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147-581: In the 9th century, the area was ruled by the Bulgarian - Slavic duke Salan . From the 11th to the 16th century, during the administration of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary , the area was divided between the Bodrogiensis County, Bacsensis County, Csongradiensis County , and Cumania region. From 1526 to 1527, the area was ruled by the independent Serb ruler, emperor Jovan Nenad , while during Ottoman administration (16th-17th century), it

294-624: A Franciscan Monastery from 1736, and St Dimitrije Serbian Orthodox Church in Aleksandrovo neighborhood from 1818. In accordance with its very rich resources, the region's food processing industry is well developed. The best examples are "29 November" meat industry , "Pionir" food factory and "Fidelinka" bread and flour products factory. Subotica ranks among the leading communities in Serbia when it comes to crop yields ( maize , wheat and sunflower ). Note: All official material made by

441-599: A clade from wild populations from the Great Plains , which indicates that there was a single domestication event in central North America. Following the cultivated sunflower's origin, it may have gone through significant bottlenecks dating back to ~5,000 years ago. In the 16th century the first crop breeds were brought from America to Europe by explorers. Domestic sunflower seeds have been found in Mexico, dating to 2100 BCE. Native American people grew sunflowers as

588-399: A pulvinus below their inflorescence . A pulvinus is a flexible segment in the leaf stalks (petiole) of some plant species and functions as a 'joint'. It effectuates leaf motion due to reversible changes in turgor pressure which occurs without growth. The sensitive plant's closing leaves are a good example of reversible leaf movement via pulvinuli. Generally, each floret is oriented toward

735-428: A Hungarian ethnic majority: Bačka Topola (58.94%) and Mali Iđoš (55.92%), while one municipality (Subotica) is ethnically mixed. The population of Subotica is composed of: Hungarians (38.47%), Serbs (24.14%), Croats (11.24%), Bunjevci (10.95%), Yugoslavs (5.76%), Montenegrins (1.25%), and others. As for local communities, 20 have a Hungarian majority, 15 have a Serb majority, seven have Croatian/Bunjevci majority, one has

882-414: A Montenegrin majority and two are ethnically mixed, with a Hungarian relative majority. Subotica is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious center; in addition to the major Roman Catholic and Serbian Orthodox communities, there are nearly thirty other small-sized religious communities in the town. The most remarkable religious buildings are Subotica Synagogue , Cathedral of Saint Teresa of Avila from 1797,

1029-426: A circular angle, where 55 and 144 are Fibonacci numbers) and gives a close packing of florets. This model has been used to produce computer generated representations of sunflowers. The sunflower genome is diploid with a base chromosome number of 17 and an estimated genome size of 2,871–3,189 million base pairs . Some sources claim its true size is around 3.5 billion base pairs (slightly larger than

1176-646: A cluster with Romanians , Macedonians and Gagauzes , and they are at similar proximity to Serbs and Montenegrins . Bulgarians, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages: Mesolithic hunter-gatherers , descended from populations associated with the Paleolithic Epigravettian culture; Neolithic Early European Farmers who migrated from Anatolia during the Neolithic Revolution 9,000 years ago; and Yamnaya Steppe herders who expanded into Europe from

1323-747: A compound of Proto-Turkic ( Oghuric ) *bel ("five") and *gur ("arrow" in the sense of " tribe "), a proposed division within the Utigurs or Onogurs ("ten tribes"). According to art. 25(1) of Constitution of Bulgaria , a Bulgarian citizen shall be anyone born to at least one parent holding a Bulgarian citizenship , or born on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria , should they not be entitled to any other citizenship by virtue of origin. Bulgarian citizenship shall further be acquirable through naturalization. About 85% of Bulgaria's population identified themselves as ethnic Bulgarians in 2021 Bulgarian census,

1470-605: A crop from Mexico to Southern Canada. They then were introduced to the Russian Empire , where oilseed cultivators were located, and the flowers were developed and grown on an industrial scale. The Russian Empire reintroduced this oilseed cultivation process to North America in the mid-20th century; North America began their commercial era of sunflower production and breeding. New breeds of the Helianthus spp. began to become more prominent in new geographical areas. During

1617-511: A domestic setting. Being easy to grow and producing spectacular results in any good, moist soil in full sun, they are a favourite subject for children. A large number of cultivars, of varying size and color, are now available to grow from seed. The following are cultivars of sunflowers (those marked agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit ):- Sunflower "whole seed" (fruit) are sold as

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1764-513: A fixed (and typically easterly) direction throughout the day. This old misconception was disputed in 1597 by the English botanist John Gerard , who grew sunflowers in his famous herbal garden: "[some] have reported it to turn with the Sun, the which I could never observe, although I have endeavored to find out the truth of it." The uniform alignment of sunflower heads in a field might give some people

1911-589: A must for the Bulgarian costume is a decoration with flowers optionally on a headband, that distinguishes all the Balto-Slavic peoples and is not found in western cultures. The male dress is of likewise origin, usually Riza "robe", poyas "belt", poturi "full-bottomed breeches" typical for the Slavs and often a tsarvul and kalpak for shoes and jacket. Among the most similar relatives of the latter for example

2058-565: A number of countries in the world. Most Bulgarian male surnames have an -ov surname suffix ( Cyrillic : -ов ), a tradition used mostly by Eastern Slavic nations such as Russia , Ukraine and Belarus . This is sometimes transcribed as -off or -of (John Atanasov— John Atanasoff ), but more often as -ov (e.g. Boyko Borisov ). The -ov suffix is the Slavic gender- agreeing suffix, thus Ivanov ( Bulgarian : Иванов ) literally means "Ivan's". Bulgarian middle names are patronymic and use

2205-524: A prestige for the masculine voices of females. Valya Balkanska is a folk singer thanks to whom the Bulgarian speech in her song " Izlel ye Delyo Haydutin " will be played in the Outer space for at least 60,000 years more as part of the Voyager Golden Record selection of music included in the two Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977. As for most European peoples, football became by far

2352-604: A separate Bulgarian Uniat Church . As the Greek clerics were ousted from most Bulgarian bishoprics at the end of the decade, significant areas had been seceded from the Patriarchate's control. This movement restored the distinct Bulgarian national consciousness among the common people and led to the recognition of the Bulgarian millet in 1870 by the Ottomans. As result, two armed struggle movements started to develop as late as

2499-769: A separate language when North Macedonia became a new independent state. The Bulgarian language is written in the Cyrillic script . In the first half of the 10th century, the Cyrillic script was devised in the Preslav Literary School , Bulgaria , based on the Glagolitic , the Greek and Latin alphabets. Modern versions of the alphabet are now used to write five more Slavic languages such as Belarusian , Macedonian , Russian, Serbian and Ukrainian as well as Mongolian and some other 60 languages spoken in

2646-415: A snack food, raw or after roasting in ovens, with or without salt and/or seasonings added. Sunflower seeds can be processed into a peanut butter alternative, sunflower butter . It is also sold as food for birds and can be used directly in cooking and salads. Native Americans had multiple uses for sunflowers in the past, such as in bread, medical ointments, dyes and body paints. Sunflower oil, extracted from

