Misplaced Pages

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116-477: Clark International Airport ( IATA : CRK , ICAO : RPLC ) — known as Diosdado Macapagal International Airport from 2003 to 2014 — is an international airport covering portions of the cities of Angeles and Mabalacat within the Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone in the province of Pampanga , Philippines. It is located 80 kilometers (50 mi) northwest of Manila . It is accessible by way of

232-534: A "terminal enhancement fee" to cover the higher fees, pending approval of the Civil Aeronautics Board . Additionally, passenger service charges are expected to increase in September 2025 — the first increase since 2000. Ninoy Aquino International Airport has four passenger terminals, with plans to build another terminal. Covering 73,000 square meters (790,000 sq ft), Terminal 1 of

348-550: A 160% increase. The United States Cavalry established Fort Stotsenberg in 1902 and later converted a portion of it into an airfield, which was, in turn, renamed Clark Air Field in 1919—in honor of aviator Major Harold Melville Clark . Clark Air Field was used as a strategic overseas base by both the United States and Japan during World War II . In 1947, the RP-US Military Bases Agreement

464-584: A consortium led by San Miguel Corporation (SMC) and Incheon International Airport Corporation —the operator of Incheon International Airport in South Korea, with RMM Asian Logistics Inc. and RLW Aviation Development Inc. The Asian Airports Consortium was disqualified in the bidding after it was deemed non-compliant. On February 16, 2024, the DOTr awarded the contract to SMC SAP & Co. Consortium, later renamed as New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation (NNIC).

580-493: A few hundred combinations; a three-letter system of airport codes was implemented. This system allowed for 17,576 permutations, assuming all letters can be used in conjunction with each other. Since the U.S. Navy reserved "N" codes, and to prevent confusion with Federal Communications Commission broadcast call signs , which begin with "W" or "K", the airports of certain U.S. cities whose name begins with one of these letters had to adopt "irregular" airport codes: This practice

696-571: A government handover, the government offered to buy out Fraport AG for US$ 400 million, to which Fraport agreed. However, before the terminal could be completed, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo called the contract "onerous" and formed a committee to evaluate the buyout agreement. The contracts were declared null and void by the Supreme Court in May 2003, the Philippine government took over

812-574: A motion for reconsideration. The MIAA denied the motion for reconsideration. In August 2022, the Department of Transportation (DOTr) announced plans to rebid the public–private partnership project within the year. Following a major airspace closure on January 1, 2023 , plans to privatize the airport were pitched again. Secretary of Finance Benjamin Diokno supported such plans, but maintained that it should be "thoroughly studied". On April 27,

928-567: A new airport is built, replacing the old one, leaving the city's new "major" airport (or the only remaining airport) code to no longer correspond with the city's name. The original airport in Nashville, Tennessee, was built in 1936 as part of the Works Progress Administration and called Berry Field with the designation, BNA. A new facility known as Nashville International Airport was built in 1987 but still uses BNA. This

1044-776: A solicited bidding instead. The solicited concession agreement is set for fifteen years, with a ten-year extension if needed in case the opening of New Manila International Airport in Bulacan and Sangley Point Airport in Cavite would be delayed. The bidding opened on August 23, 2023. Four consortia submitted bids on the December 27 deadline: MIAC, Asian Airports Consortium (consisting of Lucio Co's Cosco Capital, Inc.; Asian Infrastructure and Management Corp., Philippine Skylanders International, Inc., and PT Angkasa Pura II ), GMR Airports Consortium , and SMC SAP & Co. Consortium,

1160-429: A two-year hiatus, Terminal 4 reopened on March 28, 2022. Under NNIC's management, Terminal 4 temporarily closed on November 6, 2024, to give way for major renovations until February 2025. As such, AirSWIFT, Cebgo, and Sunlight Air relocated to Terminal 2. NAIA's primary runway is 3,737 meters (12,260 ft) long and 60 meters (200 ft) wide, running at 061°/241° (designated as Runway 06/24). Its secondary runway

1276-529: A ₱150 billion, or US$ 3 billion, proposal to decongest and redevelop the airport. GMR-Megawide did not propose a new runway, claiming that it would not significantly boost capacity. On July 7, 2020, the NAIA consortium's proposal was rejected by the government, allowing GMR-Megawide to take over the project. On December 15, however, the MIAA revoked the original proponent status (OPS) of GMR-Megawide, who then filed

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1392-462: Is 2,258 meters (7,408 ft) long and 45 meters (148 ft) wide, running at 136°/316° (designated as Runway 13/31). The primary runway was oriented at 06/24 to harness the southeast and southwest winds . Of the 550 daily flights, 100 take the secondary runway. It mainly caters to private planes and narrowbody aircraft such as the ATR 72-500 , Airbus A320, and Airbus A321, and acts as the main runway of

1508-509: Is GSN and its IATA code is SPN, and some coincide with IATA codes of non-U.S. airports. Canada's unusual codes—which bear little to no similarity with any conventional abbreviation to the city's name—such as YUL in Montréal , and YYZ in Toronto , originated from the two-letter codes used to identify weather reporting stations in the 1930s. The letters preceding the two-letter code follow

1624-504: Is a subsidiary of Changi Airports International Pte. Ltd, which is itself a subsidiary of Changi Airport Group, the operator of Singapore Changi Airport ) won the open bid by the BCDA to take over the operations and maintenance of the airport. On January 25, 2019, NLAC signed the 25-year contract for the operations and maintenance for the airport. On August 16, Clark International Airport's operations and maintenance were officially handed over to

1740-402: Is also being groomed to become one of the country's first " aerotropolis ," which is a community that features a world-class airport and surrounded by business clusters and residential developments. The project involves the operations and maintenance of the existing and the proposed new passenger terminal buildings on the airport with a 25-year concession period. The ₱12.55-billion project involves

