136-582: The Chicxulub crater ( IPA : [t͡ʃikʃuˈluɓ] cheek-shoo- LOOB ) is an impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Its center is offshore, but the crater is named after the onshore community of Chicxulub Pueblo (not the larger coastal town of Chicxulub Puerto ). It was formed slightly over 66 million years ago when an asteroid , about ten kilometers (six miles) in diameter, struck Earth . The crater
272-878: A geomagnetic reversal . The Alvarezes' impact hypothesis was rejected by many paleontologists, who believed that the lack of fossils found close to the K–Pg boundary—the "three-meter problem"—suggested a more gradual die-off of fossil species. The Alvarezes, joined by Frank Asaro and Helen Michel from University of California, Berkeley , published their paper on the iridium anomaly in Science in June 1980. Almost simultaneously Jan Smit and Jan Hertogen published their iridium findings from Caravaca, Spain, in Nature in May 1980. These papers were followed by other reports of similar iridium spikes at
408-483: A pitch trace on a musical scale . Beyond the letters themselves, there are a variety of secondary symbols which aid in transcription. Diacritic marks can be combined with the letters to add tone and phonetic detail such as secondary articulation . There are also special symbols for prosodic features such as stress and intonation. There are two principal types of brackets used to set off (delimit) IPA transcriptions: Less common conventions include: All three of
544-578: A 170 km (110 mi) diameter parent body and another 60 km (37 mi) diameter body resulted in the Baptistina family of asteroids, the largest surviving member of which is 298 Baptistina . They proposed that the Chicxulub asteroid was also a member of this group. Subsequent evidence has cast doubt on this theory. A 2009 spectrographic analysis revealed that 298 Baptistina has a different composition more typical of an S-type asteroid than
680-530: A Cretaceous basin within the Yucatán area that has been named the Yucatán Trough, running approximately south–north, widening northwards, explaining the observed thickness variations. The most common observed impact rocks are suevites , found in many of the boreholes drilled around the Chicxulub crater. Most of the suevites were resedimented soon after the impact by the resurgence of oceanic water into
816-513: A chart; the chart displayed here is the official chart as posted at the website of the IPA. The letters chosen for the IPA are meant to harmonize with the Latin alphabet . For this reason, most letters are either Latin or Greek , or modifications thereof. Some letters are neither: for example, the letter denoting the glottal stop , ⟨ ʔ ⟩, originally had the form of a question mark with
952-646: A colleague suggested in Scientific Reports that the impactor was a fragment from a disrupted comet. A rebuttal in Astronomy & Geophysics countered that Loeb et al . had ignored that the amount of iridium deposited around the globe, 2.0 × 10–2.8 × 10 kg (4.4 × 10–6.2 × 10 lb), was too large for a comet of the size implied by the crater, and that they had overestimated likely comet impact rates. They concluded that all available evidence strongly favors an asteroid impactor, effectively ruling out
1088-522: A comet. Ruthenium isotope ratios in impact layers also strongly support an asteroid rather than a comet nature for the impactor. International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script . It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standard written representation for
1224-483: A conflicting use to delimit prosodic transcription within the Voice Quality Symbols , which are an extension of IPA used in extIPA, but are not otherwise used in IPA proper. Other delimiters sometimes seen are pipes and double pipes taken from Americanist phonetic notation . However, these conflict with the pipes used in basic IPA prosodic transcription. Other delimiters are double slashes, –
1360-539: A crater near the Brazos River in Texas . Their evidence included greenish-brown clay with surplus iridium, containing shocked quartz grains and small weathered glass beads that looked to be tektites . Thick, jumbled deposits of coarse rock fragments were also present, thought to have been scoured from one place and deposited elsewhere by an impact event. Such deposits occur in many locations but seemed concentrated in
1496-674: A large local industry, and Little Cottonwood Canyon became one of the largest producers of silver ore in the Wasatch Mountains . Known as the Emma Mine (the origin of the name of the Big Emma ski run in Snowbird's Gad Valley), the soldier's find eventually produced more than $ 3.8 million in silver. At its peak, 8,000 people lived and worked in the narrow canyon, which held two smelters, 138 homes, hotels, boarding houses, stores and
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#17327727466941632-596: A member of the Flora family , as a possible remnant cohort of the K–Pg impactor. In 2021, a numerical simulation study argued that the impactor likely originated in the outer main part of the asteroid belt . Some scholars have argued that the impactor was a comet , not an asteroid. Two papers in 1984 proposed it to be a comet originating from the Oort cloud , and it was proposed in 1992 that tidal disruption of comets could potentially increase impact rates. In 2021, Avi Loeb and
1768-452: A mix of IPA with Americanist phonetic notation or Sinological phonetic notation or otherwise use nonstandard symbols for various reasons. Authors who employ such nonstandard use are encouraged to include a chart or other explanation of their choices, which is good practice in general, as linguists differ in their understanding of the exact meaning of IPA symbols and common conventions change over time. Many British dictionaries, including
1904-525: A possible impact crater. Hildebrand contacted Penfield and the pair soon secured two drill samples from the Pemex wells, which had been stored in New Orleans for decades. Hildebrand's team tested the samples, which clearly showed shock-metamorphic materials. A team of California researchers surveying satellite images found a cenote ( sinkhole ) ring centered on the town of Chicxulub Pueblo that matched
2040-541: A railroad. The entire town was later destroyed by a series of avalanches. The resort is a multi-facility winter and summer (primarily winter) resort. Mainly known for its winter powder skiing and snowboarding, during other seasons Snowbird also hosts hikers, mountain bikers, fishermen, and other mountain vacationers. The facilities include ski lifts, hotels, condominiums, spa facilities, restaurants, other resort-related retail businesses, and medical services. The resort operates almost entirely on privately owned land, unlike
2176-523: A region where surface water is scarce". Two seismic reflection datasets have been acquired over the offshore parts of the crater since its discovery. Older 2D seismic datasets have also been used that were originally acquired for hydrocarbon exploration. A set of three long-record 2D lines was acquired in October 1996, with a total length of 650 kilometers (400 mi), by the BIRPS group. The longest of
2312-525: A result of the upper part of the initial impact melt, represented by the LIMB in the borehole, becoming mixed with materials from the shallow part of the crust either falling back into the crater or being brought back by the resurgence forming the UIM. The "pink granite", a granitoid rich in alkali feldspar found in the peak ring borehole shows many deformation features that record the extreme strains associated with
