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148-396: The BMT Canarsie Line (sometimes referred to as the 14th Street–Eastern Line ) is a rapid transit line of the B Division of the New York City Subway system, named after its terminus in the Canarsie neighborhood of Brooklyn . It is served by the L train at all times, which is shown in medium gray on the New York City Subway map and on station signs. The line is part of

296-527: A $ 1.336 million contract for the construction of section 5 in Brooklyn. The 14th Street Tunnel under the East River had been fully excavated by August 1919. The line's opening was delayed by several years. In 1922, Mayor John Francis Hylan blocked some construction contracts, claiming that the costs were excessively high. The Station Finish Corporation was contracted to build the stations in Brooklyn and

444-541: A Mass Transportation Facilities Grant Application from the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) to fund four improvement projects, including the replacement of wooden platforms with concrete platforms at Rockaway Avenue, Junius Street, Pennsylvania Avenue, and Van Siclen Avenue. This project was estimated to cost $ 1,451,000. The four projects part of this application, combined, were estimated to cost $ 13,801,000, with $ 9,661,000 to be funded by

592-425: A body of water), which are potential congestion sites but also offer an opportunity for transfers between lines. Ring lines provide good coverage, connect between the radial lines and serve tangential trips that would otherwise need to cross the typically congested core of the network. A rough grid pattern can offer a wide variety of routes while still maintaining reasonable speed and frequency of service. A study of

740-454: A code for its stations. Unlike that of Singapore's MRT, it is mostly numbers. Based on the line number, for example Sinyongsan station, is coded as station 429. Being on Line 4, the first number of the station code is 4. The last two numbers are the station number on that line. Interchange stations can have multiple codes. Like City Hall station in Seoul which is served by Line 1 and Line 2. It has

888-651: A code of 132 and 201 respectively. The Line 2 is a circle line and the first stop is City Hall, therefore, City Hall has the station code of 201. For lines without a number like Bundang line it will have an alphanumeric code. Lines without a number that are operated by KORAIL will start with the letter 'K'. With widespread use of the Internet and cell phones globally, transit operators now use these technologies to present information to their users. In addition to online maps and timetables, some transit operators now offer real-time information which allows passengers to know when

1036-583: A conventional track is often provided in case of flat tires and for switching . There are also some rubber-tired systems that use a central guide rail , such as the Sapporo Municipal Subway and the NeoVal system in Rennes , France. Advocates of this system note that it is much quieter than conventional steel-wheeled trains, and allows for greater inclines given the increased traction of

1184-405: A dedicated right-of-way are typically used only outside dense areas, since they create a physical barrier in the urban fabric that hinders the flow of people and vehicles across their path and have a larger physical footprint. This method of construction is the cheapest as long as land values are low. It is often used for new systems in areas that are planned to fill up with buildings after the line

1332-547: A four-track subway line, and then along East 98th Street and Livonia Avenue to New Lots Avenue as an elevated two-track line, with provisions for the addition of a third track. In addition, a two-track branch line along Nostrand Avenue branching off east of the Franklin Avenue station was to be constructed. The underground portion of the line became known as the Eastern Parkway Line, or Route 12, while

1480-418: A large number of factors, including geographical barriers, existing or expected travel patterns, construction costs, politics, and historical constraints. A transit system is expected to serve an area of land with a set of lines , which consist of shapes summarized as "I", "L", "U", "S", and "O" shapes or loops. Geographical barriers may cause chokepoints where transit lines must converge (for example, to cross

1628-652: A large part of the network, for example, in outer suburbs, runs at ground level. In most of Britain , a subway is a pedestrian underpass . The terms Underground and Tube are used for the London Underground . The North East England Tyne and Wear Metro , mostly overground, is known as the Metro . In Scotland , the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway . In Ireland ,

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1776-452: A line is obtained by multiplying the car capacity, the train length, and the service frequency . Heavy rapid transit trains might have six to twelve cars, while lighter systems may use four or fewer. Cars have a capacity of 100 to 150 passengers, varying with the seated to standing ratio  – more standing gives higher capacity. The minimum time interval between trains is shorter for rapid transit than for mainline railways owing to

1924-615: A metro. In Spain, such systems are present in Madrid , Barcelona , Bilbao and Valencia . In Portugal, Lisbon has a metro. The Italian cities of Catania , Genoa , Milan , Naples , Rome and Turin also have metro lines. In Germany and Austria they rapid transit is known as U-Bahn , which are often supported by S-Bahn systems. In Germany, U-Bahn systems exist in Berlin , Hamburg , Munich and Nuremberg , while in Austria such

2072-502: A partial closure for three years or a full closure for 18 months. It was later announced that the MTA had chosen the 18-month full closure option. To provide alternate service, the MTA devised preliminary mitigation plans in which it proposed adding shuttle bus, ferry, and subway service; adding bus and high-occupancy vehicle lanes; extending train routes; and providing free or improved transfers. The MTA named Judlau Contracting and TC Electric as

2220-413: A quarter of the work that needed to be done before the erection of the steel was completed by September 1917. Work on the column footings for the elevated structure were completed by the end of the year. Construction on the line was 17% complete at the end of Fiscal Year 1917, and was 25% complete at the end of Fiscal Year 1918. Drainage work on the line was 35% complete, and station work was underway at

2368-486: A ramp leading to the existing Canarsie elevated. An ornamental viaduct over Bushwick Avenue and Eastern Parkway was removed from the original plans due to opposition from property owners who called it a " Chinese wall ". The BOT also dropped a plan to have a connection from the new subway extension to the Jamaica Line to and from 168th Street , since adding such a connection would slow the movement of trains. This route

2516-804: A rapid transit setting. IRT New Lots Line The IRT New Lots Line or Livonia Avenue Line is a rapid transit line in the A Division of the New York City Subway . Located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn , the line runs from the Crown Heights–Utica Avenue station in Crown Heights and continues to the New Lots Avenue station in East New York . The New Lots Line

2664-515: A single track, or shuttle trains ran. 4 trains terminated at Atlantic Avenue when shuttle or single-track trains were in operation. As part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA)'s 2010–2014 Capital Program, funding was provided for a 25-station Station Renewal program, which focused on renovating stations with a high concentration of components rated 3.5 or worse on a five-point scale, with 5 being

2812-565: A specialized transit police may be established. These security measures are normally integrated with measures to protect revenue by checking that passengers are not travelling without paying. Some subway systems, such as the Beijing Subway , which is ranked by Worldwide Rapid Transit Data as the "World's Safest Rapid Transit Network" in 2015, incorporates airport-style security checkpoints at every station. Rapid transit systems have been subject to terrorism with many casualties, such as

2960-608: A system exists in Vienna . In addition, the small, car-free town of Serfaus in the Austrian state of Tyrol also features a short U-Bahn line. There are no U-Bahn systems in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, but the city of Lausanne has its own, small metro system. In Zurich, Switzerland's largest city, a project for a U-Bahn network was stopped by a referendum in the 1970s and instead its S-Bahn system

