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150-617: The European dimension in the re-establishment of the Viadrina University in Frankfurt (Oder) in 1989, as enshrined in this university's founding mission, is to “fulfil distinctive tasks concerning the German-Polish foreign policy relations and culturally with a view to Europe” (German:„…außenpolitisch im deutsch-polnischen Verhältnis und kulturell mit Blick auf Europa besondere Aufgaben zu erfüllen“). In order to secure

300-556: A European New School of Digital Studies , which started in the winter semester 2020–21, has its own website, which does not refer to the Collegium Polonicum. It is nowhere explicitly intended to include the eight lecture chairs financed by the State of Brandenburg for the Collegium Polonicum in the project. A persistent practical problem of cooperation between the academic staff of the two universities is, among other things,

450-501: A Fellowship of the Royal Society . In 1791, Great Sejm parliament adopted the 3 May Constitution , the first set of supreme national laws, and introduced a constitutional monarchy . The Targowica Confederation , an organisation of nobles and deputies opposing the act, appealed to Catherine and caused the 1792 Polish–Russian War . Fearing the reemergence of Polish hegemony, Russia and Prussia arranged and in 1793 executed,

600-624: A Digital Institute had been the officially given reason for the 2018 rapid closure of the joint Polish-German Research Institute with its 10 post-doc researchers employed by the Adam Mickiewicz University. The opening of the Collegium Polonicum is connected to the creation of the "International Programme for the Promotion of Young Academics in European Research – Europa-Fellows ". This PhD programme, financed by

750-403: A Polish university, in one case at the Adam Mickiewicz University. The financed seven research assistant positions are shared between 12 researchers mostly on half-time or one-third-time leases, of which six hold a PhD. In addition, there are PhD students and student workers on temporary leases or grants. The Chair of Culture and History of Central and Eastern Europe, which derived from a grant by

900-600: A branch of the University, such as the Collegium Polonicum, to be headed by a branch director (Polish: "Dyrektor filii"). Such a position is not filled at Collegium Polonicum. In the 1992 concept for the Collegium Polonicum, jointly developed by the Adam Mickiewicz University and the Viadrina European University, it was agreed that the Viadrina would cover the costs of five professorial chairs at

1050-531: A broad range of distance learning study courses (Polish: studia zaoczne ) with compulsory attendance only at weekends. In addition, many state universities began to offer some of their study courses in parallel also in so-called university branches located in the respective university's city region. In most cases, these branches were installed in premises temporarily rented from the respective local municipality. Yet in some cases, universities engaged in investment activities. The Adam Mickiewicz University had, apart from

1200-695: A coastline spanning 770 km (480 mi); extending from the shores of the Baltic Sea, along the Bay of Pomerania in the west to the Gulf of Gdańsk in the east. The beach coastline is abundant in sand dune fields or coastal ridges and is indented by spits and lagoons, notably the Hel Peninsula and the Vistula Lagoon , which is shared with Russia. The largest Polish island on the Baltic Sea

1350-545: A double degree by the Viadrina European University and the Adam Mickiewicz University offered at the Collegium Polonicum. In these three cases, both the lecturers from the Adam Mickiewicz University commuting from Poznań, and the staff of the professorial chairs financed by the State of Brandenburg for the Collegium Polonicum, hold their lectures and seminars at the Collegium Polonicum; additional Viadrina European University lectures are to be attended in Frankfurt. Particularly

1500-552: A leading power and a major cultural entity, exercising political control over parts of Central, Eastern , Southeastern and Northern Europe. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth occupied approximately 1 million km (390,000 sq mi) at its peak and was the largest state in Europe. Simultaneously, Poland imposed Polonisation policies in newly acquired territories which were met with resistance from ethnic and religious minorities. In 1573, Henry de Valois of France ,

1650-667: A legendary ruler of the Lechites , or from the Lendians , a West Slavic tribe that dwelt on the south-easternmost edge of Lesser Poland . The origin of the tribe's name lies in the Old Polish word lęda (plain). Initially, both names Lechia and Polonia were used interchangeably when referring to Poland by chroniclers during the Middle Ages . The first Stone Age archaic humans and Homo erectus species settled what

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1800-411: A monument. Famous students at the historical Viadrina included the philosopher Ulrich von Hutten (1488–1523) and the theologian and political leader Thomas Müntzer ( c. 1489–1525), the musician Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714–1788), the physicians Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723–1799) and Johann Gottlieb Walter (1734–1818), Wilhelm (1767–1836) and Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), as well as

1950-584: A multinational student body. Currently about 40 percent of the students are foreigners (mostly Polish), a greater proportion than at other German universities. Viadrina European University maintains close cooperation with Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań , Poland. The two universities jointly operate the Collegium Polonicum, located just opposite Viadrina on the Polish side of the Oder River. Notable among

2100-666: A new provisional pro-Communist coalition government in Moscow, which ignored the Polish government-in-exile based in London. This action angered many Poles who considered it a betrayal by the Allies. In 1944, Stalin had made guarantees to Churchill and Roosevelt that he would maintain Poland's sovereignty and allow democratic elections to take place. However, upon achieving victory in 1945,

2250-565: A political force. Despite persecution and imposition of martial law in 1981 by General Wojciech Jaruzelski , it eroded the dominance of the Polish United Workers' Party and by 1989 had triumphed in Poland's first partially free and democratic parliamentary elections since the end of the Second World War. Lech Wałęsa , a Solidarity candidate, eventually won the presidency in 1990 . The Solidarity movement heralded

2400-415: A popular venue for meetings and speeches of Polish, German and European politicians, who exploited its aura of an emerging exceptional place for Polish-German reconciliation and European integration . This was to be observed again between 2010 and 2013 in the course of an initiative launched at that time by the then Viadrina President Günter Pleuger and his Poznań counterpart to raise the academic profile of

2550-547: A professor. In that, the Collegium Polonicum was no different from the other branches of Adam Mickiewicz University at that time. In 2012, the Adam Mickiewicz University established ten post-doc researcher positions, including five professorial positions, in the course of the creation of the Polish-German Research Institute at Collegium Polonicum. This institute was created jointly with the Viadrina European University in order to contribute to sharpen

2700-699: A rival Habsburg electoral candidate, Archduke Maximilian III , in the War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588) . In 1592, Sigismund succeeded his father and John Vasa , in Sweden . The Polish-Swedish union endured until 1599, when he was deposed by the Swedes. In 1609, Sigismund invaded Russia which was engulfed in a civil war , and a year later the Polish winged hussar units under Stanisław Żółkiewski occupied Moscow for two years after defeating

2850-825: A tribal federation and later a centralised monarchical state. Poland began to form into a recognisable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty . In 966, ruler of the Polans Mieszko I accepted Christianity under the auspices of the Roman Church with the Baptism of Poland . In 968, a missionary bishopric was established in Poznań . An incipit titled Dagome iudex first defined Poland's geographical boundaries with its capital in Gniezno and affirmed that its monarchy