2448-695: A row left out to save space. In the table below, a slightly different arrangement is made: All pulmonic consonants are included in the pulmonic-consonant table, and the vibrants and laterals are separated out so that the rows reflect the common lenition pathway of stop → fricative → approximant , as well as the fact that several letters pull double duty as both fricative and approximant; affricates may then be created by joining stops and fricatives from adjacent cells. Shaded cells represent articulations that are judged to be impossible or not distinctive. Vowel letters are also grouped in pairs—of unrounded and rounded vowel sounds—with these pairs also arranged from front on
2584-513: A ski resort, Snowbird is also open during the summer. Throughout the warmer months, Snowbird offers a wide variety of activities that allow visitors to enjoy all the features, without the snow. There are many different activities that travelers can participate in during the summer, but there are five that most people tend to gravitate towards: The Alpine Slide, The Mountain Coaster, Summer Tubing, The Vertical Drop, and Ropes Courses. The Alpine Slide
2720-399: A transient cavity 100 kilometers (62 mi) wide and 30 kilometers (19 mi) deep that later collapsed. This formed a crater mainly under the sea and currently covered by ~1,000 meters (3,300 ft) of sediment . The impact, expansion of water after filling the crater, and related seismic activity spawned megatsunamis over 100 meters (330 ft) tall, with one simulation suggesting
2856-452: A variety of foreign languages. They are also taught by vocal coaches to perfect diction and improve tone quality and tuning. Opera librettos are authoritatively transcribed in IPA, such as Nico Castel 's volumes and Timothy Cheek's book Singing in Czech . Opera singers' ability to read IPA was used by the site Visual Thesaurus , which employed several opera singers "to make recordings for
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#17327727466942992-727: Is a dual track that runs down the Chickadee ski slope and includes twists, turns, and tunnels. The driver must be at least seven years old, but three to six-year-olds can ride on an adult's lap (18+). The Mountain Coaster is a 3,120 feet coaster that fits up to two riders. It sits near the base of the Peruvian Express chairlift outside the Snowbird Center. Riders must be at least three years old, and in order to ride alone they must be 54 inches tall. Participants between 38 and 54 inches can ride with an adult (16+). Summer Tubing
3128-716: Is an unincorporated community in Little Cottonwood Canyon in the Wasatch Range of the Rocky Mountains near Salt Lake City , Utah , United States. It is most famous for Snowbird Ski and Summer Resort, an alpine skiing and snowboarding area, which opened in December 1971. The development of Little Cottonwood Canyon and the town of Alta dates to the 19th century. A U.S. Army soldier first prospected for silver there in 1869. Mining became
3264-443: Is described as the "terrace zone", characterized by a series of fault blocks defined by normal faults dipping towards the crater center, sometimes referred to as "slump blocks". The peak ring is about 80 km in diameter and of variable height, 400 to 600 meters (1,300 to 2,000 ft) above the base of the crater in the west and northwest and 200 to 300 meters (660 to 980 ft) in the north, northeast, and east. The central part of
3400-495: Is elected by the membership – for further discussion and a formal vote. Many users of the alphabet, including the leadership of the Association itself, deviate from its standardized usage. The Journal of the IPA finds it acceptable to mix IPA and extIPA symbols in consonant charts in their articles. (For instance, including the extIPA letter ⟨ 𝼆 ⟩ , rather than ⟨ ʎ̝̊ ⟩, in an illustration of
3536-474: Is estimated to be 200 kilometers (120 miles) in diameter and 1 kilometer (0.62 miles) in depth. It is believed to be the second largest impact structure on Earth , and the only one whose peak ring is intact and directly accessible for scientific research. The crater was discovered by Antonio Camargo and Glen Penfield, geophysicists who had been looking for petroleum in the Yucatán Peninsula during
3672-458: Is interpreted to result from initial crater formation involving acoustic fluidization followed by shear faulting with the development of cataclasites with fault zones containing impact melts. The peak ring drilling below the sea floor also discovered evidence of a massive hydrothermal system, which modified approximately 1.4 × 10 km of Earth's crust and lasted for hundreds of thousands of years. These hydrothermal systems may provide support for
3808-537: Is known for its particularly challenging terrain, with most ski runs having a difficulty of "intermediates only" or higher. The most difficult part of the mountain is the cirque traverse, which contains all runs for experts only. Snowbird currently has 10 chairlifts (6 high-speed quads , 4 doubles), a surface lift, an aerial tram , and a 600-foot (180 m) tunnel enclosing a one-way conveyor lift connecting Peruvian Gulch to Mineral Basin allowing easier access for beginners and intermediates to new terrain. The tunnel,
3944-531: Is more abstract than either [t̠̺͡ʃʰ] or [c] and might refer to either, depending on the context and language. Occasionally, letters or diacritics are added, removed, or modified by the International Phonetic Association. As of the most recent change in 2005, there are 107 segmental letters, an indefinitely large number of suprasegmental letters, 44 diacritics (not counting composites), and four extra-lexical prosodic marks in
4080-528: Is not always accessible to sight-impaired readers who rely on screen reader technology. Double angle brackets may occasionally be useful to distinguish original orthography from transliteration, or the idiosyncratic spelling of a manuscript from the normalized orthography of the language. Pipes are sometimes used instead of double angle brackets to denote the distinct allographs of a grapheme that are known as glyphs . For example, print | g | and script | ɡ | are two glyph variants of
4216-614: Is parent guided and includes all the same challenges without the height factor. Skiing Magazine ranked the Alta-Snowbird ski area second in North America overall and first in the United States for the 2003–04 and 2004–05 seasons. According to SKI Magazine (October 2002) Snowbird ranked 20th in North America with gold medals in snow, access, challenge, terrain, scenery, weather, and lifts. In specific categories it
Chicxulub crater - Misplaced Pages Continue
4352-547: Is serviced by an aerial tram from the base area. The resort covers three drainage areas: Peruvian Gulch, Gad Valley, and Mineral Basin. Snowbird is perennially celebrated by industry magazines for its exceptional snowfall, vast and wide-ranging terrain and easy accessibility from the Salt Lake City International Airport. Snowbird set a resort record of 776 inches (1,971 cm) of cumulative snow (mid-mountain measurement) in May 2011. Snowbird
4488-495: Is the warm weather version of snow tubing and is available to the east of Chickadee by the entrance of The Cliff Lodge. Participants must be at least four years old and 40 inches tall. The Vertical Drop is a 50-foot tower located near the top of Chickadee. Participants experience what is known as the “Big Drop”, which includes nine feet of free-falling that is followed by a gradual fall to the ground. To partake, visitors must weigh between 44 and 285 pounds. The Ropes Course, located near