3108-801: Is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area . Rapid transit systems such as the Washington Metrorail , Los Angeles Metro Rail , the Miami Metrorail , and the Montreal Metro are generally called the Metro . In Philadelphia , the term "El" is used for the Market–Frankford Line which runs mostly on an elevated track, while the term "subway" applies to the Broad Street Line which is almost entirely underground. Chicago 's commuter rail system that serves

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3256-608: Is a single corporate image for the entire transit authority, but the rapid transit uses its own logo that fits into the profile. A transit map is a topological map or schematic diagram used to show the routes and stations in a public transport system. The main components are color-coded lines to indicate each line or service, with named icons to indicate stations. Maps may show only rapid transit or also include other modes of public transport. Transit maps can be found in transit vehicles, on platforms , elsewhere in stations, and in printed timetables . Maps help users understand

3404-780: Is bisected by the Long Island Rail Road Bay Ridge Branch as well as the Linden Shops , both of which run between Junius Street and Van Sinderen Avenue, the latter of which is flanked by the BMT Canarsie Line , also an elevated line, but runs underneath the New Lots Line. The last station on the line is New Lots Avenue , which is actually two blocks west of its namesake street, where Livonia Avenue ends. The New Lots Line crosses over New Lots Avenue and then Elton Street, curving to

3552-506: Is built. Most rapid transit trains are electric multiple units with lengths from three to over ten cars. Crew sizes have decreased throughout history, with some modern systems now running completely unstaffed trains. Other trains continue to have drivers, even if their only role in normal operation is to open and close the doors of the trains at stations. Power is commonly delivered by a third rail or by overhead wires . The whole London Underground network uses fourth rail and others use

3700-499: Is double-tracked along its entire length, except for short stretches of layup track in Manhattan and Brooklyn. The current line is a two-track subway from its Manhattan terminal to Broadway Junction in the East New York section of Brooklyn, with the exception of a short stretch at Wilson Avenue where it is a double-decked structure with the southbound track outdoors directly above the indoor, ground-level northbound track. Although

3848-574: Is entirely elevated and consists of seven stations; most of the line has two tracks, except for Junius Street station , which has three tracks. It runs mostly above Livonia Avenue in Brownsville and East New York, except for a short section above East 98th Street in Brownsville. The line is served by the 3 train at all times except late nights, when the 4 train takes over service. During rush hours, occasional 2 , 4, and 5 trains also serve

3996-416: Is necessary, rolling stock with a smaller loading gauge from one sub network may be transported along other lines that use larger trains. On some networks such operations are part of normal services. Most rapid transit systems use conventional standard gauge railway track . Since tracks in subway tunnels are not exposed to rain , snow , or other forms of precipitation , they are often fixed directly to

4144-441: Is now a track and structures facility. Besides the connection at Broadway Junction, this non- electrified yard connection is the only other connection to the rest of the subway system, as it is indirectly a connection to the New Lots Line. B Division -sized equipment cannot access this line, however, because of A Division width restrictions. Beyond the next station, New Lots Avenue, the elevated structure ends, and an incline brings

4292-540: Is one of only two New York City non- shuttle subway lines that hosts only a single service and does not share operating trackage with any other line or service; the other is the IRT Flushing Line , carrying the 7 and <7> ​ trains. Because of this, it was chosen as the location of the first fully automated line of the New York City Subway. The automation project

4440-555: Is referred to simply as "the subway", despite 40% of the system running above ground. The term "L" or "El" is not used for elevated lines in general as the lines in the system are already designated with letters and numbers. The "L" train or L (New York City Subway service) refers specifically to the 14th Street–Canarsie Local line, and not other elevated trains. Similarly, the Toronto Subway is referred to as "the subway", with some of its system also running above ground. These are

4588-571: Is served by the 3 train at all times except late nights, when the 4 train takes over service. Some rush hour 2 and 5 trains also run on this line because of capacity issues at their usual terminal at Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College on the IRT Nostrand Avenue Line . The New Lots Line is the only elevated structure on the Brooklyn IRT. The line begins just east of Utica Avenue in Crown Heights , branching off from

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4736-412: Is serviced by at least one specific route with trains stopping at all or some of the line's stations. Most systems operate several routes, and distinguish them by colors, names, numbering, or a combination thereof. Some lines may share track with each other for a portion of their route or operate solely on their own right-of-way. Often a line running through the city center forks into two or more branches in

4884-748: Is the most commonly used term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. Rapid transit systems may be named after the medium by which passengers travel in busy central business districts ; the use of tunnels inspires names such as subway , underground , Untergrundbahn ( U-Bahn ) in German, or the Tunnelbana (T-bana) in Swedish. The use of viaducts inspires names such as elevated ( L or el ), skytrain , overhead , overground or Hochbahn in German. One of these terms may apply to an entire system, even if

5032-451: The B42 bus ; the 1.5 miles (2.4 km)-long right-of-way was abandoned. Parts were built over, and other parts can still be seen as broad alleys or narrow parking lots. This right-of-way ran between East 95th and East 96th Streets as far south as Seaview Avenue. Some trolley poles from the line still exist, but the line's right-of-way was destroyed by developments in the area. The Canarsie Line

5180-642: The BMT Eastern Division , and is occasionally referred to as the Eastern District Line . This refers to Williamsburg , which was described as Brooklyn's "Eastern District" when the City of Williamsburg was annexed by the former City of Brooklyn. This was the location where the original Brooklyn subway portions of the line were laid out. Only later was the line connected to the tracks leading to Canarsie. Eastern District High School , near

5328-807: The Broadway Ferry at the foot of Broadway in Williamsburg , at the East River . This route still exists as the BMT Jamaica Line, except for the last piece to the East River, where the Jamaica Line runs over the Williamsburg Bridge . The route was later extended over the bridge and along the BMT Nassau Street Line to Canal Street and then Chambers Street . The Dual Contracts subway expansion scheme

5476-515: The Dual Contracts , to drastically expand subway service across New York City. As part of Contract 3 of the agreement, between New York City and the IRT, the original subway opened by the IRT in 1904 to City Hall , and extended to Atlantic Avenue in 1908, was to be extended eastward into Brooklyn. The line was to be extended along Flatbush Avenue and Eastern Parkway to Buffalo Street as

5624-627: The Dublin Area Rapid Transit is despite the name considered a commuter rail due to usage of mainline railways. In France, large cities, such as Paris , Marseille and Lyon , feature a Métro . Also the smaller cities of Lille Rennes have a light metro. Furthermore, Brussels in Belgium, and Amsterdam and Rotterdam in the Netherlands have metro systems in place. Several Southern European contries also have