3000-847: Is Wolin , located within Wolin National Park . Poland also shares the Szczecin Lagoon and the Usedom island with Germany. The mountainous belt in the extreme south of Poland is divided into two major mountain ranges ; the Sudetes in the west and the Carpathians in the east. The highest part of the Carpathian massif are the Tatra Mountains , extending along Poland's southern border. Poland's highest point

3150-790: Is a founding member state of the United Nations and a member of the World Trade Organization , OECD , NATO , and the European Union (including the Schengen Area ). The native Polish name for Poland is Polska . The name is derived from the Polans , a West Slavic tribe who inhabited the Warta River basin of present-day Greater Poland region (6th–8th century CE). The tribe's name stems from

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3300-504: Is composed of sixteen voivodeships and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union (EU), with over 38 million people, and the fifth largest EU country by land area, covering a combined area of 312,696 km (120,733 sq mi). The capital and largest city is Warsaw ; other major cities include Kraków , Wrocław , Łódź , Poznań , and Gdańsk . Prehistoric human activity on Polish soil dates to

3450-493: Is internal waters and 8,783 km (3,391 sq mi) is territorial sea. Topographically, the landscape of Poland is characterised by diverse landforms , water bodies and ecosystems . The central and northern region bordering the Baltic Sea lie within the flat Central European Plain , but its south is hilly and mountainous. The average elevation above the sea level is estimated at 173 metres. The country has

3600-540: Is on the Oder River, which marks the border between Germany and Poland . With 5,200 students — around 1,000 of whom come from Poland — and some 160 teaching staff, the Viadrina is one of Germany's smallest universities (only the University of Erfurt and Jacobs University Bremen have fewer students). The Latin word Viadrina means "belonging to, or situated at, the Oder River"; it derives from Viadrus ,

3750-489: The Armia Krajowa ( Home Army ), fought against German occupation. It was one of the three largest resistance movements of the entire war, and encompassed a range of clandestine activities, which functioned as an underground state complete with degree-awarding universities and a court system . The resistance was loyal to the exiled government and generally resented the idea of a communist Poland; for this reason, in

3900-545: The Battle of Vienna . The Saxon era, under Augustus II and Augustus III , saw neighboring powers grow in strength at the expense of Poland. Both Saxon kings faced opposition from Stanisław Leszczyński during the Great Northern War (1700) and the War of the Polish Succession (1733) . The royal election of 1764 resulted in the elevation of Stanisław II Augustus Poniatowski to the monarchy. His candidacy

4050-583: The Curzon Line by Stalin . The western border became the Oder-Neisse line . As a result, Poland's territory was reduced by 20%, or 77,500 square kilometres (29,900 sq mi). The shift forced the migration of millions of other people , most of whom were Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, and Jews. At the insistence of Joseph Stalin , the Yalta Conference sanctioned the formation of

4200-622: The Duke of Milan and queen consort to Sigismund I, made considerable contributions to architecture , cuisine , language and court customs at Wawel Castle . The Union of Lublin of 1569 established the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , a unified federal state with an elective monarchy , but largely governed by the nobility. The latter coincided with a period of prosperity; the Polish-dominated union thereafter becoming

4350-674: The European Spring of Nations , Poles took up arms in the Greater Poland Uprising of 1848 to resist Germanisation , but its failure saw duchy's status reduced to a mere province ; and subsequent integration into the German Empire in 1871. In Russia, the fall of the January Uprising (1863–1864) prompted severe political, social and cultural reprisals , followed by deportations and pogroms of

4500-590: The Grand Duke of Lithuania , thus forming the Jagiellonian dynasty and the Polish–Lithuanian union which spanned the late Middle Ages and early Modern Era . The partnership between Poles and Lithuanians brought the vast multi-ethnic Lithuanian territories into Poland's sphere of influence and proved beneficial for its inhabitants, who coexisted in one of the largest European political entities of

4650-657: The Lower Paleolithic , with continuous settlement since the end of the Last Glacial Period . Culturally diverse throughout late antiquity , in the early medieval period the region became inhabited by the West Slavic tribal Polans , who gave Poland its name . The process of establishing statehood coincided with the conversion of a pagan ruler of the Polans to Christianity, under the auspices of

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4800-555: The Mixed Commission (German: Gemischte Kommission , Polish: Komisja Mieszana ), consisting of the rectors, deputy rectors (from 1999 on the side of the European University Viadrina the president and vice-presidents) and chancellors of both universities. On those regular meetings, all aspects of cooperation between Adam Mickiewicz University and European University Viadrina were discussed. Following

4950-734: The Proto-Slavic noun pole meaning field, which in-itself originates from the Proto-Indo-European word *pleh₂- indicating flatland. The etymology alludes to the topography of the region and the flat landscape of Greater Poland. During the Middle Ages , the Latin form Polonia was widely used throughout Europe. The country's alternative archaic name is Lechia and its root syllable remains in official use in several languages, notably Hungarian , Lithuanian , and Persian . The exonym possibly derives from either Lech ,

5100-634: The Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe . It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south, and Germany to the west. The territory is characterised by a varied landscape, diverse ecosystems, and temperate transitional climate. Poland

5250-538: The Roman Catholic Church in 966. The Kingdom of Poland emerged in 1025, and in 1569 cemented its long-standing association with Lithuania , thus forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . At the time, the Commonwealth was one of the great powers of Europe, with an elective monarchy and a uniquely liberal political system, which adopted Europe's first modern constitution in 1791. With

5400-543: The Second Partition , which left the country deprived of territory and incapable of independent existence. On 24 October 1795, the Commonwealth was partitioned for the third time and ceased to exist as a territorial entity. Stanisław Augustus, the last King of Poland, abdicated the throne on 25 November 1795. The Polish people rose several times against the partitioners and occupying armies. An unsuccessful attempt at defending Poland's sovereignty took place in

5550-898: The Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September. On 28 September 1939, Warsaw fell . As agreed in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , Poland was split into two zones, one occupied by Nazi Germany , the other by the Soviet Union . In 1939–1941, the Soviets deported hundreds of thousands of Poles. The Soviet NKVD executed thousands of Polish prisoners of war (among other incidents in the Katyn massacre ) ahead of Operation Barbarossa . German planners had in November 1939 called for "the complete destruction of all Poles" and their fate as outlined in

5700-765: The Teutonic Knights to aid in combating the Baltic Prussians; a decision that later led to centuries of warfare with the Knights. In the first half of the 13th century, Henry I the Bearded and Henry II the Pious aimed to unite the fragmented dukedoms, but the Mongol invasion and the death of Henry II in battle hindered the unification. As a result of the devastation which followed, depopulation and

5850-412: The University of Breslau , the Leopoldina established in 1702 by the Habsburg emperor Leopold I , in order to be competitive with the newly founded University of Berlin . The merger included the transfer of the comprehensive library stocks, then with more than 28,000 volumes the second-largest in Prussia after the Königsberg State and University Library collection, up the Oder river by boat. Some of

