway was a part of the Simplon-Orient-Express and Direct-Orient-Express routes. The navigable river course between Belgrade and Galdovo north of Sisak

973-473: A population of 1,639,121. Zagreb is the second largest city on the river, comprising population of 688,163 living in the city itself, and 802,588 in the city-administered area. Together with the Zagreb County, largely corresponding to various definitions of the city's metropolitan area, it has a combined population of 1,110,517. Ljubljana is the third-largest city on the banks of the Sava, encompassing

1112-604: A population of 258,873 living in the city itself and 265,881 in the city-governed area. The largest city of Bosnia-Herzegovina on the river is Brčko, whose urban population is estimated at 40,000. Other cities along the river, with populations of 20,000 and larger, are Slavonski Brod (53,473), Šabac (52,822), Sremska Mitrovica (37,586), Kranj (35,587), Sisak (33,049), Obrenovac (24,568), and Bosanska Gradiška (est. 20,000). [REDACTED] Belgrade [REDACTED] Zagreb [REDACTED] Ljubljana [REDACTED] Slavonski Brod The Sava River basin covers

1251-623: A range of facilities for swimming, water sports and cycling. The island of Ada Ciganlija in Belgrade is the major recreational zone of the city, gathering as many as 100,000 visitors daily in the summer months. The Sava River is the site of several regattas . Those include the International Sava Tour rowing regatta taking place between Zagreb and Brčko, and the Belgrade Regatta ( sailing regatta). The river

1390-634: A right-bank and the longest tributary of the Danube . It flows through Slovenia , Croatia and along its border with Bosnia and Herzegovina , and finally through Serbia , feeding into the Danube in its capital, Belgrade . The Sava forms the main northern limit of the Balkan Peninsula , and the southern edge of the Pannonian Plain . The Sava is 990 kilometres (615 miles) long, including

1529-799: A role. The Sava River basin is very significant because of its biological diversity , and it contains large alluvial wetlands and lowland forests. This led to the designation of six protected areas under provisions of the Ramsar Convention by the countries in the basin. Those are Lake Cerknica in Slovenia, Lonjsko Polje and Crna Mlaka in Croatia, Lake Bardača in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Obedska and Zasavica bogs in Serbia. There are several sports and recreational grounds on

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1668-456: A single ban was resumed. The title of ban persisted in Croatia even after 1527 when the country became part of the Habsburg monarchy , and continued all the way until 1918. In the 18th century, Croatian bans eventually become chief government officials in Croatia. They were at the head of Ban's Government as well Court ( Tabula Banalis ), effectively the first prime ministers of Croatia. At

1807-602: A source of water for industrial use, but also as the mainstay of aquatic ecosystems . There are 41 identified significant groundwater bodies in the Sava River basin of basin-wide importance, ranging in area size from 97 to 5,186 square kilometres (37 to 2,002 square miles), as well as numerous minor ground water bodies. Even though most of them are transboundary waters , eleven are considered to be largely in Slovenia, fourteen in Croatia, seven in Bosnia-Herzegovina, five in Serbia and four in Montenegro. Mean annual discharge of

1946-511: A total area of 97 713.2 km² making it the second largest Danube tributary catchment by area size, surpassed only by the Tisza basin, and it encompasses 12% of the Danube basin, draining into the Black Sea. The Sava represents the third longest tributary of the Danube and its largest tributary by discharge. The catchment area borders the remainder of the Danube basin to the north and east, and

2085-601: Is 39, of which 37 are rural, and 2 ( Šabac and Mačvanska Mitrovica ) are urban. List of largest inhabited places in Mačva (with population figures): Note: Mačvanska Mitrovica is geographically located in Mačva, but it is part of Syrmia District (in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ). Several teachers' associations exist in Mačva. Sava The Sava is a river in Central and Southeast Europe ,

2224-492: Is 990 kilometres (615 miles), including the 45-kilometre (28 mi) Sava Dolinka and the 945-kilometre (587 mi) Sava proper. As a right tributary of the Danube , the river belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin. The Sava River is the third longest tributary of the Danube , slightly shorter than the 966-kilometre (600 mi) Tisza and the 950-kilometre (590 mi) Prut —the Danube's two longest tributaries—when

2363-577: Is a 700 metres (2,300 feet) long sport fishing competition ground near Hotemež , Slovenia. Even though the name Sava became very common among Slavs , and has a "Slavic tone", the river's name has pre- Slavic Celtic and Roman origins; Strabo writes in Geographica 4.6.10 (composed between 20 BCE and 20 CE) of the River Saüs , and the Romans used the name Savus . Another name, used for

2502-539: Is accurate for all historical bans . In Croatia a ban reigned in the name of the ruler, he is the first state dignitary after King, the King's legal representative, and had various powers and functions. In South Slavic languages, the territory ruled by a ban was called Banovina (or Banat ), often transcribed in English as Banate or Bannate , and also as Banat or Bannat . The earliest mentioned Croatian ban

2641-460: Is also the site of the Šabac Swimming Marathon —an open water swimming competition, running on an 18.8-kilometre (11.7 mi) course between the village of Jarak and the city of Šabac in Serbia. The competition is held annually since 1970, and was included in FINA international calendar from 1984 to 2012. Recreational and sport fishing is a popular activity along the Sava River course. There

2780-556: Is borrowed from the Turks. Erich Berneker wrote that became by contraction from bojan , which was borrowed from Mongolian-Turkic bajan ("rich, wealthy"), and noted Bajan is a personal name among Mongols, Avars, Bulgars, Altaic Tatars, and Kirghiz. Đuro Daničić decided for an intermediate solution; by origin is Avar or Persian from bajan (duke). J. B. Bury derived the title from the name of Avar khagan Bayan I, and Bulgarian khagan Kubrat 's son Batbayan , with which tried to prove

2919-485: Is compounded with a meandering of the river's course—limiting the length of vessels—and low bridge clearance. Further problems are incurred through poor transport infrastructure along the route, including poor navigation markings, and presence of sunken vessels and unexploded munitions . Navigation along further 68 kilometres (42 miles) of the river upstream to Rugvica near Zagreb is possible for vessels with tonnage below 1,000 tonnes (980 long tons; 1,100 short tons), and

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3058-400: Is especially troublesome for navigation as it offers 250 centimetres (98 inches) draught in less than 50% of an average hydrological year, causing navigation to cease each summer. Similar interruptions are less frequent elsewhere on the river, occurring 30 days a year on average upstream from Oprisavci, and even more rarely downstream from Slavonski Šamac. The restricted draft and fairway