5772-634: The Fulton Street Elevated ). The Eighth Avenue–Canarsie route was given BMT marker 16 , and trains running to Lefferts Boulevard usually were marked as 13 . When the Fulton Street El was torn down, some rush-hour Broadway trains ran through from the Broadway Elevated ( Jamaica Line ) to Canarsie via the flyover at Broadway Junction; these were marked as 14 . By 1967, when all BMT services had been given letters,

5920-752: The Hudson and Manhattan Railroad K-series cars from 1958, the New York City Subway R38 and R42 cars from the late-1960s, and the Nagoya Municipal Subway 3000 series , Osaka Municipal Subway 10 series and MTR M-Train EMUs from the 1970s, were generally only made possible largely due to the relatively generous loading gauges of these systems and also adequate open-air sections to dissipate hot air from these air conditioning units. Especially in some rapid transit systems such as

6068-732: The IND Fulton Street Line ). East of Pitkin Avenue, the Canarsie Line enters the two-track elevated structure on which the line was originally grade-separated in 1906, entering Sutter Avenue station. At the next station, Livonia Avenue, the Livonia Avenue Elevated of the IRT New Lots Line passes overhead, and just beyond this point is a single track connection to the Linden Shops , which

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6216-624: The IRT Eastern Parkway Line near Buffalo Avenue. The line then emerges from a tunnel on the southeast corner along the eastern edge of Lincoln Terrace Park, the IRT New Lots Line then crosses a bridge over East New York Avenue and then runs over East 98th Street with only one station, until it approaches the intersection with Livonia Avenue, where the line curves over that avenue and continues as such until its terminus. Right after Junius Street station, Livonia Avenue

6364-537: The IRT Nostrand Avenue Line , and the front half would travel to New Lots Avenue on the New Lots Avenue Line. This sometimes caused disputes when customers did not realize that the different portions of each train would go to different destinations. With the change in service, West Farms trains (later labeled 2 trains) were extended from Atlantic Avenue to Flatbush Avenue, and all Van Cortlandt Park trains were extended to New Lots Avenue. In July 1937,

6512-429: The London Underground . In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway , initially a cable-hauled line using stationary steam engines . As of 2021 , China has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world  – 40 in number, running on over 4,500 km (2,800 mi) of track – and was responsible for most of the world's rapid-transit expansion in

6660-740: The Metropolitan Railway opened publicly in London in 1863. High capacity monorails with larger and longer trains can be classified as rapid transit systems. Such monorail systems recently started operating in Chongqing and São Paulo . Light metro is a subclass of rapid transit that has the speed and grade separation of a "full metro" but is designed for smaller passenger numbers. It often has smaller loading gauges, lighter train cars and smaller consists of typically two to four cars. Light metros are typically used as feeder lines into

6808-578: The Montreal Metro (opened 1966) and Sapporo Municipal Subway (opened 1971), their entirely enclosed nature due to their use of rubber-tyred technology to cope with heavy snowfall experienced by both cities in winter precludes any air-conditioning retrofits of rolling stock due to the risk of heating the tunnels to temperatures that would be too hot for passengers and for train operations. In many cities, metro networks consist of lines operating different sizes and types of vehicles. Although these sub-networks may not often be connected by track, in cases when it

6956-589: The Prague Metro . The London Underground and Paris Métro are densely built systems with a matrix of crisscrossing lines throughout the cities. The Chicago 'L' has most of its lines converging on The Loop , the main business, financial, and cultural area. Some systems have a circular line around the city center connecting to radially arranged outward lines, such as the Moscow Metro 's Koltsevaya Line and Beijing Subway 's Line 10 . The capacity of

7104-513: The Saratoga Avenue and Pennsylvania Avenue stations were closed for renovation. The Pennsylvania Avenue station was closed once again from October 27, 2016, to March 3, 2017, due to a truck accident which damaged the station's mezzanine. In the third phase, Junius Street and Sutter Avenue–Rutland Road stations were closed for renovations from October 5, 2016, to June 19, 2017. In the fourth phase, which occurred simultaneously with

7252-685: The Singapore MRT , Changi Airport MRT station has the alphanumeric code CG2, indicating its position as the 2nd station on the Changi Airport branch of the East West Line. Interchange stations have at least two codes, for example, Raffles Place MRT station has two codes, NS26 and EW14, the 26th station on the North South Line and the 14th station on the East West Line. The Seoul Metro is another example that utilizes

7400-450: The deep tube lines . Historically, rapid transit trains used ceiling fans and openable windows to provide fresh air and piston-effect wind cooling to riders. From the 1950s to the 1990s (and in most of Europe until the 2000s), many rapid transit trains from that era were also fitted with forced-air ventilation systems in carriage ceiling units for passenger comfort. Early rapid transit rolling stock fitted with air conditioning , such as

7548-409: The linear motor for propulsion. Some urban rail lines are built to a loading gauge as large as that of main-line railways ; others are built to a smaller one and have tunnels that restrict the size and sometimes the shape of the train compartments. One example is most of the London Underground , which has acquired the informal term "tube train" due to the cylindrical shape of the trains used on

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7696-432: The 15 world largest subway systems suggested a universal shape composed of a dense core with branches radiating from it. Rapid transit operators have often built up strong brands , often focused on easy recognition – to allow quick identification even in the vast array of signage found in large cities – combined with the desire to communicate speed, safety, and authority. In many cities, there

7844-542: The 16, which used the full Canarsie Line, was designated as LL . The rush-hour Broadway service (14) was designated JJ . The JJ ran until 1968 when it was replaced by the KK which stayed on the Jamaica Line instead of switching to the Canarsie Line at Broadway Junction. The flyover connection has not been used by any regular revenue service since then. In January 1991, skip-stop service was proposed to speed service during

7992-488: The 1995 Tokyo subway sarin gas attack and the 2005 " 7/7 " terrorist bombings on the London Underground. Some rapid transport trains have extra features such as wall sockets, cellular reception, typically using a leaky feeder in tunnels and DAS antennas in stations, as well as Wi-Fi connectivity. The first metro system in the world to enable full mobile phone reception in underground stations and tunnels

8140-550: The 2010s. The world's longest single-operator rapid transit system by route length is the Shanghai Metro . The world's largest single rapid transit service provider by number of stations (472 stations in total) is the New York City Subway . The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Shanghai Metro, Tokyo subway system , Seoul Metro and the Moscow Metro . The term Metro

8288-532: The 21st century, most new expansions and systems are located in Asia, with China becoming the world's leader in metro expansion, operating some of the largest and busiest systems while possessing almost 60 cities that are operating, constructing or planning a rapid transit system . Rapid transit is used for local transport in cities , agglomerations , and metropolitan areas to transport large numbers of people often short distances at high frequency . The extent of

8436-475: The Canarsie Line ran full-length 480 feet (150 m) trains with a single operator on weekends. However, as this was a violation of union contracts – which stipulated that there must be one operator per 300 feet (91 m) of train – the MTA was ordered to resume two-person operation at all times. The system became operational as of February 2009. Automation was achieved with the R143s assigned exclusively to