6000-470: The University of Duisburg , a Reformed college in the Duchy of Cleves . Frederick William also opened the Frankfurt University for Jewish students, against fierce resistance by the teaching staff. While damages of the Thirty Years' War still had to be repaired, he had a botanical garden laid out next to the university premises. An anatomical theatre was built in 1684 at the behest of physician Bernhardus Albinus (1653–1721). The complete renovation

6150-454: The University of Kraków , one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in Europe. Upon his death in 1370, the Piast dynasty came to an end. He was succeeded by his closest male relative, Louis of Anjou , who ruled Poland, Hungary , and Croatia in a personal union . Louis' younger daughter Jadwiga became Poland's first female monarch in 1384. In 1386, Jadwiga of Poland entered a marriage of convenience with Władysław II Jagiełło ,

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6300-421: The War of the Fourth Coalition . In accordance with the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit , Napoleon proclaimed the Duchy of Warsaw , a client state ruled by his ally Frederick Augustus I of Saxony . The Poles actively aided French troops in the Napoleonic Wars , particularly those under Józef Poniatowski who became Marshal of France shortly before his death at Leipzig in 1813. In the aftermath of Napoleon's exile,

6450-459: The armistice with Germany in November 1918, Poland regained its independence as the Second Polish Republic . The Second Polish Republic reaffirmed its sovereignty after a series of military conflicts , most notably the Polish–Soviet War , when Poland inflicted a crushing defeat on the Red Army at the Battle of Warsaw . The inter-war period heralded a new era of Polish politics. Whilst Polish political activists had faced heavy censorship in

6600-472: The collapse of communist regimes and parties across Europe . A shock therapy program, initiated by Leszek Balcerowicz in the early 1990s, enabled the country to transform its Soviet-style planned economy into a market economy . As with other post-communist countries , Poland suffered temporary declines in social, economic, and living standards, but it became the first post-communist country to reach its pre-1989 GDP levels as early as 1995, although

6750-594: The first of its neighbors, initiating the fall of the Iron Curtain . Poland is a parliamentary republic with its bicameral legislature comprising the Sejm and the Senate . Considered a middle power , it is a developed market and high-income economy that is the sixth largest in the EU by nominal GDP and the fifth largest by GDP (PPP) . Poland enjoys a very high standard of living , safety, and economic freedom , as well as free university education and universal health care . The country has 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites , 15 of which are cultural. Poland

6900-603: The twin city of Frankfurt (Oder). Yet the Cooperation Agreement between the Minister for National Education of the Republic of Poland and the Minister for Science and Culture of the Federal State of Brandenburg signed on the day of the ceremonial opening of the Viadrina European University (i.e. 6 September 1991), manifests the intention to create in Słubice student residences as well as an institution for research and teaching, including library and laboratory facilities. The 25th anniversary celebrations of Collegium Polonicum in 2016 referred to this date. At Adam Mickiewicz University,

7050-484: The 1794 Kościuszko Uprising , where a popular and distinguished general Tadeusz Kościuszko , who had several years earlier served under George Washington in the American Revolutionary War , led Polish insurgents. Despite the victory at the Battle of Racławice , his ultimate defeat ended Poland's independent existence for 123 years . In 1806, an insurrection organised by Jan Henryk Dąbrowski liberated western Poland ahead of Napoleon's advance into Prussia during

7200-424: The 1950s. Despite widespread objections, the new Polish government accepted the Soviet annexation of the pre-war eastern regions of Poland (in particular the cities of Wilno and Lwów ) and agreed to the permanent garrisoning of Red Army units on Poland's territory. Military alignment within the Warsaw Pact throughout the Cold War came about as a direct result of this change in Poland's political culture. In

7350-402: The Academic Secondary School for General Education. Single lecture activities by Adam Mickiewicz University lecturers in the Master of Digital Entrepreneurship study course offered by the Viadrina European University are not connected to the creation of Adam Mickiewicz University lecturer positions at the Collegium Polonicum. Yet the immediate need to create capacities for new staff resources for

7500-442: The Adam Mickiewicz University Press ( Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im Adama Mickiewicza ) in Poznan. Since 2002, the series has been published in the Berlin-based publishing house Logos Verlag . By 2019, 34 volumes have been published, including four edited by the Collegium Polonicum Management itself on the topic of cross-border university cooperation. Of the remaining volumes have been published: Six volumes deal with aspects in

7650-416: The Adam Mickiewicz University situated in Poznań. During the lecture period, these employees commuted to the Collegium Polonicum to conduct courses mainly in the initially extensive range of study courses offered there by Adam Mickiewicz University. Only about two to four lecturers per study course offered by the Adam Mickiewicz University at the Collegium Polonicum had their actual workplace there, none of them

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7800-399: The Adam Mickiewicz University's involvement in this venture taking place at the Collegium Polonicum is minimal. The number of academic staff of the Adam Mickiewicz University working at the Collegium Polonicum at the time of its formal opening in 2001 was officially given as 65, including 25 professors. However, the vast majority of these were employees who had their workplaces at faculties of

7950-409: The Allies, providing much of the intelligence from Europe and beyond, Polish code breakers were responsible for cracking the Enigma cipher and Polish scientists participating in the Manhattan Project were co-creators of the American atomic bomb . In the east, the Soviet-backed Polish 1st Army distinguished itself in the battles for Warsaw and Berlin . The wartime resistance movement , and

8100-441: The Brave . In 1000, at the Congress of Gniezno , Bolesław obtained the right of investiture from Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor , who assented to the creation of additional bishoprics and an archdioceses in Gniezno. Three new dioceses were subsequently established in Kraków , Kołobrzeg , and Wrocław . Also, Otto bestowed upon Bolesław royal regalia and a replica of the Holy Lance , which were later used at his coronation as

8250-458: The Collegium Polonicum building. In 2014, following an initiative of the Collegium Polonicum's administrative director Krzysztof Wojciechowski, the municipality of Słubice erected a Monument to Misplaced Pages on Frankfurt Square (Plac Frankfurcki) situated just a few steps away from the Collegium Polonicum. As reason for the promotion of a Misplaced Pages Monument in this place, Krzysztof Wojciechowski stated that he sees "explicitly in Słubice and Frankfurt

8400-404: The Collegium Polonicum was put on a bi-national legal basis with the signing of the “Treaty between the Minister for National Education and Sport of the Republic of Poland and the Ministry for Science, Research and Culture of the Federal State of Brandenburg on the Collegium Polonicum in Słubice”. This treaty, as already the 1992 concept of both universities, enshrines the agreed basic consensus that

8550-434: The Collegium Polonicum, at times seven other branches in the Poznań metropolitan region. Four of them were in rented municipal buildings in the cities of Kościan , Ostrów Wielkopolski , Śrem , and Wągrowiec , and three in erected by the university for this purpose buildings in the cities of Gniezno , Piła and Kalisz . For instance, in the academic year 2008–09, a total of 5,461 students were studying at these branches. At

