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140-396: William Light (27 April 1786 – 6 October 1839), also known as Colonel Light , was a British- Malayan naval and army officer. He was the first Surveyor-General of the new British Province of South Australia , known for choosing the site of the colony's capital, Adelaide , and for designing the layout of its streets, six city squares, gardens and the figure-eight Adelaide Park Lands , in

280-678: A yacht , Gulnare , after which the couple cruised the Mediterranean for some years. In 1830 they went to Egypt , where Light first met promoters of a new colony in Australia. Light made numerous sketches and Mary studied Egyptology while in Egypt, becoming a friend and keen correspondent of Egyptologist John Gardner Wilkinson . The couple became friends with Muhammad Ali , Pasha and founder of modern Egypt. Light sailed for England in 1831 in his own yacht to help recruit British men for

420-465: A "rare and historic painting", who was "bitterly disappointed" that it would be lost to South Australian society. He said that "months of painstaking art history and genealogical research" into its provenance had led to a man called Shimmin, who had worked for Light’s colleague William Jacob in the Barossa Valley and in whose family it had remained for generations. In the week before the auction,

560-497: A beautiful and healthy city, melded sensitively and intelligently with the landscape, is unique. "Light's vision" was to create an urban form which complemented nature, done with conscious purpose. Long before Light was engaged, the colonisation of South Australia had been designed as a kind of social experiment, drawing on the thinking of many notable minds: Jeremy Bentham , George Grote , Robert Owen , John Stuart Mill , and, closest to home, Edward Gibbon Wakefield . Cities such as

700-399: A centralised government and compromise – the sultans retain their reign but not rule in their states – would have a great impact on the later road to nationhood. It effectively marked the transition of the idea of Malay states from a collection of separate lands governed by their own different feudal rulers, towards a federation with Westminster -style constitutional monarchy . This became

840-984: A few kilometers away from the city center. In many of the municipality's neighborhoods and parishes a large number of Roman ruins remain. Such is the importance of the Roman remains in Vigo that many Spanish authors have come to coin the term Romanesque Vigo ( románico vigués in Spanish). Vigo retains some interesting examples of Romanesque churches in southern Galicia: Throughout the municipality of Vigo there are 47 coves and beaches, including sandy areas with waves for water sports, wild coves, family beaches, nudist beaches and urban beaches. Some of these coves and beaches have various facilities or services for their users, such as sports areas, showers, footbaths, public address system, promenade, Red Cross lifeguard and rescue post, areas adapted for people with disabilities, etc. In June 2020,

980-624: A huge demand for tin. The British as well as the Dutch were active in the states, each seeking to monopolise production of tin and other commodities. However, the political atmosphere in Perak was sufficiently volatile to raise the cost of tin mining operations. For instance, in 1818 Siam ordered Kedah to attack Perak. The lack of security in Perak forced the British to protect Perak in 1826. As Perak continued to increase its mining operations, it suffered

1120-646: A letter of introduction to Colonel Charles James Napier , who was the recently designated Governor of the new colony. However, Napier was not interested in the position, and upon hearing this, Hindmarsh rushed to London and lobbied for the position, after seeing Napier in Portsmouth in May 1835. Napier recommended to the authorities that Light be given the post of Governor, but Hindmarsh had already been promised it. Light returned to London in January 1836, and on 4 February

1260-421: A memorial. The foundation stone for the memorial was laid by James Hurtle Fisher in 1843, and witnessed by a select few, but the edifice itself, designed by George Strickland Kingston free of charge, was not completed until February 1845. It was a pentagonal elaborate structure, built of freestone and topped with what was described by Francis Dutton as a Gothic cross 45 ft (14 m) high. The plan of

1400-690: A modern navy, sailing his own yacht to England to help recruit British men for the Pasha's navy. He captained the paddle steamer the Nile from London to Alexandria to join the Egyptian Navy , reaching Alexandria in September 1834. John Hindmarsh had prepared the steamer for delivery at Blackwall Yard on the River Thames , travelled as a passenger on the ship on its journey to Alexandria, and

1540-465: A new appointment under Gawler as Deputy Surveyor-General. His war wounds troubled him, and he suffered from tuberculosis , but he gained enjoyment from cultivating good crops of vegetables in his garden. On 22 January 1839 the Land and Survey Office, along with the adjoining huts belonging to Light and Resident Commissioner James Hurtle Fisher , and the first Government House, burned down, taking some of

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1680-600: A number of his works, including an incomplete self-portrait in oils, are in the collection of Art Gallery of South Australia on North Terrace . Others are housed in the State Library of South Australia and in the Adelaide Town Hall . He often sold his works to support himself, but many were lost when fire destroyed the Land and Survey Office and his adjacent hut in January 1839. In December 1837 Light led an exploration from Adelaide, discovering and naming

1820-485: A permanent truce. Later, through the signing of the Pangkor Treaty on 20 January 1874, Clarke acknowledged Raja Abdullah as the legitimate sultan of Perak. It resulted in the appointment of J. W. W. Birch as a British resident in Perak later that year. Raja Ismail, on the other hand, while not party to the agreement, was forced to abdicate due to intense external pressure applied by Clarke. Selangor , just to

1960-531: A person must be by the side of the dying sultan to be considered as a new ruler. Tengku Abdul Rahman was present when the old sultan died. Tengku Hussein was not happy with the development, while the temenggung who was in charge of Singapore preferred Tengku Hussein to the younger brother. The British had first acknowledged Tengku Abdul Rahman at the time of their first presence in Malacca. The situation however had changed. In 1818, Farquhar visited Tengku Hussein in

2100-579: A plan later sometimes referred to as Light's Vision . Light was born in Kuala Kedah , Kedah (now in Malaysia ) on 27 April 1786, the eldest son of Captain Francis Light , founder and Superintendent of Penang , and Martinha (or Martina) Rozells, who was of Portuguese or French , and Siamese or Malay descent. He was thus legally classed as Eurasian, an ethnic designation which granted

2240-640: A plenary formed by 20 councillors from the Socialists' Party of Galicia–PSOE , 4 from the People's Party , 2 from the Marea de Vigo and 1 from the Galician Nationalist Bloc . The current mayor is Abel Caballero ( Spanish Socialist Workers Party ), who has won four mandates in a row since becoming mayor in 2007. Vigo is administratively divided into 23 parroquias ("parishes"). Vigo

2380-470: A quarrel between Hindmarsh and Resident Commissioner Fisher, which also drew in other settlers and officials, Colonial Secretary Gouger, one of Light's chief supporters, was suspended and replaced. In December 1837, Judge John Jeffcott was drowned at Encounter Bay (himself being a supporter of Hindmarsh's view and at the time trying to prove the safety of the Bay). Soon after this, Hindmarsh complained formally about