8584-604: The Canarsie Line's only track connections to the rest of the system, via flyover ramps connecting the Canarsie line to the Jamaica Line and East New York Yard (and, until 1956, the Fulton Street Elevated ). The Canarsie Line used to share the structure at Atlantic Avenue with the connection from the Broadway and Fulton Street elevated lines to the Liberty Avenue Elevated (still extant further east as part of

8732-404: The Canarsie down to the original 1865 surface right-of-way , the second-oldest such right-of-way on the New York City Transit Authority system. The line operates on this ground-level route to the end of the line at Rockaway Parkway. As with other BMT Eastern Division lines, the Canarsie Line can accommodate trains with eight 60-foot-long (18 m) or eight 67-foot-long (20 m) cars. Due to

8880-409: The Canarsie line; thus, all trains run local service throughout their route. However, in the past, express service has been run between Lorimer Street and Myrtle Avenue by skipping stops via the local tracks. This last operated in August 1956. Just before Broadway Junction, the line emerges onto an elevated structure, passing over the BMT Jamaica Line . Between Broadway Junction and Atlantic Avenue are

9028-417: The Charles H. Brown & Son Corporation was contracted to build the stations in Manhattan. Track-laying in the tunnels between Sixth and Montrose Avenues started in the last week of October 1922. Due to the city's failure to approve the section of the line between Montrose Avenue and East New York, the 14th Street/Eastern Line was initially isolated from the rest of the system. In 1924, a temporary connection

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9176-471: The Dual Contracts, of which 15,100 tons of the steel were for the Livonia Avenue extension. The PSC put this contract out to determine whether it was possible to let separate contracts for the steel by line, given that the price of steel was rapidly increasing. Three bids were submitted, but the Chief Engineer recommended that they all be rejected, because he anticipated that the price of steel would stop rising rapidly and instead start decreasing, and because

9324-449: The Evergreen Branch. In July 1924, the New York City Board of Transportation (BOT) approved a modified route for recommendation to the Board of Estimate. The route would be wholly underground and consist of three tracks. From Montrose Avenue, it would curve east under McKibbin Street, private property, and Harrison Place. Past Varick Avenue, it would turn southeast to Wyckoff Avenue , underneath which it would run to Eldert Street. This plan

9472-451: The L at night and on weekends. Frequently, service was shut down in separate sections of the line, usually from Eighth Avenue to Lorimer Street , Lorimer to Broadway Junction, or Broadway Junction to Rockaway Parkway. During this time, shuttle buses served suspended areas. This project also required the temporary closing of some stations, either in one direction or both directions, and for the line to be operated in two sections. In June 2005,

9620-407: The L, but since the R160As were not CBTC-compatible until August 2010, some trains were manually operated alongside automatically driven trains. The L fully began automatic train operation in early 2012. The CBTC installation increased the train capacity on the line from 20 trains per hour (tph) to 24 tph, as well as permitted the installation of countdown clocks , which show the amount of time until

9768-420: The Wilson Avenue station, with space separating the LIRR and subway tracks. However, the LIRR said it needed the space for overhead electrification poles as a result of the Kaufman Act and that these poles would prevent the construction of the subway portals. In January 1926, the Oakdale Contracting Company submitted a low bid of $ 1,345,778 for the section from Halsey Street to Cooper Street. On July 14, 1928,

9916-439: The alignment of the 14th Street/Eastern Line along a three-block section from Cooper Street to Central Avenue, which was to parallel the Bay Ridge Branch. This section, near what is now the Wilson Avenue station , was to run between the LIRR tracks to the west and the Cemetery of the Evergreens and the Most Holy Trinity Cemetery to the east. This section would contain portals for the subway to rise to ground level on either side of

10064-428: The beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant. Experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. In 1890, the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Prior to opening, the line was to be called the "City and South London Subway", thus introducing

10212-412: The city had found a cheaper way to procure steel. On June 8, the award of the construction of the line to Conners was rescinded. Conners sent a letter to the PSC on June 20, agreeing to reduce his bid for steel by $ 20,000. The PSC subsequently rejected the three bids; it readvertised bids for the steel work and its erection, or just for the erection of the steel at the end of 1916. A new contract for

10360-469: The commission reviewed bids for section 4, running from Bedford Avenue to Manhattan Avenue in Brooklyn; Mason and Hanger submitted a low bid of $ 1.847 for this section. The commission also reviewed bids for section 1, awarding a contract for that section to Booth and Flinn. That June, the Degnon Construction Company received a $ 1.972 million contract to construct section 2 of the line, from Irving Place to Avenue B in Manhattan. MacArthur Brothers Co. received

10508-462: The construction of the 14th Street Line. Booth and Flinn was awarded the first contract for the line—section 3, comprising the tunnel under the East River—on January 13, 1916. At the time, the Public Service Commission was completing plans for the rest of the line. A groundbreaking ceremony was held on April 8, 1916. The commission began accepting bids for the next two sections of the line, sections 1 and 2 in Manhattan, in April 1916. The next month,

10656-470: The construction of the line was awarded by the PSC on January 17, 1917, in two parts. The contract for the steel was awarded to American Bridge Company for $ 1,431,755, and the contract for the erection of the structure was awarded to W.G. Cooper for $ 257,164. The cost of these two contracts was $ 1,688,919, and work on the line had to be completed in fifteen months. Construction on the line began in spring 1917, and

10804-647: The current junction of Rockaway Parkway and the Belt Parkway , where ferries continued on to Rockaway . North of New Lots Avenue, the line served as part of the New York, Brooklyn and Manhattan Beach Railway ; the B&;RB owned the section of that line between Jefferson Street and East New York, though this section was solely operated by the NYB&;MB. The line was single-tracked until 1894. The Canarsie Railroad

10952-414: The display of the transit network. Often this has the effect of compressing the distance between stations in the outer area of the system, and expanding distances between those close to the center. Some systems assign unique alphanumeric codes to each of their stations to help commuters identify them, which briefly encodes information about the line it is on, and its position on the line. For example, on

11100-493: The elevated portion became known as the New Lots Line. This section was constructed as an elevated line because the ground in this area is right above the water table, and as a result the construction of a subway would have been prohibitively expensive. This line was constructed as Route 31, the Livonia Avenue Route. In 1914, several studies of the line had been completed. At the end of 1916, contract drawings for

11248-547: The end of Fiscal Year 1918. In August 1919, work on the line was suspended because W.G. Cooper broke his contract due to the high cost of material and labor. In February 1920, a contract for the unfinished portion of the line was awarded to George W. McNulty and the Holbrook, Cabot and Rollins Company. The contract for the completion of stations was awarded in July 1920, and was expected to take six months to complete. That month, it