3197-484: Is estimated that the nutrient pollution levels generated by manure production equal 32,394 tonnes of nitrogen and 3,784 tonnes of phosphorus per year. As a consequence, the Sava River is microbiologically polluted in areas affected by the nutrient pollution. One such part of the river is the lowermost part of its course between Šabac and Belgrade, where acceptable freshwater bacterial counts are exceeded. Levels of industrial pollution vary significantly throughout

3336-685: Is flanked by the Krndija and the Dilj Hills on the eastern rim of the Požega Valley . The Bilogora, Papuk and Krndija Mountains consist mostly of Paleozoic rocks which are 300–350 million years old, while the Dilj consists of much more recent Neogene rocks, 2–18 million years old. Further east of the chain, the watershed runs through the Đakovo – Vinkovci and Vukovar Plateau. The loess plateau, extending eastward from Dilj and representing

3475-566: Is formed by the headwaters of the Tara and the Piva at the border of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro, near Šćepan Polje . Its 20 319.9 km² catchment extends across parts of four countries—reaching as far south as Albania. The Bosna and the Kupa river basins are the second and third largest catchments of the Sava tributaries, each surpassing 10 000 km² in size. The average annual flow rate of

3614-647: Is impossible it directly originated from a personal name of an Avar ruler because the title needs a logical continuity. He doubted its existence among Slavic tribes during the great migration, and within early South Slavic principalities. He strongly supported the Šafárik thesis about Avar descendants in Lika, now dismissed by scholars, and concluded that in that territory they had a separate governor whom they called bajan , from which after Avar assimilation, became Croatian title ban . The thesis of alleged Avar governor title Šišić based on his personal derivation of bajan from

3753-522: Is introduced as " Ego Heleniza, soror Godemiri bani ...". Franjo Rački noted that if it is not an original, then it is certainly a transcript from the same 11th century. In the 12th century, the title was mentioned by an anonymous monk of Dioclea and in the Supetar Cartulary . The Byzantine Greek historian John Kinnamos wrote the title in the Greek form μπάνος ( mpanos ). In

3892-600: Is not completely understood, and it is hard to determine the exact source and to reconstruct the primal form of the Turkic word it is derived from. According to mainstream theory it is generally explained as a derivation from the personal name of the Pannonian Avars ruler, Bayan , which is a derivation of the Proto-Turkic root *bāj- "rich, richness, wealth; prince; husband". The Proto-Turkic root *bāj-

4031-505: Is one additional plant under construction near Krško. The Krško hydroelectric power plant, as well as two additional plants planned on the Sava River course downstream of Ljubljana—Brežice and Mokrice—should be completed by 2018. The power plants downstream of Ljubljana, except Vrhovo, are developed as a chain of five Slovenia's Lower Sava Valley plants since 2002. They will have production capacity of 2,000 gigawatt-hours per year and 570 megawatts of installed capacity . Completion of

4170-519: Is one of the longest rivers in Europe and among the longest tributaries of another river. The population in the Sava River basin is estimated at 8,176,000, and is shared by three capital cities: Ljubljana , Zagreb and Belgrade. The Sava is about 2 ⁄ 3 -navigable for larger vessels: from the confluence of the Kupa in Sisak a few kilometers below Zagreb. The name is believed to be derived from

4309-493: Is sometimes explained as a native Turkic word; however, it could also be a borrowing from the Iranian bay (from Proto-Iranian * baga- "god; lord"). The title word ban was also derived from the name Bojan , and there were additionally proposed Iranian, and Germanic, language origin. The Avar nameword bajan , which some scholars trying to explain the title's origin interpreted with alleged meaning of "ruler of

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4448-559: Is spanned by 25 bridges. The Sava River valley east of Sisak is also used as a route for the Jadranski naftovod , a crude oil pipeline. The system connects the Port of Rijeka oil terminal to oil refineries in Rijeka and Sisak, to Bosanski Brod in Bosnia-Herzegovina, as well as Novi Sad and Pančevo in Serbia. The main pressure on the Sava River basin environment is generated by

4587-503: Is supported by the Chronicle of Duklja; Latin redaction; Unaquaque in provincia banum ordinavit, id est ducem, ex suis consanguineis fratribus ([Svatopluk] in every province allocated a ban, and they were duke's consanguin brothers); Croatian redaction defines that all bans need to be by origin native and noble. Tadija Smičiklas and Vatroslav Jagić thought that the title should not derive from bajan , but from bojan , as thus how it

4726-402: Is tasked with the establishment of sustainable management of surface water and groundwater resources in the Sava River basin. The Sava is navigable to larger vessels for 593.8 kilometres (369.0 miles) between its confluence with the Danube in Belgrade, Serbia and Galdovo Bridge in Sisak, Croatia , 2.8 kilometres (1.7 miles) upstream from confluence of Sava and Kupa rivers. The confluence marks

4865-411: Is written in the Greek historical records ( boan , boean ). Vjekoslav Klaić pointed out that the title before 12th century is documented only among Croats, and did not consider a problem that Bajan was a personal name and not a title, as seen in the most accepted derivation of Slavic word *korljь (kral/lj, krol). He mentioned both thesis (from Turkic-Persian, and Slavic "bojan, bojarin"), as well

5004-611: The 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia . Before reaching confluence of Una at Jasenovac and 86.8 metres (285 feet) a.s.l, the Sava River traces Lonjsko polje Nature Park , encompassing marshes frequently flooded by the Sava and its tributaries in the area. Downstream of confluence of the Una River, the Sava is once again tracing an international border—between Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina . Its meandering course runs generally eastwards along Bosanska Gradiška , and Slavonski Brod to Županja , where it turns south to Brčko . There,

5143-640: The Alps and the Dinarides reaching elevations in excess of 2000 m a.s.l, while the latter is dominated by the Pannonian Plain . The mean elevation of the basin is 545 m a.s.l. The most important tributaries of the Sava River found in its upper basin are characterized by relatively steep grades of flow, high flow velocities and rapids . Those are left tributaries: the Kokra , the Kamnik Bistrica and

5282-942: The Brka , the Tinja, the Drina and the Kolubara . Left tributaries in the lower segment drain plains consequently exhibiting less steep course grades, lower flow rates and meandering. They include the Sutla, the Krapina , the Lonja , the Ilova , the Orljava and the Bosut . The 346 km Drina is the largest tributary of the Sava, flowing in Bosnia-Herzegovina and along border of the country and Serbia. It

5421-619: The Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja , which is dated to 12th and 13th century, in the Latin redaction is written as banus , banum , bano , and in the Croatian redaction only as ban . The Supetar Cartulary includes information until the 12th century, but the specific writing about bans is dated to the late 13th and early 14th century, a transcript of an older document. It mentions that there existed seven bans and they were elected by