4624-531: The Caribbean Basin at the K–Pg boundary. When Haitian professor Florentine Morás discovered what he thought to be evidence of an ancient volcano on Haiti , Hildebrand suggested it could be a telltale feature of a nearby impact. Tests on samples retrieved from the K–Pg boundary revealed more tektite glass, formed only in the heat of asteroid impacts and high-yield nuclear detonations . In 1990, Carlos Byars told Hildebrand of Penfield's earlier discovery of
4760-635: The Comisión Federal de Electricidad (Federal Electricity Commission) with UNAM. One of them, (BEV-4), was deep enough to reach the ejecta deposits. In 2016, a joint United Kingdom–United States team obtained the first offshore core samples from the peak ring in the central zone of the crater with the drilling of the borehole known as M0077A, part of Expedition 364 of the International Ocean Discovery Program . The borehole reached 1,335 meters (4,380 ft) below
4896-560: The Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (commonly known as the K–Pg or K–T boundary). It is now widely accepted that the devastation and climate disruption resulting from the impact was the primary cause of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event , a mass extinction of 75% of plant and animal species on Earth, including all non-avian dinosaurs . In the late 1970s, geologist Walter Alvarez and his father, Nobel Prize -winning scientist Luis Walter Alvarez , put forth their theory that
5032-501: The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction was caused by an impact event. The main evidence of such an impact was contained in a thin layer of clay present in the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–Pg boundary) in Gubbio, Italy . The Alvarezes and colleagues reported that it contained an abnormally high concentration of iridium , a chemical element rare on Earth but common in asteroids. Iridium levels in this layer were as much as 160 times above
5168-466: The Handbook recommended against their use, as cursive IPA is "harder for most people to decipher". A braille representation of the IPA for blind or visually impaired professionals and students has also been developed. The International Phonetic Alphabet is occasionally modified by the Association. After each modification, the Association provides an updated simplified presentation of the alphabet in
5304-460: The Hebrew alphabet for transcription of foreign words. Bilingual dictionaries that translate from foreign languages into Russian usually employ the IPA, but monolingual Russian dictionaries occasionally use pronunciation respelling for foreign words. The IPA is more common in bilingual dictionaries, but there are exceptions here too. Mass-market bilingual Czech dictionaries, for instance, tend to use
5440-598: The Hell Creek Formation in North Dakota published in 2019 shows the simultaneous mass extinction of a myriad of species, combined with geological and atmospheric features that are consistent with the impact event. Due to the relatively shallow water at the impact site, the rock that was vaporized included sulfur-rich gypsum from the lower part of the Cretaceous sequence, and this was injected into
5576-570: The IPA extensions . In the IPA itself, however, only lower-case letters are used. The 1949 edition of the IPA handbook indicated that an asterisk ⟨*⟩ might be prefixed to indicate that a word was a proper name, but this convention was not included in the 1999 Handbook , which notes the contrary use of the asterisk as a placeholder for a sound or feature that does not have a symbol. The IPA has widespread use among classical singers during preparation as they are frequently required to sing in
Chicxulub crater - Misplaced Pages Continue
5712-566: The International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association in 1994. They were substantially revised in 2015. The general principle of the IPA is to provide one letter for each distinctive sound ( speech segment ). This means that: The alphabet is designed for transcribing sounds (phones), not phonemes , though it is used for phonemic transcription as well. A few letters that did not indicate specific sounds have been retired (⟨ ˇ ⟩, once used for
5848-483: The Johnson Space Center , to find these samples to support his hypothesis. Penfield tried to secure site samples, but was told they had been lost or destroyed. When attempts to return to the drill sites to look for corroborating rocks proved fruitless, Penfield abandoned his search, published his findings and returned to his Pemex work. Seeing the 1980 Science paper, Penfield wrote to Walter Alvarez about
5984-642: The Maya Block and information about its makeup and age in the Yucatán area has come only from drilling results around the Chicxulub crater and the analysis of basement material found as part of the ejecta at more distant K–Pg boundary sites. The Maya block is one of a group of crustal blocks found at the edge of the Gondwana continent. Zircon ages are consistent with the presence of an underlying Grenville age crust, with large amounts of late Ediacaran arc -related igneous rocks , interpreted to have formed in
6120-554: The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and the Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY – Yucatán Center for Scientific Investigation). Intermittent core samples from hydrocarbon exploration boreholes drilled by Pemex on the Yucatán peninsula have provided some useful data. UNAM drilled a series of eight fully-cored boreholes in 1995, three of which penetrated deep enough to reach
6256-792: The Oxford English Dictionary and some learner's dictionaries such as the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary and the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary , now use the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent the pronunciation of words. However, most American (and some British) volumes use one of a variety of pronunciation respelling systems, intended to be more comfortable for readers of English and to be more acceptable across dialects, without
6392-460: The Paleocene , consists of marl and limestone, reaching a thickness of about 1,000 m (3,300 ft). The K–Pg boundary inside the crater is significantly deeper than in the surrounding area. On the Yucatán peninsula, the inner rim of the crater is marked by clusters of cenotes, which are the surface expression of a zone of preferential groundwater flow, moving water from a recharge zone in
6528-541: The Pan-African orogeny . Late Paleozoic granitoids (the distinctive "pink granite") were found in the peak ring borehole M0077A, with an estimated age of 326 ± 5 million years ago ( Carboniferous ). These have an adakitic composition and are interpreted to represent the effects of slab detachment during the Marathon-Ouachita orogeny , part of the collision between Laurentia and Gondwana that created
6664-614: The Pangaea supercontinent . Red beds of variable thickness, up to 115 meters (377 ft), overlay the granitic basement, particularly in the southern part of the area. These continental clastic rocks are thought to be of Triassic -to-Jurassic age, although they may extend into the Lower Cretaceous . The lower part of the Lower Cretaceous sequence consists of dolomite with interbedded anhydrite and gypsum, with
6800-583: The "compound" tone of Swedish and Norwegian, and ⟨ ƞ ⟩, once used for the moraic nasal of Japanese), though one remains: ⟨ ɧ ⟩, used for the sj-sound of Swedish. When the IPA is used for broad phonetic or for phonemic transcription, the letter–sound correspondence can be rather loose. The IPA has recommended that more 'familiar' letters be used when that would not cause ambiguity. For example, ⟨ e ⟩ and ⟨ o ⟩ for [ɛ] and [ɔ] , ⟨ t ⟩ for [t̪] or [ʈ] , ⟨ f ⟩ for [ɸ] , etc. Indeed, in