1856-586: Is different from the name in English, yet the airport code represents only the English name. Examples include: Due to scarcity of codes, some airports are given codes with letters not found in their names: The use of 'X' as a filler letter is a practice to create three-letter identifiers when more straightforward options were unavailable: Some airports in the United States retained their NWS ( National Weather Service ) codes and simply appended an X at

1972-513: Is in conjunction to rules aimed to avoid confusion that seem to apply in the United States, which state that "the first and second letters or second and third letters of an identifier may not be duplicated with less than 200 nautical miles separation." Thus, Washington, D.C. area's three airports all have radically different codes: IAD for Washington–Dulles , DCA for Washington–Reagan (District of Columbia Airport), and BWI for Baltimore (Baltimore–Washington International, formerly BAL). Since HOU

2088-1432: Is linked via SCTEX, then passing through Epifanio de los Santos Avenue from Balintawak , Quezon City to Roxas Boulevard in Pasay , Roxas Boulevard from EDSA to the northern terminus of Manila–Cavite Expressway (CAVITEX) in Parañaque , and finally onto NAIA Road . Park and fly services are provided within the airport as well. For short-distance routes, air-conditioned jeepneys connect Clark to nearby Dau Bus Terminal in Mabalacat and SM City Clark in Angeles City . From Dau, passengers can ride intercity buses leading to other cities and towns in Northern and Central Luzon as well as Metro Manila. Direct Premium Point-to-Point Bus Services (P2Ps) for long-distance routes are provided by four bus companies leading to TriNoma in Quezon City , Subic and neighboring Olongapo in Zambales , Dagupan in Pangasinan , and Vigan in Ilocos Sur . The airport will also be served by

2204-543: Is not followed outside the United States: In addition, since three letter codes starting with Q are widely used in radio communication, cities whose name begins with "Q" also had to find alternate codes, as in the case of: IATA codes should not be confused with the FAA identifiers of U.S. airports. Most FAA identifiers agree with the corresponding IATA codes, but some do not, such as Saipan , whose FAA identifier

2320-521: Is reportedly moving back to Terminal 4 on March 1, 2025, as part of long-term terminal reassignments conducted by the NNIC. Since then, T4 has been specifically assigned for turboprop aircraft, functioning exclusively with ground-loaded gates . This terminal, which accommodates up to three million passengers annually, primarily hosts domestic flights by regional airlines such as AirSWIFT , SkyJet Airlines , Cebgo , and Sunlight Air . In response to

2436-594: Is the main international airport serving Metro Manila in the Philippines . Located between the cities of Pasay and Parañaque , about 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) south of Manila proper and southwest of Makati , it is the main gateway for travelers to the Philippines and serves as a hub for PAL Express and Philippine Airlines . It is also the main operating base for AirSWIFT , Cebgo , Cebu Pacific , and Philippines AirAsia . Manila International Airport

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2552-416: Is used for William P. Hobby Airport , the new Houston–Intercontinental became IAH. The code BKK was originally assigned to Bangkok–Don Mueang and was later transferred to Suvarnabhumi Airport , while the former adopted DMK. The code ISK was originally assigned to Gandhinagar Airport (Nashik's old airport) and later on transferred to Ozar Airport (Nashik's current airport). Shanghai–Hongqiao retained

2668-640: The AirAsia Group for its international flights since September 15, 2014. The expanded Overseas Filipino Worker airport lounge is located near Gate 7. Constructed in 1948, Terminal 4, also known as the Manila Domestic Passenger Terminal or the Old Domestic Terminal , is the first and original structure of the airport, as well as its oldest and smallest terminal. Positioned on the old Airport Road,

2784-728: The Allhallowtide season. It then announced in September the planned reassignments: Terminal 1 would exclusively serve Philippine Airlines flights, while Terminal 2 would maintain its current status as an all-domestic terminal, and Terminal 3 would be fully dedicated to international flights of Cebu Pacific, the AirAsia Group, and all foreign airlines. This would require the remaining airlines operating at Terminal 1 to transfer to Terminal 3, and Philippines AirAsia to temporarily move its domestic flights back to Terminal 4 from Terminal 2 to accommodate Cebu Pacific's domestic flights until

2900-575: The COVID-19 pandemic , the airport authority closed Terminal 4 to minimize operating costs, while the remaining three terminals resumed operations in June 2020 upon the lifting of the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon . During its temporary closure, the terminal was utilized as a vaccination site for airport employees. As such, AirAsia temporarily transferred its domestic operations to Terminal 3. After

3016-571: The Canadian transcontinental railroads were built, each station was assigned its own two-letter Morse code : When the Canadian government established airports, it used the existing railway codes for them as well. If the airport had a weather station, authorities added a "Y" to the front of the code, meaning "Yes" to indicate it had a weather station or some other letter to indicate it did not. When international codes were created in cooperation with

3132-726: The Clark Development Corporation (CDC) since its formal incorporation with the SEC in 1995. The airport opened for commercial operations on June 16, 1996. On April 4, 2003, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo renamed the airport to Diosdado Macapagal International Airport (DMIA), in memory of her father, former President Diosdado Macapagal , and ordered the Clark International Airport Corporation (CIAC) in February 2007 to fund

3248-959: The Clark International Airport station of the North–South Commuter Railway , connecting the airport to the New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac , as well as Tutuban in Manila and Calamba in Laguna. The connection is scheduled to be completed by somewhere in 2027. IATA airport code The assignment of these codes is governed by IATA Resolution 763, and it is administered by the IATA's headquarters in Montreal , Canada. The codes are published semi-annually in

3364-565: The Government of the Philippines in 1991. The airport is managed and operated by Luzon International Premier Airport Development (LIPAD) Corp., a consortium of JG Summit Holdings , Filinvest Development Corporation , Philippine Airport Ground Support Solutions (PAGSS) Inc., and Changi Airports Philippines Pte. Ltd. The southern part of the facility is utilized by the Philippine Air Force as Clark Air Base . The airport

