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105-447: This Pahang location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Malaysia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pahang Pahang ( Malay pronunciation: [paˈhaŋ] ; Pahang Hulu Malay: Paha , Pahang Hilir Malay: Pahaeng , Ulu Tembeling Malay: Pahaq ), officially Pahang Darul Makmur with

210-598: A Cambridge expedition to locate Langkasuka and Tambralinga , the details of this expedition are described in The Naga King's Daughter . An archaeological investigation of the Yarang area began in 1989 by the Fine Arts Department of Thailand. The majority of the ruins were clustered in the vicinity of a hamlet called Ban Wat, and may have formed the nucleus of the city. Others were scattered further to

315-599: A diversity of animal and plant life, but sustains the livelihood of the Orang Asal , the aboriginal people inhabiting the wetlands. Most of the coastline is sandy, with rocky headlands at intervals. Mangroves and nipah swamps are confined to estuaries and do not occur along the exposed coast. These estuaries can be seasonally important to fishermen when rough weather prevents fishing at sea. There are limited areas of hard and soft coral offshore, which have been mapped together with coastal features. There are many islands off

420-589: A few confined to the north of the country or the west coast. There are a large number of montane species. Peaks within Taman Negara, Mount Benom , and peaks along the Titiwangsa Range , with different endemic species in each of these montane regions are located in Pahang. The large forest blocks of the west and northeast support nationally important populations of big mammals and other fauna, and act as

525-502: A hub for the east coast region of Peninsular Malaysia. Over the years, the state has attracted much investment, both local and foreign, in the mineral sector. Important mineral exports include iron ore, gold, tin and bauxite . Malaysia's substantial oil and natural gas fields lie offshore in the South China Sea. At one time, timber resources also brought much wealth to the state. Large-scale development projects have resulted in

630-610: A large proportion of which occurs during the northeast monsoon . Precipitation is the lowest in March, with an average of 22.25 mm. In October and November, the precipitation reaches its peak, with an average of 393 mm. The hottest month in Pahang is May when the average maximum temperature is 33°, average temperature is 28° and average minimum temperature is 24°. At highland areas, the temperature can vary from 23 °C (73 °F) during daytime to 16 °C (61 °F) during night time. Pahang experiences two monsoon seasons:

735-744: A map in the Ming dynasty military treatise Wubei Zhi locates it south of Songkla near the Pattani River . A 15th century Arab text similarly places the kingdom between Kelantan and Songkla. The only contradictory information comes from a later Malay text Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa which placed it on the west coast as the predecessor of modern Kedah, although its sovereign had some association with Pattani. Chinese, Arab and Indian sources all considered Kedah and Langkasuka to be separate geographical entities. The Javanese poem Nagarakretagama placed it north of Saiburi , however it appears to imply that it

840-428: A northeast monsoon and a southwest monsoon. The tropical storms of the northeast monsoon wash ashore from the end of October until the beginning of March ever year, bringing heavy rainfall, powerful currents and unpredictable tempest of the monsoon season coming in from the South China Sea. The southwest monsoon, which occurs beginning March every year, brings somewhat less rainfall, with sunny and tropical weather up until

945-749: A part of the hereditary domains attached to this title and administered directly by the raja bendahara. The weakening of the Johor Sultanate and the disputed succession to the throne was coupled with the increasing independence of the Bendahara in Pahang, the Temenggong in Johor and Singapore, and the Yamtuan Muda in Riau. In 1853, the fourth raja bendahara Tun Ali , renounced his allegiance to

1050-538: A series development initiatives and programs, the most recent is the East Coast Economic Region introduced in 2007, is also credited for the robust economic growth in recent years. With GDP growing an average 5.6 per cent annually from 1971 to 2000, Pahang is considered a developing state. In 2015, the state economy grew by 4.5%, the tenth highest among 15 states and federal territories of Malaysia, but later reduced to 2% in 2016. The GDP per capita

1155-516: A supernatural being and, not daring to injure him, exiled him from the country, whereupon he fled to India. The king of India gave him his eldest daughter in marriage. Not long afterwards, when the king of Lang-ya died, the chief ministers welcomed back the exile and made him king. This king then ruled for more than 20 years. He was succeeded by his son, King Bhagadatta , who sent the first ambassadorial mission to China in 515. Further emissaries were sent in 523, 531, and 568. The transcription of