8700-404: The Collegium Polonicum, the Adam Mickiewicz University offered seven study programmes which were also offered in Poznań (in some cases with a different specialisation): Some of these study courses had been offered at times both as presence and distance learning. Following the decrease in the number of students in Poland (from 1.93 million in the academic year 2008–09 to 1.23 million in 2018-19) and

8850-415: The Collegium Polonicum, which is also the seat of the four new professorial chairs created for this venture. In the 1990s, the existing state universities in Poland were faced with a constantly increasing demand for study places that by far exceeded the capacities in their ageing building stock. As a result, a large number of private universities were founded, and state as well as private universities offered

9000-491: The Collegium Polonicum, which is also the seat of the respective managing professorial chair. Also the courses of the temporarily existing MBA programme 'Management for Central and Eastern Europe took place mainly at the Collegium Polonicum. In the winter term 2020–21 on, the Viadrina European University starts its study course Master of Digital Entrepreneurship , offered within the framework of its European New School of Digital Studies project. The courses are to be mainly held at

9150-434: The Collegium Polonicum, while Adam Mickiewicz University would finance the construction, maintenance and operation of the Collegium Polonicum building and the student residences. In article 4 (No. 1 and 2) of the interministerial agreement for the Collegium Polonicum of 2002, the Federal State of Brandenburg accordingly committed itself to bear 'the staff costs for five professor and seven research assistant positions', including

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9300-943: The Collegium Polonicum. In total, the Collegium Polonicum has been visited by two Presidents of the European Parliament ( Jerzy Buzek , Josep Borrell ), two Presidents of Poland ( Aleksander Kwaśniewski , Bronisław Komorowski ) and two Federal Presidents of Germany ( Richard von Weizsäcker , Joachim Gauck ), one Marshal of the Sejm ( Józef Oleksy ) and one President of the Bundestag ( Wolfgang Thierse ), four Prime Ministers of Poland ( Tadeusz Mazowiecki , Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz , Jerzy Buzek , Marek Belka ) and one Chancellor of Germany ( Helmut Kohl ), three European Commissioners ( Günter Verheugen , Michel Barnier , Corina Crețu ), as well as five Polish Ministers ( Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz , Mirosław Handke, Waldemar Dąbrowski, Wladyslaw Bartoszewski , Radosław Sikorski ) and four German Federal Ministers ( Claudia Nolte , Hans-Dietrich Genscher , Joschka Fischer , Guido Westerwelle ). However,

9450-431: The District of Słubice (Polish: Powiat Słubicki); there is no financial input by the Adam Mickiewicz University. In the Polish school system, a lyceum is the school of secondary education attended by pupils of the 9th to the 12th class and leading to the higher education entrance qualification. When fully operating as a secondary school offering three tracks, it will occupy around half of the 32 lecture and laboratory rooms of

9600-469: The Duchy of Warsaw was abolished at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and its territory was divided into Russian Congress Kingdom of Poland , the Prussian Grand Duchy of Posen , and Austrian Galicia with the Free City of Kraków . In 1830, non-commissioned officers at Warsaw's Officer Cadet School rebelled in what was the November Uprising . After its collapse, Congress Poland lost its constitutional autonomy , army and legislative assembly. During

9750-400: The European Union were dismantled, allowing for full freedom of movement within most of the European Union. On 10 April 2010, the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński , along with 89 other high-ranking Polish officials died in a plane crash near Smolensk , Russia. In 2011, the ruling Civic Platform won parliamentary elections . In 2014, the Prime Minister of Poland , Donald Tusk ,

9900-416: The European University Viadrina, however "with special consideration of The budget provided by the Federal State of Brandenburg for five professor and seven research assistant positions is divided into eight professorial chairs, i.e.: The holders of these chairs hold a full professor position in two cases and a half-time professor position in six cases. Three of them also hold a further professor position at

10050-543: The European scene, it came to characterise the full-fledged integration of Poland into the brotherhood of communist nations. The new communist government took control with the adoption of the Small Constitution on 19 February 1947. The Polish People's Republic ( Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa ) was officially proclaimed in 1952 . In 1956, after the death of Bolesław Bierut , the régime of Władysław Gomułka became temporarily more liberal, freeing many people from prison and expanding some personal freedoms. Collectivisation in

10200-504: The Faculty of Modern Philology. To this add temporary offers of post-graduate, extra-occupational study courses (e.g. of International Relations – Regional and transborder cooperation , offered by the Faculty of Political Science and Journalism). The number of students on study courses offered by the Adam Mickiewicz University at the Collegium Polonicum peaked at 1,150 in the academic year 2004–05, and has been declining steadily ever since (200 in 2015-16). There are three study programmes with

10350-430: The Federal State of Brandenburg for a discipline field so far not represented neither at the Viadrina European University nor at the Collegium Polonicum has been justified by the fact that the European New School of Digital Studies is "initially to be established as an academic unit of the Viadrina, and in perspective to be further developed into an international faculty with the participation of foreign universities". Yet,

10500-405: The German occupation of Poland , including between 50,000 and 100,000 members of the Polish intelligentsia – academics, doctors, lawyers, nobility and priesthood. During the Warsaw Uprising alone, over 150,000 Polish civilians were killed, most were murdered by the Germans during the Wola and Ochota massacres. Around 150,000 Polish civilians were killed by Soviets between 1939 and 1941 during

10650-422: The German Federal Ministry for Education and Research with €0.8 million annually, provided 78 post-graduates (48 in the programme's first edition 2000–2003, 30 in its second edition 2003-2005) with individual PhD student grants. The recipients of these German grants could complete their PhD studies at a faculty either of the Viadrina European University, or (as in most cases) of the Adam Mickiewicz University. Head of

10800-464: The Internet sites, research projects or publications are not presented as ventures of the Collegium Polonicum, but can be found on the respective lecture chair sites of the respective university. In addition, no particular cooperation between the lecture chairs at the Collegium Polonicum is communicated that would go beyond the general contacts between lecture chairs at a given university. The venture of

10950-466: The Oder Bridge, the Collegium Polonicum is only a short walk away from the inner city lecture buildings of the Viadrina in Frankfurt. Thus, it is used as a venue for some lectures or seminars, mostly with Polish dimension, offered within the Viadrina study programmes. Hence in a strict sense, there are no Viadrina study programmes physically anchored exclusively at the Collegium Polonicum. Accordingly,

11100-560: The Polish People's Republic failed. A similar situation repeated itself in the 1970s under Edward Gierek , but most of the time persecution of anti-communist opposition groups persisted. Despite this, Poland was at the time considered to be one of the least oppressive states of the Eastern Bloc. Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union " Solidarity " (" Solidarność "), which over time became

11250-521: The Polish side finances the construction and maintenance of the built infrastructure, while the German side covers the expenses for the establishment and operation of five professorial chairs. For the Collegium Polonicum building, the design of the Poznań architect Tomasz Durniewicz was selected in a limited competition organised by Adam Mickiewicz University. Construction works started in 1995. The opening of