2793-441: A substitute for kerosene due to shortages. The light from such a lamp has been described as "miserable" and "smoky". The cake remaining after the seeds have been processed for oil is used as livestock feed. The hulls resulting from the dehulling of the seeds before oil extraction can also be fed to domestic animals. Some recently developed cultivars have drooping heads. These cultivars are less attractive to gardeners growing

2940-617: A sunflower ever since. In 2020, world production of sunflower seeds was 50 million tonnes, led by Russia and Ukraine , with 53% combined of the total. Researchers have analyzed the impact of various nitrogen-based fertilizers on the growth of sunflowers. Ammonium nitrate was found to produce better nitrogen absorption than urea , which performed better in low-temperature areas. Sunflower cultivation typically uses crop rotation , often with cereals , soybean , or rapeseed . This reduces idle periods and increases total sunflower production and profitability. In today's market, most of

3087-585: A tree. The white thread represents peace and tranquility, while the red one stands for the cycles of life. Bulgarians may also refer to the holiday of 1 March as Baba Marta (Баба Марта), meaning Grandmother March . It preserves an ancient pagan tradition, possibly celebrating the old Roman new Year , beginning on 1 March, identical with Romanian Mărțișor . Pagan customs found their way to the Christian holidays. The ancient ritual of kukeri (кукери), similar to Slovenian Kurentovanje , Busójárás and Halloween ,

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3234-758: A tribal union with the Severians and the " Seven clans ", who were re-settled to protect the flanks of the Bulgar settlements in Scythia Minor , as the capital Pliska was built on the site of a former Slavic settlement. During the Early Byzantine Era, the Roman provincials in Scythia Minor and Moesia Secunda were already engaged in economic and social exchange with the 'barbarians' north of

3381-532: A variety of hot and cold soups, an example of a cold soup being tarator . There are many different Bulgarian pastries as well such as banitsa . Most Bulgarian dishes are oven baked, steamed, or in the form of stew. Deep-frying is not very typical, but grilling—especially different kinds of meats—is very common. Pork meat is the most common meat in the Bulgarian cuisine. Oriental dishes do exist in Bulgarian cuisine with most common being moussaka , gyuvetch , and baklava . A very popular ingredient in Bulgarian cuisine

3528-474: A widespread cooking ingredient. With time, the bulk of industrial-scale production has shifted to Eastern Europe, and (as of 2020 ) Russia and Ukraine together produce over half of worldwide seed production. Sunflowers grow best in fertile, moist, well-drained soil with heavy mulch . They often appear on dry open areas and foothills. Outside of cultivation, the common sunflower is found on moist clay-based soils in areas with climates similar to Texas. In contrast,

3675-464: Is -ski . This surname ending also gets an –a when the bearer of the name is female ( Smirnenski becomes Smirnenska ). The plural form of the surname suffix -ski is still -ski , e.g. the Smirnenski family ( Смирненски ). The ending –in (female -ina ) also appears rarely. It used to be given to the child of an unmarried woman (for example the son of Kuna will get the surname Kunin and

3822-522: Is Ukrainian hutsul, but the kalpak is attributed to Ottoman influence. The male skirt fustanella appears on the dress only of the Macedonian Bulgarians and is of indigenous Balkan origin or influence. In some dress of Thrace the symbol of the snake as in medieval tombs is found and is considered a Thracian cultural legacy and belief. Folk songs are most often about the nymphs from Bulgarian and West Slavic mythology ( samovili ) and

3969-645: Is at most virtually absent in modern Bulgarian culture, some authors claim there is a similarity between the dress and customs of the Chuvashes , who descend from the Volga Bulgars , and the Bulgarian ethnographic group Kapantsi from Targovishte Province and Razgrad Province , among whom the claim that they are direct descendants of Asparuh 's Bulgars is popular, but Slavic elements are found among them. Bulgarian folk costumes feature long white robes, usually with red embrdoiery and ornaments derived from

4116-563: Is considered not local and good, but evil and trying to inflict harm and drought. Saint Jeremiah 's feast is of the snakes and the reptiles, there is a tradition of jumping over fire. At the Rusalka week the girls don't go outside to prevent themselves from diseases and harm that the dead forces Rusalii can cause. This remained the holiday of the samovili. The men performing the custom are also called Rusalii, they don't let anybody pass through between them, don't talk with each other except for

4263-633: Is currently the fastest white woman at 100 metres . Kaloyan Mahlyanov has been the first European sumo wrestler to win the Emperor's Cup in Japan. Veselin Topalov won the 2005 World Chess Championship . He was ranked No. 1 in the world from April 2006 to January 2007, and had the second highest Elo rating of all time (2813). He regained the world No. 1 ranking again in October 2008. The national symbols of

4410-453: Is kept for a whole year. On the Baptism of Jesus a competition to catch the cross in the river is held and is believed the sky is "opened" and any wish will be fulfilled. Bulgarians as well as Albanians nod the head up and down to indicates "no" and shake to indicate "yes". They may wear the martenitsa (мартеница)—an adornment made of white and red yarn and worn on the wrist or pinned on

4557-680: Is often used as a symbol of green ideology . The flower is also the symbol of the Vegan Society . The sunflower is the symbol behind the Sunflower Movement , a 2014 mass protest in Taiwan . The Hidden Disabilities Sunflower was first used as a visible symbol (typically worn on a lanyard) in May 2016 at London Gatwick Airport . It has since come into common usage throughout the UK and in

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4704-459: Is performed by costumed men in different times of the year and after Easter. This seeks to scare away evil spirits and bring good harvest and health to the community. Goat is symbolized, that was left from the Thracian cult of Dionysian Mysteries . The ritual consists of dancing, jumping, shouting and collect gifts from the houses in an attempt to banish all evil from the village. The adornments on

4851-417: Is still the most popular Bulgarian football player of the 21st century. In the beginning of the 20th century Bulgaria was famous for two of the best wrestlers in the world – Dan Kolov and Nikola Petroff . Stefka Kostadinova is the best female high jumper , still holding the world record from 1987, one of the oldest unbroken world records for all kind of athletics. Ivet Lalova along with Irina Privalova

4998-417: Is the Bulgarian white brine cheese called " sirene " (сирене). It is the main ingredient in many salads, as well as in a variety of pastries. Fish and chicken are widely eaten and while beef is less common as most cattle are bred for milk production rather than meat, veal is a natural byproduct of this process and it is found in many popular recipes. Bulgaria is a net exporter of lamb and its own consumption of

5145-595: Is the national flower of Ukraine . Ukrainians used sunflower as a main source of cooking oil instead of butter or lard forbidden by the Orthodox Church when observing Lent . They were also planted to serve as bioremediation in Chernobyl . In June 1996, U.S., Russian, and Ukrainian officials planted sunflowers at the Pervomaysk missile base where Soviet nuclear weapons were formerly placed. During