3480-549: The Ilocos Region , Cagayan Valley , Central Luzon , the Cordillera Administrative Region , and northern Metro Manila . The airport has a 82,600-square-meter (889,000 sq ft) four-level passenger terminal building which replaced the original terminal in 2022. Designed by Populous and Casas+Architects and constructed by Megawide Construction Corporation and GMR Infrastructure ,

3596-720: The Manila International Airport Authority turned over the operations and maintenance of the airport to NNIC. While SMC is constructing New Manila International Airport (NMIA) in Bulacan, it decided to instead prioritize the rehabilitation of NAIA over the construction of the NMIA. The turnover was followed by a series of airport fee hikes. On October 1, NNIC increased parking fees. The overnight parking fees, which quadrupled from 300 to 1,200 pesos , drew criticism from motorists; however, both NNIC and

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3712-560: The Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX). The airport serves Metro Clark , as well as the entire Central Luzon , Northern Luzon , and, to an extent, Manila metropolitan area and capital city with international and domestic flights. The name is derived from the former American Clark Air Base , which was the largest overseas base of the United States Air Force until it was closed and handed over to

3828-411: The greater metropolitan area . Clark caters mainly to low-cost carriers because its landing fees have been lower ever since former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo called for Clark to replace NAIA as the Philippines' primary airport. NAIA is operating beyond its designed capacity of 35 million passengers, clogging air traffic and delaying flights. As a result, it has consistently been ranked as one of

3944-465: The groundbreaking project of the P8.4-billion ($ 150 million) hangar facility at Clark International Airport. Its planned second hangar was unveiled during the Philippine officials' Berlin , Germany visit, led by President Bongbong Marcos and Alfredo E. Pascual . Data from Clark International Airport Corporation (CIAC). The Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway (SCTEx) provides high-speed automobile access to

4060-481: The list of Amtrak station codes . Airport codes arose out of the convenience that the practice brought pilots for location identification in the 1930s. Initially, pilots in the United States used the two-letter code from the National Weather Service (NWS) for identifying cities. This system became unmanageable for cities and towns without an NWS identifier, and the use of two letters allowed only

4176-537: The 45-hectare (4,800,000 sq ft) land in Makati , also then in Rizal, was inaugurated and served as the gateway to Manila; its runways now form Ayala Avenue and Paseo de Roxas . Following World War II and Philippine independence , Grace Park Airfield closed, while Nielson Airport continued to operate until it was decommissioned in 1948. Airport operations were moved to the current site, Nichols Field , due to

4292-430: The BCDA aimed to turn Clark into a major international gateway. This development was intended to support regional economic growth and provide a viable alternative to NAIA for international and domestic flights. In that same year, the master plan was drafted. The plan would set up a state-of-the-art aviation complex with a capacity of 10 million passengers a day, while the proposal was to have equipment installed, but building

4408-440: The DOTr defended the move, as it is designed to deter the misuse of parking slots. According to NNIC, previous parking rates were used by non-passengers, which contributed to congestion. Nevertheless, NNIC is developing a 4-hectare (9.9-acre) area near Terminal 3 for a 2,500-slot parking space. On the same day, it increased takeoff and landing fees , causing Philippine Airlines , Cebu Pacific , and Philippines AirAsia to propose

4524-535: The Domestic Terminal is located near the north end of Runway 13/31. Philippines AirAsia was a primary user of Terminal 4 from 2013 to 2023. In December 2022, to decongest the terminal, it transferred its two busiest flights—to Cebu and Boracay ( Caticlan )—to Terminal 3, while all other domestic flights remained at T4. It continued to operate under this scheme until all flights were transferred to Terminal 2 on July 1, 2023. However, Philippines AirAsia

4640-709: The French company Aéroports de Paris to conduct a feasibility study to expand capacity, which recommended to build two new terminals. Construction of Terminal 2, originally designed as a domestic terminal, began in 1995 and opened in 1999. It served as the hub of Philippine Airlines until 2023. Meanwhile, the larger Terminal 3, which was beset by construction delays and legal issues, opened in 2008 and became fully operational in 2014, serving Cebu Pacific and most international airlines. In October 2015, reports of an extortion scam concerning bullets planted by airport security officials in airline passengers' luggage (dubbed by

4756-523: The IATA Airline Coding Directory. IATA provides codes for airport handling entities, and for certain railway stations. Alphabetical lists of airports sorted by IATA code are available. A list of railway station codes , shared in agreements between airlines and rail lines such as Amtrak , SNCF , and Deutsche Bahn , is available. However, many railway administrations have their own list of codes for their stations, such as

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4872-656: The Korea International Cooperation Agency in 2008, and Aecom in 2010. In 2011, CIAC was transferred from the Bases Conversion and Development Authority and became an attached agency of the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) by virtue of Executive Order No. 64 issued by President Benigno Aquino III . The airport again used the Clark International Airport name in February 2012, but

4988-570: The Manila International Airport Consortium (MIAC), composed of six organizations (Alliance Global, AC Infrastructure Holdings Corp [under Ayala Corporation ], Infracorp Development, Filinvest Development Corporation, and JG Summit Infrastructure Holdings) submitted a ₱100 billion 25-year unsolicited proposal to rehabilitate the airport. This proposal was subsequently rejected by the administration of President Bongbong Marcos on July 19, which opted to go through

5104-555: The NAIA Terminal 4. Runway 13/31 closed in 2020 for rehabilitation. The runway was reopened on February 16, 2021, along with a newly constructed taxiway. In 2014, Transportation and Communications Secretary Joseph Abaya proposed a new runway adjacent to the existing Runway 06/24. The proposed runway has a length of 2,100 meters (6,900 ft) that could allow the landing of an Airbus A320 and increase capacity from 40 planes per hour to 60–70. A Dutch consultant hired by

