Egypt
72-634: On 25 February 1986 around 25,000 conscripts of the Central Security Forces (CSF), an Egyptian paramilitary force, staged violent protests in and around Cairo . The riot came as a reaction to the rumour that their three-year compulsory service would be prolonged by one additional year without any additional benefits or rank promotion. The incited conscripts targeted tourist areas, the American Embassy Compound and destroyed two hotels. The regime of Mubarak relied on
144-472: A Major who is a commissioned officer and a graduate of the Police College. A senior Lieutenant ( mulazim awwal ) (or Captain when the commander is a Major), is usually second-in-command. A CSF company consists of approximately 150 personnel and is composed of two Baton platoons , a Gas platoon , and an Armed platoon . Each platoon is also commanded by a Captain or a Lieutenant with
216-522: A Sergeant ( raqib ) as second-in-command. Approximately 3 to 4 companies make up a CSF Battalion , which is commanded by an officer of full Colonel rank. The Baton platoons are equipped with batons and shields, the gas platoon is responsible for the deployment of Teargas , and the armed platoon usually carries Assault Rifles - usually the AK 47 variants, and is organized like a Light Infantry Rifles platoon. However, under emergency laws and martial law,
288-602: A failed military coup in June 1981, Sadat ordered a major crackdown that resulted in the arrest of numerous opposition figures. Although Sadat still maintained high levels of popularity in Egypt, it has been said that he was assassinated "at the peak" of his unpopularity. Earlier in his presidency, Islamists had benefited from the 'rectification revolution' and the release from prison of activists jailed under Nasser. But Sadat's Sinai treaty with Israel enraged Islamists, particularly
360-639: A hero in Egypt and, for a time, the wider Arab World . Afterwards, he engaged in negotiations with Israel, culminating in the Camp David Accords and the Egypt–Israel peace treaty ; this won him and Menachem Begin the Nobel Peace Prize, making Sadat the first Muslim Nobel laureate. Although reaction to the treaty – which resulted in the return of Sinai to Egypt – was generally favorable among Egyptians, it
432-513: A leading role in cleaning up and reactivating the blocked Suez Canal with heavy investment. The country also facilitated the withdrawal of Israel from the occupied Sinai Peninsula by promising to substitute the loss of the oil to the Israelis with free Iranian oil if they withdrew from the Egyptian oil wells in western Sinai. All these added more to the personal friendship between Sadat and
504-648: A message of support from Pope Paul VI regarding achieving peace with Israel, to include a just solution to the Palestinian issue . Sadat, on his part, extended to the Pope a public invitation to visit Cairo. Sadat also used the media to promote his purposes. In an interview he gave to the Lebanese magazine Al Hawadeth in early February 1976, he claimed he had secret commitment from the US government to put pressure on
576-640: A personal friend and insisted on attending the funeral, walking throughout the funeral procession so as not to desecrate the Sabbath. Sadat was buried in the unknown soldier memorial in Cairo , across the street from the stand where he was assassinated. Over three hundred Islamic radicals were indicted in the trial of assassin Khalid Islambouli, including future al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri , Omar Abdel-Rahman , and Abd al-Hamid Kishk . The trial
648-587: A poor family, and he had 14 siblings. One of his brothers, Atef Sadat , later became a pilot and was killed in action in 1973 during the Yom Kippur War . His father, Anwar Mohammed El Sadat, was an Upper Egyptian , and his mother, Sit Al-Berain, was born to an Egyptian mother and a Sudanese father. He graduated from the Royal Military Academy in Cairo , the capital of what was then
720-545: A series of astute political moves by which he was able to retain the presidency and emerge as a leader in his own right. On 15 May 1971, Sadat announced his Corrective Revolution , purging the government, political and security establishments of the most ardent Nasserists . Sadat encouraged the emergence of an Islamist movement, which had been suppressed by Nasser. Believing Islamists to be socially conservative he gave them "considerable cultural and ideological autonomy" in exchange for political support. In 1971, as part of
792-427: A single shot during the killing, and not one of them has been put on trial. In 1983, Sadat , a miniseries based on the life of Anwar Sadat, aired on US television with Oscar -winning actor Louis Gossett Jr. in the title role. The film was promptly banned by the Egyptian government, as were all other movies produced and distributed by Columbia Pictures , over allegations of historical inaccuracies. A civil lawsuit