5560-506: The European Union and as of October 2012 , an agreement to implement the plan was signed by Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, while Serbia is invited to join the project. The plan aims to increase the safety and volume of river transport, which declined by about 70% since the breakup of Yugoslavia, largely because of poor maintenance of the route. The ISRBC is tasked with the establishment of an international regime of navigation on

5699-669: The Habsburgs . Between 1718 and 1739, Mačva was part of the Habsburg-administered Kingdom of Serbia , and since 1739, it was again part of the Ottoman Empire. In this time, the region was part of the Ottoman Sanjak of Smederevo . In 1788, the "Mačvanska knežina" ("Princedom of Mačva" - a local administrative unit) had 25 villages with 845 houses. The name of the local administrator ("oberknez")

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5838-638: The Jarun , and the Bundek within the city. At the western outskirts of Zagreb, there is the western terminus of the 32-kilometre (20 mi) Sava–Odra flood-relief canal connecting the Sava to the Odra River plain which is intended to act as flood control retention basin . The canal has been built in response to the most destructive flooding of the river that occurred in Zagreb in 1964 , when one third of

5977-655: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed Yugoslavia ). Between 1918 and 1922 the region was part of Podrinjski okrug, between 1922 and 1929 part of Podrinjska oblast, while between 1929 and 1941 it was part of Drina Banovina . Between 1941 and 1944, Mačva was part of the area governed by the Military Administration in Serbia , and since 1945, it has been part of the Socialist Republic of Serbia and new socialist Yugoslavia . After

6116-643: The Pannonian Basin between the Danube and the Tisza rivers, now in Romania, Serbia and Hungary. In the toponymys Bando , Bandola , Banj dvor and Banj stol and Banovo polje in Lika , In Bosnia and Herzegovina numerous toponyms exist, such as Banbrdo , village Banova Jaruga , city Banovići , and possibly Banja Luka . The term ban is still used in the phrase banski dvori ("ban's court") for

6255-725: The Periadriatic Seam . Mesozoic and Upper Triassic rocks are exposed in the region. The Ljubljana Basin represents the boundary of the Southern Alps and the Dinarides. Valleys of the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka are glacial valleys , carved out by the Sava Dolinka and Bohinj glaciers advancing down Karavanke range to vicinity of present-day Radovljica. In the late Pleistocene , Bohinj Glacier

6394-470: The Pleistocene during the uplift of the Transdanubian Mountains . Ultimately, up to 3,000 metres (9,800 feet) of the sediment was deposited in the basin, and the Pannonian sea eventually drained through the Iron Gate gorge. In the southern Pannonian Basin, the Neogene to Quaternary sediment depth is normally lower, averaging 500 to 1,500 metres (1,600 to 4,900 feet), except in central parts of depressions formed by subduction . A subduction zone formed in

6533-597: The Quaternary , but it is possible that the tectonic activity continues in the present day. The Sava Folds largely exhibit Paleozoic and Triassic rocks, and clastic sediments . The lower course of the Sava in the Pannonian Basin—first reached by the Sava River in the Krško Basin on the western rim of the Pannonian Basin. The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and subsidence of crust structures formed during Late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny . The Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in Papuk and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to

6672-400: The Savinja ; and right tributaries: the Sora, the Ljubljanica and the Krka (Sava) . Further downstream larger rivers empty into the Sava, as the right bank of the basin grows steadily. Right tributaries in this lower segment of the basin start as fast flowing courses, only to slow down as they enter the Pannonian Basin . They include the Kupa , the Una, the Vrbas , the Ukrina , the Bosna ,

6811-413: The Serbian Empire of Stefan Dušan and part of the state of the Serbian prince Lazar Hrebeljanović . In the 15th century, Mačva was part of Serbian Despotate , and since 1459, it was part of the Ottoman Empire . In the 16th-17th century, Mačva was part of the Ottoman Sanjak of Zvornik , which was part of the Pashaluk of Bosnia . It was under Ottoman administration until 1718, when it was captured by

6950-400: The State of Serb king Stefan Dragutin (13th-14th century), the Serbian Empire (14th century), the State of Nikola Altomanović (14th century), the Moravian Serbia (14th century), the Serbian Despotate (15th century), the Ottoman Empire (15th century; 16th-18th century; 18th-19th century), the Kingdom of Serbia under the Habsburg Monarchy (1718–1739), Karađorđe's Serbia (1804–1813),

7089-446: The Tacen Whitewater Course . There the river course turns east and leaves the Ljubljana Basin via Dolsko , at 261 metres (856 feet) a.s.l. (at confluence of the Ljubljanica and the Kamnik Bistrica ). The course continues through the Sava Hills , where it passes the Litija Basin with the mining and industrial town of Litija , the Central Sava Valley with the mining towns of Zagorje ob Savi , Trbovlje , and Hrastnik , turns to

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7228-430: The 19th century which avoided any association with Germanization and German heritage. According to him, the title and its functions directly derive from a Germanic medieval term ban or bannum , the royal power of raising of armies and the exercise of justice later delegated to the counts, which was widely used in Francia . Archaeologist Vladimir Sokol (2007) independently came to a very similar conclusion relating it to

7367-405: The 21st century, historians like Mladen Ančić (2013) and Neven Budak (2018) in their research and synthesis of Croatian history concluded that the Avar linguistic argumentation is unconvincing and the historical sources poorly support such a thesis, emphasizing rather the Frankish origin of the title. Ančić emphasized that Avarian derivation is related to cultural and political ideologization since

7506-450: The 31st chapter, describing the military and naval force of Croatia, " Miroslav , who ruled for four years, was killed by the βοεάνου ( boéánou ) Πριβουνία ( Pribounía , i.e. Pribina )", and after that followed a temporary decrease in the military force of the Croatian Kingdom. In 1029, a Latin charter was published by Jelena, sister of ban Godemir, in Obrovac, for donation to the monastery of St. Krševan in Zadar . In it she

7645-435: The 45-kilometre (28 mi) Sava Dolinka headwater rising in Zelenci , Slovenia. It is the largest tributary of the Danube by volume of water, and the second-largest after the Tisza in terms of catchment area ( 97 713 km² ) and length. It drains a significant portion of the Dinaric Alps region, through the major tributaries of Drina , Bosna , Kupa , Una , Vrbas , Lonja , Kolubara , Bosut and Krka . The Sava