5292-475: The -ev surname suffix (Cyrillic: -ев ), for example Stoev , Ganchev , Peev , and so on. The female surname in this case would have the -eva surname suffix (Cyrillic: -ева ), for example: Galina Stoeva . The last name of the entire family then would have the plural form of -evi (Cyrillic: -еви ), for example: the Stoevi family ( Стоеви ). Another typical Bulgarian surname suffix, though less common,

5439-749: The Banat in Romania and up to 100,000 people of Bulgarian ancestry in South America. The Roman Catholic Bulgarians of the Banat are also descendants of Paulicians who fled there at the end of the 17th century after an unsuccessful uprising against the Ottomans. Protestantism was introduced in Bulgaria by missionaries from the United States in 1857. Missionary work continued throughout the second half of

5586-611: The Black Sea to the east, who accepted the common ethnonym " Bulgarians ". During the 10th century, the Bulgarians established a form of national identity that was far from modern nationalism but helped them to survive as a distinct entity through the centuries. In 1018, Bulgaria lost its independence and remained a Byzantine subject until 1185, when the Second Bulgarian Empire was created. Nevertheless, at

5733-662: The Bulgarian Countrymen's Army and joined the Russian Army , hoping Russia would bring Bulgarian liberation, but its imperial interests were focused then on Greece and Wallachia . The rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire led to a struggle for cultural and religious autonomy of the Bulgarian people. The Bulgarians wanted to have their own schools and liturgy in Bulgarian, and they needed an independent ecclesiastical organisation. Discontent with

5880-582: The Congress of Berlin which took back the Macedonia and Adrianople regions, returning them under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Also an autonomous Ottoman province, called Eastern Rumelia was created in Northern Thrace . As a consequence, the Bulgarian national movement proclaimed as its aim the inclusion of most of Macedonia , Thrace and Moesia under Greater Bulgaria. Eastern Rumelia

6027-593: The Danube . This might have facilitated their eventual Slavonization, although the majority of the population appears to have been withdrawn to the hinterland of Constantinople or Asia Minor prior to any permanent Slavic and Bulgar settlement south of the Danube. The major port towns in Pontic Bulgaria remained Byzantine Greek in their outlook. The large scale population transfers and territorial expansions during

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6174-534: The Kupala Night and a competition between couples to eat an egg on a thread is held. Another characteristic custom called nestinarstvo (нестинарство), or firedancing , distinguishes the Strandzha region, as well as Dog spinning . The authentic nestinarstvo with states of trance is only preserved in the village Balgari . This ancient custom involves dancing into fire or over live embers. Women dance into

6321-570: The Macedonians . The Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia and the Torlak speakers in Serbia are also closely related to Bulgarians. Bulgarians speak a South Slavic language which is mutually intelligible with Macedonian and to a lesser degree with Serbo-Croatian , especially the eastern dialects. The lexical similarities between Bulgarian and Macedonian are 86%, between Bulgarian and other Slavic languages between 71% and 80%, but with

6468-494: The Pontic steppe in the context of Indo-European migrations 5,000 years ago. The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681. After the adoption of Orthodox Christianity in 864 it became one of the cultural centres of Slavic Europe. Its leading cultural position was consolidated with the invention of the Cyrillic script in its capital Preslav at the eve of the 10th century. The development of Old Church Slavonic literacy in

6615-480: The Russian invasion of Ukraine , a video widely shared on social media showed a Ukrainian woman confronting a Russian soldier, telling the latter to "take these seeds and put them in your pockets so at least sunflowers will grow when you all lie down here". The sunflower has since become a global symbol of resistance, unity, and hope. The sunflower is also the state flower of the U.S. state of Kansas and one of

6762-564: The Thracology was especially supported by the communist authority , as an attempt to underline the indigenous influence into the Bulgarian ethnogenesis. After the fall of Communism , the spiritualized image of the Thracians began to fade. Following the cooling of the relations with Russia , and the country's EU accession , the opinion on significant Bulgar genetic impact, was launched among nationalist circles, that lately have downplayed

6909-510: The human genome ). In the binomial name Helianthus annuus , the genus name is derived from the Greek ἥλιος : hḗlios 'sun' and ἄνθος : ánthos 'flower'. The species name annuus means 'annual' in Latin. The plant was first domesticated in the Americas. Sunflower seeds were brought to Europe from the Americas in the 16th century, where, along with sunflower oil , they became

7056-543: The rusalki , samodivi, and return at Annunciation . According to other beliefs the danger peaks at the so-called few days around the New Year Eve "Dirty Days", this time starts at Koleda , which merged with Christmas , when groups of kids koledari visit houses, singing carols and receiving a gift at parting. It is believed that no man can go in Zmeyovo and only the magpie knows the location of this place. At many of

7203-441: The "dead". Epic heroes as Prince Marko are believed to be descended from the samodivi. The elm is believed to scare the evil forces. Sacral trees in Bulgarian beliefs are beeches and oaks. Hawthorn is believed to expel all evil forces and is applied to cure suspected vampires. The tradition forbids killing of sacred animals – deer, while it is hold a belief the samodivi runaway from horse. The alleged as "unclean" animals resembling

7350-721: The 18th century, the use of sunflower oil became very popular in Russia, particularly with members of the Russian Orthodox Church , because only plant-based fats were allowed during Lent , according to fasting traditions . In the early 19th century, it was first commercialized in the village of Alexeyevka in Voronezh Governorate by the merchant named Daniil Bokaryov, who developed a technology suitable for its large-scale extraction, and quickly spread around. The town's coat of arms has included an image of

7497-548: The 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Nowadays there are some 25,000 Protestant Bulgarians in Bulgaria. Boris Christoff , Nicolai Ghiaurov , Raina Kabaivanska and Ghena Dimitrova made a precious contribution to opera singing with Ghiaurov and Christoff being two of the greatest bassos in the post-war period. Similarly, Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean is one of the best-known harpists today. Bulgarians have made valuable contributions to world culture in modern times as well. Julia Kristeva and Tzvetan Todorov were among

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7644-535: The 8th and 9th century, additionally increased the number of the Slavs and Byzantine Christians within the state, making the Bulgars quite obviously a minority. The establishment of a new state molded the various Slav, Bulgar and earlier or later populations into the "Bulgarian people" of the First Bulgarian Empire speaking a South Slavic language . In different periods to the ethnogenesis of

7791-486: The Baltic languages they are 40–46%, while with English are about 20%. Less than a dozen Bulgarian words are derived from Turkic Bulgar . Bulgarian demonstrates some linguistic developments that set it apart from other Slavic languages shared with Romanian , Albanian and Greek (see Balkan language area ). Bulgarian was influenced lexically by medieval and modern Greek, and Turkish . Medieval Bulgarian influenced

7938-669: The Batsch-Bodrog County. In the 1850s, the area was part of the Sombor District, and after 1860, it was again included into Batsch-Bodrog County . During the royal Serb-Croat-Slovene ( Yugoslav ) administration (1918-1941), the area was part of the Novi Sad County (1918-1922), Bačka Oblast (1922-1929), and Danube Banovina (1929-1941). During the Hungarian - German Axis occupation (1941-1944),