2520-590: A shortage of labour. Looking to solve the problem, Malay administrator Long Jaafar invited the Chinese in Penang to work in Perak, particularly at Larut . By the 1840s, Perak's Chinese population had exploded. The new immigrants more often than not were members of Chinese secret societies. Two of the largest were Ghee Hin and Hai San . These two groups regularly tried to increase their influence in Perak resulting in frequent skirmishes. These skirmishes got out of hand to

2660-496: A single day. Normal values for 1981-2010 was 1,791 millimetres (70.5 in) falling on just 129.2 days indicating heavy rain to be common. The airport where values are taken is located further inland at a considerably higher elevation (261 metres (856 ft)) than the city itself located on the coastline in the Ria de Vigo estuary, which is likely warmer year-round. The municipality of Vigo had 293,642 inhabitants in 2018 (198,537 in

2800-568: A stretch of beach opposite Penang. Recognising this threat, the British moved in and razed the fort in Prai. The British thereby forced the Sultan to sign an agreement that gave the British the right to occupy Penang; in return, the Sultan would receive an annual rent of 6,000 Spanish pesos. On 1 May 1786, the Union Flag was officially raised in Penang for the first time. In 1800, Kedah ceded Prai to

2940-476: A television station had aired an "item from an interstate amateur art historian debunking the provenance of [the] work". British Malaya The term " British Malaya " ( / m ə ˈ l eɪ ə / ; Malay : Tanah Melayu British ) loosely describes a set of states on the Malay Peninsula and the island of Singapore that were brought under British hegemony or control between the late 18th and

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3080-489: A treaty which required Dato' Kelana to rule Sungai Ujong justly, protect traders, and prevent any anti-British action there. Dato' Bandar was not invited to sign the agreement and hence asserted that he was not bound by the agreement. Moreover, Dato' Bandar and the locals disapproved of the British presence in Sungai Ujong. This furthered Dato' Kelana's unpopularity there. Soon, a company led by William A. Pickering , of

3220-574: A wider functional urban area (FUA), with 21 municipalities and a population of 541,000 inhabitants. Vigo is a municipality , the basic level of local government in Spain. The Ayuntamiento ( concello in Galician) is the body charged with the municipal government and administration. The Plenary of the concello is formed by 27 elected municipal councillors, who in turn invest the mayor . The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019, leading to

3360-676: Is an extant original 1838 cadastral map of Adelaide, held by the State Library of South Australia. It was commissioned from Light, Finniss & Co. by the South Australian Company, shows the company's properties, and is signed with his firm's name by William Light, at the firm's office in Stephens Place, [Adelaide] in Oct 1838. By this time Light had spent a considerable amount of his own fortune on his work, and

3500-569: Is general freight, highlighting container traffic, RO-RO of vehicles (the second in Spain in Ro-Ro traffic for new vehicles), natural stone and granite (the first of Spain in granite traffic), wood and preserved food . The main campus of the University of Vigo is located on top of one of the mountains that surrounds the town, in the parish of Zamáns . The local transportation service Vitrasa enables shuttles in order to communicate

3640-459: Is generally accepted that the name Vigo is derived from the Latin word vicus spacorum , meaning "small village". The standard pronunciation of Vigo in both Galician and Spanish is [ˈbiɣo] . Vigo has been given the nickname cidade olívica (city of olives). It is said that, after the conflict between Isabel de Castilla and Juana la Beltraneja - where Galician nobility fought for

3780-671: Is home to the Co-Cathedral of Santa María and several museums, most of which were inaugurated between the late 1990s and early 2000s. Among them are the Museum of Contemporary Art (MARCO) and the Museum of the Sea. The oldest museum is the Quiñones de León Municipal Museum. The municipality of Vigo is one of the most important Roman centers of Pontevedra . Although within the city one will not find much Romanesque architecture, it can be seen

3920-518: Is one of the largest employers in the region. In 2007, it produced a total of 545,000 vehicles, of which more than 82% were sold outside Spain. Biotech and other advanced industries play an important role on Vigo's economy. The publishing industry in Galician is prominent in the city, with Editorial Galaxia and Editorial Xerais. The Port of Vigo covers a length of more than 20 km and offers more than 9 km of docks. The largest port traffic

4060-770: Is one of the region's primary economic agents, owing to the French Stellantis Vigo Plant and to its port . Close to the Portugal–Spain border , Vigo is part of the Galicia–North Portugal Euroregion . The European Fisheries Control Agency is headquartered in Vigo. In the Early Middle Ages , the small village of Vigo was part of the territory of Galician-speaking neighbouring towns, particularly Tui , and suffered several Viking attacks. However, its number of inhabitants

4200-627: The Faro de Vigo , the oldest newspaper in Spain still in circulation, and the Atlántico Diario , a little local newspaper. There also exist a local edition of the Galician main headline newspaper " La Voz de Galicia ". Vigo was also the main location of historic newspaper such as the weekly newspaper " A Nosa Terra ", which was published in Galician and is now defunct. Vigo also has a TV local station: "Televigo". Although not very popular, it

4340-562: The Movida madrileña that took place in Vigo during the 1980s triggered by the explosion of liberties after the death of dictator Francisco Franco . The most important artists of this postmodern movement were musicians; particularly punk and new wave bands such as Siniestro Total , Golpes Bajos , Aerolíneas Federales , Semen Up or Os Resentidos . At the moment, the city still has notorious bands like Iván Ferreiro (ex-singer of Los Piratas ) and Mon. Vigo has two daily newspapers;

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4480-599: The Rapid ), and draughtsman Robert G. Thomas (being among those who came out on the Cygnet ), offering a range of services to prospective purchasers of city and country properties, and to local government bodies. By agreement with the new Governor George Gawler , Light surveyed the Port River , and, for William Finke , the town of Glenelg. However Light had to resign due to ill health by September, after Finniss had taken up

4620-561: The Barossa Range , after which the Barossa Valley was named. Maria (pronounced "Mariah") Gandy (23 November 1811 – 14 December 1847) was designated by Light's Will as his housekeeper, but thought to be his de facto wife. The status of their relationship caused the couple to be shunned by Adelaide society, and they had few visitors at their home (only two society women ever visited Gandy at her home), which they shared with Gandy's young brothers for some years. They first lived aboard

4760-665: The British Army on 5 May 1808, being promoted to lieutenant in April 1809 en route to Spain to serve in the Peninsular War , where he learnt Spanish . After courageous service against Napoleon 's forces from 1809 to 1814, he served under the Duke of Wellington working on mapping, reconnaissance and liaison. He showed both outstanding bravery and kindness in his actions, and was a favourite of Wellington. He went on to serve in