7784-473: The 52-kilometre (32 mi) Sora , the 27-kilometre (17 mi) Tržič Bistrica and the 17-kilometre (11 mi) Radovna rivers—flowing into the Sava at confluences as far east downstream as Medvode . The Sava Dolinka rises at the Zelenci Pools near Kranjska Gora , Slovenia, in a valley separating the Julian Alps from the Karavanke mountain range . The spring is near the Slovene- Italian border at 833 metres (2,733 feet) above sea level , in

7923-422: The 562-kilometre (349 mi) Sava River course in Croatia, takes the river east, through the western part of the Zagreb County , between Samobor and Zaprešić . The area encompasses forests interspersed by marshes and lakes formed in gravel pits . As the Sava approaches the capital of Croatia, Zagreb , the marshes give way to urban landscape, but there are surviving examples of the gravel pit lakes, such as

8062-429: The 5th century, and the region was conquered by the Sarmatians , Huns , Goths , Gepids , Lombards and Avars . In the 6th century, Slavic tribes settled in the region. The region was then included into Byzantine Empire , Frankish Kingdom , and Bulgarian Empire . In the 11th century, the Byzantine province known as the Theme of Sirmium included both, the present-day region of Srem and Mačva, thus Srem became

8201-465: The Adriatic Sea basin to the west and south. The river basin generally consists of parts of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro , Serbia and Slovenia, with a very small part of the catchment area belonging to Albania . Topography of the basin varies significantly. Upstream portion of the basin is more rugged than downstream one, but asymmetry of the basin topography is particularly apparent when comparing right and left bank areas—the former dominated by

8340-456: The Bulgarian-Avar (Turkic) theory on the origin of early medieval Croats. Historian Franjo Rački did not discard the possibility South Slavs could obtain it from Avars, but he disbelieved it had happened in Dalmatia, yet somewhere in Pannonia, and noticed the existence of bân ("dux, custos") in Persian language. He also observed that ban could only be someone from one of the twelve Croatian tribes according to Supetar cartulary. This viewpoint

8479-399: The Croatian title "ban" in Bosnia indicates that political ties with the Croatian world was from the earliest times, while supreme leader of the Serbs has always been called the Grand Prince ( Veliki Župan ) and never the "ban". The meaning of the title changed with time: the position of a ban can be compared to that of a viceroy or a high vassal such as a hereditary duke , but neither

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8618-467: The Croats had a similar organization when they were living northeast of the Carpathian Mountains". Stjepan Krizin Sakač emphasized that the word bajan is never mentioned in historical sources as a title, the title ban is never mentioned in such a form, and there's no evidence that Avars and Turks ever used a title closely related to the title ban . Sakač connected the Croatian bân with statements from two Persian dictionaries (released 1893 and 1903);

8757-553: The Danube's confluence and the Black Sea. Population in the Sava River basin is estimated at 8,176,000, and includes four capitals: Belgrade, Ljubljana, Sarajevo and Zagreb. All except Sarajevo, are on the river banks and represent the three largest settlements found along the river. Belgrade, at the lowest end of the river, is the largest city in the basin with urban population of 1,135,502. Ten municipalities of its outer conurbation have combined population of 1,283,783, taking in many mutual suburbs. The Belgrade metropolitan area has

8896-431: The German-Gothic theory derivation from banner and power of ban and King's ban . Gjuro Szabo shared similar Klaić's viewpoint, and emphasized the widespread distribution of a toponym from India to Ireland, and particularly among Slavic lands, and considered it as an impossibility that had derived from a personal name of a poorly known khagan, yet from a prehistoric word Ban or Pan . Ferdo Šišić considered that

9035-408: The Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Hungary. In the 14th century, the bans of the Garay family ( Paul Garay , Nicholas I Garay and his son Nicholas II Garay ) which were under the Hungarian suzerainty expanded their rule not only to Bosnia but to Srem and the last one also became the ban of Slavonia and Croatia , which was also part of the Kingdom of Hungary at the time. Mačva was part of

9174-400: The Kupa. Besides the altar found at the Zelenci Pools, inscriptions and sites dedicated to Savus have been found in remains of Emona, Andautonia and Siscia. Several years after 1751 completion of the Robba Fountain in Ljubljana, the three male figures sculpted as parts of the fountain became identified with the river gods of Sava, Krka and Ljubljanica. In the early 20th century, the fountain

9313-448: The Proto-Indo-European root *sewh 1 - ('to press, push (forth); to take liquid, water', whence the English word sup ) and the ending *eh 2 , so that it literally means 'that which waters [the ground]'. The ancient Greeks called it Saos ( Ancient Greek : Σάος ). The Sava River is formed from the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka headwaters in northwest Slovenia . The drainage basin has other key tributaries , including

9452-406: The Sava Bohinjka, at 411 metres (1,348 feet) a.s.l. Downstream of Radovljica, the Sava proceeds southeast towards Kranj . Between Kranj and Medvode, its course comprises the Lake Trboje and the Lake Zbilje reservoirs , built for the Mavčiče and the Medvode power plants. The Sava then flows through the capital of Slovenia, Ljubljana , where another reservoir is on the river, adjacent to

9591-399: The Sava Dolinka headwater is excluded from its course. It is also the largest tributary of the Danube by discharge . The river course is sometimes used to describe the northern boundary of the Balkans , and the southern border of the Central Europe . Before the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 the Sava was the longest river lying completely within the country. The Sava Dolinka rises in

9730-401: The Sava River at Zagreb (period from 1992 to 2019), Sremska Mitrovica and Belgrade (period from 1992 to 2021): Mitrovica The course of the Sava River runs through several diverse geological units and orographic regions . The uppermost course of the river and its headwaters in the Karavanke area, is in the Southern Alps , tracing the Sava Fault —itself running parallel to

9869-405: The Sava River at Radovljica, immediately downstream of the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka confluence, stands at 44.9 cubic metres (1,590 cubic feet) per second. Downstream of the Krka confluence the average flow rate reaches 317 cubic metres (11,200 cubic feet) per second, gradually increasing as tributaries discharge along the course—340 cubic metres (12,000 cubic feet) per second downstream of

10008-470: The Sava River basin is relatively high, but most of it is applied in non-consumptive uses, such as fish farming . Use of water for irrigation is relatively low, estimated at 30,000,000 cubic metres (1.1 × 10 cubic feet) per year. Commercial fishing on the Sava River is in decline since the middle of the 20th century. In 1978, there were only 97  commercial fishermen there, while recreational fishing became dominant. The decline became more rapid during

10147-552: The Sava River course in Slovenia runs to the south of Brežice , where it is joined by the Krka, and the river ultimately becomes a border river between Slovenia and Croatia , marking 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) of their border near confluence of the Sutla ( Slovene : Sotla ). At that point, the Sava reaches 132 metres (433 feet) a.s.l. after flowing 221 kilometres (137 miles) through Slovenia and along its border. The westernmost part of