11400-554: The Polish-German Law Studies offered since 1992 are regarded as a role model of how Polish and German students inter-actively get to know together their own as well as the respective other legal system, and thus acquire the knowledge and the soft skills to professionally work on the Polish as well as on the German site. The number of students in these double degree programmes is relatively constant and varies between 430 (academic year 2004-05) and 310 (2015–16). With

11550-614: The Polish-Jewish population. Towards the end of the 19th century, Congress Poland became heavily industrialised; its primary exports being coal, zinc , iron and textiles. In the aftermath of World War I , the Allies agreed on the reconstitution of Poland, confirmed through the Treaty of Versailles of June 1919. A total of 2 million Polish troops fought with the armies of the three occupying powers, and over 450,000 died. Following

11700-611: The President of Poland Andrzej Duda chose the Municipal Library Building for his public speech during his visit to Słubice in 2019. Viadrina University European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder) (German: Europa-Universität Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder) ) is a university located at Frankfurt (Oder) in Brandenburg, Germany. It is also known as the University of Frankfurt (Oder) . The city

11850-708: The Prussian rulers to pay tributes . The Jagiellonian dynasty also established dynastic control over the kingdoms of Bohemia (1471 onwards) and Hungary. In the south, Poland confronted the Ottoman Empire (at the Varna Crusade ) and the Crimean Tatars , and in the east helped Lithuania to combat Russia . Poland was developing as a feudal state, with a predominantly agricultural economy and an increasingly powerful landed nobility that confined

12000-570: The Russians at Klushino . Sigismund also countered the Ottoman Empire in the southeast; at Khotyn in 1621 Jan Karol Chodkiewicz achieved a decisive victory against the Turks, which ushered the downfall of Sultan Osman II . Sigismund's long reign in Poland coincided with the Silver Age . The liberal Władysław IV effectively defended Poland's territorial possessions but after his death

12150-529: The Senate of the European University Viadrina on 19 December 1992 and by the Senate of the Adam Mickiewicz University on 22 December 1992. This was preceded by a symbolic laying of the foundation stone on 16 October 1992 as the founding act for the Collegium Polonicum. Since 1994, first lectures for students of the European University Viadrina took place in rented rooms in Słubice. In 1995, the Collegium Polonicum library

12300-724: The Soviet Union's occupation of eastern Poland ( Kresy ), and another estimated 100,000 Poles were murdered by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) between 1943 and 1944 in what became known as the Wołyń Massacres . Of all the countries in the war, Poland lost the highest percentage of its citizens: around 6 million perished – more than one-sixth of Poland's pre-war population – half of them Polish Jews. About 90% of deaths were non-military in nature. In 1945, Poland's borders were shifted westwards . Over two million Polish inhabitants of Kresy were expelled along

12450-454: The Treaty). In 2013, Adam Mickiewicz University began to reduce its real estate and building stock in Słubice. Apart from several undeveloped plots of land that had been set aside for extensions to the dormitory capacity and sports infrastructure, Adam Mickiewicz University sold the student residence Amicus to the municipality of Słubice, which set up 50 communal housing units there. Since 2017,

12600-600: The Viadrina professors did, however, accept positions in Berlin. The old university building was taken over by the City of Frankfurt and turned into a schoolhouse. It was barely damaged in World War II and first used as a home for refugees from the former eastern territories . Afterwards the building stood empty until it was controversially demolished in the early 1960s. Only the arch of the main entrance has been preserved as

12750-701: The Zeit Foundation, is the only chair of the European University Viadrina located in the Collegium Polonicum however not financed by the funds of the State of Brandenburg intended for the Collegium Polonicum. Various chairs of the European University Viadrina, such as for example the professorial chair at the core of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Polish Studies , give the postal address of the Collegium Polonicum as their address in Poland, but are not spatially and structurally present there. In that they take advantage of an internal postal connection established between

12900-455: The abandoned shell of a nurses' home. From 1994 onwards, a student residences campus was constructed on a post-military site according to a design by the Warsaw architectural office Pracownia Architektoniczna BNS Warszawa . In addition to seven residential buildings, the campus includes areas for a student club, amenities and sports activities. The first rooms were ready for occupancy in 1998, and

13050-469: The academic profile of unique study courses offered by them. This did however not happen in the case of the Collegium Polonicum, which, as a university branch operated in cooperation with a foreign university, was never threatened with closure. The only permanent study programme offer of the Adam Mickiewicz University at the Collegium Polonicum is the BSc course of Polish Philology as a Foreign Language managed by

13200-415: The administrations of the Viadrina and the Collegium Polonicum, which ensures that correspondence from Poland addressed to the European University Viadrina and from Germany addressed to the Collegium Polonicum can be sent as domestic mail. Likewise, Collegium Polonicum and Europa-Universität Viadrina can be reached as a domestic call from the respective other country by means of a microwave transmission between

13350-718: The beginning of World War II , which resulted in the Holocaust and millions of Polish casualties . Forced into the Eastern Bloc in the global Cold War , the Polish People's Republic was a founding signatory of the Warsaw Pact . Through the emergence and contributions of the Solidarity movement , the communist government was dissolved and Poland re-established itself as a democratic state in 1989, as

13500-493: The beginning of the 2018–19 school year, the Academic Secondary School for General Education in Słubice (Polish: Uniwersyteckie Liceum Ogólnokształcące w Słubicach ULO ), was opened in the Collegium Polonicum building. This is a private school run by the Adam Mickiewicz University. According to its statute, the school is mainly financed by school fees and other charges as well as permanent contributions from

13650-488: The building constructed as a residence for doctoral students ( Dom Doktoranta ) is offered for sale by the Adam Mickiewicz University as a residential building with a floor space of 1,951.4 m, land area 3,530 m. In accordance to the 1992 concept for the Collegium Polonicum, in 1993 both universities appointed a management board for the Collegium Polonicum consisting of one Scientific Director and one Administrative Director. These two directors also participated in all meetings of

13800-484: The church. One of its earliest chancellors, Bishop Georg von Blumenthal (1490–1550) was a vigorous opponent of the Protestant Reformation and did his utmost to expel Lutherans such as Jodocus Willich . (In 2018 his brother's direct descendant Julia von Blumenthal was named president of the refounded Viadrina.) In 1518 Johann Tetzel (1465–1519) obtained his doctorate at Frankfurt. Nevertheless,

13950-402: The claim of close scientific networking with Poland and a targeted allocation of one third of the student places to Polish applicants, cooperation with four Polish universities – one of them Adam Mickiewicz University – took place during the founding phase. First ideas came up to create university infrastructure – initially only residences for Polish Viadrina students – also in Słubice, i.e. in