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#1732791717018864-484: Is an Egyptian paramilitary force which is responsible for assisting the Egyptian National Police (ENP) for the security of governmental fixed sites, foreign embassies & missions, riots & crowds control , publicly crowded events, high risk arrests, disaster response and SWAT operations. They are a vital arm of Egypt's National Security apparatus. In 1969, a decision was made to create
936-410: Is in the public domain . Country Studies . Federal Research Division . Anwar Sadat Muhammad Anwar es-Sadat (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third president of Egypt , from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of
1008-593: The Arab League from 1979 to 1989. The peace treaty was also one of the primary factors that led to his assassination; on 6 October 1981, militants led by Khalid Islambouli opened fire on Sadat with automatic rifles during the 6 October parade in Cairo, killing him. Anwar Sadat was born on 25 December 1918 in Mit Abu El Kom , part of Monufia Governorate in what was then the Sultanate of Egypt , to
1080-519: The Arab League suspended Egypt in the wake of the Egyptian–Israel peace agreement, and the League moved its headquarters from Cairo to Tunis . Arab League member states believed in the elimination of the "Zionist Entity" and Israel at that time. It was not until 1989 that the League re-admitted Egypt as a member, and returned its headquarters to Cairo. As part of the peace deal, Israel withdrew from
1152-638: The Armed Forces to crush the mutiny, thus when the poorly paid and poorly armed CSF mutinied, the military was sent in to restore order. The Army deployed tanks and armoured personnel carriers and commando snipers to hunt down the rebelling conscripts, most of whom were unarmed or armed only with shields, batons, and assault rifles. In Upper Egypt and near Giza , the Army Aviation and the Air Force used helicopters and fighter jets to attack
1224-546: The Camp David Accords and the Egypt–Israel peace treaty , the "opening up" (or Infitah ) of Egypt's economy, and lastly his assassination in 1981. Sadat succeeded Nasser as president after the latter's death in October 1970. Sadat's presidency was widely expected to be short-lived. Viewing him as having been little more than a puppet of the former president, Nasser's supporters in government settled on Sadat as someone they could manipulate easily. Sadat surprised everyone with
1296-548: The Free Officers who overthrew King Farouk I in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 , and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdel Nasser , under whom he served as vice president twice and whom he succeeded as president in 1970. In 1978, Sadat and Menachem Begin , Prime Minister of Israel, signed a peace treaty in cooperation with United States President Jimmy Carter , for which they were recognized with
1368-718: The Gama'a Islamiyya interviewed in Middle East Report , it was not Islamic Jihad but his organization, known in English as the "Islamic Group", that organized the assassination and recruited the assassin (Islambouli). Members of the Group's 'Majlis el-Shura' ('Consultative Council') – headed by the famed 'blind shaykh' – were arrested two weeks before the killing, but they did not disclose the existing plans and Islambouli succeeded in assassinating Sadat. On 6 October 1981, Sadat
1440-584: The Iranian parliament in Tehran in fluent Persian , describing the 2,500-year-old historic connection between the two lands. Overnight, the Egyptian and Iranian governments were turned from bitter enemies into fast friends. The relationship between Cairo and Tehran became so friendly that the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , called Sadat his "dear brother". After the 1973 war with Israel, Iran assumed
1512-730: The Jarring Mission , three years into the War of Attrition in the Suez Canal zone, Sadat endorsed in a letter the peace proposals of UN negotiator Gunnar Jarring , which seemed to lead to a full peace with Israel on the basis of Israel's withdrawal to its pre-war borders. This peace initiative failed as neither Israel nor the United States of America accepted the terms as discussed then. Shortly after taking office, Sadat shocked many Egyptians by dismissing and imprisoning two of