4900-648: The Chinese Protectorate from the Straits Settlements, was sent to Sungai Ujong to assess the situation. He recognised the predicament Dato' Kelana was in and reported back to the Straits Settlements. This prompted the British to send 160 soldiers to Sungai Ujong to help Pickering defeat Dato' Bandar. At the end of 1874, Dato' Bandar fled to Kepayang. Despite this defeat, the British paid him a pension and granted him asylum in Singapore. As

5040-513: The French invasion as aide-de-camp to Sir Robert Wilson , who had raised an international (mostly French) force to help the "Liberales" in their constitutional struggle against King Ferdinand VII . Originally volunteering as a private in the Vigo militia, Light was made a lieutenant-colonel . He was badly wounded at Corunna in Spain. Returning to England in 1824, Light met and fell in love with

5180-706: The Jacobites , the city was occupied for ten days by a British force . In 1808, the French Army annexed Spain to the Napoleonic Empire , although Vigo remained unconquered until January, 1809. Vigo was also the first city of Europe to be freed from French rule, in what is annually celebrated on March 28 as the Reconquista (reconquest from the French in the context of the Peninsular War ). In 1833,

5320-848: The Kelantan rebellion . British policy in the late 19th and the early 20th century had been the centralisation of the Federated Malay States (FMS), which was headed by the High Commissioner , who was also the governor of the Straits Settlements . All four British Residents, who acted as a British representative in the FMS were answerable to a Resident General in Kuala Lumpur, who in turn reported back to High Commissioner. Crucial state government departments had to report to their federal headquarters in Kuala Lumpur. Meanwhile,

5460-764: The Murray River , as well as the beauty of the country. The letter included a personal note: "The reasons that led me to fix Adelaide where it is I do not expect to be generally understood or calmly judged of at present. My enemies however, by disputing their validity in every particular, have done me the good service of fixing the whole of the responsibility upon me. I am perfectly willing to bear it, and I leave it to posterity and not to them, to decide whether I am entitled to praise or to blame". An amendment proposed by Dr Wright and seconded by Deputy Surveyor George Strickland Kingston upheld Light's selection in March 1837. After

5600-724: The pedestal . The statue of Light was unveiled on 27 November 1906 in its original location at the northern end of Victoria Square , (opposite the General Post Office ). The ceremony was presided over by the Mayor of Adelaide , Theodore Bruce , attended by many notables, including the Chief Justice , John Hannah Gordon , and the Premier , Thomas Price . The Governor of South Australia , Sir George Le Hunte , gave an address in which he praised Light highly, cheered on by

5740-593: The 1850s the area emerged as one of the most modern settlements on the Malay Peninsula apart from the Straits Settlements. At one point, there were over 20,000 labourers, most of them ethnic Chinese imported from China. Raja Jumaat died in 1864 and his death created a leadership vacuum and Lukut gradually declined. Meanwhile, Hulu Klang enjoyed unprecedented growth due to tin mining. Between 1849 and 1850, Raja Abdullah bin Raja Jaafar , Raja Jumaat's cousin,

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5880-629: The Association for Environmental and Consumer Education (ADEAC) awarded the blue flag distinction to the following 10 beaches in Vigo: Argazada, Canido, Carril, Fontaíña, Muíños de Fortiñón, Punta, Rodas, Samil , Tombo do Gato and Vao. Vigo is served by Vigo-Peinador Airport (VGO/LEVX). Located 12 kilometres to the east of the city of Vigo, straddling halfway the municipalities of Vigo, Redondela and Mos , it offers domestic and international destinations. A ferry service operates between

6020-463: The British and the Sultan received an increase of 4,000 pesos in his annual rent. Penang was later named Prince of Wales Island, while Perai was renamed Province Wellesley . In 1821, Siam invaded Kedah , sacked the capital of Alor Star , and occupied the state until 1842. Before the late 19th century, the British largely practised a non-interventionist policy. Several factors such as the fluctuating supply of raw materials, and security, convinced

6160-404: The British could strengthen his position in Sungai Ujong. Dato' Kelana contacted the British in Malacca and began and lobbying them to support him. In April 1874, Sir Andrew Clarke used Dato' Kelana's request as a means to build British presence in Sungai Ujong and Negeri Sembilan in general. Clarke acknowledged Dato' Kelana as the legitimate chief of Sungai Ujong. The British and Dato' Kelana signed

6300-558: The British felt they needed to have a say in Selangorean politics. One major disturbance, amounting to a civil war, was the Klang War which lasted from 1867 to 1874. In November 1873, a ship from Penang was attacked by pirates near Kuala Langat , Selangor. A court was assembled near Jugra and suspected pirates were sentenced to death. The Sultan expressed concern and requested assistance from Sir Andrew Clarke . Frank Swettenham

6440-718: The British from further political meddling in the Unfederated Malay States. Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu were surrendered by Siam after the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 . Independent Johor, meanwhile, had to surrender Singapore to the British earlier on. Despite the Sultan's political effort, he was forced to accept an advisor in 1914, becoming the last Malay state to lose its sovereignty (although British involvement in Johor began as early as 1885). This period of slow consolidation of power into

6580-472: The British in Kedah as the sultan's advisor. The British effectively took over economic planning and execution. A rail line was built to connect Kedah with Siam in 1912 while land reform was introduced in 1914. The ruler of Kedah, Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim , accept a British advisor in 1923. Perlis had a similar experience. The ruler did not recognise the 1909 treaty but the British were de facto administrators of

6720-402: The British to play a more active role in the Malay states. From the 17th to the early 19th century, Malacca was a Dutch possession. During the Napoleonic Wars , between 1811 and 1815, Malacca, like other Dutch holdings in Southeast Asia, was under British occupation to prevent the French from claiming them. When the war ended in 1815, Malacca was returned to the Dutch. In 1824 the British and

6860-411: The British would leave Siam alone if he acceded to their demands. Earlier in 1893, Siam had lost the Shan region of north-eastern Burma to the British. This demarcation as stated in the agreement remains today the Malaysia–Thailand border . The Malay rulers did not acknowledge the agreement, but were too weak to resist British influence. In Kedah after the Bangkok Treaty, George Maxwell was posted by

7000-410: The British. The treaty was ratified on 6 February 1819. With the Temenggung's help, Hussein left Penyengat, pretending that he was 'going fishing', and reached Singapore, where he was installed as Sultan. The Dutch were displeased with the action of Raffles. However, with the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, Dutch opposition to the British presence in Singapore receded. The treaty also divided

7140-430: The Dutch signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 . The treaty, among other things, legally transferred Malacca to British administration and officially divided the Malay world into two separate entities, laying the basis for the current Indonesian-Malaysian boundary. Modern Singapore was founded in 1819 by Sir Stamford Raffles , with a great deal of help from Major William Farquhar . Before establishing Singapore, Raffles

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7280-399: The EIC to trade in Terengganu and Kelantan unimpeded. 83 years later, a new treaty now known as the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 or the Bangkok Treaty of 1909 was signed between the two powers. In the new agreement, Siam agreed to give up its claim over Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, Terengganu and Perlis , while Patani remained Siamese territory. Perlis was previously part of Kedah but during