8085-498: The Bulgarian lands. The Thracian language was still spoken in the 6th century, probably becoming extinct afterwards, In a later period the Bulgarians replaced long-established Greek/Latin toponyms with Thracian ones, which might suggest that Thracian had not been completely obliterated then. Some pre-Slavic linguistic and cultural traces might have been preserved among modern Bulgarians (and Macedonians). Scythia Minor and Moesia Inferior appear to have been Romanized , although

8232-704: The Bulgarians are the Flag , the Coat of Arms , the National anthem and the National Guard , as well other unofficial symbols such as the Samara flag . Common sunflower The common sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ) is a species of large annual forb of the daisy family Asteraceae . The common sunflower is harvested for its edible oily seeds , which are often eaten as a snack food . They are also used in

8379-468: The Bulgars, led by Kuber , crossed the Danube river and settled in the Balkans with a single migration wave, the former of which Michael the Syrian described as numbering 10,000. The Bulgars are often not thought to have been numerous, becoming a ruling elite in the areas they controlled. However, according to Steven Runciman a tribe that was able to defeat an Emperor-lead Byzantine army, must have been of considerable dimensions. Asparuh's Bulgars made

8526-418: The Government of Serbia is public by law. Information was taken from the official website . Bulgarians Bulgarians ( Bulgarian : българи , romanized :  bŭlgari , IPA: [ˈbɤɫɡɐri] ) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Bulgaria and its neighbouring region, who share a common Bulgarian ancestry , culture , history and language . They form

8673-414: The Iranian theory is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria and is ideologically motivated. Since 1989, anti-Turkish rhetoric is now reflected in the theories that challenge the thesis of the Bulgars' Turkic origin. Alongside the Iranian or Aryan theory, there appeared arguments favoring an autochthonous origin. In the 670s, some Bulgar tribes, the Danube Bulgars led by Asparuh and

8820-409: The Pontic steppe to central Asia. However, any direct connection between the Bulgars and postulated Asian counterparts rest on little more than speculative and "contorted etymologies". Some Bulgarian historians question the identification of the Bulgars as a Turkic tribe and suggest an Iranian origin. Other Bulgarian scholars actively oppose the "Iranian hypothesis". According to Raymond Detrez ,

8967-459: The San Andres dig site. The earliest known examples in the US of a fully domesticated sunflower have been found in Tennessee , and date to around 2300 BCE. Other very early examples come from rockshelter sites in Eastern Kentucky. Many indigenous American peoples used the sunflower as the symbol of their solar deity , including the Aztecs and the Otomi of Mexico and the Incas in South America. In 1510, early Spanish explorers encountered

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9114-402: The Slavic Rachenik . The costume is considered to be mainly derived from the dress of the ancient Slavs , the female dress with the overgarments joined at the shoulders that evolved from Sarafan and all the types of sukman , saya and aprons fasten at the waist are said to be directly descended from the ancient Slavs only with negligible mutation. The women's head-dress, which turned to be

9261-413: The Sun is the zmey, which tries to eat the Sun, which scene is preserved in church art. The sun is painted one eyed as recorded by beliefs Perun stabbed one of the sun's eyes to save the world from overheating. The born on Saturday are thought as having supernatural powers, those born at the wolves' holidays and a number of people are alleged as varkolaks and vampires. The most spread Bulgarian view of

9408-408: The Temple was Gromnitsa and Perunov den dedicated to the supreme Slavic thunder god Perun. In the mix of Christian and pagan patrons of thunder, at Saint Elijah 's feast day Ognyena Maria is worshiped, the Slavic goddesses assisting Perun that took a substitutional dual position of the Christian Mother of God. The custom for rain begging Peperuna is derived from the wife of Perun and the god of

9555-484: The Thracians had not already been Romanized or Hellenized. Most scholars accept that they began large-scale settling of the Balkans in the 580s based on the statement of the 6th century historian Menander speaking of 100,000 Slavs in Thrace and consecutive attacks of Greece in 582. They continued coming to the Balkans in many waves, but also leaving, most notably Justinian II (685–695) settled as many as 30,000 Slavs from Thrace in Asia Minor . The Byzantines grouped

9702-407: The U.S., Canada, Argentina and Brazil . Bulgarian linguists consider the officialized Macedonian language (since 1944) to be a local codified variation of Bulgarian, just as most ethnographers and linguists until the early 20th century considered the local Slavic speech in the Macedonian region as Bulgarian dialects. The president of Bulgaria, Zhelyu Zhelev , declined to recognize Macedonian as

9849-576: The West have been quite steady even in the late 1990s and early 21st century, as people continue moving to countries like the US, Canada and Australia. Most Bulgarians living in Canada can be found in Toronto, Ontario, and the provinces with the most Bulgarians in Canada are Ontario and Quebec . According to the 2001 census there were 1,124,240 Bulgarian citizens in the city of Sofia , 302,858 in Plovdiv , 300,000 in Varna and about 200,000 in Burgas . The total number of Bulgarians stood at over 9 million. Bulgarians are considered most closely related to

9996-418: The Western United States and Canada. The information published by the Biota of North America Program (BONAP) largely agrees with this, showing the common sunflower as native to states west of the Mississippi, though also listed as a noxious weed in Iowa, Minnesota, and Texas. Regardless of its original range, it can now be found in almost every part of the world that is not tropical, desert, or tundra. One of

10143-456: The area was included into Bács-Bodrog County . From 1944, the area was part of the autonomous Yugoslav Vojvodina (which was part of the new socialist Yugoslav Serbia from 1945). The present-day districts of Serbia (including the North Bačka District) were defined by the Government of Serbia's Enactment of 29 January 1992. The North Bačka District comprises three municipalities and 45 local communities. The municipalities are: According to

10290-431: The beginning of the 1870s: the Internal Revolutionary Organisation and the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee . Their armed struggle reached its peak with the April Uprising which broke out in 1876. It resulted in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) , and led to the foundation of the third Bulgarian state after the Treaty of San Stefano . The issue of Bulgarian nationalism gained greater significance, following

10437-516: The better-known three sisters combination of corn , beans , and squash . Annual species are often planted for their allelopathic properties. It was also used by Native Americans to dress hair. Among the Zuni people , the fresh or dried root is chewed by the medicine man before sucking venom from a snakebite and applying a poultice to the wound. This compound poultice of the root is applied with much ceremony to rattlesnake bites. However, for commercial farmers growing other commodity crops,

10584-557: The bottom are largest and commonly heart-shaped . The plant flowers in summer. What is often called the " flower " of the sunflower is actually a "flower head" ( pseudanthium ), 7.5–12.5 centimetres (3–5 in) wide, of numerous small individual five-petaled flowers (" florets "). The outer flowers, which resemble petals, are called ray flowers . Each "petal" consists of a ligule composed of fused petals of an asymmetrical ray flower. They are sexually sterile and may be yellow, red, orange, or other colors. The spirally arranged flowers in

10731-418: The bud stage is rotated 180°, the bud will be turning away from the sun for a few days, as resynchronization with the sun takes time. When growth of the flower stalk stops and the flower is mature, the heliotropism also stops and the flower faces east from that moment onward. This eastward orientation allows rapid warming in the morning, and as a result, an increase in pollinator visits. Sunflowers do not have