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#17327917170181584-819: The Kingdom of Egypt , in 1938 and was appointed to the Signal Corps. He entered the army as a second lieutenant and was posted to the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (the Sudan being a condominium under joint British and Egyptian rule at the time). There, he met Gamal Abdel Nasser , and along with several other junior officers they formed the Free Officers , an organization committed to overthrowing British rule in Egypt and eliminating state corruption. During World War II , Sadat collaborated with spies of Nazi Germany in Egypt as part of Operation Salam . Once this
1656-586: The Nobel Peace Prize . In his 11 years as president, he changed Egypt 's trajectory, departing from many political and economic tenets of Nasserism , reinstituting a multi-party system , and launching the Infitah economic policy. As President, he led Egypt in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 to regain Egypt's Sinai Peninsula , which Israel had occupied since the Six-Day War of 1967, making him
1728-865: The October War , also known as the Yom Kippur War (and less commonly as the Ramadan War), a surprise attack against the Israeli forces occupying the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula , and the Syrian Golan Heights in an attempt to retake these respective Egyptian and Syrian territories that had been occupied by Israel since the Six Day War six years earlier. The Egyptian and Syrian performance in the initial stages of
1800-844: The Sinai Peninsula in phases, completing its withdrawal from the entire territory except the town of Taba by 25 April 1982 (withdrawal from which did not occur until 1989). The improved relations Egypt gained with the West through the Camp David Accords soon gave the country resilient economic growth. By 1980, however, Egypt's strained relations with the Arab World would result in a period of rapid inflation. The relationship between Iran and Egypt had fallen into open hostility during Gamal Abdel Nasser 's presidency. Following his death in 1970, President Sadat turned this around quickly into an open and close friendship. In 1971, Sadat addressed
1872-493: The chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers , cancelled an official meeting with Danish Prime Minister Anker Jørgensen to travel to Egypt where he tried to persuade Sadat to sign a peace treaty. During Kosygin's two-day long stay it is unknown if he and Sadat ever met in person. The Israeli military then continued their drive to encircle the Egyptian army. The encirclement was completed on 24 October, three days after
1944-543: The "battering ram of State Security". The CSF is headed by a Director General , who is a 3-star Police General of the Interior Ministry, and is organized as follows: Similar to other central SWAT organizations in other countries, CSF deployment is divided into three parts - Baton, Gas, and Armed. The basic unit formation of the CSF is a company which is commanded by a Police Captain ( naqib ) or in some cases
2016-567: The 1967 Six-Day War . The agreement also provided for the free passage of Israeli ships through the Suez Canal and recognition of the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba as international waterways. The agreement notably made Egypt the first Arab country to officially recognize Israel. The peace agreement between Egypt and Israel has remained in effect since the treaty was signed. The treaty
2088-557: The CSF to quell any source of instability within the country and to uphold the emergency laws imposed on Egypt since the 1981 assassination of the President of Egypt , Anwar Sadat . The CSF was especially deployed to tackle armed Islamist insurgents. From the 1990s onwards, CSF has become operationally coordinated with the State Security , meaning CSF units can be ordered to deploy by State Security officers, and has been called
2160-629: The Central Security Forces from well trained and equipped police forces on large scale covering the whole country under the command of the Ministry of Interior (Egypt) to conduct special police operations in response to operational needs. The creation of those forces followed the military model, and became close – in formation, training, equipment and operating procedures – to the Italian Carabinieri , Indian CRPF and
2232-533: The Egyptian people. Reportedly, after the end of the Second World War, Sadat wrote to Al-Musawar weekly a letter that praised Adolf Hitler's legacy. During the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sadat was appointed minister of State in 1954. He was also appointed editor of the newly founded daily Al Gomhuria . In 1959, he assumed the position of secretary to the National Union. Sadat was
1986 Egyptian conscripts riot - Misplaced Pages Continue