7420-436: The Indies ". They included the grid pattern with a main thoroughfare, centred around a main square. There are many historical precedents for five squares, including Philadelphia in America , designed in 1682 by surveyor Thomas Holme , however Light's Plan has six public squares. There are however no records showing that Light deliberately copied any cities or rules for planning, and his implementation of planning principles for

7560-487: The Maria Gandy Bicentennial Memorial was unveiled on the corner of Albert and Maria Streets in the inner western suburb of Thebarton (so named because of a typographical error) near the site of their cottage, to honour Maria. On each of four sides is an inscription celebrating her roles as pioneer, settler, carer and mother. Some strange drawings and diagrams discovered in the Flinders University library collections of Mayo and Dutton papers suggested that Gandy "moved around

7700-497: The Pasha's navy. The process became prolonged, and Light stayed in England until 1835, while Mary continued her studies, travelling to Thebes for a second time and writing detailed journals of her travels and discoveries. Light separated from Mary in 1832, after she had formed a relationship with another officer. The couple never divorced, and Mary retained the surname Light for herself and three children she had by other men in 1833, 1834 and 1835. Light helped Muhammad Ali to establish

7840-420: The Port of Vigo and the towns of Cangas and Moaña as well as the Cíes Islands , 15 kilometres away from the city, part of the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park , the only National Park in Galicia, which includes Ons Island in the Pontevedra Bay . It additionally provides temporary docking for passing cruise ships. The Urzáiz and Guixar railway stations serve Vigo, allowing direct connections to

7980-427: The Siamese reign it was separated from Kedah. Kedah's district of Satun however was annexed by Siam in the same agreement. Patani was split into Pattani , Yala and Narathiwat provinces after the signing of the treaty. Though the Siamese king Chulalongkorn was reluctant to sign the treaty, increasing French pressure on the Siamese eastern border forced Siam to co-operate with the British. Chulalongkorn hoped that

8120-485: The Straits Settlements were increasingly dependent on the economy of the Malay states, including Perak. After Clarke's arrival in Singapore, many British traders including Read became close to the governor. Through Read, Clarke learned of Raja Abdullah's problem and willingness to accept a British representative in his court if the British assisted him. Clarke seized the opportunity to expand British influence. First, he called all Chinese secret societies together and demanded

8260-444: The Sultan had asked for. Light later took over Penang and assured the Sultan of military assistance, despite the EIC's position. Soon the EIC told Light that they would not give any military aid to Kedah. In June 1789, Light informed the Sultan of the EIC's decision. Feeling cheated, the Sultan ordered Light to leave Penang, but Light refused. Light's refusal caused the Sultan to strengthen Kedah's military forces and to fortify Prai ,

8400-407: The Sultanate of Johor into modern Johor and the new Sultanate of Riau . After the British secured Malacca from the Dutch through the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 , they aimed to centralise the administration of Penang, Malacca, and Singapore. To this end, in 1826 a framework known as the Straits Settlements was established, with Penang as its capital. The capital was moved in 1832 to Singapore. While

8540-436: The Thebarton cottage for a while, before moving to Carrington Street . In 1847, aged 36, Maria Mayo died of tuberculosis, not long after the death of their fourth child, and was buried in an unmarked grave in West Terrace Cemetery . The 100 acres of Section 1 and the four Town Acres bequeathed to her were intact, and their rents and profits were accorded to her husband. On the 200th anniversary of her birth on 23 November 2011,

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8680-455: The Torrens (North Adelaide) and 700 acres (2.8 km) to the south (South Adelaide, now known as the city centre). Light's Plan reserved 42 acres (0.17 km) for town squares (38 acres) and government buildings (4 Town Sections of Public Reserves with Victoria Square frontages: now the Old Treasury Building/Lands Offices; GPO; Supreme Court, and Magistrates Court sites). In March 1837, after 116 preliminary buyers had selected their portions,

8820-432: The Unfederated Malay States began to receive British advisers but they remained more independent than the FMS. Vigo The municipality, with an area of 109.06 km (42.11 sq mi) and a population of 292,374 in 2022 including rural parishes, is the most populous municipality in Galicia. The area of the municipality includes the Cíes Islands , part of the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park . Vigo

8960-416: The West coast of St Vincent's Gulf and Holdfast Bay (now known as Glenelg ) had been rejected. The site had many challenges, but Light wrote that he chose the site "because it was on a beautiful and gently rising ground, and formed altogether a better connection with the river than any other place". Despite the natural advantages of the site, Light faced opposition, mainly from Hindmarsh, who wished to locate

9100-402: The World Tuna Conference (biannually), Conxemar (annually), or the World Fishing Exhibition (which was held periodically from 1973 to 2009). Vigo is home of the European Fisheries Control Agency . Vigo is one of the leading industrial areas in Galicia, with a car factory, shipyards, and auxiliary industry in both automotive and marine sectors. Situated in Vigo since 1958, the Stellantis Plant

9240-411: The accepted model for the future Federation of Malaya and ultimately Malaysia . By 1910 the British had established seven polities on the Malay Peninsula – the Straits Settlements , the Federated Malay States and the standalone protectorates of Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu and Johor. The First World War had a limited impact on Malaya, with notable events including the Battle of Penang and

9380-405: The administrators of the settlements, in 1867 they were declared a Crown colony and placed directly under the control of the Colonial Office in London. However, the declaration gave the colony a considerable degree of self-governance within the British Empire . In 1946, after World War II , the colony was dissolved. Malacca and Penang were absorbed into the new Malayan Union , while Singapore

9520-423: The age of 13 in about 1799, Light volunteered for the Royal Navy , in which he served for two years, leaving as a midshipman . After a spell as a civilian internee in France in 1803–04, he attended his sister Mary's wedding to indigo plantation owner George Boyd in Calcutta in March 1805, remaining in India until November 1806, before returning to Europe. He bought a cornetcy in the 4th Dragoons regiment of

9660-434: The ancient Greek city-states , those in Spain’s colonies of the New World and British Canada , Pennsylvania and other American cities, New South Wales , Van Diemen’s Land and Swan River Colony had been carried out. His plan bears a close resemblance to Gother Mann’s 1788 "Plan for Torento Harbour" (which was never laid out as planned, on the north shore of Lake Ontario, although a differently laid out town, named York,

9800-436: The beautiful and wealthy 19-year-old Mary Bennet, illegitimate daughter of the 3rd Duke of Richmond , in the London studio of the miniature painter Charlotte Jones . After a whirlwind romance, they married on 16 October 1824. They travelled to Europe, spending a couple of years in France , Switzerland and Italy (mainly Rome ), where Light published his Views of Pompeii in 1828. Light returned to England, where he bought