14100-403: The decades up until World War I , a new political tradition was established in the country. Many exiled Polish activists, such as Ignacy Jan Paderewski , who would later become prime minister, returned home. A significant number of them then went on to take key positions in the newly formed political and governmental structures. Tragedy struck in 1922 when Gabriel Narutowicz , inaugural holder of

14250-567: The demand for craft labour spurred a migration of German and Flemish settlers into Poland, which was encouraged by the Polish dukes. In 1264, the Statute of Kalisz introduced unprecedented autonomy for the Polish Jews , who came to Poland fleeing persecution elsewhere in Europe. In 1320, Władysław I the Short became the first king of a reunified Poland since Przemysł II in 1296, and

14400-549: The doctrine of the so-called Polish Brethren , who separated from their Calvinist denomination and became the co-founders of global Unitarianism . The European Renaissance evoked under Sigismund I the Old and Sigismund II Augustus a sense of urgency in the need to promote a cultural awakening . During the Polish Golden Age , the nation's economy and culture flourished. The Italian-born Bona Sforza , daughter of

14550-711: The earliest evidence of European cheesemaking (5500 BC) was discovered in Polish Kuyavia , and the Bronocice pot is incised with the earliest known depiction of what may be a wheeled vehicle (3400 BC). The period spanning the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age (1300 BC–500 BC) was marked by an increase in population density, establishment of palisaded settlements ( gords ) and the expansion of Lusatian culture . A significant archaeological find from

14700-542: The elections organised by the occupying Soviet authorities were falsified and were used to provide a veneer of legitimacy for Soviet hegemony over Polish affairs. The Soviet Union instituted a new communist government in Poland, analogous to much of the rest of the Eastern Bloc . As elsewhere in Communist Europe , the Soviet influence over Poland was met with armed resistance from the outset which continued into

14850-419: The field of legal studies and six more in the field of language and translation studies, seven look at border and cross-border topics from a political science perspective, and eleven are devoted to aspects of interdisciplinarity, interculturality, transnationality and cultural transfer. Beyond that, the Collegium Polonicum does not appear as a recognisable scientific unit with a distinct research profile. E.g. on

15000-486: The figures published for the number of Viadrina students studying at the Collegium Polonicum are interpretative: the numbers given are e.g. 100 students for the academic year of 2004–05, or 250 for 2015–16. Currently, almost all lectures of the part-time, post-graduate study course of Protection of European Cultural Heritage, and most of the lectures of the MSc course of Culture and History of Central and Eastern Europe, are held at

15150-503: The first King of Poland in c.  1025 , when Bolesław received permission for his coronation from Pope John XIX . Bolesław also expanded the realm considerably by seizing parts of German Lusatia , Czech Moravia , Upper Hungary , and southwestern regions of the Kievan Rus' . The transition from paganism in Poland was not instantaneous and resulted in the pagan reaction of the 1030s . In 1031, Mieszko II Lambert lost

15300-469: The first building part of the Collegium Polonicum took place on 10 June 1998, and of the entire building on 1 February 2001. The Collegium Polonicum has a total floor space of 20,546 m. Of this, 14,579 m are allotted to the main building with approx. 32 seminar and laboratory rooms, two conference halls and the large assembly hall with about 1,000 seats, a canteen and the offices for scientific as well as technical and administrative staff. 5,967 m are allotted to

15450-647: The first elected king, approbated the Henrician Articles which obliged future monarchs to respect the rights of nobles. When he left Poland to become King of France , his successor, Stephen Báthory , led a successful campaign in the Livonian War , granting Poland more lands across the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. State affairs were then headed by Jan Zamoyski , the Crown Chancellor . Stephen's successor, Sigismund III , defeated

15600-524: The first to be crowned at Wawel Cathedral in Kraków. Beginning in 1333, the reign of Casimir III the Great was marked by developments in castle infrastructure , army, judiciary and diplomacy . Under his authority, Poland transformed into a major European power; he instituted Polish rule over Ruthenia in 1340 and imposed quarantine that prevented the spread of Black Death . In 1364, Casimir inaugurated

15750-639: The former Mixed Commission has been replaced by a Permanent Commission responsible explicitly for Collegium Polonicum (German: Ständige Kommission , Polish: Komisja Stała ). It consists of the President and Rector of each university, the chancellors and the management board of Collegium Polonicum. Management of Collegium Polonicum Administrative Director Scientific Director Viadrina European University Vice President with responsibility for Collegium Polonicum Adam Mickiewicz University Deputy Rector with responsibility for Collegium Polonicum The statute of Adam Mickiewicz University provides for

15900-652: The genocidal Generalplan Ost . Poland made the fourth-largest troop contribution in Europe, and its troops served both the Polish Government in Exile in the west and Soviet leadership in the east . Polish troops played an important role in the Normandy , Italian , North African Campaigns and Netherlands and are particularly remembered for the Battle of Britain and Battle of Monte Cassino . Polish intelligence operatives proved extremely valuable to

16050-422: The graduate project until 2002 was Jan C. Joerden, followed by Janine Nuyken. The interdisciplinary PhD research was carried out in the subject areas represented at the time by lecture chairs or study courses at the Collegium Polonicum, i.e.: The key scientific output of the Collegium Polonicum is its interdisciplinary series Thematicon , published by its Management since 1995. The first five volumes were published

16200-404: The idea of a "Collegium Polonicum" was subsequently developed as an institution for joint teaching and research activities with the European University Viadrina. After having received political assent on the Polish and the German side, a joint commission of the Adam Mickiewicz University and the European University Viadrina developed a concept for the Collegium Polonicum. This concept was approved by

16350-431: The inter-ministerial Treaty provided the substantive framework for the Collegium Polonicum as an interdisciplinary institution valid until today. The name Collegium Polonicum was retained, but the emphasis of this institution was shifted away from Polish language, history and culture. According to this, the spectrum for teaching and research covers all the scientific disciplines represented at Adam Mickiewicz University and at

16500-549: The interdisciplinary academic profile of the Collegium Polonicum. Therefore, its research activities, as defined in its regulations (§ 3 no. 2) adopted by both universities in 2012, were identical with those defined in the 2002 Treaty for the Collegium Polonicum, i.e. activities "with special consideration of problems of the European Integration, border regions, and comparative research in an international and intercultural dimension”. The Polish-German Research Institute

16650-409: The library section connected to the main building by a bridge. The construction costs were approximately PLN 170 million. Apart from the Collegium Polonicum building itself, the Adam Mickiewicz University has built several student residences in Słubice. In October 1993, the first Polish Viadrina students could move into an inner city student dormitory called Amicus , which constituted the completion of

16800-441: The main building ( Collegienhaus ) was completed in 1507. The university was organized into four Faculties of Arts : law, theology, philosophy, and medicine. Within the first year, more than 900 students from all over Germany, Poland, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark enrolled. The Viadrina enjoyed an excellent reputation in Brandenburg and the surrounding regions, and its graduates had high positions in administration, politics, law and