5220-656: The Ninoy Aquino International Airport was designed to handle six million passengers annually. It is often referred to as the Ninoy Aquino Terminal , as it was the site of the former senator's assassination in 1983 . The terminal, opened in 1982, is the airport's second oldest and exclusively handles international flights. The development of the Manila International Airport, which includes Terminal 1,

5336-672: The Philippines enacted Republic Act No. 9400, which renamed the base to Clark Freeport Philippines. It is now segregated in two separate entities: Clark Freeport Zone, administered by the Clark Development Corporation, and the Clark Civil Aviation Complex, administered by the Clark International Airport Corporation (CIAC). In 1993, the former Clark Air Base was reopened as the Clark Special Economic Zone (CSEZ) after

5452-501: The Philippines which will stand around 54 meters (177 ft) in height. The tower was projected to be complete by December 2021. However, the project is only 61 percent complete as of December 2023 due to design issues and pending approval from the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines and the Clark Development Corporation . On March 12, 2024, Elmar Lutter, Lufthansa Technik Philippines President announced

5568-691: The U.S. For example, several airports in Alaska have scheduled commercial service, such as Stebbins and Nanwalek , which use FAA codes instead of ICAO codes. Thus, neither system completely includes all airports with scheduled service. Some airports are identified in colloquial speech by their IATA code. Examples include LAX and JFK . Ninoy Aquino International Airport Ninoy Aquino International Airport ( NAIA / n ɑː . ˈ iː . j ə / NA -ee- YAH ; Filipino : Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino ; IATA : MNL , ICAO : RPLL ), also known as Manila International Airport ( MIA ),

5684-668: The US$ 1.7 billion (₱76.5 billion) expansion of DMIA and the approval of a US$ 2 million (₱90 million) study plan financed by the Korean International Cooperation Agency . The first stage of Clark Airport's expansion program, a ₱130 million terminal expansion, was completed in January 2008 to accommodate more than 2 million passengers annually. The viability and practicability of CIA have been confirmed by studies by Pacific Consultants International in 2005,

5800-473: The US$ 640 million terminal, which has 20 jet bridges and four remote gates served by apron buses . The terminal's apron area spans 147,400 square meters (1,587,000 sq ft) and can service up to 32 aircraft simultaneously. It has the capacity to serve 33,000 passengers per day or 6,000 per hour. Since April 2017, a 220-meter (720 ft) long indoor footbridge called Runway Manila has been connecting

5916-481: The United States, because "Y" was seldom used in the United States, Canada simply used the weather station codes for its airports, changing the "Y" to a "Z" if it conflicted with an airport code already in use. The result is that most major Canadian airport codes start with "Y" followed by two letters in the city's name (for example, YOW for O tta w a , YWG for W innipe g , YYC for C algar y , or YVR for V ancouve r ), whereas other Canadian airports append

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6032-657: The adjacent complexes been demolished. In 2024, the New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation (NNIC) announced that it will interconnect the two terminals after demolishing the hotel and relocating the fuel farm and the cargo terminal as part of its rehabilitation plan. This plan will increase the terminal's capacity by about 23 million passengers. From 1999 to 2023, flag carrier Philippine Airlines and its domestic subsidiary PAL Express exclusively used Terminal 2. It facilitated both domestic and international flights for these airlines, notwithstanding

6148-414: The adjacent unused Philippine Village Hotel complex and relocating a fuel depot, as well as the international cargo complex. Rehabilitation of the terminal began in September 2018, and by February 16, 2021, the partially expanded Terminal 2 was inaugurated, adding 2,800 square meters (30,000 sq ft) to the terminal area. However, Terminal 2 has not been interconnected with Terminal 1 yet, nor have

6264-501: The airport from the southwest, with two exits : Clark North and Clark South interchange. The latter leads directly to Clark. Passengers with connecting flights at Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Metro Manila can either pay a toll to use Skyway , the newest expressway between Clark and NAIA, from North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) to NAIA Expressway connecting NAIA Terminals 1, 2 and 3 since December 29, 2020 or take NLEX which

6380-440: The airport itself instead of the city it serves, while another code is reserved which refers to the city itself which can be used to search for flights to any of its airports. For instance: Or using a code for the city in one of the major airports and then assigning another code to another airport: When different cities with the same name each have an airport, they need to be assigned different codes. Examples include: Sometimes,

6496-418: The airport's former name, such as Orlando International Airport 's MCO (for Mc C o y Air Force Base), or Chicago's O'Hare International Airport , which is coded ORD for its original name: Or char d Field. In rare cases, the code comes from the airport's unofficial name, such as Kahului Airport 's OGG (for local aviation pioneer Jimmy H ogg ). In large metropolitan areas, airport codes are often named after

6612-602: The airport. The consortium's proposal was divided into two phases: the improvement and expansion of terminals in the current NAIA land area and the development of an additional runway, taxiways, passenger terminals, and associated support infrastructure. Changi Airport Consultants Pte. Ltd., was to provide technical support. Singapore's Changi Airport Group eyed a 30-percent stake in this venture. On March 1, 2018, Megawide Construction Corporation and its India-based consortium partner GMR Infrastructure (the consortium which revamped Mactan–Cebu International Airport ), submitted

6728-558: The apron. The third level houses the check-in counters and pre-departure areas including gate lounges, while the fourth level houses food and beverage areas and commercially important person lounges. The facade of the terminal sports a wave roof design inspired by the mountains of Mount Arayat , Mount Pinatubo , and the Sierra Madre mountain range . The original terminal was expanded for $ 3 million (PH₱130 million) to accommodate 1 million passengers annually. The expansion project