9940-527: The campus with the town. The majority of the students of the university come from Vigo itself and from other towns and villages in Galicia and can choose from a wide range of studies, with a focus on ocean studies and engineering. The University of Vigo was founded in 1990 as split from the University of Santiago de Compostela and has two additional campuses located in Pontevedra and Ourense . The Zamáns Campus features several buildings that constitute excellent examples of modern architecture that blends in with

10080-703: The city in only eight weeks, after a 14-day delay caused by George Strickland Kingston's incompetence. The site chosen by Light spanned the River Torrens , or Karra Wirra Parri, as it was known by the local people. One of the reasons he chose the location was because he observed that the Adelaide Hills would result in higher rainfall on the Adelaide plain. This was a promising indicator of good conditions for avoidance of drought -prone areas. Settlement sites on Encounter Bay, Kangaroo Island, Spencer's Gulf,

10220-546: The city near the River Murray mouth near Encounter Bay , and some of settlers, who objected to the distance from the port. The opposition to the plan culminated in a meeting on 10 February, at which a letter from Light to Resident Commissioner James Hurtle Fisher outlining the reasons for his choice, praising the good soil, extensive neighbouring plains and sheep grazing, a plentiful year-round supply of excellent fresh water, easy communication with its harbour, proximity to

10360-476: The city of Pontevedra was designated the provincial capital of the province of Pontevedra , within which lies Vigo. Vigo grew very rapidly in the 20th century, thanks to the fact that the Spanish government granted it a free trade zone in 1947 to encourage international trade and economic development in southern Galicia. Vigo's urban area is built on both a hill-fort ( Castro ) and a Roman settlement. It

10500-632: The city of Adelaide stands as a lasting legacy to Light's genius, praised both in the early days and more recent literature. The most well-known memorial of Light is the statue now on Montefiore Hill and known as Light's Vision, which points southwards towards the River Torrens and the city centre. Edinburgh sculptor William Birnie Rhind 's design for the statue was selected by committee on 23 December 1904, and architects Garlick, Sibley and Wooldridge (consisting of only Henry Evan Sibley (1867–1917) and Charles W. Wooldridge at that point) designed

10640-449: The city) with an extended metropolitan population of 545,892 in the southern part of the province of Pontevedra making it Spain's 14th-largest metropolitan area. In 2021 - according to the data provided by the INE on 1 January 2021 - it had a population of 545,892 inhabitants in total, of which 296,692 lived in the municipality of Vigo, which represented 54.34% of the total population of

10780-475: The city. As a result, the city's walls were built in 1656 in the reign of Philip IV of Spain . They are still partially preserved. At this time, and in spite of the attacks, Vigo developed its earliest commerce and was given several privileges by the kings of Spain. In 1702, the Battle of Vigo Bay occurred, and in 1719, because a Spanish fleet which departed from Vigo attempted to invade Scotland in support of

10920-437: The confederation – tried to wrest Sungai Linggi from Sungai Ujong's control. Negeri Sembilan at that time was connected to Malacca via Sungai Linggi, and a high volume of trade passed through Sungai Linggi daily. Whoever controlled Sungai Linggi would gain wealth simply through taxes. Dato' Kelana Sendeng died in 1873. In early 1873, Sayid Abdul Rahman took his place, becoming the new Dato' Kelana. The death however did not repair

11060-472: The crowd. The statue was moved in 1938 to its present position on Montefiore Hill at the suggestion of the Pioneers' Association of South Australia, to commemorate the centenary of Light's death, and the renamed "Light`s Vision" at the suggestion of PASA president Sir Henry Newland. Legend says that Light stood on Montefiore Hill when he began planning the city, but this is not confirmed. The inscription on

11200-710: The designated a middle position between the natives and the Europeans. He was baptised on 31 December 1786, Georgetown, Penang . He lived in Penang until the age of six (1793), when he was sent to Theberton , a village in Suffolk, England to be educated by friends of his father. These friends were George Doughty, Sheriff of Suffolk , and his wife Anne. He never saw his parents again. His father died in October 1794, and although providing generously for his son's education, Light did not inherit his father's considerable wealth, as

11340-623: The estate had been ruined by maladministration. He became attached to the Doughtys, and later named his house in Adelaide after the family home. He was well educated, and soon became proficient in French , as well as showing a talent for drawing, watercolour painting and music. He became known in London as a rich East Indian , and attended the court of the Prince of Wales, later King George IV . At

11480-572: The expedition "for the purpose of effecting such a survey of the different harbours and the adjoining land as may be necessary to the correct determination of the best site for the first town" were given in a document dated 9 March 1836. There Light was the first to accurately chart the Port Adelaide River , before selecting the location and designing and laying out the plan of the City of Adelaide . This he did, and managed to plan and found

11620-469: The fight for the throne. Among those British individuals was British trader W. H. M. Read. Furthermore, he promised to accept a British advisor if the British recognised him as the legitimate ruler of Perak. The Governor of the Straits Settlements at that time was Sir Harry Ord who was a friend of Ngah Ibrahim, who had unresolved issues with Raja Abdullah. With Ord's aid, Ngah Ibrahim sent sepoy troops from India to prevent Raja Abdullah from actively claiming

11760-564: The first time at Rapid Bay (belonging to one of the Ramindjeri tribes) and was reported to have established a friendly and cooperative relationship with them. After finding the Port River, Light then sailed across to Port Lincoln , on Spencer's Gulf , but found the area unsuitable. In addition to lack of surface water, Light found navigation of Spencer's Gulf and southern entry into Boston Bay more hazardous. On 18 December he decided on

11900-471: The formation of the Malayan Union in 1946, the territories were not placed under a single unified administration, with the exception of the immediate post-war period when a British military officer became the temporary administrator of Malaya. Instead, British Malaya comprised the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States, and the Unfederated Malay States. Under British hegemony, Malaya was one of

12040-696: The infantry in various parts of Britain – the Channel Islands , Scotland and Ireland – as a captain , after purchasing the rank in November 1814. After quitting the army with the brevet rank of major , Light married Miss E. Perois in Derry, Ireland , on 24 May 1821, and moved in literary and artistic circles in Paris , Italy and Sicily for a couple of years. However, his young wife died sometime during those years. In 1823 he returned to Spain to fight

12180-698: The island in 1824. In the mid-18th century, British firms could be found trading in the Malay Peninsula . In April 1771, Jourdain, Sulivan and de Souza, a British firm based in Madras , India , sent Francis Light to meet the Sultan of Kedah , Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II , to open up the Kedah's market for trading. Light was also a captain in the service of the East India Company (EIC). The Sultan faced external threats during this period. Siam , which