10878-430: The celebrated book Manhattan Project , about the making of the first atomic bomb and also penned Crown of Thorns , a biography of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria . Famous for its rich salads required at every meal, Bulgarian cuisine is also noted for the diversity and quality of dairy products and the variety of local wines and alcoholic beverages such as rakia , mastika and menta . Bulgarian cuisine features also

11025-433: The center of the head are called disk flowers . These mature into fruit (sunflower "seeds"). The prairie sunflower ( H. petiolaris ) is similar in appearance to the wild common sunflower; the scales in its central disk are tipped by white hairs. A common misconception is that flowering sunflower heads track the Sun across the sky. Although immature flower buds exhibit this behaviour, the mature flowering heads point in

11172-499: The church until the end of the 17th century. There are several different layers of Bulgarian names. The vast majority of them have either Christian (names like Lazar, Ivan , Anna, Maria, Ekaterina) or Slavic origin (Vladimir, Svetoslav, Velislava). After the Liberation in 1878, the names of historical Bulgar rulers like Asparuh , Krum , Kubrat and Tervel were resurrected. The Bulgar name Boris has spread from Bulgaria to

11319-579: The city flowers of Kitakyūshū , Japan. During the late 19th century, the flower was used as the symbol of the Aesthetic Movement . The sunflower was chosen as the symbol of the Spiritualist Church , for many reasons, but mostly because of the (false) belief that the flowers turn toward the sun as "Spiritualism turns toward the light of truth". Modern Spiritualists often have art or jewelry with sunflower designs. The sunflower

11466-413: The clothes—from 1 March until the end of the month. Alternatively, one can take off the martenitsa earlier if one sees a stork (considered a harbinger of spring). One can then tie the martenitsa to the blossoming branch of a tree. Family-members and friends in Bulgaria customarily exchange martenitsas, which they regard as symbols of health and longevity. When a stork is seen, the martenitsa should be left on

11613-411: The common people, belonging to this Orthodox commonwealth became more important than their ethnic origins. This community became both, basic form of social organization and source of identity for all the ethnic groups inside it. In this way, ethnonyms were rarely used and between the 15th and 19th centuries, most of the local people gradually began to identify themselves simply as Christians . However,

11760-525: The community, a magician and a priest, communication with the "other" world was held. Torbalan is the Sack Man used to scare children, along with Baba Yaga , who is a witch in her Bulgarian version. Kuma Lisa and Hitar Petar are the tricky fox and villager from the fairy tales, the tricked antagonist is often Nasreddin Hoca , whereas Bay Ganyo is a ridiculed Bulgarian villager. Ivancho and Mariika are

11907-563: The costumes vary from one region to another. The Thracian Heros remains in the image of Saint George , at whose feast the agriculture is celebrated, a lamb is traditionally eaten, accomplished with ritual bathing. Saint Tryphon 's fertility and wine is attributed a Thracian origin, considered to preserve the cult to Sabazius as the Kukeri. This is followed in February by Pokladi, a tradition of setting massively large fire and jump over as at

12054-576: The country had the effect of preventing the assimilation of the South Slavs into neighbouring cultures and it also stimulated the development of a distinct ethnic identity. A symbiosis was carried out between the numerically weak Bulgars and the numerous Slavic tribes in that broad area from the Danube to the north, to the Aegean Sea to the south, and from the Adriatic Sea to the west, to

12201-478: The country's Slavic ancestry. From a limited group of Turkic equestrian nomads, the Danubian Bulgars were reinterpreted by them as a numerous Aryan people , with a unique culture. According to a triple analysis – autosomal , mitochondrial and paternal — of available data from large-scale studies on Balto - Slavs and their proximal populations, the whole genome SNP data situates Bulgarians in

12348-484: The course of time. During Ottoman rule, a substantial number of Bulgarians converted to Islam, forming the community of the Pomaks or Muslim Bulgarians . In the 16th and the 17th centuries Roman Catholic missionaries converted a small number of Bulgarian Paulicians in the districts of Plovdiv and Svishtov to Roman Catholicism . Nowadays there are some 40,000 Roman Catholic Bulgarians in Bulgaria, additional 10,000 in

12495-456: The death are in the flowers and the animals. Mora in Bulgarian beliefs is a black hairy evil spirit with four firing eyes associated with nightmares when causing someone to scream, similarly to Kikimora . Polunoshtnitsa and Poludnica are believed to be evil spirits causing death, while to Lesnik , Domovnik and Vodnik a dualistic nature is attributed. Thanks to the Vlshebnik , a man of

12642-413: The devil such as the goat are, however, exempted from being eaten as the holy ones. The zmey is transhuman and can turn "into" animals, plants and items, he is also "responsible" for diseases, madness and missing women. The female version of the Slavic zmey is Lamia and Ala is another version. The girls who practiced Lazaruvane and other rituals "could not" be kidnapped by the zmey. The main enemy of

12789-533: The end of the 14th century, the Ottomans conquered the whole of Bulgaria. Under the Ottoman system, Christians were considered an inferior class of people. Thus, Bulgarians, like other Christians, were subjected to heavy taxes and a small portion of the Bulgarian populace experienced partial or complete Islamisation. Orthodox Christians were included in a specific ethno-religious community called Rum Millet . To

12936-830: The end of the Second World War. In the early 20th century the control over Macedonia became a key point of contention between Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia , who fought the First Balkan War of (1912–1913) and the Second Balkan War of (1913) . The area was further fought over during the World War I (1915–1918) and the World War II (1941–1944) . Most Bulgarians live in Bulgaria , where they number around 6 million, constituting 85% of

13083-506: The epic heroes (yunaks). Instruments Gadulka , Gusla , Duduk , gaida Dvoyanka are analogous to other Slavic gudok , dudka and Dvodentsivka . Kaval is common in the Balkans and Turkey and is akin to Arab Kawala , as well as Tapan, Goblet Drum, Zurna . The most spread dance is a circle dance called horo and khorovod . Songs are generally loud. Recent eastern influences from the genre music chalga and turbo-folk even brought

13230-416: The evening, avoid water, if someone lacks behind a member swoops the sword over the lacker's head to prevent him from evil spirits. If the group encounter on their way a well, dry tree, old cemeteries, crossroads, they go round them three times. Before leaving rusalii say goodbye to their relatives as if they went to war, which is not surprising because some of them are killed. When two rusalii groups met there

13377-414: The false impression that the flowers are tracking the Sun. This alignment results from heliotropism in an earlier development stage, the young flower stage, before full maturity of flower heads ( anthesis ). Young sunflowers orient themselves in the direction of the sun. At dawn, the head of the flower faces east and moves west throughout the day. When sunflowers reach full maturity, they no longer follow

13524-530: The feasts surva , Saint George's Day , Koleda , etc. with evidence of toponymy throughout the regional groups linking directly to the deities Svarog , Perun , Hors and Veles , while the regional group Hartsoi derive their name from god Hors. Songs dedicated to the Thracian divinity Orpheus were found in Pomaks, who is said to marry the samovili. The old Bulgarian name of the Presentation of Jesus at