2304-650: The Israeli army led by General Ariel Sharon had crossed the Suez Canal , trying to encircle first the Egyptian Second Army. Although this failed, prompted by an agreement between the United States of America and the Soviet Union, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 338 on 22 October 1973, calling for an immediate ceasefire. Although agreed upon, the ceasefire was immediately broken. Alexei Kosygin ,
2376-680: The Israeli government for a major withdrawal in Sinai and the Golan Heights. This statement caused some concern to the Israeli government, but Secretary of State Henry Kissinger denied such a promise was ever made. In January 1977, a series of 'Bread Riots' protested Sadat's economic liberalization and specifically a government decree lifting price controls on basic necessities like bread. The riots lasted for two days and included hundreds of thousands in Cairo. 120 buses and hundreds of buildings were destroyed in Cairo alone. The riots ended with
2448-542: The Muslim Brotherhood, the fascist Young Egypt , the pro-Axis and pro-Royalist Iron Guard of Egypt , and the secret military group called the Free Officers. Along with his fellow Free Officers, Sadat participated in the military coup that launched the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 , which overthrew King Farouk I on 23 July of that year. Sadat gave the first statement of the revolution over the radio to
2520-628: The Russian OMON . The initial batch of recruits were drawn from the Police and had to undergo military training under the Army . Later on, in 1970, a separate training institute was set up for the CSF and the force started conscripting its recruits, just like regular Army conscripts. Formed in 1977 to obviate the need to call upon the armed forces to deal with domestic disturbances, the CSF grew rapidly to 100,000 members when Mubarak took office. The CSF
2592-512: The Shah of Iran. (The Shah's first wife was Princess Fawzia of Egypt . She was the eldest daughter of Sultan Fuad I of Egypt and Sudan (later King Fuad I ) and his second wife Nazli Sabri.) After his overthrow, the deposed Shah spent the last months of his life in exile in Egypt. When the Shah died, Sadat ordered that he be given a state funeral and be interred at the Al-Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo,
2664-418: The United States. He was portrayed by Robert Loggia in the 1982 television movie A Woman Called Golda , opposite Ingrid Bergman as Golda Meir . The first Egyptian depiction of Sadat's life came in 2001, when Ayyam El Sadat (English: The Days of Sadat ) was released in Egyptian cinemas. The movie was a major success in Egypt, and was hailed as Ahmed Zaki 's greatest performance to date. Sadat
2736-850: The agitators received correctional punishment after being tried before State Security Court for arson , violent riots , and insubordination according to penal code . Some reports related that mutiny to a conspiracy against the Minister of Interior in charge by then (Gen. Ahmed Roshdy) due to his policies. After the suppression the government promised to overhaul the force by raising its entry standards, increasing payment and bettering living conditions in their camps. Central Security Forces The General Security and Central Security Forces ( Arabic : قوات الأمن العام و الأمن المركزي , romanized : Quwwāt al-Amn al- Amm wa Quwwāt al-Amn al-Markazī , often shortened to Arabic : الأمن المركزي , romanized : Al-Amn al-Markazī )
2808-540: The agitators received correctional punishment after being tried before State Security Court for arson , violent riots , and insubordination according to penal code . Some reports related that mutiny to a conspiracy against the Minister of Interior in charge by then (Gen. Ahmed Roshdy) due to his policies. After the suppression the government promised to overhaul the force by raising its entry standards, increasing payment and bettering living conditions in their camps. The Egyptian government subsequently came to rely on
2880-575: The arrest of an operative carrying crucial information. In September, Sadat ordered a highly unpopular roundup of more than 1,500 people, including many Jihad members, but also the Coptic Pope and other Coptic clergy, intellectuals and activists of all ideological stripes. All non-government press was banned as well. The roundup missed a Jihad cell in the military led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli , who would succeed in assassinating Anwar Sadat that October. According to Tala'at Qasim , ex-head of
2952-519: The assassination of Amin Osman, Sadat returned again and finally to prison. In Qarmidan prison, he faced the most difficult ordeals of imprisonment by being held in solitary confinement, but the first accused in the Hussein Tawfiq case, escaped, and after there is no criminality evidence all the charges fall and the suspected went free. Salah Zulfikar , then young police officer, at that time