6936-542: The 150,000 words and phrases in VT's lexical database ... for their vocal stamina, attention to the details of enunciation, and most of all, knowledge of IPA". The International Phonetic Association organizes the letters of the IPA into three categories: pulmonic consonants, non-pulmonic consonants, and vowels. Pulmonic consonant letters are arranged singly or in pairs of voiceless ( tenuis ) and voiced sounds, with these then grouped in columns from front (labial) sounds on
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#17327727466947072-416: The Chickadee bowl, allows travelers to be strapped into a harness and walk high above ground to see all of Snowbird's beauty. Participants must be at least 48 inches tall, weigh under 300 pounds, and have on closed toed shoes. For children ages two to six that do not meet those requirements, there is also The Mini Ropes Course. The kids must be under 130 pounds and have on closed toed shoes, but this alternative
7208-457: The Cretaceous carbonates. An analysis of melt rocks sampled by the M0077A borehole indicates two types of melt rock, an upper impact melt (UIM), which has a clear carbonate component as shown by its overall chemistry and the presence of rare limestone clasts and a lower impact melt-bearing unit (LIMB) that lacks any carbonate component. The difference between the two impact melts is interpreted to be
7344-733: The Greek alphabet, though their sound values may differ from Greek. For most Greek letters, subtly different glyph shapes have been devised for the IPA, specifically ⟨ ɑ ⟩, ⟨ ꞵ ⟩, ⟨ ɣ ⟩, ⟨ ɛ ⟩, ⟨ ɸ ⟩, ⟨ ꭓ ⟩ and ⟨ ʋ ⟩, which are encoded in Unicode separately from their parent Greek letters. One, however – ⟨ θ ⟩ – has only its Greek form, while for ⟨ ꞵ ~ β ⟩ and ⟨ ꭓ ~ χ ⟩, both Greek and Latin forms are in common use. The tone letters are not derived from an alphabet, but from
7480-682: The IPA only for sounds not found in Czech . IPA letters have been incorporated into the alphabets of various languages, notably via the Africa Alphabet in many sub-Saharan languages such as Hausa , Fula , Akan , Gbe languages , Manding languages , Lingala , etc. Capital case variants have been created for use in these languages. For example, Kabiyè of northern Togo has Ɖ ɖ , Ŋ ŋ , Ɣ ɣ , Ɔ ɔ , Ɛ ɛ , Ʋ ʋ . These, and others, are supported by Unicode , but appear in Latin ranges other than
7616-685: The IPA so that the sound values of most letters would correspond to "international usage" (approximately Classical Latin ). Hence, the consonant letters ⟨ b ⟩, ⟨ d ⟩, ⟨ f ⟩, ⟨ ɡ ⟩, ⟨ h ⟩, ⟨ k ⟩, ⟨ l ⟩, ⟨ m ⟩, ⟨ n ⟩, ⟨ p ⟩, ⟨ s ⟩, ⟨ t ⟩, ⟨ v ⟩, ⟨ w ⟩, and ⟨ z ⟩ have more or less their word-initial values in English ( g as in gill , h as in hill , though p t k are unaspirated as in spill, still, skill ); and
7752-460: The IPA. These are illustrated in the current IPA chart , posted below in this article and on the International Phonetic Association's website. In 1886, a group of French and English language teachers, led by the French linguist Paul Passy , formed what would be known from 1897 onwards as the International Phonetic Association (in French, l'Association phonétique internationale ). The idea of
7888-532: The IPA.) Of more than 160 IPA symbols, relatively few will be used to transcribe speech in any one language, with various levels of precision. A precise phonetic transcription, in which sounds are specified in detail, is known as a narrow transcription . A coarser transcription with less detail is called a broad transcription. Both are relative terms, and both are generally enclosed in square brackets. Broad phonetic transcriptions may restrict themselves to easily heard details, or only to details that are relevant to
8024-652: The Iron Blosam, the Inn, the Lodge at Snowbird, and the Cliff Lodge. The resort also has gift shops, restaurants, arcades, hiking trails, pools and a rooftop spa. The summit restaurant was built at Hidden Peak during summer 2015. The resort has 50,000 square feet (4,600 m ) of meeting space, with 31 meeting rooms and a 15,000-square-foot (1,400 m ) Event Center available in the summer. While being widely known as
8160-481: The K–Pg boundary across the globe, and sparked wide interest in the cause of the K–Pg extinction; over 2,000 papers were published in the 1980s on the topic. There were no known impact craters that were the right age and size, spurring a search for a suitable candidate. Recognizing the scope of the work, Lee Hunt and Lee Silver organized a cross-discipline meeting in Snowbird, Utah , in 1981. Unknown to them, evidence of
8296-536: The Northern Hemisphere's spring season based on annual isotope curves in sturgeon and paddlefish bones found in an ejecta-bearing sedimentary unit at the Tanis site in southwestern North Dakota . This sedimentary unit is thought to have formed within hours of impact. A 2020 study concluded that the Chicxulub crater was formed by an inclined (45–60° to horizontal) impact from the northeast. The site of
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#17327727466948432-457: The Snowbird resort, which opened in 1971. In 1974, Johnson sold his interest in Snowbird to Bass. On May 12, 2014, an ownership change was announced. Businessman Ian Cumming became the majority owner, in partnership with Bass, who remained chairman. Dick Bass died in 2015 and Ted Johnson died in 2018. In July 2021 Snowbird shut down the Tram Club, without any warning or prior intimation to
8568-429: The Yucatán structure, but received no response. Alvarez and other scientists continued their search for the crater, although they were searching in oceans based on incorrect analysis of glassy spherules from the K–Pg boundary that suggested the impactor had landed in open water. Unaware of Penfield's discovery, University of Arizona graduate student Alan R. Hildebrand and faculty adviser William V. Boynton looked for
8704-485: The above are provided by the IPA Handbook . The following are not, but may be seen in IPA transcription or in associated material (especially angle brackets): Also commonly seen are the braces of set theory , especially when enclosing the set of phonemes that constitute the morphophoneme, e.g. {t d} or {t|d} or {/t/, /d/} for a conflated /t/ and /d/ . Braces have
8840-519: The alphabet had been suggested to Passy by Otto Jespersen . It was developed by Passy along with other members of the association, principally Daniel Jones . The original IPA alphabet was based on the Romic alphabet , an English spelling reform created by Henry Sweet that in turn was based on the Palaeotype alphabet of Alexander John Ellis , but to make it usable for other languages the values of
8976-617: The alphabet or the chart is to propose the change in the Journal of the IPA . (See, for example, December 2008 on an open central unrounded vowel and August 2011 on central approximants.) Reactions to the proposal may be published in the same or subsequent issues of the Journal (as in August 2009 on the open central vowel). A formal proposal is then put to the Council of the IPA – which
9112-433: The atmosphere. This global dispersal of dust and sulfates would have led to a sudden and catastrophic effect on the climate worldwide, instigating large temperature drops and devastating the food chain . Researchers stated that the impact generated an environmental calamity that extinguished life, but it also induced a vast subsurface hydrothermal system that became an oasis for the recovery of life. Using seismic images of