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1260-421: A unit with Taman Negara. The Pahang River is the longest river on the peninsula, and from its headwaters to the estuary it includes virtually all of the natural river types. These range from montane streams, saraca streams and neram rivers to rasau and nipah tidal reaches. Water catchments have been defined as covering 81% of the state and more than half of this is forested. The huge network of rivers in Pahang

1365-495: A village fifteen kilometers south of Pattani, which may be of the city described in Liangshu . The city was located inland 10 miles from the coast and connected to the rivers leading to the sea via canals. Silting of the waterways may have led to its decline. Several archaeological expeditions were conducted in the 1960s to locate Langkasuka following Paul Wheatley's suggestion of its likely location. In 1963, Stewart Wavell led

1470-399: A white parasol. The soldiers of his guard are well-appointed. The inhabitants of the country say that their state was founded more than four hundred years ago. Subsequently the descendants became weaker, but in the king's household there was a man of virtue to whom the populace turned. When the king heard of this he imprisoned this man, but his chains snapped unaccountably. The king took him for

1575-697: Is Genting , Gebeng , Jelai and Muadzam Shah . For each district, the state government appoints a district officer who heads lands and district office. An administrative district can be distinguished from a local government area where the former deals with land administration and revenue while the latter deals with the planning and delivery of basic infrastructure to its inhabitants. Administrative district boundaries are usually coextensive with local government area boundaries but may sometimes differ especially in urbanised areas. Local governments in Pahang consist of 3 municipal councils and 8 district councils. The administrative divisions in Pahang are originated from

1680-517: Is a constitutional monarchy . The constitutional head is the Sultan , who is described as "the fountain head of justice and of all authority of government" in the state. He who is vested with the power as a monarch of the state, is also the Head of Islam and the source of all titles and dignities, honours and awards. The current Sultan belong to the male line of the Bendahara dynasty who have been ruling

1785-475: Is also etymologically linked to tin). This lexemic starting point can be used to explain other derivatives terms such as the Pahang River , Mahang the place (name given to Pahang by Jakuns ), Mahang the tree ( Macaranga , a common tree species in secondary forests, likely named after the toponym of the same phoneme). The Proto-Malays of Sungai Bebar who interacted with Trito-Malays likely acquired

1890-528: Is also the highest point in Peninsular Malaysia. The climate is temperate enough to have distinct temperature variations year round, and much of the highlands are covered with tropical rainforest . Pahang is home to two of Malaysia's national parks , Taman Negara and Endau-Rompin , both located in the north and south of the state respectively. These large primary rainforests are extensive, and are home to many rare or endangered animals, such as

1995-466: Is divided into 11 districts ( daerah ) – Pekan, Rompin, Maran, Temerloh, Jerantut, Bentong, Raub, Lipis, Cameron Highlands and Bera. The largest district is Jerantut, which is the main gateway to the Taman Negara national park. Pahang's capital and largest city, Kuantan , is the eighth largest urban area by population in Malaysia. The royal capital and the official seat of the Sultan of Pahang

2100-430: Is home to freshwater aquatic biodiversity, important to the economy of the state. Connecting to this riverine systems are a number of natural freshwater lakes, most notably Bera and Chini lakes. Surrounded by a patchwork of dry lowland dipterocarp forests, the lake environment stretches its tentacles into islands of peat swamp forests. Rich in wildlife and vegetation, the lakes provide an ecosystem which supports not only

2205-401: Is located at Pekan . Pekan was also the old state capital and its name translates literally into 'the town', it was known historically as ' Inderapura '. Other major towns include Temerloh , Raub , Bentong , Jerantut , Kuala Lipis and its hill resorts of Genting Highlands , Bukit Tinggi , and Cameron Highlands . The head of state is the Sultan of Pahang , while the head of government

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2310-459: Is recorded at $ 7,629.39 in 2016, while the unemployment rate was maintained below 3% from 2010 to 2016. The economy of Pahang in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2016 was $ 12.414 billion, the eight largest in Malaysia. The amount constitutes 4.5% contribution to the national GDP, and largely driven by three main economic activities; Services (49%), Agriculture (23%), and Manufacturing (22.1%). Historically, by