1986 Egyptian conscripts riot - Misplaced Pages Continue
3024-451: The assassination was an international conspiracy. On 31 October 2006, he was sentenced to a year in prison for defaming Egypt's armed forces, less than a month after he gave the interview accusing Egyptian generals of masterminding his uncle's assassination. In an interview with a Saudi television channel, he also claimed both the United States and Israel were involved noting that no one from the special personal protection group of Sadat fired
3096-442: The ceasefire was broken. This development prompted superpower tension, but a second ceasefire was imposed cooperatively on 25 October to end the war. At the conclusion of hostilities, Israeli forces were 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Damascus and 101 kilometres (63 mi) from Cairo . The initial Egyptian and Syrian victories in the war restored popular morale throughout Egypt and the Arab World and, for many years after, Sadat
3168-470: The country, capture the headquarters of the army and State Security, the telephone exchange building, and of course the radio and television building, where news of the Islamic revolution would then be broadcast, unleashing – he expected – a popular uprising against secular authority all over the country". In February 1981, Egyptian authorities were alerted to El-Jihad's plan by
3240-479: The deployment of the army and the re-institution of the subsidies/price controls. During this time, Sadat was also taking a new approach towards improving relations with the West. The United States and the Soviet Union agreed on 1 October 1977, on principles to govern a Geneva conference on the Middle East. Syria continued to resist such a conference. Not wanting either Syria or the Soviet Union to influence
3312-496: The eastern part of Sinai that directly border Israel (Zone "C"). The Egyptian government then tasked the Central Security Forces to take up the task. The CSF force deployed is effectively a motorized light infantry force without the heavy weapons and equipment. In 1986, hundreds of third category, low ranking, CSF personnel (soldiers) staged a four-day mutiny , in the Egyptian Conscription Riot . The riot
3384-404: The film's poor reception in Egypt to racism – Gossett being African-American – in the Egyptian government or Egypt in general. Either way, one Western source wrote that Sadat's portrayal by Gossett "bothered race-conscious Egyptians and wouldn't have pleased [the deceased] Sadat," who identified as Egyptian and Northeast African, not black. The two-part series earned Gossett an Emmy nomination in
3456-466: The full implementation of UN Resolutions 242 and 338 . The Peace treaty was finally signed by Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin in Washington, D.C., United States, on 26 March 1979, following the Camp David Accords , a series of meetings between Egypt and Israel facilitated by US president Jimmy Carter . Both Sadat and Begin were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for creating
3528-562: The most powerful figures in the regime, Vice President Ali Sabri , who had close ties with Soviet officials, and Sharawi Gomaa , the Interior Minister, who controlled the secret police. Sadat's rising popularity would accelerate after he cut back the powers of the hated secret police, expelled Soviet military from the country and reformed the Egyptian army for a renewed confrontation with Israel. On 6 October 1973, in conjunction with Hafez al-Assad of Syria , Sadat launched
3600-559: The non-armed CSF units can be converted into armed units, and they are additionally equipped with LMGs , recoilless rifles and sniper rifles for anti-insurgency operations. Also, the three-part deployment of CSF is not applicable in regions like the North Sinai , where all units are armed at all times. The Central Security Forces personnel consists of three categories; Officers - Sub-officers- Conscripts - [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from this source, which
3672-601: The peace process, Sadat decided to take more progressive stance towards building a comprehensive peace agreement with Israel. The 1977 visit by Anwar Sadat to Israel was the first time an Arab leader officially visited Israel. Sadat met with Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin , and spoke before the Knesset in Jerusalem about his views on how to achieve a comprehensive peace to the Arab–Israeli conflict , which included