13671-483: The fire with their bare feet without suffering any injury or pain. Slavic pagan customs are preserved in Bulgarian Christian holidays. The Miladinov brothers and foreign authors noticed that even pagan prayers are preserved quoting plenty of Slavic pagan rite songs and tales remained in Bulgarians, including Macedonians and Pomaks , mainly dedicated to the divine nymphs samovili and peperuna for

13818-500: The first sunflowers grew out of Earth Woman's legs after she died giving birth to her twin sons , Sapling and Flint . The Zuni people use the blossoms ceremonially for anthropic worship. Sunflowers were also worshipped by the Incas because they viewed it as a symbol for the Sun. Stories of Clytie the nymph who was spurned by her former lover Helios end with her transformed into what may be translated as sunflower. However,

13965-408: The flower head. A model for the pattern of florets in the head of a sunflower was proposed by H. Vogel in 1979. This is expressed in polar coordinates where θ is the angle, r is the radius or distance from the center, and n is the index number of the floret and c is a constant scaling factor. It is a form of Fermat's spiral . The angle 137.5° is related to the golden ratio (55/144 of

14112-415: The flowers as ornamental plants , but appeal to farmers, because they reduce bird damage and losses from some plant diseases . Sunflowers also produce latex , and are the subject of experiments to improve their suitability as an alternative crop for producing hypoallergenic rubber. Traditionally, several Native American groups planted sunflowers on the north edges of their gardens as a "fourth sister" to

14259-505: The former Soviet Union . Medieval Bulgaria was the most important cultural centre of the Slavic peoples at the end of the 9th and throughout the 10th century. The two literary schools of Preslav and Ohrid developed a rich literary and cultural activity with authors of the rank of Constantine of Preslav , John Exarch , Chernorizets Hrabar , Clement and Naum of Ohrid . Bulgaria exerted similar influence on its neighbouring countries in

14406-500: The gender-agreeing suffix as well, thus the middle name of Nikola's son becomes Nikolov , and the middle name of Ivan's son becomes Ivanov . Since names in Bulgarian are gender-based, Bulgarian women have the -ova surname suffix (Cyrillic: -овa ), for example, Maria Ivanova . The plural form of Bulgarian names ends in -ovi (Cyrillic: -ови ), for example the Ivanovi family ( Иванови ). Other common Bulgarian male surnames have

14553-482: The heavy metal(s) through the roots, which gradually accumulate in other areas, such as the shoots and leaves. Helianthus annuus can also be used in rhizofiltration to neutralize radionuclides , such as caesium-137 and strontium-90 from a pond after the Chernobyl disaster . A similar campaign was mounted in response to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster . According to Iroquois mythology ,

14700-405: The holidays a sexual taboo is said to be practiced to prevent conceiving a vampire or werewolf and not to work, not to go to Sedenki or go out. Live-fire is set in case of epidemics. Babinden for example is rooted in the mother-goddess. On the day of St. Vlas , the tradition of a "wooly" god Veles established itself, a god who is considered to be a protector of shepherds, and bread is given to

14847-582: The hormone gibberellin and does not display heliotropic behavior. Plants treated with an external application of the hormone display a temporary restoration of elongation growth patterns. This growth pattern diminished by 35% 7–14 days after final treatment. Hybrid male sterile and male fertile flowers that display heterogeneity have a low crossover of honeybee visitation. Sensory cues such as pollen odor, diameter of seed head, and height may influence pollinator visitation of pollinators that display constancy behavior patterns. Sunflowers are grown as ornamentals in

14994-734: The intelligentsia and the urban population, as a result of the higher status of the Greek culture and the Greek Orthodox Church among the Balkan Christians. During the second half of the 18th century, the Enlightenment in Western Europe provided influence for the initiation of the National awakening of Bulgaria in 1762. Some Bulgarians supported the Russian Army when they crossed the Danube in

15141-486: The last official censuses done in 2011 and 2022, the North Bačka District had 186,906 and 160,163 inhabitants respectively. The population of the district is ethnically mixed. Languages spoken in the district (2022 census): (*) The total number of speakers of South Slavic languages (Serbian and Croatian) that live in the district is 90,015 (56.20%). Religion (2002 census): As of 2002, two municipalities have

15288-459: The livestock on that day. The ancient Slavic custom to marry died people occurred in Bulgarian society. Survakane is performed each new year with a decorated stick by children, who hit adults on the back for health at the New Year Eve, usually in exchange of money. In the Chech region there is a custom forbidding "touching the land", i.e. construction and agriculture, at the equinox on 25 March and

15435-410: The local population contributed also different Indo-European and Turkic people, who settled or lived on the Balkans. The Bulgarians are usually regarded as part of the Slavic ethnolinguistic group. However the controversial issue of their ethnogenesis is a popular subject in the works of the nationalist scientists. The fierce debates started in the 19th century and the questionable proportions of

15582-412: The major threats that sunflowers face today is Fusarium , a filamentous fungus that is found largely in soil and plants. It is a pathogen that over the years has caused an increasing amount of damage and loss of sunflower crops, some as extensive as 80% of damaged crops. Downy mildew is another disease to which sunflowers are susceptible. Its susceptibility to downy mildew is particularly high due to

15729-719: The majority of the population in Bulgaria , while in North Macedonia , Ukraine , Moldova , Serbia , Albania , Romania , Hungary and Greece they exist as historical communities. Bulgarians derive their ethnonym from the Bulgars . Their name is not completely understood and difficult to trace back earlier than the 4th century AD, but it is possibly derived from the Proto-Turkic word *bulģha ("to mix", "shake", "stir") and its derivative *bulgak ("revolt", "disorder"). Alternative etymologies include derivation from

15876-399: The meat is prevalent during its production time in spring. The bread and salt tradition, which is widespread among Balto-Slavs, is the usual welcome given to strangers and politicians. Bulgarians may celebrate Saint Theodore's Day with horse racings. At Christmas Eve a Pogača with fortunes is cooked, which are afterwards put under the pillow. At Easter the first egg is painted red and

16023-648: The mid- to late 14th century, at the time of the Tarnovo Literary School , with the work of Patriarch Evtimiy , Gregory Tsamblak , Constantine of Kostenets (Konstantin Kostenechki). Bulgarian cultural influence was especially strong in Wallachia and Moldova where the Cyrillic script was used until 1860, while Church Slavonic was the official language of the princely chancellery and of

16170-581: The middle of the 18th century. Russia worked to convince them to settle in areas recently conquered by it, especially in Bessarabia . As a consequence, many Bulgarian refugees settled there, and later they formed two military regiments, as part of the Russian military colonization of the area in 1759–1763. During the Russo-Turkish Wars of 1806–1812 and 1828–1829 Bulgarian emigrants formed

16317-499: The most influential European philosophers in the second half of the 20th century. The artist Christo is among the most famous representatives of environmental art , with projects such as the Wrapped Reichstag . Bulgarians in the diaspora have also been active. American scientists and inventors of Bulgarian descent include John Atanasoff , Peter Petroff , and Assen Jordanoff . Bulgarian-American Stephane Groueff wrote