12320-487: The island of Penyengat , off the coast of Bintan , the capital of the Riau Archipelago. There, new plans were drawn up, and in 1819 Raffles made a deal with Tengku Hussein. The agreement stated that the British would acknowledge Tengku Hussein as the legitimate ruler of Singapore if he allowed them to establish a trading post there. Furthermore, Tengku Hussein and the temenggung would receive a yearly stipend from

12460-512: The larger federation of Malaysia . The first English trader to visit the Malay Peninsula was Ralph Fitch who arrived in the 16th century. However, the British only became formally involved in Malay politics in 1771, when Great Britain tried to set up trading posts in Penang , formerly a part of Kedah . The British established a trading post in Singapore in 1819 and gained complete control of

12600-413: The late 1860s. Two of them were Kuala Lumpur and Klang . A Chinese kapitan named Yap Ah Loy was instrumental in developing Kuala Lumpur. As in Perak, this rapid development attracted interest from the British in the Straits Settlements. The economy of Selangor became important enough to the prosperity of the Straits Settlements that any disturbance there would harm the Straits Settlements. Therefore,

12740-429: The latter - the victor ordered all of Galicia's olive trees to be cut down, as they symbolized peace. The tree in Vigo however, could not be uprooted as it was planted in sacred ground . The tree is represented in the city seal, and a descendant of it is still alive in Vigo's city centre. To the northeast, Vigo borders the municipality of Redondela ; to the east, Mos ; to the south, O Porriño and Gondomar ; and to

12880-578: The least Galician-speaking city in Galicia. The creation of Vigo metropolitan area was approved in 2016 and, in addition to Vigo, it originally accounted for the following 13 municipalities: Baiona , Cangas , Fornelos de Montes , Gondomar , Moaña , Mos , Nigrán , Pazos de Borbén , O Porriño , Redondela , Salceda de Caselas , Salvaterra de Miño and Soutomaior . It has been however suspended since its creation. The European Union 's Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy assigns Vigo

13020-515: The locals and even from the Chinese immigrants who worked at the mines of Sungai Ujong. Dato' Kelana's limited popularity made him dependent on another chieftain – Sayid Abdul Rahman – who was the confederation's laksamana raja laut (roughly royal sea admiral). The strained relationship between Dato' Bandar and Dato' Kelana caused frequent disturbances in Sungai Ujong. The years before 1873 were relatively calm as Dato' Kelana had to give extra attention to Sungai Linggi as Rembau – another state within

13160-405: The lucrative trade in tin and rubber , Britain sought to consolidate and centralise control by federating Selangor, Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang into the Federated Malay States (FMS), with Kuala Lumpur as its capital. The Residents-General administered the federation but compromised by allowing the sultans to retain limited powers as the authority on Islam and Malay customs. Modern legislation

13300-438: The meantime Cygnet had arrived at Nepean Bay, Kangaroo Island, with the assistant surveyors. Soon afterwards Africaine arrived, with Colonial Secretary Robert Gouger and other colonial officers anxious to know where the settlement should be situated. Light suggested that the ships land at Holdfast Bay for the meantime, while he went with a group to explore further. The group encountered a group of Indigenous Australians for

13440-508: The metropolitan area. In 2019, 15,319 foreigners lived in the city, 5.2% of the total population. The main nationalities are Portuguese (12%), Venezuelans (9.2%), Brazilians (9%), Romanians (7.5%), Colombians (6.5%), Senegalese (4%) and Chinese people (3%). By language, according to 2013 data, 7.68% of the population spoke exclusively in Galician , and 51.39% in Spanish; 11.38% spoke in Galician more often than Spanish, and 29.55% more often in Spanish than Galician. This made Vigo

13580-748: The mid-20th century. Unlike the term " British India ", which excludes the Indian princely states , British Malaya is often used to refer to the Federated and the Unfederated Malay States , which were British protectorates with their own local rulers, as well as the Straits Settlements , which were under the sovereignty and direct rule of the British Crown , after a period of control by the East India Company . Before

13720-508: The most important centre of the Galician canned and processed fish industries. The fishing sector in Vigo generates more than 32,000 direct and indirect jobs and a turnover of more than 1 billion euros per year. More than 660 fishing vessels are registered in the port of Vigo, making it one of the main ports for the marketing of fresh fish for human consumption in the world, with around 800,000 tonnes per year. Vigo regularly hosts congresses and trade fairs related to industrial fishing, such as

13860-597: The most profitable territories of the empire , being the world's largest producer of tin and later rubber . During the Second World War, Japan ruled a part of Malaya as a single unit from Singapore . The Malayan Union was unpopular and in 1948 was dissolved and replaced by the Federation of Malaya , which became fully independent on 31 August 1957. On 16 September 1963, the federation, along with North Borneo (Sabah), Sarawak , and Singapore , formed

14000-543: The next ruler of Negeri Sembilan, the Yamtuan Besar . This conflict between the two princes divided the confederation and threatened the reliability of tin supply from Negeri Sembilan. Sungei Ujong , a state within the confederation in particular was the site of many locally important mines. It was ruled by Dato' Kelana Sendeng. However, another local chieftain named Dato' Bandar Kulop Tunggal had more influence than Dato' Kelana. Dato' Bandar received great support from

14140-404: The north. Urban transport is provided by buses by Vitrasa Transportation. Vigo is characterized by a diversified economy linked to the fishing sector, industry, trade, tourism and services. It is often considered with A Coruña one of the economic and industrial engines of Galicia. Vigo is the home port of many of the world's largest fishing companies, such as Pescanova and Iberconsa and

14280-658: The northern Malay states , especially Kedah , Terengganu, Kelantan and Patani , prevented the EIC from trading in peace. Therefore, in 1826, the British, through the EIC, signed a secret treaty known today as the Burney Treaty with the King of Siam. The four Malay states were not present during the signing of the agreement. In that treaty, British acknowledged Siamese sovereignty the four states. In return, Siam accepted British ownership of Penang and Province Wellesley and allowed

14420-573: The plaque at the front reads: Colonel William Light First Surveyor General; Fixed the site and laid out the city of Adelaide in 1836; Erected by citizens; 1906. Several plaques have been added to the back. Light's achievements have been commemorated in a number of ways, including: His life was dramatised in the Max Afford stage play Awake My Love , which was based on an earlier play of Afford's, Colonel Light - The Founder . A watercolour painted by Light between January and April 1837 depicting

14560-545: The point that not even Ngah Ibrahim , the Menteri Besar (chief minister), was unable to enforce the rule of law. Meanwhile, there was a power struggle in the Perak royal court. Sultan Ali died in 1871 and the next in line for the throne was the Raja Muda Raja Abdullah . Despite that fact, he was not present during the burial of the sultan. As in the case of Tengku Hussein of Johor, Raja Abdullah