6844-557: The architectural design was developed by Leandro Locsin 's L.V. Locsin and Associates. In 1974, the designs were approved by the Philippine government and the ADB. Construction began in the second quarter of 1978 on a site close to the original Manila Airport, within the jurisdiction of Parañaque , then a municipality of Metro Manila. By 1991, Terminal 1 reached its capacity with a total passenger volume of 4.53 million. From that year,

6960-545: The area was cleared of lahar debris from the Mount Pinatubo eruption and a typhoon that followed . On April 28, 1994, an executive order was signed by former President Fidel Ramos that designated Clark as the Clark Special Economic Zone as the future site of a premier international airport, aiming to attract economic and tourism activities to Central Luzon and relieve congestion in Metro Manila . In 1997,

7076-411: The arrival area, adding parking spaces, and enhancing facilities. Renovations began on January 23, 2014. Part of the project involved the installation of buckling restrained braces to enhance the building's structural integrity. Terminal 1 once served almost all foreign-based carriers (except All Nippon Airways ). After the full completion of the larger Terminal 3 in 2014, eighteen airlines moved to

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7192-418: The bid to PairCargo and its partner Fraport AG of Germany. Originally scheduled to open in 2002, a contract dispute between the government of the Philippines and the project's main contractor, Philippine International Air Terminals Co. Inc. (Piatco), delayed its completion. While the original agreement allowed PairCargo and Fraport AG to operate the airport for several years after its construction, followed by

7308-423: The code SHA, while the newer Shanghai–Pudong adopted PVG. The opposite was true for Berlin : the airport Berlin–Tegel used the code TXL, while its smaller counterpart Berlin–Schönefeld used SXF; the Berlin Brandenburg Airport has the airport code BER, which is also part of its branding. The airports of Hamburg (HAM) and Hannover (HAJ) are less than 100 nautical miles (190 km) apart and therefore share

7424-415: The completion and opening of Terminal 1, a new, higher-capacity terminal. Another fire damaged the old international terminal in May 1985. On August 21, 1983, oppositionist politician Ninoy Aquino attempted to return to the Philippines from exile in the United States, hoping to convince president Ferdinand Marcos to let go of political power after having held his position for nearly two decades. Aquino

7540-560: The congestion of both terminals. Transportation Secretary Arthur Tugade and House Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez supported the initiative, with the latter proposing that airlines relocate some of their flights to Clark International Airport . However, Senator Grace Poe , chairperson of the Senate Committee on Public Services , voiced concerns that a hasty implementation might exacerbate existing issues, with Poe suggesting capacity expansion instead. She further highlighted Terminal 2's limited capacity of handling 9 million passengers compared to

7656-400: The construction of a new passenger terminal building with a design capacity of twelve million passengers per annum. The proposal was undertaken by the ADP Ingénierie in 2015. North Luzon Airport Consortium (NLAC), which is a consortium of JG Summit Holdings , Filinvest Development Corporation , Philippine Airport Ground Support Solutions Inc. and Changi Airports Philippines Pte. Ltd. (which

7772-473: The contract was signed on March 18, witnessed by President Marcos. NNIC offered the biggest revenue share with the government at 82.16 percent—more than double the proposed revenue shares of GMR Airports Consortium (33.30 percent) and MIAC (25.91 percent). The consortium also made the initial ₱30 billion payment to the government. With the privatization, the national government is expected to earn ₱900 billion , or ₱36 billion annually. On September 14, 2024,

7888-467: The current demand of over 16 million domestic passengers. Despite initial plans for implementation in August 2018, the Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA) announced its deferment a month prior due to "unforeseen operational constraints". The plan continued to be under review with no official implementation date set; however, some Philippine Airlines (PAL) flights to North America were relocated to Terminal 1 from Terminal 2 in July to accommodate

8004-429: The design to accommodate international flights. With 12 jet bridges , the terminal can accommodate 2.5 million passengers per year in its north wing and five million in its south wing, for a total of 7.5 million passengers per year. After its conversion to a domestic terminal in 2023, its capacity was increased to ten million. The French government funded a study that led to the terminal's construction and submitted

8120-510: The development of Clark International Airport (CIA) began in earnest with the signing of a contract involving a developer linked to the proposed new passenger terminal at Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) in Pasay City . This move was part of the Philippine government's broader strategy to enhance the country's airport infrastructure and alleviate congestion at NAIA. By collaborating with experienced international airport operators and developers, such as Aeroports de Paris (now Groupe ADP ),

8236-420: The end of the old MIA Road (now NAIA Road ), covers an area of 75,000 square meters (810,000 sq ft). Construction began in December 1995, and the terminal started operating in 1999. It received the name Centennial Terminal in commemoration of the centennial year of Philippine independence . French company Aéroports de Paris (ADP) initially designed the terminal for domestic use, but later modified

8352-934: The end. Examples include: A lot of minor airfields without scheduled passenger traffic have ICAO codes but not IATA codes, since the four letter codes allow more number of codes, and IATA codes are mainly used for passenger services such as tickets, and ICAO codes by pilots. In the US, such airfields use FAA codes instead of ICAO. There are airports with scheduled service for which there are ICAO codes but not IATA codes, such as Nkhotakota Airport/Tangole Airport in Malawi or Chōfu Airport in Tokyo, Japan. There are also several minor airports in Russia (e.g., Omsukchan Airport ) which lack IATA codes and instead use internal Russian codes for booking. Flights to these airports cannot be booked through

8468-425: The entirety of the supervision costs. The construction of the terminal officially began on December 11, 1995, and the Philippine government took over the completed terminal on December 28, 1998. The terminal became fully operational in 1999. In August 2014, authorities announced a plan to expand Terminal 2, incorporating a structure to interconnect Terminals 1 and 2. In order to do so, the plan called for demolishing