16464-503: The most popular sport for the Bulgarians. Hristo Stoichkov was one of the best football (soccer) players in the second half of the 20th century, having played with the national team and FC Barcelona . He received a number of awards and was the joint top scorer at the 1994 World Cup . Dimitar Berbatov , formerly in Manchester United , Tottenham Hotspur , Bayer Leverkusen and others, the national team and two domestic clubs,

16611-775: The names were completely replaced by Christian ones. The early Slavs emerged from their original homeland in the early 6th century, and spread to most of the eastern Central Europe , Eastern Europe and the Balkans , thus forming three main branches: the West Slavs in eastern Central Europe, the East Slavs in Eastern Europe, and the South Slavs in Southeastern Europe (Balkans). The latter gradually inflicted total linguistic replacement of Thracian, if

16758-463: The next by approximately the golden angle , 137.5°, producing a pattern of interconnecting spirals , where the number of left spirals and the number of right spirals are successive Fibonacci numbers . Typically, there are 34 spirals in one direction and 55 in the other; however, in a very large sunflower head there could be 89 in one direction and 144 in the other. This pattern produces the most efficient packing of seeds mathematically possible within

16905-731: The numerous Slavic tribes into two groups: the Sclaveni and Antes . Some Bulgarian scholars suggest that the Antes became one of the ancestors of the modern Bulgarians. The Bulgars are first mentioned in the 4th century in the vicinity of the North Caucasian steppe . Scholars often suggest that the ultimate origins of the Bulgar is Turkic and can be traced to the Central Asian nomadic confederations , specifically as part of loosely related Oghuric tribes which spanned from

17052-553: The other South Slavic languages and Romanian. With Bulgarian and Russian there was a mutual influence in both directions. Both languages were official or a lingua franca of each other during the Middle Ages and the Cold War. Recently, Bulgarian has borrowed many words from German, French and English. The Bulgarian language is spoken by the majority of the Bulgarian diaspora , but less so by the descendants of earlier emigrants to

17199-556: The other national branches of the Eastern Orthodox communion and is considered a dominating element of Bulgarian national consciousness. The church was abolished once, during the period of Ottoman rule (1396—1878), in 1873 it was revived as Bulgarian Exarchate and soon after raised again to Bulgarian Patriarchate . In 2021, the Orthodox Church at least nominally had a total of 4,219,270 members in Bulgaria (71.5% of

17346-412: The plant in Greek mythology may be, "partly pale and partly red, and very like a violet". The plant described also exhibits heliotropism , with its face turning towards the sun. This plant may be a species in the genus heliotrope ( Heliotropium ). However, less commonly it is identified as the common marigold ( Calendula officinalis ). During the 19th century, it was believed that nearby plants of

17493-633: The population), down from 6,552,000 (83%) at the 2001 census. 3,980,131 of these pointed out the Bulgarian ethnic group (79% of the total Bulgarian ethnic group). The Orthodox Bulgarian minorities in Romania , Serbia, Greece , Albania, Ukraine and Moldova nowadays hold allegiance to the respective national Orthodox churches. Despite the position of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church as a unifying symbol for all Bulgarians, small groups of Bulgarians have converted to other faiths through

17640-503: The population. Bulgarian minorities exist in Serbia , Romania ( Banat Bulgarians ), Hungary , Albania , as well as in Ukraine and Moldova (see Bessarabian Bulgarians ). Many Bulgarians also live in the diaspora, which is formed by representatives and descendants of the old (before 1989) and new (after 1989) emigration. The old emigration was made up of some 2,470,000 economic and several tens of thousands of political emigrants, and

17787-399: The presumed Thracian, Bulgar, and Slavic ancestry, have depended on the geopolitical situation of the country and on ideological and political predilections. These supposed proportions have been changed several times during the 20th century, emphasizing usually the Slavic part of Bulgarian ancestry, related to the traditionally strong Russophilia in the country. However, during the 1970s

17934-532: The production of cooking oil, as food for livestock, as bird food , and as a plantings in domestic gardens for aesthetics. Wild plants are known for their multiple flower heads, whereas the domestic sunflower often possesses a single large flower head atop an unbranched stem. The plant has an erect rough-hairy stem, reaching typical heights of 3 metres (10 feet). The tallest sunflower on record achieved 9.17 m (30 ft 1 in). Sunflower leaves are broad, coarsely toothed, rough and mostly alternate; those near

18081-411: The protagonists of the jokes. Despite eastern Ottoman influence is obvious in areas such as cuisine and music, Bulgarian folk beliefs and mythology seem to lack analogies with Turkic mythology , paganism and any non-European folk beliefs, sо in pre-Christian times the ancient Bulgars were much inferior to the Slavs in the ethnogenesis and culture that resulted in modern Bulgarians. The Slavic language

18228-554: The public-spirited clergy in some isolated monasteries still kept the distinct Bulgarian identity alive, and this helped it to survive predominantly in rural, remote areas. Despite the process of ethno-religious fusion among the Orthodox Christians, strong nationalist sentiments persisted into the Catholic community in the northwestern part of the country. At that time, a process of partial Hellenization occurred among

18375-477: The rain Dodola , this was described by a 1792 Bulgarian book as a continued worship of Perun at times of absence of rain with a ritual performed by a boy or a girl dressed like Perun. Similar rain begging is called German . In case of continuous lack of rain, a custom of driving out the zmey from the area is performed. In the dualistic Slavic belief the zmey may be both good tutelary spirit and evil, in which case

18522-584: The region became a focus of barbarian re-settlements (various Goths and Huns ) during the 4th and early 5th centuries AD, before a further "Romanization" episode during the early 6th century. According to archeological evidence from the late periods of Roman rule, the Romans did not decrease the number of Thracians significantly in major cities. By the 4th century the major city of Serdica had predominantly Thracian populace based on epigraphic evidence, which shows prevailing Latino-Thracian given names, but thereafter

18669-667: The related Helianthus debilis and Helianthus petiolaris are found on drier, sandier soils. The precise native range is difficult to determine. According to Plants of the World Online (POWO), it is native to Arizona, California, and Nevada in the present-day United States and to all parts of Mexico except the Gulf Coast and southeast. Though not giving much detail, the Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder also lists it as native to

18816-554: The rest being mostly Turks (8%) and Roma (4%). Modern-day Bulgarians descend from peoples of vastly different origins and numbers, and are thus the result of a " melting pot " effect. The main ethnic elements which blended to produce the modern Bulgarian ethnicity are: The indigenous Thracians left a cultural and genetic legacy. Other pre-Slavic Indo-European peoples, including Dacians (if distinct from Thracians), Celts , Goths , Romans , ancient Greeks , Sarmatians , Paeonians and Illyrians also settled in what later became

18963-545: The same custom is found in Belarusian Volhynia and Polesia . Bulgarian mythology and fairy tales are mainly about forest figures, such as the dragon zmey, the nymphs samovili (samodivi), the witch veshtitsa. They are usually harmful and devastating, but can also help the people. The samovili are said to live in beeches and sycamores the, which are therefore considered holy and not permitted burning. Samovili, although believed to be masters of everything between