9248-491: The background level. It was hypothesized that the iridium was spread into the atmosphere when the impactor was vaporized and settled across Earth's surface among other material thrown up by the impact, producing the layer of iridium-enriched clay. At the time, there was no consensus on what caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction and the boundary layer, with theories including a nearby supernova , climate change , or
9384-422: The characteristics of CM or CR carbonaceous chondrites. Ruthenium isotope ratios found in impact layers also support a carbonaceous chondrite composition for the impactor. A 2007 Nature report proposed a specific astronomical origin for the Chicxulub asteroid. The authors, William F. Bottke , David Vokrouhlický, and David Nesvorný , argued that a collision in the asteroid belt 160 million years ago between
9520-403: The conceptual counterparts of spoken sounds, are usually enclosed in slashes (/ /) and tend to use simpler letters with few diacritics. The choice of IPA letters may reflect theoretical claims of how speakers conceptualize sounds as phonemes or they may be merely a convenience for typesetting. Phonemic approximations between slashes do not have absolute sound values. For instance, in English, either
9656-556: The consonant is produced. The main chart includes only consonants with a single place of articulation. Notes Non-pulmonic consonants are sounds whose airflow is not dependent on the lungs. These include clicks (found in the Khoisan languages and some neighboring Bantu languages of Africa), implosives (found in languages such as Sindhi , Hausa , Swahili and Vietnamese ), and ejectives (found in many Amerindian and Caucasian languages ). Snowbird, Utah Snowbird
9792-826: The crater at the time of impact was a marine carbonate platform . The water depth at the impact site varied from 100 meters (330 ft) on the western edge of the crater to over 1,200 meters (3,900 ft) on the northeastern edge, with an estimated depth at the centre of the impact of approximately 650 meters (2,130 ft). The seafloor rocks consisted of a sequence of Jurassic – Cretaceous marine sediments 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) thick. They were predominantly carbonate rock , including dolomite (35–40% of total sequence) and limestone (25–30%), along with evaporites ( anhydrite 25–30%) and minor amounts of shale and sandstone (3–4%) underlain by approximately 35 kilometers (22 mi) of continental crust , composed of igneous crystalline basement including granite . The impactor
9928-435: The crater in 1991. The crater was named for the nearby town of Chicxulub Pueblo . Penfield also recalled that part of the motivation for the name was "to give the academics and NASA naysayers a challenging time pronouncing it" after years of dismissing its existence. In March 2010, forty-one experts from many countries reviewed the available evidence: twenty years' worth of data spanning a variety of fields. They concluded that
10064-431: The crater in 2008, scientists determined that the impactor landed in deeper water than previously assumed, which may have resulted in increased sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere as a result of more water vapor being available to react with the vaporized anhydrite . This could have made the impact even deadlier by rapidly cooling the climate and generating acid rain . The emission of dust and particles could have covered
10200-452: The crater lies above a zone where the mantle was uplifted such that the Mohorovičić discontinuity is shallower by about 1–2 kilometers (0.62–1.24 mi) compared to regional values. The ring structures are best developed to the south, west and northwest, becoming more indistinct towards the north and northeast of the structure. This is interpreted to be a result of variable water depth at
10336-560: The crater they were looking for was being presented the same week, and would be largely missed by the scientific community. In 1978, geophysicists Glen Penfield and Antonio Camargo were working for the Mexican state-owned oil company Petróleos Mexicanos ( Pemex ) as part of an airborne magnetic survey of the Gulf of Mexico north of the Yucatán Peninsula . Penfield's job was to use geophysical data to scout possible locations for oil drilling. In
10472-445: The crater. This gave rise to a layer of suevite extending from the inner part of the crater out as far as the outer rim. Impact melt rocks are thought to fill the central part of the crater, with a maximum thickness of 3 kilometers (1.9 mi). The samples of melt rock that have been studied have overall compositions similar to that of the basement rocks, with some indications of mixing with carbonate source, presumed to be derived from
10608-731: The discussion at hand, and may differ little if at all from phonemic transcriptions, but they make no theoretical claim that all the distinctions transcribed are necessarily meaningful in the language. For example, the English word little may be transcribed broadly as [ˈlɪtəl] , approximately describing many pronunciations. A narrower transcription may focus on individual or dialectical details: [ˈɫɪɾɫ] in General American , [ˈlɪʔo] in Cockney , or [ˈɫɪːɫ] in Southern US English . Phonemic transcriptions, which express
10744-476: The dot removed. A few letters, such as that of the voiced pharyngeal fricative , ⟨ ʕ ⟩, were inspired by other writing systems (in this case, the Arabic letter ⟨ ﻉ ⟩, ʿayn , via the reversed apostrophe). Some letter forms derive from existing letters: The International Phonetic Alphabet is based on the Latin script , and uses as few non-Latin letters as possible. The Association created
10880-553: The east, just up the canyon over a ridge that separates the two. Beginning winter 2002, the two resorts offer a joint day pass and a joint season ticket allowing full access all of the terrain on both mountains: 26 ski lifts and tows and a skiable area of 4,700 acres (19 km ). The collaboration coincided with the opening of a new lift in Mineral Basin, a large bowl owned by Snowbird on the back of Snowbird's Hidden Peak and Alta's Sugarloaf mountains that had been skiable within
11016-663: The ejecta deposits outside the main crater rim (UNAM-5, 6, and 7). Between 2001 and 2002, a scientific borehole was drilled near the Hacienda Yaxcopoil , known as Yaxcopoil-1 (or more commonly Yax-1), to a depth of 1,511 meters (4,957 ft) below the surface, as part of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program . The borehole was cored continuously, passing through 100 meters (330 ft) of impactites. Three fully-cored boreholes were also drilled by
11152-608: The end of words. the alternations /f/ – /v/ in plural formation in one class of nouns, as in knife /naɪf/ – knives /naɪvz/ , which can be represented morphophonemically as {naɪV } – {naɪV+z }. The morphophoneme {V } stands for the phoneme set {/f/, /v/ }. [ˈf\faɪnəlz ˈhɛld ɪn (.) ⸨knock on door⸩ bɑɹsə{ 𝑝 ˈloʊnə and ˈmədɹɪd 𝑝 }] — f-finals held in Barcelona and Madrid. IPA letters have cursive forms designed for use in manuscripts and when taking field notes, but
11288-407: The entire food chain. A model of the event developed by Lomax et al (2001) suggests that net primary productivity rates may have increased to higher than pre-impact levels over the long term because of the high carbon dioxide concentrations. A long-term local effect of the impact was the creation of the Yucatán sedimentary basin which "ultimately produced favorable conditions for human settlement in
11424-490: The entire surface of Earth for several years, possibly up to a decade, creating a harsh environment for biological life. Production of carbon dioxide caused by the destruction of carbonate rocks would have led to a sudden greenhouse effect . For over a decade or longer, sunlight would have been blocked from reaching the surface of Earth by the dust particles in the atmosphere, cooling the surface dramatically. Photosynthesis by plants would also have been interrupted, affecting