10286-603: The Sava River near Belgrade were assessed as representing little to no risk, and the conclusion drawn was that in order to "reduce the existing bacterial contamination of the Sava River it is necessary to control faecal discharge near cities like Belgrade." The two countries (Croatia and Montenegro) with the greatest direct access to the Adriatic showed by far the least polluted basin surface waters, although other factors, such as demography, agricultural/environmental development and, especially, investment (internal and external), play

10425-526: The Sava in entirety or its lower part by Strabo, is Noarus . Worship of various river gods in the area dates to the Late Bronze Age , when the first settlements were founded along the Sava River. Taurisci associated their river goddess Adsullata with the Savus . Altars or inscriptions dedicated to the river-god Savus have been found at a number of locations along the river course, including at

10564-582: The Slavic name Bojan. His thesis would be later endorsed by many historians, and both South Slavic titles ban and župan were asserted as Avars official titles, but it had more to do with the scholar's ideology of the time than actual reality. Franz Miklosich wrote that the word, of Croatian origin, probably was expanded by the Croats among the Bulgarians and Serbs, while if it is Persian, than among Slavs

10703-617: The Sutla, 880 cubic metres (31,000 cubic feet) per second following discharge of the Kupa and the Una, 990 cubic metres (35,000 cubic feet) per second downstream of the Vrbas confluence, 1,180 cubic metres (42,000 cubic feet) per second after the Bosna river empties into the Sava, and finally of 1,564 cubic metres (55,200 cubic feet) per second at confluence of the Sava in Belgrade. The highest flow rate of 6,007 cubic metres (212,100 cubic feet) per second

10842-406: The Una and the Drina confluences, corresponding to the Sava flowing along the border of Bosnia-Herzegovina, exhibits small change of elevation, such as from 86.8 metres (285 feet)  ASL at Jasenovac to 76.6 metres (251 feet) ASL at Brčko gauges : over 287.5 kilometres (178.6 miles) of the river between them. The river below Zagreb has a 0.4‰ slope (gradient) on average, much less steep than

10981-771: The Zelenci Pools where the Sava Dolinka rises, and a number of Roman settlements and castra built along the Via Pannonia, the Roman road running from Aquileia to the Danube. The settlements include Emona , Andautonia and Siscia (near modern-day Ljubljana, Velika Gorica and Sisak respectively) upstream of the Kupa River confluence, and Marsonia , itself built atop a prehistoric settlement, Cibalae , Sirmium and Singidunum (in modern-day Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci, Sremska Mitrovica and Belgrade) downstream of

11120-546: The Zelenci Pools, west of Podkoren in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia at 833 metres (2,733 feet) above sea level (a.s.l.), and flows east, past Kranjska Gora to Jesenice , where it turns southeast. At Žirovnica , the river enters the Ljubljana Basin and encounters the first hydroelectric dam — Moste plant—before proceeding to the east of the glacial Lake Bled towards Radovljica and confluence of

11259-482: The activities of the urban population in the basin. Even though nearly all population centres generating pollution above 10,000  population equivalent (PE) have some sort of sewage treatment in place, less than a quarter of them are adequate. Wastewater from 86% of Sava River basin settlements, generating more than 2,000 PE, goes untreated. Pollution levels vary along the river. The best conditions in terms of wastewater treatment are found in Slovenia, although

11398-568: The administration of Danube Banovina (1929–1941). Banovina is also the colloquial name of the city hall building in Split , and of the administrative building (rectorate and library) of the University of Niš . In Croatian Littoral banica or banić signified "small silver coins", in Vodice banica signified "unknown, old coins". The Banovac was a coin struck between 1235 and 1384. In

11537-558: The anti- Ottoman defensive system were formed: In 1921 temporarily existed Lajtabánság in Burgenland (Austria). The title ban was also awarded in the Second Bulgarian Empire on few occasions, but remained an exception. One example was the 14th-century governor of Sredets ( Sofia ) Ban Yanuka . Ban was also used in the 19th century Kingdom of Serbia and Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1941. Ban

11676-438: The area of Jamena and further downstream—which belongs to Serbia and the province of Vojvodina . No cities in this segment of the course span the river. It represents an international frontier, three times seeing adjacent, opposing key settlements: Bosanska Gradiška, Bosanski Brod and Brčko in Bosnia-Herzegovina, opposing Stara Gradiška , Slavonski Brod and Gunja in Croatia. The 337.2-kilometre (209.5 mi) segment between

11815-422: The basin, with four of them on the Sava, including one on the Sava Dolinka. Most of the reservoirs are used primarily, or even exclusively, for electricity generation , but they are also used as supply of drinking water , industrial water source, for irrigation and food production . Groundwater is a very important resource in the Sava River basin, generally used for public water supply of potable water, as

11954-435: The basin. In 2007, significant sources of industrial pollution were identified in Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia. Levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic measured in the Sava River at Zagreb in 2003 did not exceed permitted concentrations, but measured levels of mercury exceeded permitted levels in four out of 216 samples. Levels of heavy metals , specifically zinc, copper, lead and cadmium, measured in sediments in

12093-542: The beginning Bosnian status as a de facto independent state fluctuated, depending on era, in terms of its relations with the Kingdom of Hungary and Byzantine Empire . Its rulers were called bans, and their territory banovina . Nevertheless, the Bosnian bans were never viceroys, in the sense as their neighbors in the west in Croatia, appointed by the king. Earliest mentioned Bosnian bans were Borić (1154–1163) and Kulin (1163–1204). The Bosnian medieval dynasties who used

12232-492: The breakup of Yugoslavia and Yugoslav wars , Mačva became part of an independent Serbia . Mačva is located in the southern edge of Pannonian basin , between the Cer and Fruška Gora Mountains. Territory of Mačva is divided among 3 municipalities: Šabac (including 18 settlements of Mačva), Bogatić (including 14 settlements of Mačva), and Sremska Mitrovica (including 7 settlements of Mačva). Total number of settlements in Mačva

12371-901: The buildings that host high government officials. The Banski dvori in Zagreb hosts the Croatian Government , while the Banski dvor in Banja Luka hosted the President of Republika Srpska (a first-tier subdivision of Bosnia and Herzegovina) until 2008. The building known as Bela banovina ("the white banovina") in Novi Sad hosts the parliament and government of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in Serbia. The building received this name because it previously hosted