8584-557: The first three letters of the city in which it is located, for instance: The code may also be a combination of the letters in its name, such as: Sometimes the airport code reflects pronunciation, rather than spelling, namely: For many reasons, some airport codes do not fit the normal scheme described above. Some airports, for example, cross several municipalities or regions, and therefore, use codes derived from some of their letters, resulting in: Other airports—particularly those serving cities with multiple airports—have codes derived from

8700-470: The flatter terrain, expanse of greenfield land, and the existing USAF base runway (Runway 13/31), which could be used for the airport. The original one-story bungalow terminal was built adjacent to the runway and serves as the present-day Terminal 4. In 1954, the airport's longer international runway (Runway 06/24) and associated taxiways were built, and in 1956, construction was started on a control tower and an international terminal building. The new terminal

8816-478: The following format: Most large airports in Canada have codes that begin with the letter "Y", although not all "Y" codes are Canadian (for example, YUM for Yuma, Arizona , and YNT for Yantai , China), and not all Canadian airports start with the letter "Y" (for example, ZBF for Bathurst, New Brunswick ). Many Canadian airports have a code that starts with W, X or Z, but none of these are major airports. When

8932-597: The form of " YYZ ", a song by the rock band Rush , which utilizes the Morse code signal as a musical motif. Some airports have started using their IATA codes as brand names , such as Calgary International Airport (YYC) and Vancouver International Airport (YVR). Numerous New Zealand airports use codes that contain the letter Z, to distinguish them from similar airport names in other countries. Examples include HLZ for Hamilton , ZQN for Queenstown , and WSZ for Westport . Predominantly, airport codes are named after

9048-594: The former by transferring forty percent of AirAsia's daily passenger volume to the larger terminal. From April to June 2023, eight foreign airlines moved to Terminal 3 to make space for PAL's international operations at T1. These changes were designed to offer international passengers at Terminals 1 and 3 a wider selection of food and retail outlets, and additional time for duty-free shopping . After PAL completed moving all its international flights to T1 on June 16, 2023, Philippines AirAsia and Royal Air Philippines began operating from Terminal 2 on July 1, thereby reverting

9164-541: The incidents. In April 2016, a similar incident occurred. In February 2018, the Department of Transportation (DOTr) proposed the rationalization of flights to decongest the terminals of NAIA. The original plan called for Terminals 1 and 3 exclusively handling international flights, while Terminals 2 and 4 would facilitate domestic flights. This revision would deviate from the practice where Terminals 2 and 3 operate both domestic and international flights, contributing to

9280-487: The international air booking systems or have international luggage transferred there, and thus, they are booked instead through the airline or a domestic booking system. Several heliports in Greenland have 3-letter codes used internally which might be IATA codes for airports in faraway countries. There are several airports with scheduled service that have not been assigned ICAO codes that do have IATA codes, especially in

9396-608: The larger terminal to decongest Terminal 1. Since June 16, 2023, flag carrier Philippine Airlines uses Terminal 1 as its international hub. Low-cost carrier Royal Air Philippines also uses the terminal for its international flights. Other airlines operating at Terminal 1 include Air China , Air Niugini , Asiana Airlines , China Airlines , China Eastern Airlines , EVA Air , Japan Airlines , Korean Air , Kuwait Airways , Malaysia Airlines , Oman Air , Royal Brunei Airlines , Saudia , Shenzhen Airlines , Vietnam Airlines , XiamenAir , and Zipair Tokyo . Terminal 2, situated at

9512-532: The latter's expansion is completed. On February 12, 2018, a consortium of seven conglomerates consisting of Aboitiz InfraCapital , AC Infrastructure Holdings, Alliance Global , Asia's Emerging Dragon, Filinvest Development Corporation , JG Summit Holdings , and Metro Pacific Investments Corporation (which later pulled out in March 2020) submitted a ₱ 350 billion , or US$ 6.75 billion , 35-year unsolicited proposal to rehabilitate, expand, operate, and maintain

9628-743: The latter's rehabilitation. By October, four international airlines transferred operations to Terminal 3, freeing up space for United States flight operations at Terminal 1. Subsequently, more airlines from Terminal 1 were scheduled to relocate to Terminal 3. On December 1, 2022, the MIAA officially implemented the Schedule and Terminal Assignment Rationalization (STAR) program, when PAL began gradually transferring its international flights from Terminal 2 to Terminal 1. Likewise, Philippines AirAsia transferred its two busiest flights ( Boracay – Caticlan and Cebu )—from Terminal 4 to Terminal 3, to ease congestion at

9744-495: The local media the tanim-bala [literally plant-bullet] scam) spread, creating a scare among travelers. Former Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte , then a presumptive presidential candidate in the 2016 Philippine presidential election , further alleged that a syndicate was behind the incidents. Duterte said the operation had continued for more than two years. Malacañang Palace and the Philippine Senate investigated

9860-612: The name of the airport itself, for instance: This is also true with some cities with a single airport (even if there is more than one airport in the metropolitan area of said city), such as BDL for Hartford, Connecticut 's B ra dl ey International Airport or Baltimore's BWI, for B altimore/ W ashington I nternational Airport ; however, the latter also serves Washington, D.C. , alongside Dulles International Airport (IAD, for I nternational A irport D ulles) and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DCA, for D istrict of C olumbia A irport). The code also sometimes comes from

9976-573: The new terminal on the day of its opening. Following the opening of the new terminal, the old terminal was decommissioned. The new terminal was officially opened by President Bongbong Marcos during a grand opening event on September 28. Clark International Airport is located within the Clark Freeport Zone in the island of Luzon , approximately 98 kilometers (61 mi) from Manila in the south and 163 kilometers (101 mi) from Baguio . The airport lies in between Mount Pinatubo to