11560-403: The form of a chart. (See History of the IPA .) Not all aspects of the alphabet can be accommodated in a chart of the size published by the IPA. The alveolo-palatal and epiglottal consonants, for example, are not included in the consonant chart for reasons of space rather than of theory (two additional columns would be required, one between the retroflex and palatal columns and the other between
11696-490: The formation of the crater and the subsequent development of the peak ring. The granitoid has an unusually low density and P-wave velocity compared to typical granitic basement rocks. Study of the core from M0077A shows the following deformation features in apparent order of development: pervasive fracturing along and through grain boundaries, a high density of shear faults , bands of cataclasite and ultra-cataclasite and some ductile shear structures . This deformation sequence
11832-412: The grapheme ⟨ g ⟩ of Latin script. Some examples of contrasting brackets in the literature: In some English accents, the phoneme /l/ , which is usually spelled as ⟨l⟩ or ⟨ll⟩ , is articulated as two distinct allophones: the clear [l] occurs before vowels and the consonant /j/ , whereas the dark [ɫ] / [lˠ] occurs before consonants, except /j/ , and at
11968-401: The illustration of Hindi in the IPA Handbook , the letters ⟨ c ⟩ and ⟨ ɟ ⟩ are used for /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/ . Among the symbols of the IPA, 107 letters represent consonants and vowels , 31 diacritics are used to modify these, and 17 additional signs indicate suprasegmental qualities such as length , tone , stress , and intonation . These are organized into
12104-502: The immediate waves from the impact may have reached up to 1.5 kilometers (0.93 mi) high. The waves scoured the sea floor , leaving ripples underneath what is now Louisiana with average wavelengths of 600 meters (2,000 ft) and average wave heights of 16 meters (52 ft), the largest ripples documented. Material shifted by subsequent earthquakes and the waves reached to what are now Texas and Florida, and may have disturbed sediments as far as 6,000 kilometers (3,700 mi) from
12240-528: The impact at Chicxulub triggered the mass extinctions at the K–Pg boundary. Dissenters, notably Gerta Keller of Princeton University , have proposed an alternate culprit: the eruption of the Deccan Traps in what is now the Indian subcontinent . This period of intense volcanism occurred before and after the Chicxulub impact; dissenting studies argue that the worst of the volcanic activity occurred before
12376-505: The impact horizon in northeastern Montana . This date was supported by a 2015 study based on argon–argon dating of tephra found in lignite beds in the Hell Creek and overlying Fort Union formations in northeastern Montana. A 2018 study based on argon–argon dating of spherules from Gorgonilla Island , Colombia , obtained a slightly different result of 66,051,000 ± 31,000 years ago. The impact has been interpreted to have occurred in
12512-463: The impact origin of life hypothesis for the Hadean eon, when the entire surface of Earth was affected by impactors much larger than the Chicxulub impactor. After the immediate effects of the impact had stopped, sedimentation in the Chicxulub area returned to the shallow water platform carbonate depositional environment that characterised it before the impact. The sequence, which dates back as far as
12648-596: The impact site. The impact triggered a seismic event with an estimated moment magnitude of 9–11 M w . A cloud of hot dust, ash and steam would have spread from the crater, with as much as 25 trillion metric tons of excavated material being ejected into the atmosphere by the blast. Some of this material escaped orbit, dispersing throughout the Solar System , while some of it fell back to Earth, vaporizing upon re-entry . The rock heated Earth's surface and ignited wildfires, estimated to have enveloped nearly 70% of
12784-665: The impact, and the role of the Deccan Traps was instead shaping the evolution of surviving species post-impact. A 2013 study compared isotopes in impact glass from the Chicxulub impact with isotopes in ash from the K–Pg boundary, concluding that they were dated almost exactly the same, and within experimental error. A 2013 study published in Science estimated the age of the impact as 66,043,000 ± 11,000 years ago (± 43,000 years ago considering systematic error), based on multiple lines of evidence, including argon–argon dating of tektites from Haiti and bentonite horizons overlying
12920-438: The implication of a preferred pronunciation that the IPA might convey. For example, the respelling systems in many American dictionaries (such as Merriam-Webster ) use ⟨y⟩ for IPA [ j] and ⟨sh⟩ for IPA [ ʃ ] , reflecting the usual spelling of those sounds in English. (In IPA, [y] represents the sound of the French ⟨u⟩ , as in tu , and [sh] represents
13056-414: The lake provides the condensation nuclei that creates ice pellet snow that doesn't pack like normal snowflakes. Loose powder for days after a snowfall is common. On very windy days the salt is lifted thousands of feet and has been known to coat the windshield of airplanes flying into Salt Lake City. Snowbird, which operates primarily on privately owned land, usually closes on Memorial Day in late May while
13192-419: The late 1970s. Penfield was initially unable to obtain evidence that the geological feature was a crater and gave up his search. Later, through contact with Alan R. Hildebrand in 1990, Penfield obtained samples that suggested it was an impact feature. Evidence for the crater's impact origin includes shocked quartz , a gravity anomaly , and tektites in surrounding areas. The date of the impact coincides with
13328-454: The left to back (glottal) sounds on the right. In official publications by the IPA, two columns are omitted to save space, with the letters listed among "other symbols" even though theoretically they belong in the main chart. They are arranged in rows from full closure (occlusives: stops and nasals) at top, to brief closure (vibrants: trills and taps), to partial closure (fricatives), and finally minimal closure (approximants) at bottom, again with
13464-428: The left to back on the right, and from maximal closure at top to minimal closure at bottom. No vowel letters are omitted from the chart, though in the past some of the mid central vowels were listed among the "other symbols". A pulmonic consonant is a consonant made by obstructing the glottis (the space between the vocal folds) or oral cavity (the mouth) and either simultaneously or subsequently letting out air from
13600-527: The lines, Chicx-A , was shot parallel to the coast, while Chicx-B and Chicx-C were shot NW–SE and SSW–NNE respectively. In addition to the conventional seismic reflection imaging, data was recorded onshore to allow for wide-angle refraction imaging . In 2005, another set of profiles was acquired, bringing the total length of the 2D deep-penetration seismic data up to 2,470 kilometers (1,530 mi). This survey also used ocean bottom seismometers and land stations to allow 3D travel time inversion to improve
13736-408: The lungs. Pulmonic consonants make up the majority of consonants in the IPA, as well as in human language. All consonants in English fall into this category. The pulmonic consonant table, which includes most consonants, is arranged in rows that designate manner of articulation , meaning how the consonant is produced, and columns that designate place of articulation , meaning where in the vocal tract