19110-584: The seeds, is used for cooking , as a carrier oil and to produce margarine and biodiesel , as it is cheaper than olive oil . A range of sunflower varieties exist with differing fatty acid compositions; some "high-oleic" types contain a higher level of monounsaturated fats in their oil than even olive oil. The oil is also sometimes used in soap. After World War I , during the Russian Civil War , people in Ukraine used sunflower seed oil in lamps as

19257-593: The sky and the earth, "run away" from fraxinus, garlic, dew and walnut. Walnut remained in Christianity to be used in prayers to "see" the dead in Spirits Day. Dictamnus is believed to be their favourite herb, which is intoxicating. The samovili are spirits in Bulgarian beliefs are the diseases themselves and punish people, kidnap shepherds, make blind the people or drown them and are in white colored dress, they are in odd numbers, which suggest they are ones of

19404-602: The son of Gana – Ganin ). The surname suffix -ich can be found only occasionally, primarily among the Roman Catholic Bulgarians. The surname ending –ich does not get an additional –a if the bearer of the name is female. Most Bulgarians are at least nominally members of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church founded in 870 AD ( autocephalous since 927 AD). The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is the independent national church of Bulgaria like

19551-503: The species would protect a home from malaria. The flowers are the subject of Vincent van Gogh 's Sunflowers series of still-life paintings. In July 2015, viable seeds were acquired from the field where Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 crashed on a year earlier and were grown in tribute to the 15 Dutch residents of Hilversum who were killed. Earlier that year, Fairfax chief correspondent Paul McGeough and photographer Kate Geraghty had collected 1.5 kg of sunflower seeds from

19698-415: The sun and continuously face east. Young flowers reorient overnight to face east in anticipation of the morning. Their heliotropic motion is a circadian rhythm, synchronized by the sun, which continues if the sun disappears on cloudy days or if plants are moved to constant light. They are able to regulate their circadian rhythm in response to the blue-light emitted by a light source. If a sunflower plant in

19845-412: The sunflower in the Americas and carried its seeds back to Europe. Of the four plants known to have been domesticated in eastern North America and to have become important agricultural commodities, the sunflower is currently the most economically important. Research of phylogeographic relations and population demographic patterns across sunflowers has demonstrated that earlier cultivated sunflowers form

19992-524: The sunflower seeds provided or grown by farmers are hybrids. Hybrids or hybridized sunflowers are produced by cross-breeding different types and species, for example cultivated sunflowers with wild species. By doing so, new genetic recombinations are obtained ultimately leading to the production of new hybrid species. These hybrid species generally have a higher fitness and carry properties or characteristics that farmers look for, such as resistance to pathogens. Hybrid, Helianthus annuus dwarf2 does not contain

20139-566: The sunflower's way of growth and development. Sunflower seeds are generally planted only an inch deep in the ground. When such shallow planting is done in moist and soaked earth or soil, it increases the chances of diseases such as downy mildew. Another major threat to sunflower crops is broomrape , a parasite that attacks the root of the sunflower and causes extensive damage to sunflower crops, as high as 100%. In commercial planting, seeds are planted 45 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  ft) apart and 2.5 cm (1 in) deep. Common sunflower

20286-651: The supremacy of the Greek Orthodox clergy, the struggle started to flare up in several Bulgarian dioceses in the 1820s. It was not until the 1850s when the Bulgarians initiated a purposeful struggle against the Patriarchate of Constantinople . The struggle between the Bulgarians and the Greek Phanariotes intensified throughout the 1860s. In 1861 the Vatican and the Ottoman government recognized

20433-472: The vampire was that of a rolling bulbous balloon of blood derived from the Slavic term pir "drink". Rusalka is believed to be a variety of the samodivi and Nav , but the latter are considered little fairies. The Thursdays remained feasts of Perun in Bulgarian beliefs. The wind and the hot steam of the bread is believed to be the souls of the dead. From Easter to Feast of the Ascension it is believed that

20580-662: The wild sunflower is often considered a weed. Especially in the Midwestern US, wild (perennial) species are often found in corn and soybean fields and can decrease yields. The decrease in yield can be attributed to the production of phenolic compounds which are used to reduce competition for nutrients in nutrient-poor growing areas of the common sunflower. Helianthus annuus can be used in phytoremediation to extract pollutants from soil such as lead and other heavy metals, such as cadmium , zinc , cesium , strontium , and uranium . The phytoremediation process begins by absorbing

20727-551: The wreck site for family and friends of the 38 Australian victims, who aimed to give them a poignant symbol of hope. On 13 May 2021, during the National Costume competition of the Miss Universe 2020 beauty pageant, Miss Dominican Republic Kimberly Jiménez wore a "Goddess of Sunflowers" costume covered in gold and yellow rhinestones that included several real sunflowers sewn onto the fabric. The sunflower

20874-522: Was a fight to the death in which the dead were buried in special "rusaliyski cemetery." Each year there are holidays in honour of wolves and mouses. A relief for the scared believers is celebrated at the Beheading of St. John the Baptist , when according to Bulgarian belief all the mythical figures go back to their caves in a mythical village in the middle of nowhere Zmeykovo of the zmey king, along with

21021-823: Was annexed to Bulgaria in 1885 through bloodless revolution. During the early 1890s, two pro-Bulgarian revolutionary organizations were founded: the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization and the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee . In 1903 they participated in the unsuccessful Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising against the Ottomans in Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilayet. Macedonian Slavs were identified then predominantly as Bulgarians, and significant Bulgarophile sentiments endured up among them until

21168-428: Was directed for the most part to the U.S., Canada, Argentina, Brazil and Germany. The new emigration is estimated at some 970,000 people and can be divided into two major subcategories: permanent emigration at the beginning of the 1990s, directed mostly to the U.S. , Canada , Austria, and Germany and labour emigration at the end of the 1990s, directed for the most part to Greece , Italy, the UK and Spain. Migrations to

21315-433: Was officialized at the same time with Christianity, so Slavic paganism has never been a state religion of Bulgaria or more influential than Tengriism . Most of Bulgarian land lack any pagan archeology left from the Bulgars, despite early Christianization and that during most of the pagan period medieval Bulgarian borders spread significantly only in today's northern Bulgaria. Although legacy indicating ancient Bulgar culture

21462-612: Was one of several plants cultivated by Native Americans in prehistoric North America as part of the Eastern Agricultural Complex , which also included corn, beans, squash, and a variety of other crops. Although it was commonly accepted that the sunflower was first domesticated in what is now the southeastern US, roughly 5,000 years ago, there is evidence that it was first domesticated in Mexico around 2600 BCE. These crops were found in Tabasco, Mexico , at

21609-773: Was part of the Sanjak of Segedin . During Habsburg administration (18th century), the area was divided between the Military Frontier and the Batsch County. The Batsch County was joined with the Bodrog County into the single Batsch-Bodrog County in the 18th century. Since the abolishment of the Theiß - Marosch section of the Military Frontier in 1751, part of that territory was also included into

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