12510-621: The city was flooded and 17 people were killed. The city itself marks the western extent of the Sava River basin area especially prone to flooding, spanning from Zagreb to confluence of the river in Belgrade , Serbia . East of Zagreb, the river turns southeast again further through the Central Croatia , to the Sisak-Moslavina County , the city of Sisak , reaching 91.3 metres (300 feet) a.s.l. The city of Sisak marks

12649-666: The confluence of the Jezernica , a short watercourse flowing out from Lake Bohinj and the Mostnica River. Some sources define the Jezernica as a part of the Sava Bohinjka, specifying the latter as flowing directly out of the lake, while another group of sources include the Savica , rising at the southern flank of Triglav as the 78-metre (256 ft) Savica Falls , downstream from Triglav Lakes Valley , and flowing into

12788-416: The connection between the Croatian and Byzantine royal court. After 1102, as Croatia entered personal union with Hungarian kingdom , the title of ban was appointed by the kings. Croatia was governed by the viceroys as a whole between 1102 and 1225, when it was split into two separate banovinas: Slavonia and Croatia, and Dalmatia . Two different bans were appointed until 1476, when the institution of

12927-409: The course in Slovenia, where the average slope exceeds 0.7‰. This results in the Sava's meandering course running through a wide plain bordered by wetlands . Downstream from the confluence of the Drina, the Sava River changes its eastward course to northeast, until it reaches Sremska Mitrovica , whence it flows southeast and then south to Šabac , before finally turning east towards Belgrade. Most of

13066-548: The course, with the largest among them—800-hectare (2,000-acre) Ada Ciganlija in Belgrade—connected to the right bank by a pair of artificial embankment dams forming Lake Sava since 1967. The Sava discharges into the Danube, after reaching 68.3 metres (224 feet) a.s.l. as its right tributary at the Great War Island off the easternmost tip of Syrmia in Belgrade, 1,169.9 kilometres (726.9 miles) away from

13205-481: The designation for both regions. In the 13th century, the region was included into the Kingdom of Hungary and Banovina of Mačva was formed in 1247. Banovina was named after a town called Mačva, but the location of this settlement has not been clearly established in modern times. It is suspected that the town of Mačva existed a few kilometers down the river from modern Šabac . During the Hungarian administration

13344-474: The existing facilities are inadequate. In Serbia, on the other hand, 68% of population centres have no wastewater treatment facilities at all. Population centres exceeding 2,000 PE directly discharge into the Sava River basin's surface waters 11112 tonnes of nitrogen and 2,642 tonnes of phosphorus . Agriculture is another significant source of the Sava River basin surface water pollution, specifically through livestock manure production. It

13483-483: The five power plants is expected to cost 700  million euros . There are also plans for construction of ten new powerplants in the middle Sava valley HE Suhadol, HE Trbovlje, HE Renke, HE Ponovice, HE Kresnice, HE Jevnica, HE Zalog, HE Šentjakob, HE Ježica and HE Tacen. Croatia is planning the construction of four hydroelectric power plants on the Sava River in the Zagreb area. The four plants— Podsused , Prečko, Zagreb and Drenje —are scheduled to be completed by 2021 at

13622-610: The formation of a stratovolcanic chain in the basin 17–12  Mya (million years ago) and intensified subsidence observed until 5 Mya as well as flood basalts about 7.5 Mya. Contemporary uplift of the Carpathian Mountains prevented water flowing to the Black Sea, and the Pannonian Sea formed in the basin. Sediments were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in

13761-696: The historical sources, and as such the Avarian etymological derivation is unconvincing. The title's etymological and functional origins are unknown. It was used as "evidence" throughout the history of historiography to prove ideological assumptions on Avars, and specific theories on the origin of early medieval Croats . The starting point of the debate was year 1837, and the work of historian and philologist Pavel Jozef Šafárik , whose thesis has influenced generations of scholars. In his work Slovanské starožitnosti (1837), and later Slawische alterthümer (1843) and Geschichte der südslawischen Literatur (1864),

13900-522: The horde", itself is attested as the 6th century personal name of Avar khagan Bayan I which led the raids on provinces of the Byzantine Empire. Some scholars assume that the personal name was a possible misinterpretation of a title, but Bayan already had a title of khagan, and the name, as well its derivation, are well confirmed. The title ban among the Avars has never been attested to in

14039-528: The influence of Franks during their control of Istria and Liburnia . In 2013, historian Tomislav Bali noted the possible connection of the title with the military and territorial administrative unit bandon of the Byzantine Empire . The unit term derives, like the Greek bandon (from the 6th century) and Latin bandus and bandum (from the 9th century; banner ), from the Gothic bandwō ,

14178-454: The king's governmental representatives, supreme military commanders and judges, and in 18th century Croatia, even as chief government officials. In the Banate of Bosnia they were always de facto supreme rulers. The first known mention of the title ban is in the 10th century by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus , in the work De Administrando Imperio , in the 30th and 31st chapter "Story of

14317-460: The lake, as a part of the Sava Bohinjka. The watercourse flows 41 kilometres (25 miles)—including the length of the Savica—east to Radovljica , where it discharges into the Sava Dolinka. Downstream from the confluence, the river is referred to as the Sava. The Sava spans Central- Southeast Europe , flowing through Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and along the Bosnia-Herzegovina border. Its total length

14456-665: The maximum beam of 9.5 metres (31 feet), the maximum draught of 2.5 metres (8 feet 2 inches) and tonnage up to 1,500 tonnes (1,500 long tons; 1,700 short tons). The Sava River downstream of Sisak, is designated as European waterway E 80-12, branching off from the E ;80 waterway spanning the Danube and Le Havre via the Rhine . The largest ports on the Sava River are Brčko and Šamac in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Sisak and Slavonski Brod in Croatia, and Šabac and Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia. As of 2008 , 24.5 kilometres (15.2 miles) of

14595-521: The name Srem was designation for two territories: Upper Srem (present day Srem ) and Lower Srem (present day Mačva). Kingdom of Srem under the rule of Stefan Dragutin was located in Lower Srem. According to some sources, Stefan Dragutin also ruled over Upper Srem, but other sources are mentioning another local ruler, Ugrin Csák , who ruled over Upper Srem and Slavonija . At first, Stefan Dragutin

14734-585: The noun bàn (lord, master, illustrious man, chief), suffix bân (guard), and the Sasanian title merz-bân (مرزبان marz-bān, Marzban ). He considered that the early Croats originated from the Iranian-speaking Sarmatians probably Alans and Aorsi . The view of the possible Iranian origin (from ban ; keeper, guard), besides Avarian, was shared by the modern scholars like Vladimir Košćak, Horace Lunt and Tibor Živković . In