13872-542: The majority of Utah ski areas. The originator of the Snowbird resort concept was Ted Johnson, who had managed the Alta Lodge in the town of Alta at the head of Little Cottonwood Canyon for about a decade. He had explored the terrain below Alta in the Peruvian Gulch and Emma Mine/Gad Valley watersheds that later became Snowbird. Johnson met Dick Bass , a Texas oilman, in 1969, and the two partnered to create
14008-578: The occasional ski year can last as long as the Fourth of July on the upper part of the mountain (accessed by the aerial tram), perennially offering the longest ski season in Utah as other Utah resorts must close earlier because they are on Forest Service land . Snowbird has a skiable area of 2,500 acres (10.1 km ) with a vertical drop of 3,240 feet (988 m) from the summit of Hidden Peak, which has an elevation of above 11,000 feet (3,353 m). Hidden Peak
14144-414: The offshore magnetic data, Penfield noted anomalies whose depth he estimated and mapped. He then obtained onshore gravity data from the 1940s. When the gravity maps and magnetic anomalies were compared, Penfield described a shallow "bullseye", 180 km (110 mi) in diameter, appearing on the otherwise non-magnetic and uniform surroundings—clear evidence to him of an impact feature. A decade earlier,
14280-403: The one Penfield saw earlier; the cenotes were thought to be caused by subsidence of bolide -weakened lithostratigraphy around the impact crater wall. More recent evidence suggests the crater is 300 km (190 mi) wide, and the 180 km (110 mi) ring observed is an inner wall of the larger crater. Hildebrand, Penfield, Boynton, Camargo, and others published their paper identifying
14416-405: The only of its kind in North America, also allows for skier transport when winds require the closing of the aerial tram. The tunnel connects the front half of the resort to Mineral Basin, which is the back half of the mountain. Inside of the tunnel, there are also pictures with descriptions about the history of the tunnel's construction. The Little Cottonwood Canyon resort has a total of four lodges:
14552-531: The outer Solar System, beyond the orbit of Jupiter . In 1998, a meteorite, approximately 2.5 millimeters ( 1 ⁄ 8 in) across, was described from a deep sea sediment core from the North Pacific, from a sediment sequence spanning the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (when the site was located in the central Pacific), with the meteorite being found at the base of the K-Pg boundary iridium anomaly within
14688-469: The pharyngeal and glottal columns), and the lateral flap would require an additional row for that single consonant, so they are listed instead under the catchall block of "other symbols". The indefinitely large number of tone letters would make a full accounting impractical even on a larger page, and only a few examples are shown, and even the tone diacritics are not complete; the reversed tone letters are not illustrated at all. The procedure for modifying
14824-579: The planet's forests. The effect on living creatures even hundreds of kilometers away was immense, and much of present-day Mexico and the United States would have been devastated. Fossil evidence for an instantaneous extinction of diverse animals was found in a soil layer only 10 centimeters (3.9 in) thick in New Jersey , 2,500 kilometers (1,600 mi) away from the impact site, indicating that death and burial under debris occurred suddenly and quickly over wide distances on nearby land. Field research from
14960-591: The presumed carbonaceous chondrite composition of the Chicxulub impactor. In 2011, data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer revised the date of the collision which created the Baptistina family to about 80 million years ago, allowing only 15 million years for the process of resonance and collision, which takes many tens of millions of years. In 2010, another hypothesis implicated the newly discovered asteroid 354P/LINEAR ,
15096-413: The region. In 1951, one well bored into what was described as a thick layer of andesite about 1.3 kilometers (4,300 ft) down. This layer could have resulted from the intense heat and pressure of an Earth impact, but at the time of the borings it was dismissed as a lava dome —a feature uncharacteristic of the region's geology. Penfield was encouraged by William C. Phinney , curator of lunar rocks at
15232-526: The resort since 1999. The installation of Baldy Express in 2002 allowed access to Alta from the Basin. Other access points between the two resorts exist as well. The offer is open to skiers only, as a result of Alta's skiers-only (no snowboarders) policy. Both areas receive more than 500 inches (1,270 cm) of snowfall per year due to lake-effect enhancement from the Great Salt Lake , making them
15368-505: The resurrection of letters for mid central vowels and the retirement of letters for voiceless implosives . The alphabet was last revised in May 2005 with the addition of a letter for a labiodental flap . Apart from the addition and removal of symbols, changes to the IPA have consisted largely of renaming symbols and categories and in modifying typefaces . Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for speech pathology (extIPA) were created in 1990 and were officially adopted by
15504-473: The same map had suggested a crater to contractor Robert Baltosser, but Pemex corporate policy prevented him from publicizing his conclusion. Penfield presented his findings to Pemex, who rejected the crater theory, instead deferring to findings that ascribed the feature to volcanic activity. Pemex disallowed release of specific data, but let Penfield and Camargo present the results at the 1981 Society of Exploration Geophysicists conference. That year's conference
15640-427: The same notation as for morphophonology, – exclamation marks, and pipes. For example, ⟨ cot ⟩ would be used for the orthography of the English word cot , as opposed to its pronunciation /ˈkɒt/ . Italics are usual when words are written as themselves (as with cot in the previous sentence) rather than to specifically note their orthography. However, italics are sometimes ambiguous, and italic markup
15776-461: The seafloor. The form and structure ( geomorphology ) of the Chicxulub crater is known mainly from geophysical data. It has a well-defined concentric multi-ring structure. The outermost ring was identified using seismic reflection data. It is up to 130 kilometers (81 mi) from the crater center, and is a ring of normal faults , throwing down towards the crater center, marking the outer limit of significant crustal deformation. This makes it one of
15912-696: The second snowiest ski areas in the United States (after the ones in the Cascades ). In contrast to the humid and wet conditions in the Cascades near the Pacific Ocean , the arid condition of the Great Basin produces very dry and powdery snow, making Snowbird and Alta top global destinations for powder-skiing aficionados. Another benefit of being East of the Great Salt Lake is that salt from
16048-457: The sediment core. The meteorite was suggested to represent a fragment of the Chicxulub impactor. Analysis suggested that it best fitted the criteria of the CV , CO and CR groups of carbonaceous chondrites. A 2021 paper suggested, based on geochemical evidence including the excess of chromium isotope Cr and the ratios of platinum group metals found in marine impact layers, that the impactor matched