11396-611: The entire metropolitan area is called Metra (short for Met ropolitan Ra il), while its rapid transit system that serves the city is called the "L" . Boston's subway system is known locally as "The T". In Atlanta , the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority goes by the acronym "MARTA." In the San Francisco Bay Area , residents refer to Bay Area Rapid Transit by its acronym "BART". The New York City Subway

11544-720: The entrances to Livonia Yard, was submitted to the New York City Board of Estimate . On May 26, 1921, the contract for the installation of tracks in Livonia Yard was awarded to B.T. & J.J. Mack, and was sent to the Board of Estimate for approval. However, the contract was returned to the New York State Transit Commission (NYSTC) on August 2, 1921, because the contract did not receive the number of votes needed for approval. The contract

11692-631: The extension of the 14th Street/Eastern Line from Montrose Avenue to East New York, the New York City Board of Estimate had initially given its consent to an elevated line over the Evergreen Branch of the LIRR. The Board of Estimate subsequently refused to allow a construction contract for the elevated line, while the BRT did not want to build an underground line. The extension was changed to an underground alignment following opposition from industries on

11840-516: The floor rather than resting on ballast , such as normal railway tracks. An alternate technology, using rubber tires on narrow concrete or steel roll ways , was pioneered on certain lines of the Paris Métro and Mexico City Metro , and the first completely new system to use it was in Montreal , Canada. On most of these networks, additional horizontal wheels are required for guidance, and

11988-585: The free transfer. In addition, both stations would also have been upgraded to become compliant with mobility accessibility guidelines under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 . However, in the April 2018 revision to the Capital Program, funding for the project, with the exception of funding already used to design the connection, was removed. A free MetroCard-only transfer between the two stations

12136-601: The front and back ends of the trains would overshoot the platform at many of these stations. Before becoming a BRT elevated line in 1906, the Canarsie Line operated as a steam dummy line. It was first owned by the Brooklyn and Rockaway Beach Railroad , chartered December 24, 1863, and opened October 21, 1865, from the Long Island Rail Road in East New York to a pier at Canarsie Landing, very close to

12284-732: The grant, which the city requested to be reallocated from funding for urban highways. The remainder was to be funded from New York City and New York State. The grant request was approved by the USDOT, and NYCTA invited contractors to bid on the platform replacement project in November 1976. From 2000 to August 2001, 3 train service was split into two sections to allow for the line to be rebuilt, with transfers available at Utica Avenue. Work took place on weekday middays between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m., and service operated in one of three ways: shuttle buses replaced trains, all trains operated in both directions on

12432-1100: The height of rush hours in the peak direction which would have reduced the running time from 41 minutes to 37 minutes. Under this plan, the K designation, which was previously used as the Broadway Brooklyn Local from 1967 to 1976, and as the Eighth Avenue Local from 1985 to 1988, would be repurposed and would appear in a gray bullet similar to the color the L uses. Both services would have common stops at Rockaway Parkway , Broadway Junction (then called Eastern Parkway), Myrtle Avenue , Lorimer Street , First Avenue , Union Square , Sixth Avenue and Eighth Avenue . L trains would stop at East 105th Street , Livonia Avenue , Atlantic Avenue , Wilson Avenue , DeKalb Avenue , Morgan Avenue , Grand Street , and Bedford Avenue ; K trains would stop at New Lots Avenue , Sutter Avenue , Bushwick Avenue–Aberdeen Street , Halsey Street , Jefferson Street , Montrose Avenue , Graham Avenue and Third Avenue . This change

12580-404: The highest. All of the stations on the line, except for New Lots Avenue, were among the priority candidates to be among the 25 stations selected for the program. Between 41% and 58% of components at these six stations were rated 3.5 or worse. A $ 45.7 million contract was awarded to renovate the line's seven stations in 2014. The project was completed between January 2015 and October 2017. As part of

12728-439: The interconnections between different parts of the system; for example, they show the interchange stations where passengers can transfer between lines. Unlike conventional maps, transit maps are usually not geographically accurate, but emphasize the topological connections among the different stations. The graphic presentation may use straight lines and fixed angles, and often a fixed minimum distance between stations, to simplify

12876-568: The line was partially closed during off-peak hours from early 2019 to April 2020 to allow for a renovation of the 14th Street Tunnel, which the line uses to cross the East River . Services that use the Canarsie Line are colored medium gray. The following service uses all of the Canarsie Line: The Canarsie Line runs from Eighth Avenue and 14th Street in Manhattan to Rockaway Parkway in Canarsie, Brooklyn. It

13024-414: The line became fully signaled for the first time. On March 1, 1951, the New York City Board of Transportation announced that it would conduct an engineering study for the construction of a third track between Utica Avenue and New Lots Avenue using the unused trackbed in the center of the elevated structure. In 1961, work to extend the platforms at stations along the line to accommodate ten-car trains

13172-401: The line between Utica Avenue and Junius Street opened on November 22, 1920, with shuttle trains operating over this route. This extended service on the Eastern Parkway Line, which had opened from Atlantic Avenue to Utica Avenue on August 23, 1920. The New Lots Line opened one more stop farther to the east to Pennsylvania Avenue on December 24, 1920. At that date, only the southbound platform

13320-719: The line was converted to the Canarsie Shuttle using elevated cars in October 1917 and converted to trolley cars on October 18, 1920. One grade crossing was retained at East 105th Street despite the third rail, and was the last public rapid transit grade crossing in New York City. It was closed by 1973 as part of the Flatlands Industrial Park project, which was built on either side of the ground-level Canarsie Line. A pedestrian overpass above

13468-505: The line was extended further east beneath Wyckoff Avenue and then south paralleling the Bay Ridge Branch to a new station at Broadway Junction, above the existing station on the Broadway Elevated (Jamaica Line). At this time, it was connected to the Canarsie Line. At noon on May 30, 1931, a two-block extension to Eighth Avenue in Manhattan was opened, allowing passengers to transfer to the new IND Eighth Avenue Line . This station

13616-592: The line were completed, and the working drawings were being prepared. While preliminary studies for the construction of a yard along the line were completed, its locations were not yet decided upon. On April 16, 1916, the New York State Public Service Commission (PSC) denied a request by the Chief Engineer of the IRT for the installation of a third track on the line to provide necessary space for train storage. The request

13764-481: The line's Grand Street station, had preserved this toponym until it was closed in 1996, later reopened as Grand Street Educational Campus. The Canarsie Line was first a steam railroad, then a Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT), later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT), elevated line. It was extended into Manhattan via subway in 1924–1928. Since the early 2000s, the line's signal system has been converted to an automated system . The Manhattan section of

13912-478: The line. Bids were opened for the construction of the line on May 23, 1916. Six bids on the project were received, and, on June 1, 1916, the contract was awarded to Dennis E. Conners, who submitted the low bid of $ 1,376,122. The high bid to build the line was for $ 1,467,000. Work on the project had to be completed by June 1, 1917. On June 5, the PSC accepted bids for 52,756 tons of structural steel to be used on multiple subway extensions to be completed as part of