14873-495: The opposite, that Avars never lived in the area of the Roman province of Dalmatia (including Lika), and that statement occurred somewhere in Pannonia . Šafárik assumed that the Avars by the name word bayan called their governor, and in the end concluded that the title ban derives from the "name-title" Bayan, which is also a Persian title word (see Turkish bey for Persian bag/bay ), and neglected that it should derive from

15012-713: The present-day Sava River valley, and approximately 4,000 metres (13,000 feet) deep sediments were deposited in the Slavonia-Syrmia depression and 5,500 metres (18,000 feet) in the Sava depression. The results of those processes are large plains in the Sava River valley and the Kupa River valley. The plains are interspersed by the horst and graben structures, believed to have broken the Pannonian Sea surface as islands , which became watershed between Drava and Sava River basins extending along Ivanščica – Kalnik – Bilogora –Papuk mountain chain. The Papuk Mountain

15151-538: The province of Dalmatia" and "Of the Croats and of the country they now dwell in", dedicated to the Croats and the Croatian organisation of their medieval state. In the 30th chapter, describing in Byzantine Greek , how the Croatian state was divided into eleven ζουπανίας ( zoupanías ; župas ), the ban βοάνος ( Boános ), καὶ ὁ βοάνος αὐτῶν κρατεῖ (rules over) τὴν Κρίβασαν ( Krbava ), τὴν Λίτζαν ( Lika ) καὶ (and) τὴν Γουτζησκά ( Gacka ). In

15290-645: The region is part of an independent Serbia . Mačva was inhabited since the Stone Age . Before the Roman conquest, the region was inhabited by Illyrians and Celtic Scordisces . In the first century BC, the region was conquered by the Romans , and Scordisces were pushed to the northern side of the Sava river. During the Roman rule, the region was part of the provinces of Moesia and Pannonia . Roman rule lasted until

15429-672: The region of Mačva has successively been a part of the Roman Empire (1st-4th century); the Byzantine Empire (4th-5th century; 5th-7th century; and 11th-12th century), the Hun Empire (5th century), Avar Khaganate (7th century), the Slavic-controlled territories (7th-9th century), the Bulgarian Empire (9th-11th century), the Kingdom of Hungary (12th-13th century; 14th century; 15th century; 16th century),

15568-652: The region was ruled by several powerful bans . Hungarian king Béla IV granted authority over Mačva to Rostislav Mikhailovich , a refugee Russian prince. In the 13th century, Béla of Macsó (grandson of Béla IV) ruled Mačva as well as Usora and Soli (areas across Drina river in today's northeastern Bosnia ). Between 1282 and 1316 the Serb King Stefan Dragutin ruled the Kingdom of Srem , which consisted of Mačva, Usora , Soli and some adjacent territories. His capital cities were Debrc (between Belgrade and Šabac ) and Belgrade . In that time

15707-564: The river banks and gravel pits and artificial lakes adjacent. Tacen Whitewater Course, on the right bank of the Sava in Tacen , a suburb of Ljubljana, was built as a permanent kayaking course in 1948. It hosts a major international competition almost every year, examples being the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in 1955 , 199 1 and 2010 . In Zagreb, Jarun complex of lakes along the river course offers

15846-541: The river course between Slavonski Šamac and Oprisavci , as well as additional 219.8 kilometres (136.6 miles) between Slavonski Brod and Sisak, are considered by Croatia's Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure to fail the Class IV criteria, permitting navigation of vessels up to 1,000 tonnes (980 long tons; 1,100 short tons) only, complying with the AGN's Category III. The Slavonski Šamac–Oprisavci section

15985-605: The river resumes its predominantly eastward course towards Sremska Rača and confluence of the Drina River. The right bank of the Sava, in this segment of its course, belongs to Bosnia-Herzegovina (with Bosnia's all three administrative entities, Republika Srpska , Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Brčko District , having gateway to the river), while the opposite bank belongs to Croatia and its Sisak-Moslavina, Brod-Posavina and Vukovar-Srijem counties, except in

16124-595: The river since 2005. The Sava River valley is also a route for road and rail traffic. The river valley routes are a part of the Pan-European Corridor X , and forming junctions with Pan-European Corridors V, Vb, Vc , Xa and Xb in area of Ljubljana (V), Zagreb (Vb, Xa), Slavonski Šamac (Vc), and Belgrade (Xb). The motorways forming the Pan-European Corridor X in the area— Slovenia's A2 , Croatia's A3 and Serbia's A1 motorways—represent

16263-406: The river's basin is used to cool thermoelectric and nuclear power plants. Power plant cooling represents the main type of use of the Sava River waters. As of October 2012 , there are six existing hydroelectric power plants built along the Sava River. Upstream of Ljubljana there are Moste, Mavčiče and Medvode power plants, while Vrhovo, Boštanj and Blanca are downstream of the capital. There

16402-617: The river's course in Serbia represents a border between province of Vojvodina, on the left bank, and Central Serbia , on the right bank. Exceptions to that are in area around Sremska Mitrovica, where both banks are in Vojvodina, and downstream of Progar suburb of Belgrade where both banks are in Central Serbia. The river meanders and forms wetlands there as well—the most significant centering on Obedska bara oxbow lake . The Sava River forms several large islands in this segment of

16541-480: The section of the river belongs to the AGN's Category II. There are plans for the restoration of the Category IV compliant waterway downstream of Sisak and betterment of navigation infrastructure between Sisak and Rugvica, as well as upgrading of the waterway between Brčko and Belgrade to Category Va, matching that of the Danube, with uninterrupted navigation through the year. The plan is planned to be supported by

16680-417: The six of Twelve noble tribes of Croatia , where the title is written as banus and bani . The Late Proto-Slavic word *banъ is considered to not be of native Slavic lexical stock and is generally argued to be a borrowing from a Turkic language, but such a derivation is highly criticized by the modern historians who rather argue Western European origin. The title's origin among medieval Croats

16819-662: The southeast and runs through the Lower Sava Valley with the towns of Radeče , Sevnica , and Krško . The course through the Sava Hills forms the boundary of traditional regions of Lower Carniola and Styria , At Radeče, the Vrhovo hydroelectric dam reservoir stands. The latter is site of the Krško Nuclear Power Plant , which uses the Sava River water to dissipate excess heat. The easternmost stretch of

16958-415: The title "ban" until the rulers adopted the use of the title "king" under the Kingdom of Bosnia , with Ban Stephen's II successor Tvrtko I being the first who inaugurate the title "king". Regions ruled and influenced by Kingdom of Hungary , besides those in Croatia and Bosnia, were also formed as banates usually as frontier provinces in today's Serbia , Romania and Bulgaria . It includes: As part of