14700-403: The proposal. Two years later, Sultan Muhammad Jiwa died and was succeeded by Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah . The new Sultan offered Light (who later became a British representative) the island of Penang in return for military assistance for Kedah. Light informed the EIC of the Sultan's offer. The EIC, however, ordered Light to take over Penang and gave him no guarantee of the military aid that

14840-502: The province's early records and many of Light's possessions with it. The fire was attributed to arson . He had just begun work on preparing his journals, kept for 30 years, for publication, having left cases of papers for safety in the survey office, and apart from an excerpt already prepared, the journals were lost – a great blow to Light. Light spoke several languages and was a gifted and prolific painter and sketcher. Many of his watercolours were published in London in 1823 and 1828, and

14980-498: The purchase of the lands of Light's Adelaide Park, and repeated correspondence and discussions about the Adelaide Park land/lands eventually corrupted his original name to "Adelaide Park Lands". Light placed the city to the north and south of the river, avoiding areas prone to flooding and making best use of the local topography . His survey plan divided the land into 1042 square one-acre lots; 342 acres (1.38 km) north of

15120-483: The relationship between Dato' Kelana and Dato' Bandar. On the contrary, it deteriorated. The new Dato' Kelana was deeply concerned with Dato' Bandar's unchecked influence, and sought ways to counter his adversary's power. When the British changed their non-interventionist policy in 1873 by replacing Sir Harry Ord with Sir Andrew Clarke as the Governor of the Straits Settlements, Dato' Kelana immediately realised that

15260-535: The rest of Galicia as well as to Porto across the border in Portugal. European route E01 goes through the town. This highway goes south through Lisbon and north to the A Coruña area. The A-52 road goes inland, east to Ourense and Madrid from O Porriño . A branch of the AP-9 Motorway connects Vigo to Portugal in the south and with Pontevedra , Santiago de Compostela , A Coruña and Ferrol in

15400-467: The rest of the Town Sections were auctioned. Due to local demands Light also planned Town Sections at the old Port Adelaide harbour and 29 were selected. Adelaide's characteristic geometrical grid pattern is not unprecedented: apart from earlier examples going back to ancient Greece, it follows part of a series of rules created by Spanish planners for their colonial cities, known as the " Laws of

15540-493: The revenue of Selangor and Perak. The Unfederated Malay States, on the other hand, maintained their quasi-independence, had more autonomy, and instead of having a Resident they were required only to accept a British Advisor, though in reality they were still bound by treaty to accept the advice. The British undertook far less economic exploitation in the Unfederated Malay States as they primarily desired to simply keep them in line; limited economic potential in these states deterred

15680-404: The shape of the mountain in which it is located. These buildings were projected by the likes of Enric Miralles , Alfonso Penelas, Pilar Díez y Alberto Noguerol César Portela, Gabriel Santos Zas and César Padrón. Vigo, as a Galician city, has two official languages: Galician and Spanish , the latter being the most used nowadays. A movida viguesa was a hedonistic cultural movement akin to

15820-426: The site of Adelaide for the new capital, and headed north to survey the coast 8 mi (13 km) north with a view to its being the site for a harbour. HMS Buffalo arrived at Holdfast Bay on 28 December. That same day Governor Hindmarsh landed and, all pre-requisites having been met, proclaimed the commencement of colonial government (henceforth celebrated as Proclamation Day ). Instructions for Light's role in

15960-670: The site of the Land/Survey Office and Light and Fisher's huts, being a variation on Light's " Commencement of Settlement in South Australia, 1837 ", with Mount Lofty in the background, was discovered in a garage in September 2019. It is regarded as hugely significant, being one of the earliest depictions of Adelaide. However, the painting passed in at auction and was afterwards sold to a private collector for A$ 20,000 , despite being valued at between A$ 90,000 and A$ 120,000 and being hailed by fine arts dealer Jim Elder as

16100-603: The slow progress of the surveys, while at the same time hindering Light's work. Parties explored nearby areas, Light continued with his work on plans, supported by most settlers, and in July of that year, Hindmarsh was recalled. When Light was designing Adelaide, his plans included surrounding the city with 2,332 acres (9.44 km) of park . Of these, he reserved 32 acres for one of the world's earliest public cemeteries, now called West Terrace Cemetery . Light referred to his unique figure-eight of open space as "Adelaide Park". Later,

16240-401: The south of Perak also had considerable deposits of tin around Hulu Selangor in the north, Hulu Klang in the central area and Lukut near Negeri Sembilan to the south. Around 1840, under the leadership of Raja Jumaat from Riau, tin mining became a huge enterprise. His efforts soon were rewarded by Sultan Muhammad Shah of Selangor ; Raja Jumaat was appointed as Lukut's administrator in 1846. By

16380-456: The southwest, Nigrán . On the other side of the bay are the municipalities of Cangas and Moaña . Vigo has a transitional climate between the oceanic climate " Cfb " and the warm-summer Mediterranean climate " Csb " according to the Köppen climate classification . Although Vigo is the rainiest city in Galicia, with its noticeable drying trend in the summer, Vigo's climate is more similar to

16520-424: The state with an entourage of dwarfs". Today, historians view Gandy as providing strength to the sickly Light, helping him to achieve his goals while being treated as a pariah by many fellow pioneers. Gandy nursed Light for three years while he was invalided by tuberculosis , until his death on 6 October 1839 in Adelaide, aged 53. Reverend Charles Beaumont Howard , the only Anglican clergyman in South Australia at

16660-492: The state. It was only in 1930 that the ruler Raja Syed Alwi recognised the British presence in Perlis by admitting Meadows Frost as the first British advisor in Perlis. Perak is a state on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. In the 18th and 19th centuries it was discovered to be rich in tin , with the richest alluvial deposits of tin in the world. Europe at the same time was undergoing an industrial revolution and this created

16800-576: The survey brig Rapid , then in a tent at Rapid Bay, and then in a house made of bark and reeds, which was completely destroyed by fire, along with all of their personal belongings, in 1839. The four-roomed brick built cottage, built by William Gandy, was named Theberton House, after Light's childhood residence at Theberton Hall in Suffolk. Another brother, George Gandy, who arrived in 1838, named his child William Light Gandy in 1840. On 7 July 1840, nine months after Light's death, Maria Gandy married Dr George Mayo , with whom she had 4 children. They lived in

16940-575: The three holdings formed the backbone of the settlements, Christmas Island , the Cocos Islands , Labuan , and Dindings (in Perak ) were also placed under the authority of the Straits Settlements. Until 1867, the Straits Settlements were answerable to the British administrator of the East India Company (EIC) in Calcutta . The settlements' administrators were dissatisfied with the way Calcutta

17080-518: The throne and extending control over the Chinese secret societies. By 1873 the Colonial Office in London came to perceive Ord as incompetent. He was soon replaced by Sir Andrew Clarke and Clarke was ordered to get a complete picture of what was happening in the Malay states and recommend how to streamline British administration in Malaya. The reason was that London was increasingly aware that