10092-428: The newest and largest terminal, covers 182,500 square meters (1,964,000 sq ft) and extends 1.2 kilometers (0.75 mi), occupying a 63.5-hectare (157-acre) site on Villamor Air Base . With construction beginning in 1997, the terminal partially opened on July 22, 2008, increasing the airport's capacity by 13 million passengers. The terminal's development, part of the 1989 expansion plan, commenced in 1997 but

10208-416: The one they are located in: Other airport codes are of obscure origin, and each has its own peculiarities: In Asia, codes that do not correspond with their city's names include Niigata 's KIJ , Nanchang 's KHN and Pyongyang 's FNJ . EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg , which serves three countries, has three airport codes: BSL, MLH, EAP. Some cities have a name in their respective language which

10324-401: The operation of select PAL Express flights from Terminal 3 from 2012 to 2018. On June 16, 2023, PAL moved its international flights to Terminal 1, leaving its domestic flights at Terminal 2. This allowed the entry of low-cost carriers and former Terminal 4 users Philippines AirAsia and Royal Air Philippines on July 1, thereby converting T2 to exclusively serve domestic flights. Terminal 3,

10440-536: The original passenger terminal continued to bear Macapagal's name until 2014. On February 28, 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte issued Executive Order No. 14, reverting CIAC as a subsidiary of the BCDA, but with the Department of Transportation (DOTr) maintaining supervision and operational control of the airport. Four new terminals are expected to be completed and all will be fully operational by 2025. Upon completion, these four terminals will boost Clark's passenger capacity to more than 110 million annually. The airport

10556-530: The passenger terminal and the control tower has not yet been completed. CIAC traces its origin from Republic Act No. 7227, otherwise known as the "Bases Conversion and Development Act of 1992", which authorized the conversion of several military reservations, including the former Clark Air Base, into sustainable economic zones. Jurisdiction over the corporation shifted from the Bases Conversion Development Authority (BCDA) and

10672-432: The plane, the tarmac, and the terminal. The incident triggered constant protests for the next three years, and along with the crash of the Philippine economy earlier in 1983 , is credited as one of the key events which led to the February 1986 People Power Revolution which removed Marcos from power. Four years after the incident, during the presidency of Ninoy's widow Corazon Aquino in 1987, Republic Act No. 6639

10788-688: The previous year, making it the busiest airport in the Philippines , the 15th busiest in Asia , and the 38th busiest in the world . Manila's original airport, Grace Park Airfield (also known as Manila North) in Grace Park, Caloocan (then a municipality of Rizal ), opened in 1935. It was the city's first commercial airport and was used by the Philippine Aerial Taxi Company (later Philippine Airlines ) for its first domestic routes. In July 1937, Nielson Airport , located in

10904-406: The review to the Philippine government in 1990. In 1991, the French government provided a 30-million-franc soft loan to the Philippine government to fund the detailed architectural and engineering design. ADP finished the design in 1992. The Japanese government followed suit in 1994, providing an ¥ 18.12-billion soft loan to the Philippine government to finance 75% of the construction costs and

11020-401: The runways are closely spaced, the secondary runway (02L/20R) has been decommissioned and is no longer in use. The new terminal occupies the end that was formerly Runway 20R, while a new maintenance hangar is currently being constructed on the stopway of Runway 02L. In 2020, the Clark International Airport Corporation (CIAC) announced plans to construct the tallest air traffic control tower in

11136-506: The same first and middle letters, indicating that this rule might be followed only in Germany. Many cities retain historical names in their airport codes, even after having undergone an official name/spelling/transliteration change: Some airport codes are based on previous names associated with a present airport, often with a military heritage. These include: Some airports are named for an administrative division or nearby city, rather than

11252-500: The station code of Malton, Mississauga , where it is located). YUL is used for Montréal–Trudeau (UL was the ID code for the beacon in the city of Kirkland , now the location of Montréal–Trudeau). While these codes make it difficult for the public to associate them with a particular Canadian city, some codes have become popular in usage despite their cryptic nature, particularly at the largest airports. Toronto's code has entered pop culture in

11368-404: The terminal has a total floor area of 110,000 square meters (1,200,000 sq ft) and a design capacity of twelve million passengers per annum. The ground level holds the baggage claim and arrival halls, while the second floor holds the transfer facilities, immigration facilities for arriving international passengers, and 18 jet bridges . Aside from the jet bridges, there are remote gates at

11484-407: The terminal has been over capacity, recording an annual average growth rate of 11%. To accommodate this, improvements have been made, increasing its capacity to six million passengers. From 2011 to 2013, Terminal 1 was ranked among the worst airports in Asia by the travel website The Guide to Sleeping In Airports . As a result, plans were developed to rehabilitate the terminal, including expanding

11600-756: The terminal in December 2004. Piatco sued the Philippine government before the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), while Fraport separately sued the government at the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). The ICSID decided in August 2007 in favor of the government, while in January 2012, the ICC case became final and executory in favor of the government. Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) designed

11716-967: The terminal to Newport City . Low-cost carrier Cebu Pacific was the first to operate at Terminal 3 on July 22, 2008. PAL Express (then Air Philippines and Airphil Express) followed suit, and used it until 2018. The first foreign carrier to operate out of Terminal 3 was All Nippon Airways on February 27, 2011. From August to October 2014, Delta Air Lines (later terminated in 2021), KLM , Emirates , Singapore Airlines , and Cathay Pacific moved to Terminal 3. Between 2018 and 2020, United Airlines , Qantas , Qatar Airways , Turkish Airlines , and Etihad Airways followed suit, as did Jetstar Asia , Jetstar Japan , Scoot , China Southern Airlines , Starlux Airlines (later terminated in March 2024), Jeju Air , Ethiopian Airlines , Thai Airways International , and Gulf Air in 2023. Other operators at Terminal 3 include new entrants Aero K , Greater Bay Airlines , and HK Express . Terminal 3 has also been used by