16950-414: The massive expansion of the building stock and personnel capacities at the universities’ main seats (in the case of the Adam Mickiewicz University, particularly on the new Morasko Campus in the north of Poznań), the demand for study courses offered in branches rapidly decreased. With the 2011 reform of the Polish higher education legislation, the further offer of study courses at branches was made dependent on

17100-514: The name of a presumed river god of the Oder. Actually, an ancient name of the river is not documented, it is mentioned as Oddera in the 991 Dagome iudex referring to the realm of Prince Mieszko I of Poland . The Latin name was probably introduced by the Frankfurt scholar Jodocus Willich (c.1486–1552) and appeared in the Cosmographia by Sebastian Münster in 1544; the city of Frankfurt

17250-426: The new Prime Minister leading a coalition made up of Civic Coalition , Third Way , and The Left . Law and Justice became the leading opposition party. Poland covers an administrative area of 312,722 km (120,743 sq mi), and is the ninth-largest country in Europe . Approximately 311,895 km (120,423 sq mi) of the country's territory consists of land, 2,041 km (788 sq mi)

17400-530: The nobility. The failed attempts at government restructuring as well as the domestic turmoil provoked its neighbours to invade. In 1772, the First Partition of the Commonwealth by Prussia, Russia and Austria took place; an act which the Partition Sejm , under considerable duress, eventually ratified as a fait accompli . Disregarding the territorial losses, in 1773 a plan of critical reforms

17550-415: The overall project was completed in 2003 with the handover of a residence for doctoral students and university staff. In total over 1,100 dormitory places were created, mainly in single and double rooms, plus 40 two- and three-room apartments for university members and about 40 temporary overnight accommodation places in single and double rooms. The construction of the Collegium Polonicum and the student campus

17700-558: The passing of the prosperous Polish Golden Age , the country was partitioned by neighbouring states at the end of the 18th century. Poland regained its independence at the end of World War I in 1918 with the creation of the Second Polish Republic , which emerged victorious in various conflicts of the interbellum period. In September 1939, the invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union marked

17850-484: The period known as Golden Liberty , when the state was ruled by the seemingly free and equal Polish nobles . The 16th century saw Protestant Reformation movements making deep inroads into Polish Christianity, which resulted in the establishment of policies promoting religious tolerance, unique in Europe at that time. This tolerance allowed the country to avoid the religious turmoil and wars of religion that beset Europe. In Poland, Nontrinitarian Christianity became

18000-417: The permanent presence of lecture staff there, and the formation of corresponding academic units. This made a simple parallel offer of a study course already conducted at a university's main seat impossible. As a result, university branches in Poland were in numerous cases closed, or in some cases converted into units (so-called basic unit, Polish Jednostka podstawowa ) sufficiently staffed and corresponding to

18150-432: The poet Heinrich von Kleist (1777–1811). Among the notable university prorectors was Duke Henry Wenceslaus of Oels-Bernstadt (1592–1639) in 1608. In 1991 the university was re-established as Viadrina European University. It currently comprises three faculties: Economics and Business Studies; Law; and Cultural Studies. A prime focus of the educational program is to attract students from throughout Europe in order to create

18300-580: The population to private manorial farmstead known as folwarks . In 1493, John I Albert sanctioned the creation of a bicameral parliament composed of a lower house, the Sejm , and an upper house, the Senate . The Nihil novi act adopted by the Polish General Sejm in 1505, transferred most of the legislative power from the monarch to the parliament, an event which marked the beginning of

18450-481: The presence of Roman Legions sent to protect the amber trade . The Polish tribes emerged following the second wave of the Migration Period around the 6th century AD; they were Slavic and may have included assimilated remnants of peoples that earlier dwelled in the area. Beginning in the early 10th century, the Polans would come to dominate other Lechitic tribes in the region, initially forming

18600-587: The presidency, was assassinated at the Zachęta Gallery in Warsaw by a painter and right-wing nationalist Eligiusz Niewiadomski . In 1926, the May Coup , led by the hero of the Polish independence campaign Marshal Józef Piłsudski , turned rule of the Second Polish Republic over to the nonpartisan Sanacja ( Healing ) movement to prevent radical political organisations on both the left and

18750-527: The protohistory of Poland is a fortified settlement at Biskupin , attributed to the Lusatian culture of the Late Bronze Age (mid-8th century BC). Throughout antiquity (400 BC–500 AD), many distinct ancient populations inhabited the territory of present-day Poland, notably Celtic , Scythian , Germanic , Sarmatian , Baltic and Slavic tribes. Furthermore, archaeological findings confirmed

18900-548: The related annual operative and administrative costs. Staff on these positions is to be employed in accordance to employment and salary regulations of the Federal State of Brandenburg. In accordance with the concept adopted by Adam Mickiewicz University and European University Viadrina in December 1992, interdisciplinary academic activity at the Collegium Polonicum was to be committed to three overarching goals: In 2002,

19050-478: The research institutions at Viadrina University is the Frankfurt Institute of Transformational Studies (FIT). The institute is a substantial contributor to research on economies in transition. The university's former president, Professor Gesine Schwan , ran for President of Germany both in 2004 and 2009, being narrowly defeated by Horst Köhler twice. Former diplomat Gunter Pleuger has served as

19200-621: The resignation of the Scientific Director in 1997, no new appointment was made. Since then, the management board of the Collegium Polonicum consists of the Administrative Director and the Deputy Rector or Vice-President responsible for the Collegium Polonicum on behalf of Adam Mickiewicz University and of Europa-Universität Viadrina respectively. This has also remained unchanged by the 2002 Treaty, by which

19350-500: The right from destabilizing the country. By the late 1930s, due to increased threats posed by political extremism inside the country, the Polish government became increasingly heavy-handed, banning a number of radical organisations, including communist and ultra-nationalist political parties, which threatened the stability of the country. World War II began with the Nazi German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, followed by

19500-462: The same motive, the same spark as with the Wikipedians": "May this monument remind us that thanks to determination, the desire for knowledge and the overcoming of one's own borders, a better future for the border area, Europe and the entire human race is conceivable." In the period of the Collegium Polonicum's establishment and its first years of operation (i.e. from 1996 to 2006), it constituted

19650-526: The still existing wage gap between employees in Germany and Poland. For instance, a BSc graduate working half-time as student assistance (German: Wissenschaftliche Hilfskraft - WHK) employed by the Viadrina European University earns a monthly net salary of about 920 EUR. This sum is roughly equivalent to the monthly gross salary of PLN 3,800 for a post-doc employed by the Adam Mickiewicz University as assistant professor (Polish: adiunkt ). Due to its location at

19800-626: The summer of 1944 it initiated Operation Tempest , of which the Warsaw Uprising that began on 1 August 1944 is the best-known operation. Nazi German forces under orders from Adolf Hitler set up six German extermination camps in occupied Poland, including Treblinka , Majdanek and Auschwitz . The Germans transported millions of Jews from across occupied Europe to be murdered in those camps. Altogether, 3 million Polish Jews – approximately 90% of Poland's pre-war Jewry – and between 1.8 and 2.8 million ethnic Poles were killed during