14060-523: The line. In spring 2005, the current CBTC-enabled R143 -class equipment was expected to run under full automation with a single operator (known as OPTO, or One Person Train Operation ) acting as an attendant to monitor the train's operation and take over manual operation if necessary. However, technical mishaps including the test train rolling away by itself delayed the start of automatic train operation . The project caused numerous service disruptions on

14208-499: The line. The New Lots Line was built as a part of Contract 3 of the Dual Contracts between New York City and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company . The first portion of the line between Utica Avenue and Junius Street opened on November 22, 1920, with shuttle trains operating over this route. The line opened one more stop farther to the east to Pennsylvania Avenue on December 24, 1920. Service

14356-602: The lines of the Lyon Metro includes a section of rack (cog) railway , while the Carmelit , in Haifa, is an underground funicular . For elevated lines, another alternative is the monorail , which can be built either as straddle-beam monorails or as a suspended monorail . While monorails have never gained wide acceptance outside Japan, there are some such as Chongqing Rail Transit 's monorail lines which are widely used in

14504-557: The main rapid transit system. For instance, the Wenhu Line of the Taipei Metro serves many relatively sparse neighbourhoods and feeds into and complements the high capacity metro lines. Some systems have been built from scratch, others are reclaimed from former commuter rail or suburban tramway systems that have been upgraded, and often supplemented with an underground or elevated downtown section. Ground-level alignments with

14652-515: The narrow turning radiuses of the lines, 75-foot-long (23 m) cars ( R44 , R46 , R68 , R68A ) could not be used on the Eastern Division. All platforms on the Canarsie Line are at least 518 feet (158 m) long, but only one station, Sixth Avenue, can accommodate 600-foot-long (180 m) trains without the need for extensions. Additionally, about half of stations on the Canarsie Line can fit trains with nine 60-foot-long cars, though

14800-418: The network map "readable" by illiterate people, this system has since become an "icon" of the system. Compared to other modes of transport, rapid transit has a good safety record, with few accidents. Rail transport is subject to strict safety regulations , with requirements for procedure and maintenance to minimize risk. Head-on collisions are rare due to use of double track, and low operating speeds reduce

14948-623: The next train arrives. In January 2016, the BMT Canarsie Line between Bedford and Eighth Avenues was proposed for a partial or full shutdown so that the MTA could repair tunnels damaged by Hurricane Sandy in 2012. The repairs are slated to start in April 2019 and would replace damaged communications, power and signal wires, third rails and tracks, duct banks, pump rooms, circuit breaker houses, tunnel lighting, concrete lining, and fire protection systems. The renovations would cost between $ 800 million and $ 1 billion. There were two options:

15096-402: The next vehicle will arrive, and expected travel times. The standardized GTFS data format for transit information allows many third-party software developers to produce web and smartphone app programs which give passengers customized updates regarding specific transit lines and stations of interest. Mexico City Metro uses a unique pictogram for each station. Originally intended to help make

15244-502: The northbound track appears to be underground, it is in fact outdoors at ground-level for there are no stairs leading from the northbound platform to the station entrance at the dead-end of Wilson Avenue, southeast of Moffat Street. This is due to the line being pressed directly against the New York Connecting Railroad, which is pressed directly against the border of Trinity Cemetery. There are no express tracks on

15392-902: The occurrence and severity of rear-end collisions and derailments . Fire is more of a danger underground, such as the King's Cross fire in London in November 1987, which killed 31 people. Systems are generally built to allow evacuation of trains at many places throughout the system. High platforms , usually over 1 meter / 3 feet, are a safety risk, as people falling onto the tracks have trouble climbing back. Platform screen doors are used on some systems to eliminate this danger. Rapid transit facilities are public spaces and may suffer from security problems: petty crimes , such as pickpocketing and baggage theft, and more serious violent crimes , as well as sexual assaults on tightly packed trains and platforms. Security measures include video surveillance , security guards , and conductors . In some countries

15540-603: The only two North American systems that are primarily called "subways". In most of Southeast Asia and in Taiwan , rapid transit systems are primarily known by the acronym MRT . The meaning varies from one country to another. In Indonesia , the acronym stands for Moda Raya Terpadu or Integrated Mass [Transit] Mode in English. In the Philippines , it stands for Metro Rail Transit . Two underground lines use

15688-456: The operation of through service to New Lots Avenue were completed on July 18, 1922. Shuttles started operating between Pennsylvania Avenue and New Lots Avenue on October 16, 1922, with a two-car train operating back and forth along on the northbound track. Trains ran every eight minutes during rush hours, and ten minutes during middays, and made close connections with main line service at Pennsylvania Avenue. The implementation of shuttle service

15836-586: The other phases, the New Lots Avenue station was renovated without being closed from December 2014 to December 2017. The fare control area at New Lots Avenue was reconfigured. Funding for the construction of a free transfer between the Junius Street station and the nearby Livonia Avenue station on the BMT Canarsie Line , which is directly to the east of the station, was included in the 2015–2019 MTA Capital Program. Passengers can transfer between

15984-587: The outset. Budapest , Chicago , Glasgow , Boston and New York City all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services. Hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro , which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems. In response to cost, engineering considerations and topological challenges some cities have opted to construct tram systems, particularly those in Australia, where density in cities

16132-531: The project's contractors on April 3, 2017. At this time, the duration of the shutdown was shortened to 15 months, so the shutdown would begin in April instead of in January. In June 2018, as part of a lawsuit settlement, additional changes were made to the shutdown mitigation plans. The shutdown was expected to begin on April 27, 2019. In January 2019, the shutdown was changed to limited closures between Third Avenue and Bedford Avenue on late nights and weekends. It

16280-592: The project, station drainage, doors, windows, railings, platform rubbing boards, structural steel, panels and signage were replaced. In addition, detectable warning strips, bird deterrent systems, track lubrication systems and artwork were installed. The project was completed in four phases, and each phase was supposed to take five months. For the first phase, the Van Siclen Avenue and Rockaway Avenue stations were closed from April 20, 2015, to March 28, 2016. Next, from April 11, 2016, until September 19, 2016,

16428-908: The rapid transit system varies greatly between cities, with several transport strategies. Some systems may extend only to the limits of the inner city, or to its inner ring of suburbs with trains making frequent station stops. The outer suburbs may then be reached by a separate commuter rail network where more widely spaced stations allow higher speeds. In some cases the differences between urban rapid transit and suburban systems are not clear. Rapid transit systems may be supplemented by other systems such as trolleybuses , regular buses , trams , or commuter rail. This combination of transit modes serves to offset certain limitations of rapid transit such as limited stops and long walking distances between outside access points. Bus or tram feeder systems transport people to rapid transit stops. Each rapid transit system consists of one or more lines , or circuits. Each line