16184-588: The separation of syllables . To represent additional qualities of speech—such as tooth gnashing , lisping , and sounds made with a cleft palate —an extended set of symbols may be used. Segments are transcribed by one or more IPA symbols of two basic types: letters and diacritics . For example, the sound of the English digraph ⟨ch⟩ may be transcribed in IPA with a single letter: [c] , or with multiple letters plus diacritics: [t̠̺͡ʃʰ] , depending on how precise one wishes to be. Slashes are used to signal phonemic transcription ; therefore, /tʃ/
16320-473: The sequence of consonants in gra ssh opper .) The IPA is also not universal among dictionaries in languages other than English. Monolingual dictionaries of languages with phonemic orthographies generally do not bother with indicating the pronunciation of most words, and tend to use respelling systems for words with unexpected pronunciations. Dictionaries produced in Israel use the IPA rarely and sometimes use
16456-402: The sounds of speech . The IPA is used by lexicographers , foreign language students and teachers, linguists , speech–language pathologists , singers, actors, constructed language creators, and translators . The IPA is designed to represent those qualities of speech that are part of lexical (and, to a limited extent, prosodic ) sounds in oral language : phones , intonation and
16592-437: The south to the coast through a karstic aquifer system. From the cenote locations, the karstic aquifer is clearly related to the underlying crater rim, possibly through higher levels of fracturing, caused by differential compaction . There is broad consensus that the Chicxulub impactor was a C-type asteroid with a carbonaceous chondrite -like composition, rather than a comet . These types of asteroids originally formed in
16728-468: The staff or public. It had been at Snowbird since 1994 and was a hot spot for locals in the community. The tram club was reopened in December 2022. Hidden Peak, 10,992 ft (3,350 m), is the highest point within the Snowbird ski area. Hidden Peak has a subalpine climate ( Köppen Dfc ), bordering on an Alpine climate ( Köppen ET ). There is no weather station at the summit, but this climate table contains interpolated data for an area around
16864-617: The summit. Snowbird resort is a year-round ski and summer resort located in the heart of the Wasatch National Forest on the eastern border of the Salt Lake City suburb of Sandy . It is 29 miles (47 km) from Salt Lake City International Airport , 24 miles (39 km) from downtown Salt Lake City and 4 miles (6 km) east of the suburb of Sandy . The resort first opened in December 1971. Snowbird shares Little Cottonwood Canyon with Alta Ski Area to
17000-417: The symbols were allowed to vary from language to language. For example, the sound [ ʃ ] (the sh in shoe ) was originally represented with the letter ⟨c⟩ for English but with ⟨x⟩ for French and German; with German, ⟨c⟩ was used for the [ x ] sound of Bach . With a growing number of transcribed languages this proved impractical, and in 1888
17136-425: The three largest impact structures on Earth. Moving toward the center, the next ring is the main crater rim, also known as the "inner rim," which correlates with a ring of cenotes onshore and a major circular Bouguer gravity gradient anomaly . This ring has a radius that varies between 70 and 85 kilometers (43 and 53 mi). The next inner ring structure is the peak ring. The area between the inner rim and peak ring
17272-483: The time of impact, with less well-defined rings resulting from the areas with water depths significantly deeper than 100 meters (330 ft). Before the impact, the geology of the Yucatán area , sometimes referred to as the "target rocks", consisted of a sequence of mainly Cretaceous limestones, overlying red beds of uncertain age above an unconformity with the dominantly granitic basement . The basement forms part of
17408-497: The understanding of the velocity structure of the crater. The data was concentrated around the interpreted offshore peak ring to help identify possible drilling locations. At the same time, gravity data was acquired along 7,638 kilometers (4,746 mi) of profiles. The acquisition was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with logistical assistance from
17544-412: The upper part being limestone, with dolomite and anhydrite in part. The thickness of the Lower Cretaceous varies from 750 meters (2,460 ft) up to 1,675 meters (5,495 ft) in the boreholes. The Upper Cretaceous sequence is mainly platform limestone, with marl and interbedded anhydrite. It varies in thickness from 600 meters (2,000 ft) up to 1,200 meters (3,900 ft). There is evidence for
17680-483: The values of the letters were made uniform across languages. This would provide the base for all future revisions. Since its creation, the IPA has undergone a number of revisions. After relatively frequent revisions and expansions from the 1890s to the 1940s, the IPA remained nearly static until the Kiel Convention in 1989, which substantially revamped the alphabet. A smaller revision took place in 1993 with
17816-457: The vowel letters ⟨ a ⟩, ⟨ e ⟩, ⟨ i ⟩, ⟨ o ⟩, ⟨ u ⟩ correspond to the (long) sound values of Latin: [i] is like the vowel in mach i ne , [u] is as in r u le , etc. Other Latin letters, particularly ⟨ j ⟩, ⟨ r ⟩ and ⟨ y ⟩, differ from English, but have their IPA values in Latin or other European languages. This basic Latin inventory
17952-463: The vowel of pick or the vowel of peak may be transcribed as /i/ , so that pick , peak would be transcribed as /ˈpik, ˈpiːk/ or as /ˈpɪk, ˈpik/ ; and neither is identical to the vowel of the French pique , which would also be transcribed /pik/ . By contrast, a narrow phonetic transcription of pick , peak , pique could be: [pʰɪk] , [pʰiːk] , [pikʲ] . IPA is popular for transcription by linguists. Some American linguists, however, use
18088-430: Was around 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) in diameter—large enough that, if set at sea level, it would have reached taller than Mount Everest . The impactor's velocity was estimated at 20 kilometers per second (12 mi/s). The kinetic energy of the impact was estimated at 72 teratonnes of TNT (300 ZJ). The impact generated winds in excess of 1,000 kilometers per hour (620 mph) near the blast's center, and produced
18224-446: Was extended by adding small-capital and cursive forms, diacritics and rotation. The sound values of these letters are related to those of the original letters, and their derivation may be iconic. For example, letters with a rightward-facing hook at the bottom represent retroflex equivalents of the source letters, and small capital letters usually represent uvular equivalents of their source letters. There are also several letters from
18360-528: Was ranked third in North America for snow, fourth in North America for challenge, and fifth in North America for terrain. Snowbird ranks as the second best resort in North America, runner-up to Whistler Blackcomb resort in Canada, according to Skiing Magazine . In 2008, Outside named Alta-Snowbird the number one ski destination in North America. More recently, ZRankings ranked Snowbird as the fourth best ski resort in North America. Snowbird's snowfall and weather
18496-567: Was under-attended and their report attracted little attention, with many experts on impact craters and the K–Pg boundary attending the Snowbird conference instead. Carlos Byars, a Houston Chronicle journalist who was familiar with Penfield and had seen the gravitational and magnetic data himself, wrote a front-page story on Penfield and Camargo's claim, but the news did not disseminate widely. Although Penfield had plenty of geophysical data sets, he had no rock cores or other physical evidence of an impact. He knew Pemex had drilled exploratory wells in
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