19950-586: The telephone systems of both institutions. In August 2019, the Europa-Universität Viadrina was granted funding of in total €4.16 million for 2019-23 by the Federal State of Brandenburg for four professorships and material resources within the project European New School of Digital Studies . These chairs will be based in the Collegium Polonicum, which will also be the venue for the likewise financed study course of Master of Digital Entrepreneurship . This exceptional financial support granted by

20100-556: The time. In the Baltic Sea region, the struggle of Poland and Lithuania with the Teutonic Knights continued and culminated at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, where a combined Polish-Lithuanian army inflicted a decisive victory against them. In 1466, after the Thirteen Years' War , king Casimir IV Jagiellon gave royal consent to the Peace of Thorn , which created the future Duchy of Prussia under Polish suzerainty and forced

20250-617: The title of king and fled amidst the violence. The unrest led to the transfer of the capital to Kraków in 1038 by Casimir I the Restorer . In 1076, Bolesław II re-instituted the office of king, but was banished in 1079 for murdering his opponent, Bishop Stanislaus . In 1138, the country fragmented into five principalities when Bolesław III Wrymouth divided his lands among his sons. These were Lesser Poland , Greater Poland, Silesia , Masovia and Sandomierz , with intermittent hold over Pomerania . In 1226, Konrad I of Masovia invited

20400-547: The unemployment rate increased. Poland became a member of the Visegrád Group in 1991, and joined NATO in 1999. Poles then voted to join the European Union in a referendum in June 2003, with Poland becoming a full member on 1 May 2004, following the consequent enlargement of the organisation . Poland has joined the Schengen Area in 2007, as a result of which, the country's borders with other member states of

20550-524: The university's president since 1 October 2008. Pleuger was followed by slavicist Alexander Wöll on 1 October 2014. The Viadrina European University currently offers the following study programs in English: Republic of Poland – in Europe  (green & dark grey) – in the European Union  (green)  –  [ Legend ] Poland , officially

20700-448: The university, like its Prussian counterpart, the University of Königsberg established in 1544, turned to Lutheran orthodoxy . A professor popular among students, Erdmann Copernicus , was promoted to head of university in 1573, but died in the same year. After the ruling House of Hohenzollern had converted to Calvinism , the 'Great Elector' Frederick William and his governor Prince John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen in 1655 founded

20850-546: The vast Commonwealth began declining from internal disorder and constant warfare. In 1648, the Polish hegemony over Ukraine sparked the Khmelnytsky Uprising , followed by the decimating Swedish Deluge during the Second Northern War , and Prussia's independence in 1657. In 1683, John III Sobieski re-established military prowess when he halted the advance of an Ottoman Army into Europe at

21000-691: Was accomplished in 1693/94. In 1736 the eminent jurist Johann Jakob Moser was called to head the Faculty of Law at the university, but had to leave after three years due to his thoroughly Liberal ideas which were disliked by the Prussian king Frederick William I . In the course of the Prussian Reforms during the Napoleonic Wars , the University of Frankfurt was moved to Breslau (present-day Wrocław, Poland) in 1811. It merged with

21150-494: Was chosen to be President of the European Council , and resigned as prime minister. The 2015 and 2019 elections were won by the national-conservative Law and Justice Party (PiS) led by Jarosław Kaczyński , resulting in increased Euroscepticism and increased friction with the European Union. In December 2017, Mateusz Morawiecki was sworn in as the Prime Minister, succeeding Beata Szydlo , in office since 2015. President Andrzej Duda , supported by Law and Justice party,

21300-410: Was established, in which the Commission of National Education , the first government education authority in Europe, was inaugurated. Corporal punishment of schoolchildren was officially prohibited in 1783. Poniatowski was the head figure of the Enlightenment , encouraged the development of industries, and embraced republican neoclassicism . For his contributions to the arts and sciences he was awarded

21450-454: Was extensively funded by his sponsor and former lover, Empress Catherine II of Russia . The new king maneuvered between his desire to implement necessary modernising reforms, and the necessity to remain at peace with surrounding states. His ideals led to the formation of the 1768 Bar Confederation , a rebellion directed against the Poniatowski and all external influence, which ineptly aimed to preserve Poland's sovereignty and privileges held by

21600-421: Was financed to 65% from the budget of the Republic of Poland , to 20% from European funds under the PHARE programme and to 15% from the Foundation for German-Polish Cooperation . In accordance to the joint concept of 1992 and the interministerial agreement of 2002, it is the Adam Mickiewicz University only that is the owner of the properties and obliged to cover maintenance and operational costs (see Article 6 of

21750-424: Was in particular meant to become the core of a German-Polish Faculty. As a result of the closure of the Polish-German Research Institute in 2018, and of the continuous decrease in the number of study courses offered at the Collegium Polonicum, the academic staff of Adam Mickiewicz University there is reduced to six post-doc lecturers, who are teaching students of "Polish Philology as a Foreign Language", and pupils of

21900-503: Was known in Latin as Francofortum ad Viadrum . The Alma Mater Viadrina was founded on 26 April 1506 by Elector Joachim I Nestor , with permission from Pope Julius II , as the first principal university of the Margraviate of Brandenburg . The foundation stone was laid already in 1498 at the site of a demolished synagogue; a foundation charter was issued by Pope Alexander VI in the same year. The notable theologian Konrad Wimpina (c.1465–1531) became founding prorector . Construction of

22050-403: Was opened, also in rented rooms. The opening of the first building part of the Collegium Polonicum took place on 10 June 1998, and of the entire building with the library on 1 February 2001. With its opening, the Collegium Polonicum received the status of a branch (Polish: ośrodek zamiejscowy respectively filia ) of Adam Mickiewicz University, to which also belongs the library. On 2 October 2002,

22200-432: Was re-elected in the 2020 presidential election . As of November 2023 , the Russian invasion of Ukraine had led to 17 million Ukrainian refugees crossing the border to Poland. As of November 2023 , 0.9 million of those had stayed in Poland. In October 2023, the ruling Law and Justice (PiS) party won the largest share of the vote in the election , but lost its majority in parliament. In December 2023, Donald Tusk became

22350-447: Was to become Poland approximately 500,000 years ago, though the ensuing hostile climate prevented early humans from founding more permanent encampments. The arrival of Homo sapiens and anatomically modern humans coincided with the climatic discontinuity at the end of the Last Glacial Period ( Northern Polish glaciation 10,000 BC), when Poland became habitable. Neolithic excavations indicated broad-ranging development in that era;

22500-412: Was under the protection of the Apostolic See . The country's early origins were described by Gallus Anonymus in Gesta principum Polonorum , the oldest Polish chronicle. An important national event of the period was the martyrdom of Saint Adalbert , who was killed by Prussian pagans in 997 and whose remains were reputedly bought back for their weight in gold by Mieszko's successor, Bolesław I

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