17097-431: The title Ban from the 12th until the end of 14th century includes Borić , Kulinić with Ban Kulin and Matej Ninoslav being most prominent member, and Kotromanić dynasty . Some of the most prominent bans from the 12th until the end of 13th centuries includes Ban Borić , Ban Kulin , Ban Stephen Kulinić , Ban Matej Ninoslav , Prijezda I , Prijezda II , Stephen I and Stephen II . The Bosnian medieval state used

17236-402: The title khagan. Nada Klaić advocated the same claims of Avars descendants in Lika, and considered bans and župans as Avar officials and governors. Francis Dvornik on the other hand, although mentioned Šišić's argumentation, considered to be of common Indo-European root (an Czechs and Poles have pan meaning "master") or Iranian-Sarmatian origin, and "we are fully entitled to suppose that

17375-619: The vassal Principality of Serbia (1815–1878), the independent Principality of Serbia (1878–1882), the Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918), the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929), the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1941), the area governed by the Military Administration in Serbia (1941–1944), the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1944–1992), the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003), and Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006). Since 2006,

17514-476: The wars in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, reducing the quantity of fish caught in the river to approximately one-third of the pre-war catches which ranged from 719 to 988 tonnes (708 to 972 long tons; 793 to 1,089 short tons) between 1979 and 1990. The International Sava River Basin Commission (ISRBC), a cooperative body established by Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia and Montenegro in 2005,

17653-767: The watershed between the Vuka and Bosut rivers, gradually rises to the Fruška Gora south of Ilok. There are 18 hydroelectric power plants with power generation capacity exceeding 10  Megawatts in the Sava River basin. In Slovenia, most of them harness the Sava itself. In other countries, the hydroelectric power plants are on its tributaries. Total power generation capacity of the 18 power plants, and additional smaller plants largely found in Slovenia, amounts to 41542 megawatts, and their annual production capacity stands at 2,497  gigawatt-hours . Approximately 3.3 cubic kilometres (0.79 cubic miles) of water per year in

17792-522: The westernmost extent of the Sava River navigable to larger vessels. Navigation conditions on the river are poor due to limited draft and fairway width, meandering of the river, bridge clearance restrictions, poor fairway markings as well as presence of sunken vessels and other objects, including unexploded ordnance . The ordnance is left over from various conflicts including the World War II , Croatian War of Independence , Bosnian War , and

17931-557: The westernmost point of the river course designated as a Class IV international waterway in compliance with the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 's European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance (AGN). The classification means that the river course between Sisak and Belgrade is navigable to ships of the maximum length of 80 to 85 metres (262 to 279 feet),

18070-437: Was Pribina in the 10th century, followed by Godemir (969–995), Gvarda or Varda (c. 995–1000), Božeteh (c. 1000–1030), Stjepan Praska (c. 1035–1058), Gojčo (c. 1060–1069), and later Dmitar Zvonimir (c. 1070–1075) and possibly Petar Snačić (c. 1075–1091) who would become the last native Croatian king. The fairly late mid-10th century mention, because is not mentioned in older inscriptions and royal charters, indicates it

18209-476: Was Uroš Drmanović . Between 1804 and 1815, Mačva was part of Serbia ruled by Karađorđe . Since 1817, it was part of the autonomous Principality of Serbia , and since 1882, part of the Kingdom of Serbia . During World War I, the Austro-Hungarian army occupied the region and committed war crimes against innocent Serb civilians in Mačva and Podrinje . [1] Beginning in 1918, the region was part of

18348-457: Was a vassal of the Hungarian king, but since the central power in the Kingdom of Hungary collapsed, both, Stefan Dragutin and Ugrin Csák were de facto independent rulers. Stephen Dragutin died in 1316, and was succeeded by his son, King Vladislaus II (1316–1324). Vladislaus II was defeated by the king of Serbia, Stefan Dečanski , in 1324, and after this, Mačva became a subject of dispute between

18487-485: Was named the Fountain of Three Carniolan Rivers. Ban (title) Ban ( / ˈ b ɑː n / ) was the title of local rulers or officeholders, similar to viceroy , used in several states in Central and Southeastern Europe between the 7th and 20th centuries. The most common examples have been found in medieval Croatia and medieval regions ruled and influenced by the Kingdom of Hungary . They often ruled as

18626-520: Was not preserved from the period of Avar Khaganate as was previously presumed in historiography. It rather indicates to the influence of the expansion of the Northern border by King Tomislav of Croatia , after the conquest of Slavonia by the Hungarians, making the position of ban similar to that of a margrave defending a frontier region. That the ban was significant almost as a king is seen in

18765-488: Was recorded by Slavonski Šamac gauging station in May 2014. Seven out of eight largest reservoirs in the Sava River basin are in the Drina catchment, the largest among them being the 0.88-cubic-kilometre (0.21 cu mi) Lake Piva on the eponymous river in Montenegro, created after construction of Mratinje Dam . Overall, there are 22 reservoirs holding more than 5,000,000 cubic metres (180,000,000 cubic feet) of water in

18904-529: Was the first to connect the ruler title of ban , obviously not of Slavic lexical stock, which ruled over župas of today's region of Lika , with the Pannonian Avars. He concluded how Avars lived in that same territory, basing his thesis on a literal reading of the statement from Constantine VII's 30th chapter, "there are still descendants of the Avars in Croatia, and are recognized as Avars". However, modern historians and archaeologists until now proved

19043-645: Was the largest glacier in the territory of present-day Slovenia, up to 900 metres (3,000 feet) thick. Sava Folds, southeast and east of the Ljubljana Basin are thought of as a part of the Dinarides, separating the Ljubljana and Krško Basins , and forming the Sava Hills. The east–west oriented folds are younger than the Miocene and the folding is considered to had taken place in the Pliocene and

19182-455: Was the title of the governor of each province (called banovina ) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1941. The weight of the title was far less than that of a medieval ban's feudal office. The word ban is preserved in many modern toponym and place names, in the regions where bans once ruled, as well as in the personal names. A region in central Croatia, south of Sisak , is called Banovina or Banija. The region of Banat in

19321-465: Was the title used for local land administrators in the areas of Balkans where South Slavic population migrated around the 7th century, namely in Duchy of Croatia (8th century–c. 925), Kingdom of Croatia , Croatia in union with Hungary (1102–1526), and many regions ruled and influenced by Kingdom of Hungary like Banate of Bosnia (1154–1377), Banate of Severin (1228–1526), Banate of Macsó (1254–1496) and else. According to Noel Malcolm , usage of

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