16576-566: The rerouting of 3 trains, train lengths along the New Lots Line were reduced from 10 cars to 9 cars, within acceptable crowding levels, and train lengths along the Nostrand Avenue Line were increased from 9 to 10 cars, reducing crowding. 4 trains were added on December 20, 1946, and 5 trains were gradually added between 1938 and 1950. In 1975, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) applied for

16724-542: The rubber tires. However, they have higher maintenance costs and are less energy efficient. They also lose traction when weather conditions are wet or icy, preventing above-ground use of the Montréal Metro and limiting it on the Sapporo Municipal Subway, but not rubber-tired systems in other cities. Some cities with steep hills incorporate mountain railway technologies in their metros. One of

16872-538: The south and terminating within the Livonia Yard . There is a provision for a future extension from New Lots Avenue in the elevated structure at Linwood Avenue. The line includes an unused trackway in the middle that was built as a provision for a third track. On the roof of the mezzanines at each station are cross ties but no rails. In some areas, the space is used for mechanical and signal rooms. A center track exists only at Junius Street , where it crosses

17020-663: The suburbs, allowing a higher service frequency in the center. This arrangement is used by many systems, such as the Copenhagen Metro , the Milan Metro , the Oslo Metro , the Istanbul Metro and the New York City Subway . Alternatively, there may be a single central terminal (often shared with the central railway station), or multiple interchange stations between lines in the city center, for instance in

17168-492: The subway opened, two services ran from Canarsie to Manhattan: the original route on the Broadway Elevated and the route to 14th Street as the 14th Street-Canarsie Line. In 1936, due to the institution of new lightweight subway-elevated equipment, a new rush-hour-only service was inaugurated from Eighth Avenue and 14th Street to Lefferts Boulevard at the east end of the Liberty Avenue Elevated (the continuation of

17316-714: The term subway . In Thailand , it stands for Metropolitan Rapid Transit , previously using the Mass Rapid Transit name. Outside of Southeast Asia, Kaohsiung and Taoyuan, Taiwan , have their own MRT systems which stands for Mass Rapid Transit , as with Singapore and Malaysia . In general rapid transit is a synonym for "metro" type transit, though sometimes rapid transit is defined to include "metro", commuter trains and grade separated light rail . Also high-capacity bus-based transit systems can have features similar to "metro" systems. The opening of London's steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked

17464-530: The term Subway into railway terminology. Both railways, alongside others, were eventually merged into London Underground . The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset. The technology quickly spread to other cities in Europe , the United States, Argentina, and Canada, with some railways being converted from steam and others being designed to be electric from

17612-678: The then-growing community of Spring Creek . This extension would have been completed at the cost of $ 12 million. The extension was canceled in the mid-1970s, largely due to the city's fiscal crisis at the time. As of 2022 , a potential extension of the IRT New Lots Line through Livonia Yard is being evaluated as part of the 2025–2044 20-Year Needs Assessment. 2 and 3 trains kept on switching their southern terminals until July 10, 1983, when 2 trains began terminating at Flatbush Avenue and 3 trains began terminating at New Lots Avenue. In addition, rush hour 4 trains were rerouted from Flatbush Avenue to Utica Avenue, and late evening and late night service

17760-464: The tower. Work on Livonia Yard was completed on December 31, 1922, and the yard was opened for service on July 28, 1923. On October 31, 1924, through service to New Lots Avenue was begun. Until January 23, 1928, it was custom to split full-length trains from Van Cortlandt Park (later labeled 1 trains) at Eastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum on the IRT Eastern Parkway Line . The back half of each train would travel to Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College on

17908-530: The tracks was built to replace the grade crossing. The Dual Contracts also called for a subway line initially known as the 14th Street–Eastern District Line , usually shortened to 14th Street–Eastern Line. The line would run beneath 14th Street in Manhattan, from Sixth Avenue under the East River and through Williamsburg to Montrose and Bushwick Avenues in Brooklyn. In late 1915, the Public Service Commission began receiving bids for

18056-511: The trains, requiring custom-made trains in order to minimize gaps between train and platform. They are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities . Some rapid transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. The world's first rapid transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened in 1863 using steam locomotives , and now forms part of

18204-405: The two stations for free by using an overpass running parallel to the New Lots Line, which allows pedestrians on Livonia Avenue to cross over the Long Island Rail Road 's open-cut Bay Ridge Branch , and using a MetroCard or OMNY . At the request of Brooklyn Borough President Eric Adams , and due to increasing ridership and plans for additional housing in the area, funding was provided to build

18352-601: The use of communications-based train control : the minimum headway can reach 90 seconds, but many systems typically use 120 seconds to allow for recovery from delays. Typical capacity lines allow 1,200 people per train, giving 36,000 passengers per hour per direction . However, much higher capacities are attained in East Asia with ranges of 75,000 to 85,000 people per hour achieved by MTR Corporation 's urban lines in Hong Kong. Rapid transit topologies are determined by

18500-542: The west, and acquired the rest of the line north from there. The East New York terminus was extended several blocks along a section of line formerly used for " East New York Loop " service to the Fulton Street Elevated and the Broadway Elevated (now the BMT Jamaica Line), at a point known as Manhattan Junction (now Broadway Junction). Service first ran on July 28, 1906, from Canarsie Landing to

18648-559: Was Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, which launched its first underground mobile phone network using AMPS in 1989. Many metro systems, such as the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway (MTR) and the Berlin U-Bahn, provide mobile data connections in their tunnels for various network operators. The technology used for public, mass rapid transit has undergone significant changes in the years since

18796-662: Was adopted by the Board of Estimate the following month. Three contracts for the construction of the extension were awarded in December at a total cost of $ 9,531,204. The section from Montrose Avenue to Varick Avenue was awarded to the Underpinning and Foundation Company, while the section from Varick Avenue to Bleecker Street and from Bleecker Street to Halsey Street went to the Oakdale Contracting Company. Another delay occurred in November 1925 regarding

18944-474: Was among the first in the world to use a radio frequency -based system. The plans for installation were laid out between 1999 and 2002. Communications-based train control (CBTC) was installed in pieces between 2003 and January 2006: the elevated section of the line south of Broadway Junction was completed first, followed by the underground section north of Broadway Junction. The project cost $ 340 million, with $ 78 million of it used to upgrade track interlockings on

19092-405: Was announced that the line would not be ready to open for an additional eight months. During 1919, the city purchased an area of land bounded by Hegeman and Lawrence Avenues, and Elton and Linwood Streets for the construction of a storage yard. Contracts for the yard were awarded in 1920. The yard was to be built with inspection facilities and the ability to store 250 cars. The first portion of

19240-537: Was built from the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR)'s Bushwick Yard that ran via Montrose Avenue and then connected to the 14th Street/Eastern Line under Bushwick Avenue just near the Montrose Avenue station. This was done to allow the delivery of BMT Standard subway cars. The first of the cars were delivered by this ramp on June 20, 1924. On June 30, 1924, the section between Sixth Avenue in Manhattan and Montrose Avenue in Brooklyn opened. The terminal in Brooklyn