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#17327917170183744-573: The president of the National Assembly (1960–1968) and then Vice President of Egypt and member of the presidential council in 1964. He was reappointed as vice president again in December 1969. Some of the major events of Sadat's presidency were his "Corrective Revolution" to consolidate power, the break with Egypt's long-time ally and aid-giver the USSR , the 1973 October War with Israel,
3816-416: The radical Egyptian Islamic Jihad . According to interviews and information gathered by journalist Lawrence Wright , the group was recruiting military officers and accumulating weapons, waiting for the right moment to launch "a complete overthrow of the existing order" in Egypt. Chief strategist of El-Jihad was Abbud al-Zumar , a colonel in the military intelligence whose "plan was to kill the main leaders of
3888-459: The rebelling conscripts, causing many deaths. At least four to five helicopters, and three fighter jets, were used in the operation. The Air Force officer in command of the operation was Ahmed Shafik , as commander of all MiG-21 fleets in the Central Military Zone. The riot lasted for three days, 107 died mostly CSF personnel, according to official reports and 1324 were arrested. Over 20,000 conscripts were dismissed from service with no benefits, and
3960-470: The resting place of Egyptian Khedive Isma'il Pasha , his mother Khushyar Hanim, and numerous other members of the royal family of Egypt and Sudan . The last months of Sadat's presidency were marked by internal uprising. Sadat dismissed allegations that the rioting was incited by domestic issues, believing that the Soviet Union was recruiting its regional allies in Libya and Syria to incite an uprising that would eventually force him out of power. Following
4032-461: The rioting crowds in Tahrir Square which led to the shooting death of three protestors. Following the 1973 Arab Israeli War between Egypt and Israel – then settling the 1973 & 1974 Ceasefire agreements; the 1979 Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty was signed and the subsequent Israeli withdrawal from the rest of Sinai Peninsula occurred. The Treaty stipulated the Egyptian government refrain from deploying regular Egyptian Armed Forces units in
4104-441: The treaty. In his acceptance speech, Sadat referred to the long-awaited peace desired by both Arabs and Israelis. The main features of the agreement were the mutual recognition of each country by the other, the cessation of the state of war that had existed since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , and the complete withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the rest of the Sinai Peninsula , which Israel had captured during
4176-432: The vision of a united "Arab front" for the support of the Palestinians against the "Zionist Entity". However, Sadat decided early on that peace was the solution. Sadat's shift towards a strategic relationship with the US was also seen as a betrayal by many Arabs. In the United States his peace moves gained him popularity among some Evangelical circles. He was awarded the Prince of Peace Award by Pat Robertson . In 1979,
4248-405: The war astonished both Israel, and the Arab World. The most striking achievement ( Operation Badr , also known as The Crossing) was the Egyptian military's advance approximately 15 km into the occupied Sinai Peninsula after penetrating and largely destroying the Bar Lev Line . This line was popularly thought to have been an impregnable defensive chain. As the war progressed, three divisions of
4320-414: The world, including a rare simultaneous attendance by three former US presidents: Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter and Richard Nixon . Sudan 's President Gaafar Nimeiry was the only Arab head of state to attend the funeral. Only 3 of 24 states in the Arab League – Oman, Somalia and Sudan – sent representatives at all. Israel's prime minister, Menachem Begin , considered Sadat
4392-401: Was a reaction to the spread of false rumours among its conscripts that their (three-year) conscription time will be extended by a year. The insurrection was suppressed by the Egyptian Army . They rampaged through the suburb of Giza burning some hotels and shops in tourist areas. They also burned dozens of cars and buses. Over 20,000 conscripts were dismissed from service with no benefits, and
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#17327917170184464-617: Was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal . Islambouli emptied his assault rifle into Sadat's body while in the front of the grandstand, mortally wounding the President. In addition to Sadat, eleven others were killed, including the Cuban ambassador, an Omani general, a Coptic Orthodox bishop and Samir Helmy, the head of Egypt's Central Auditing Agency (CAA). Twenty-eight were wounded, including Vice President Hosni Mubarak , Irish Defence Minister James Tully , and four US military liaison officers. The assassination squad