11832-573: The terminal to its original domestic design. While T2 is being expanded, Cebu Pacific's domestic and international operations remained at Terminal 3. Meanwhile, flights of AirSWIFT , SkyJet Airlines , Cebgo , and Sunlight Air remained at Terminal 4. Ahead of the airport's privatization, the New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation—a consortium led by San Miguel Corporation —planned another set of terminal reassignments in August 2024, with an initial target implementation date before

11948-515: The two-letter code of the radio beacons that were the closest to the actual airport, such as YQX in Gander or YXS in Prince George . Four of the ten provincial capital airports in Canada have ended up with codes beginning with YY, including: Canada's largest airport is YYZ for Toronto Pearson (as YTZ was already allocated to Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport , the airport was given

12064-557: The west and Mount Arayat to the east. The airport site is inside the Clark Freeport Zone's Civil Aviation Complex which occupies 2,367 hectares (5,850 acres) and directly linked to the Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX) which is connected to the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) providing a direct link to Metro Manila. It has a local catchment area with an estimated population of 23 million covering

12180-423: The winning bid (now renamed as Luzon International Premier Airport Development (LIPAD) Corporation in a ceremony held at the new terminal building along with the unveiling of its new logo. The new passenger terminal building was completed in September 2020. Trial flights to and from the new terminal were conducted in December 2021, and the terminal opened for commercial operations on May 2, 2022. All flights moved to

12296-701: The world's worst airports. In response, a private consortium has been overseeing the airport's operation and rehabilitation since September 14, 2024. Two nearby construction projects meant to reduce congestion at NAIA are also underway: one being the New Manila International Airport in Bulakan , Bulacan and the other being to upgrade Sangley Point Airport in Cavite City into an international airport. In 2023, NAIA served 45.3 million passengers, forty-seven percent more than

12412-568: Was approved by Executive Order No. 381 immediately after the former airport was destroyed by a fire a month earlier. The project's feasibility study and master plan were conducted by the Airways Engineering Corporation in 1973, supported by a US$ 29.6 million loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The detailed engineering design was created by Renardet-Sauti/Transplan/F.F. Cruz Consultant, and

12528-427: Was assassinated mere moments after exiting his plane at Terminal 1's Gate 8 (now Gate 11) after returning to the Philippines from exile in the United States. Aviation Security Command (AVSECOM) personnel escorted Aquino out of the plane to the tarmac, where an agency van awaited. A single gunshot killed him. Several shots were fired, killing alleged assassin, Rolando Galman. Seconds later, gunfire erupted, causing chaos in

12644-472: Was beleaguered by legal battles, red tape , and arbitration cases in the United States and Singapore, as well as technical and safety issues including repeated incidents of collapsed ceilings that led to repeated delays. Japan-based Takenaka Corporation undertook the terminal's rehabilitation, and it became fully operational on July 31, 2014. The construction of a third terminal was proposed by Asia's Emerging Dragon Corporation (AEDP). AEDP eventually lost

12760-422: Was designed by Federico Ilustre and was built on the current site of Terminal 2. It was inaugurated on September 22, 1961. On January 22, 1972, a fire caused substantial damage to the terminal, resulting in six casualties. A slightly smaller terminal was built the following year. This second terminal would serve as the country's international terminal until 1981 when it was converted to a domestic terminal, upon

12876-465: Was enacted without executive approval, renaming the airport in Ninoy's honor. Presently, a body mark of Aquino's assassination is on display at the departures area, while the spot at Gate 8 where he was killed has a memorial plaque . Due to this event, Terminal 1 is nicknamed the "Ninoy Aquino Terminal." Plans for a new terminal were conceived in 1989 when the Department of Transportation commissioned

12992-726: Was expanded again in 2013 at a cost of $ 9.6 million (PH₱417 million), increasing the capacity of the terminal from 2.5 million to 4.2 million passengers per annum. The expansion increased the size of the passenger terminal building from 11,439 square meters (123,130 sq ft) to 19,799 square meters (213,110 sq ft). It added 21 new check-in counters, increasing the total number of counters from 13 to 34. Five arrival counters and 12 departures counters were also constructed. The expanded terminal has eight entry points and three customs stations. The modernized terminal started operations in May 2013. Clark International Airport used to have two 3,200-meter (10,500 ft) parallel runways. Since

13108-523: Was inaugurated by President Arroyo in April 2008 to serve the growing passenger volume due to the entry of foreign and local budget carriers at the airport. The first phase of the expansion of the terminal started in April 2010 at a cost of $ 12 million (PH₱550 million), saw a second story, arrival and departure lounges, and two aerobridges added to the terminal building. The expansion boosted the airport's capacity to 2.5 million annually. The passenger terminal

13224-654: Was nominated as a finalist for the Airport category of the 2021 Prix Versailles  [ it ] awards but lost to LaGuardia Airport Terminal B as the best new airport in 2021. However, it was recognized as a laureate of Prix Versailles' 2023 list of the World's Most Beautiful Airports. On March 1, 2024, CRK won the Routes Asia Marketing Award under the 5 million Passenger airport category after having handled nearly 2 million passengers in 2023, or

13340-478: Was officially renamed for former Philippine senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. , who was assassinated at the airport on August 21, 1983. NAIA is managed by the Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA), an agency of the Department of Transportation (DOTr). It is currently operated by the New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation (NNIC), a subsidiary of San Miguel Corporation . NAIA and Clark International Airport in Clark Freeport Zone , Pampanga , both serve

13456-458: Was signed, integrating Clark Air Field and Fort Stotsenberg into Clark Air Base but, after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 and the non-renewal of the military bases agreement, Clark Air Base was reverted to the Philippine government . The Bases Conversion Development Act of 1992 accelerated the conversion of Clark Air Base into a Special Economic Zone, and, in 2007, the Congress of

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