19388-533: Was built to look like the other Independent Subway stations. At this point, the Canarsie Line's route took the shape that it still has to this day. Express service operated along the line along the local track, skipping all stops between Myrtle Avenue and Lorimer Street. This service pattern stopped in August 1956. On November 23, 1942, the Canarsie Shuttle trolley line to Canarsie Landing was replaced by

19536-497: Was chartered on May 8, 1906, as a BRT subsidiary (leased to the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad ) and acquired the line on May 31, 1906. The line was partly elevated, and electrified with third rail on the elevated part and trolley wire on the rest, south of New Lots Avenue. The Long Island Rail Road, which had used the line north of New Lots to access their Bay Ridge Branch , built a new line just to

19684-527: Was close to the Bushwick station of the Long Island Rail Road's Bushwick Branch . Initial service was provided by three-car trains running every seven and a half minutes. The line collected 9,196 fares in its first day of operation, which constituted its entire ridership for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1924. Ridership rose from 15 million in fiscal 1925 to 23 million in fiscal 1928. For

19832-468: Was completed. As part of an 18-month capital budget that took effect on January 1, 1963, the New Lots Avenue station was reconstructed. In 1968, as part of the proposed Program for Action , the IRT New Lots Line in East New York, would be extended southerly through the Livonia Yard to Flatlands Avenue to a modern terminal at Flatlands Avenue and Linwood Street. This two-track line would have run at ground level and it would have provided better access to

19980-899: Was developed further. Other Central European countries also have metro lines, for example in the cities of Budapest (Hungary), Prague (Czech Republic) and Warsaw (Poland). In Eastern Europe , metro systems are in operation in Minsk (Belarus), Kyiv (Ukraine), Riga (Latvia), Vilnius (Lithuania) and Moscow (Russia). In Southeastern European countries, there are metro systems in Athens and Thessaloniki (Greece), Belgrade (Serbia), Sofia (Bulgaria) and Istanbul (Turkey). In Northern Europe , rapid transit systems exist in Copenhagen (Denmark), Oslo (Norway), Stockholm (Sweden) and Helsinki (Finland). Various terms are used for rapid transit systems around North America . The term metro

20128-451: Was done at the request of the NYSTC, which urged the IRT to start service as soon as it could safely be operated. Though work on the tower was not yet finished at the time, enough was completed to allow for the shuttle service. The use of shuttle service accelerated the opening of this portion of the line by a month, when through service was estimated to be inaugurated with the completion of

20276-469: Was expected to last about 15 to 20 months. On April 26, 2020, New York governor Andrew Cuomo announced the completion of the project, months ahead of schedule. Service patterns over this line have varied little through the years; initially, trains ran over the Broadway Elevated from the ferry in Williamsburg (later extended into Manhattan ), through Manhattan Junction and on to Canarsie. Then when

20424-534: Was extended to New Lots Avenue on October 16, 1922. In 1968, as part of the proposed Program for Action , the IRT New Lots Line would have been extended past New Lots Avenue toward Spring Creek , but the plan was never completed. Stations on the line were rebuilt several times throughout the years. In 1913, New York City, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company , and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) reached an agreement, known as

20572-462: Was formalized in early 1913, specifying new lines or expansions to be built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the BRT. It saw the rebuilding of the complex train junction at Manhattan Junction into an even more complex flyover junction now known as Broadway Junction. The expansion extended south to the point at which the Canarsie and Fulton Street Elevateds diverged, including a six-track, three-platform station at Atlantic Avenue. The complex

20720-702: Was low and suburbs tended to spread out . Since the 1970s, the viability of underground train systems in Australian cities, particularly Sydney and Melbourne , has been reconsidered and proposed as a solution to over-capacity. Melbourne had tunnels and stations developed in the 1970s and opened in 1980. The first line of the Sydney Metro was opened in 2019. Since the 1960s, many new systems have been introduced in Europe , Asia and Latin America . In

20868-576: Was proposed as a service improvement alongside other changes that would have either reduced or eliminated service to balance the MTA's operational budget and would have been implemented in October 1991, pending approval from the MTA board. Rapid transit Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between stations typically using electric multiple units on railway tracks . Some systems use guided rubber tires , magnetic levitation ( maglev ), or monorail . The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside

21016-482: Was provided during weekends and late nights as part of the reconstruction of the 14th Street Tunnel starting in April 2019. Funding for the free transfer connection was added back in the 2020–2024 Capital Program. In February 2020, the out-of-system transfer was made permanent until the in-system transfer was completed. The following services use part or all of the IRT New Lots Line: The line

21164-536: Was rebuilt under traffic and opened in stages, reaching completion in 1919. At the same time, the BRT moved to eliminate remaining operations that required elevated trains to operate under overhead wire. In most cases this meant using third rail on fully grade-separated lines. When third rail was extended on the Canarsie Line it was decided to extend this power mode only as far as the important station at Rockaway Parkway and Glenwood Road. Beyond that point, frequent grade crossings made third rail impractical. This portion of

21312-436: Was rerouted from Flatbush Avenue to New Lots Avenue. 5 trains were rerouted from Utica Avenue to Flatbush Avenue during rush hours. These changes were made to reduce non-revenue subway car mileage, to provide a dedicated fleet for each service, and to provide an easily accessible inspection yard for each service. The change allowed the 2 to be dedicated to 239th Street Yard and allowed the 3 to be assigned to Livonia Yard . With

21460-467: Was returned to the Board of Estimate on April 5, 1922, and was approved on April 28, 1922. The contract for the completion of the signal tower was rebid and was resubmitted to the Board of Estimate on May 15, 1922. On May 18, 1922, work began on the installation of tracks in Livonia Yard, and on June 9, 1922, the signal tower contract was approved. On June 19, 1922, work began on the tracks, signal tower and compressor room. The approach tracks needed for

21608-474: Was to cost $ 8 million. In September 1924, the BOT approved the remaining section of the route between Eldert Street and Broadway Junction in East New York. East of Eldert Street, the route would turn south to a ground-level alignment parallel to the LIRR's Bay Ridge Branch , then run southeast in a tunnel underneath private property to the intersection of Eastern Parkway and Bushwick Avenue, where it would emerge onto

21756-410: Was turned down because it would have required the acquisition of additional steel and because the legal routing of Route 31 did not specify the construction of a third track along the line. On May 9, 1916, title was acquired to sixteen parcels of land between the intersection of Eastern Parkway and Buffalo Street and East New York Avenue opposite of East 98th Street in condemnation proceedings to complete

21904-406: Was used. In 1921, the stations at Van Siclen Avenue and New Lots Avenue were practically completed, but they were not opened yet because trains could not run to the terminal until track work, the signal tower, and the compressor room were in service. On March 15, 1921, a contract for the completion of a signal tower to control train movements at the terminal crossovers at New Lots Avenue, and at

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