4536-430: Was brought by Egypt's artists' and film unions against Columbia Pictures and the film's directors, producers and scriptwriters before a court in Cairo, but was dismissed, since the alleged slanders, having taken place outside the country, fell outside the Egyptian courts' jurisdiction. The film was critically acclaimed in North America, but was unpopular among Egyptians and in the Egyptian press. Western authors attributed
4608-403: Was covered by the international press and Zawahiri's knowledge of English made him the de facto spokesman for the defendants. Zawahiri was released from prison in 1984. Abboud al-Zomor and Tareq al-Zomor, two Islamic Jihad leaders imprisoned in connection with the assassination, were released on 11 March 2011. Despite these facts, the nephew of the late president, Talaat Sadat , claimed that
4680-415: Was discovered by the British authorities he was arrested and imprisoned for much of the war. By the end of the conflict, he had already met with the secret society that decided to assassinate Amin Osman , Minister of Finance in the Wafd Party government, and the head of the Egyptian-British Friendship Society, due to his strong sympathies towards the British. Osman was assassinated in January 1946. Following
4752-447: Was extremely unpopular in most of the Arab World and the wider Muslim World. His predecessor Nasser had made Egypt an icon of Arab nationalism, an ideology that appeared to be sidelined by an Egyptian orientation following the 1973 war (see National identity of Egyptians ). The neighboring Arab countries believed that in signing the accords, Sadat had put Egypt's interests ahead of Arab unity, betraying Nasser's pan-Arabism , and destroyed
4824-471: Was known as the "Hero of the Crossing". Israel recognized Egypt as a formidable foe, and Egypt's renewed political significance eventually led to regaining and reopening the Suez Canal through the peace process. His new peace policy led to the conclusion of two agreements on disengagement of forces with the Israeli government. The first of these agreements was signed on 18 January 1974, and the second on 4 September 1975. One major aspect of Sadat's peace policy
4896-406: Was led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli after a fatwā approving the assassination had been obtained from Omar Abdel-Rahman . Islambouli was tried, found guilty, sentenced to death, and executed by firing squad in April 1982. Sadat was succeeded by his vice president Hosni Mubarak, whose hand was injured during the attack. Sadat's funeral was attended by a record number of dignitaries from around
4968-454: Was rejected by the country's Muslim Brotherhood and the left, which felt Sadat had abandoned efforts to ensure a State of Palestine . With the exception of Sudan, the Arab world and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) strongly opposed Sadat's efforts to make a separate peace with Israel without prior consultations with the Arab states. His refusal to reconcile with them over the Palestinian issue resulted in Egypt being suspended from
5040-559: Was set up to deal with the growing unrest and public disorder following the Egyptian defeat in the Six day war . The CSF was deployed by the Sadat government to tackle large protests by Leftist and hardline Nasserist groups in January 1972 in Cairo, the protests were called to protest against Sadat's anti-Soviet and anti-Palestinian foreign policy, lack of action against Israel and right-wing economic measures such as cutting some subsidies and increasing some prices of welfare services like public transport. CSF units had to use force to disperse
5112-412: Was the officer in charge in the prison. He believed in his heart of Sadat's heroism and that he played a patriotic role towards his country and that he was convicted and imprisoned because of his love for his country. Zulfikar brought with him food, newspapers and cigarettes and helped his family a lot in obtaining visitor permits to check on him. Anwar Sadat was active in many political movements, including
5184-535: Was to gain some religious support for his efforts. Already during his visit to the US in October–November 1975, he invited Evangelical pastor Billy Graham for an official visit, which was held a few days after Sadat's visit. In addition to cultivating relations with Evangelical Christians in the US, he also built some cooperation with the Vatican. On 8 April 1976, he visited the Vatican for the first time, and got
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