17220-419: The time, had refused to visit him because of his relationship with Gandy. On 10 October 1839, after a group of mourners met at his home, his funeral service took place at Trinity Church on North Terrace , after which the procession walked to the nearby Light Square. It was attended by hundreds, many of whom wept openly, and a gun salute was fired and the flag at Government House lowered to half-mast . Gandy

17360-487: The variant of the oceanic climate commonly seen in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The all-time record high for the city is 40.8 °C (105 °F) set on August 7, 2016. Vigo is known for its extreme rainfall in winter. December 1978 saw 925.6 millimetres (36.44 in) fall at the weather station in a single month. During that month on 7 th December, 175 millimetres (6.9 in) fell on

17500-428: The year progressed, British influence increased to the point that an assistant resident was placed there to advise and assist Dato' Kelana with the governance of Sungai Ujong. The British became involved in the administration of Pahang after a civil war between two candidates to the kingdom's throne between 1858 and 1863. To streamline the administration of the Malay states, and especially to protect and further develop

17640-468: Was executrix and sole beneficiary of Light's estate (which consisted mainly of unpaid debts) and paid for the funeral. The funeral took place on 10 October, and his body taken for burial at Light Square . More than 3,000 people attended the burial, including many who had been antagonistic towards him. The sole remaining document authored by Light was his will. A few days later a meeting of his friends, chaired by John Morphett , assembled to raise money for

17780-535: Was appointed Surveyor-General of South Australia instead. On 1 May 1836 Light sailed for South Australia with Maria Gandy, two of her young brothers (William (19) and Edward (10)), and some of his survey staff, on the survey brig , Rapid , along with the nine other ships in the "First Fleet" . The ship reached Kangaroo Island on 17 August 1836. Sailing from Nepean Bay on 23 September, Light started exploring Gulf St Vincent , sailing first past Rapid Bay , then up to Port Adelaide before returning to Rapid Bay. In

17920-620: Was appointed by the sultan as Klang's administrator. As Lukut's economic importance was slowly declining, that of Hulu Klang was rising. This attracted many labourers to relocate there, especially Chinese immigrants who had worked in Lukut. One person responsible for persuading the Chinese to move from Lukut to Hulu Klang was Sutan Puasa from Ampang . He supplied the mining colonies in Hulu Klang with goods ranging from rice to opium . As Hulu Klang prospered, several settlements started to rise up by

18060-527: Was appointed to serve as the Sultan's advisor. Around a year later, a lawyer from Singapore named J. G. Davidson was appointed as British Resident in Selangor. Frank Swettenham was nominated for the Resident post but he was deemed too young. Negeri Sembilan was another major producer of tin in Malaya. In 1869 a power struggle arose between Tengku Antah and Tengku Ahmad Tunggal, as both aspired to become

18200-517: Was at war with Burma and which saw Kedah as its vassal state, frequently demanded that Kedah send reinforcements. Kedah, in many cases, was a reluctant ally to Siam. After negotiations with Light, the Sultan agreed to allow Jourdain, Sulivan, and de Souza to build and operate a trading post and in Kedah, if the British agreed to protect Kedah from external threats. Light conveyed this message to his superiors in India. The EIC, however, did not agree with

18340-452: Was established to its west, which later eventually expanded east and north covering the unrealised 'Torento' model township site, and renamed Toronto, Canada ), particularly in the square "Town Acres". The oldest known version of Light's plan was drawn by a 16-year-old draughtsman in 1837, to instructions from Light, some time after the streets were named on 23 May of that year. Primary source researcher Kelly Henderson has confirmed that there

18480-701: Was handling their affairs and they complained to London. In 1856 the EIC tried to annul Singapore's free port status. In 1858, following the Indian Mutiny , the East India Company was dissolved and British India came under the direct rule of the Crown , which was exercised by the Secretary of State for India and the Viceroy of India . With Calcutta's waning power, and after intense lobbying by

18620-495: Was introduced with the creation of the Federal Council. Although the sultans had less power than their counterparts in the Unfederated Malay States, the FMS enjoyed a much higher degree of modernisation . Federalisation also brought benefit through cooperative economic development , as evident in the earlier period, when Pahang was developed through fiscal federalism , using fiscal equalisation payment funds derived from

18760-438: Was made captain of the ship by November. Light started a relationship with the 21-year-old Maria Gandy (born 23 November 1811), a woman of humble stock, who was his companion for the rest of his life. By 1835, negotiations had been completed for the founding of the new British Province of South Australia , according to the scheme of Edward Gibbon Wakefield , intended as a self-supporting free colony. Light had given Hindmarsh

18900-435: Was not appointed as the new sultan by the ministers of Perak. Instead the second in line, Raja Ismail, became the sultan of Perak. Raja Abdullah was furious and refused to accept the news kindly. He then sought and gathered political support from various channels, including several of Perak's local chiefs and several British personnel with whom he had done business in the past, with the secret societies becoming their proxies in

19040-584: Was separated from the rest of the former colony and made into a separate Crown colony . The Malayan Union was later replaced with the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and in 1963, together with North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore, formed an enlarged federation called Malaysia. Prior to the late 19th century, the British East India Company (EIC) was interested only in trading, and tried to avoid Malay politics. However, Siam's influence in

19180-476: Was so small that, historically, it was not considered a real town until around the 15th century, when the earliest records began. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the city was attacked several times. In 1585 and 1589, during an unsuccessful attack by the English counter-Armada, Francis Drake raided the city and temporarily occupied it, burning many buildings. Several decades later a Turkish fleet tried to attack

19320-432: Was suffering ill-health. He resigned from his position on 21 June 1838, after being directed to survey 150 sq mi (390 km) within a week and refusing to use less accurate surveying methods for country surveys. In July 1838, he formed a private company, Light, Finniss & Co., with assistant surveyors B. T. Finniss (arr. Cygnet ), Henry Nixon (arr. Navarino ) and William Jacob (among those who came out on

19460-548: Was the Lieutenant Governor of Java from 1811 to 1815. In 1818 he was appointed to Bencoolen . Realising how the Dutch were monopolising trade in the Malay Archipelago , he was convinced that the British needed a new trading colony to counter Dutch trading power. Months of research brought him to Singapore, an island at the tip of the Malay Peninsula. The island was ruled by a temenggung . Singapore

19600-747: Was then under the control of Tengku Abdul Rahman , the Sultan of the Johore-Riau-Lingga Sultanate (otherwise known as the Johor Sultanate ), in turn under the influence of the Dutch and the Bugis . The Sultan would never agree to a British base in Singapore. However, Tengku Abdul Rahman had become sultan only because his older brother, Tengku Hussein or Tengku Long, had been away getting married in Pahang when their father – Sultan Mahmud Shah III – died in 1812. In Malay tradition,

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