2415-608: Is subjected to Malaysia's legal system which is based on English Common Law . The highest court in the judicial system is the Federal Court , followed by the Court of Appeal and the High Court of Malaya . Malaysia also has a special court to hear cases brought by or against royalty. The death penalty is in use for serious crimes such as murder, terrorism, drug trafficking, and kidnapping. Separate from and running parallel to

2520-563: Is subordinated to a Penghulu , the head of the mukim , who in turn subordinated to the district officer . Pahang GDP share by sector (2016) As a federal state of Malaysia, Pahang is a relatively open state-oriented market economy . The Pahang State Government Development Corporation, established in 1965, carries the responsibility to drive the economic and social development, by attracting investments, promoting industrial, property and entrepreneurial development, and setting up new commercial hubs and townships. The federal government, through

2625-589: Is the Menteri Besar . The government system is closely modeled on the Westminster parliamentary system . The state religion of Pahang is Islam , but allows other religions in its territory. Archaeological evidence shows that humans have inhabited the area that is now Pahang since as early as the Paleolithic age. The early settlements gradually developed into an ancient maritime trading state by

2730-540: Is the third largest state in Malaysia after Sabah and Sarawak , and the largest in Peninsular Malaysia . Geographically diverse, Pahang occupies the vast Pahang River basin, which is enclosed by the Titiwangsa Range to the west and the eastern highlands to the north. Although about two thirds of the state is dense jungle, its central plains are intersected by numerous rivers, joining to form

2835-522: Is unmistakably /paahaŋ/, note that the long ā sound is not explicitly rendered or stressed in old Jawi, just like ڤد). Since the tin mines at Sungai Lembing had been known since ancient times and that the Malay Peninsula was within the sphere of influence of Khmer civilization, William Linehan hypothesized that the name of the state was named after the Khmer word for tin (note that tin-rich Perak

2940-783: The Federated Malay States , a protectorate of the British Empire . This had effectively reduced the Sultan's powers and authority, as did the creation of Federal Council in 1909. The executive and legislative functions of the State Council became increasingly nominal. Like other Malay States , Pahang suffered during the Japanese occupation of Malaya until 1945. During the Japanese Occupation,

3045-579: The Krau Wildlife Reserve , Bera Lake Ramsar Site , Tioman Island Marine Park and Cameron Highlands Wildlife Sanctuary . Total forest in Pahang is about 2,367,000 ha (66% of the land area), of which 89% is a dryland forest, 10% peat swamp forest, and 1% mangroves . About 56% of the total forest is within the Permanent Forest Estate. This includes almost the full range of forest types found in Malaysia, although some of

3150-530: The Liu Song court in 449–450. In 456–457, another envoy of the same country arrived at the Chinese capital, Jiankang . This ancient Pahang is believed to had been established later as a mueang to the mandala of Langkasuka - Kedah centred in modern-day Patani region that rose to prominence with the regression of Funan from the 6th century. By the beginning of the 8th century, Langkasuka-Kedah came under

3255-460: The Malay Peninsula and its peripheries are recognised by historians as the cradle of Malayic civilisations. Primordial Malayic kingdoms are described as tributaries to Funan by the 2nd century Chinese sources. Ancient settlements in Pahang can be traced from Tembeling to as far south as Merchong. Their tracks can also be found in the deep hinterland of Jelai, along the Chini Lake , and up to

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3360-519: The Malay Peninsula . Langkasuka flourished from the 200s to the 1500s as the oldest kingdom in the Malay Peninsula, believed to have been established by descendants of Ashoka the Great . The name is Sanskrit in origin; it is thought to be a combination of langkha for "resplendent land" - sukkha for "bliss". The kingdom, along with Old Kedah , is among the earliest kingdoms founded on

3465-667: The Orang Besar Berlapan ('eight chiefs') and then Orang Besar Enam Belas ('sixteen chiefs') who were subordinated to their respective principal nobles. The lowest of this traditional hierarchy are the Tok Empat or village headmen who were subordinated to Tok Mukim , who in turn subordinated to Tok Penghulu , who in turn subordinated to one of the sixteen chiefs. In modern times, the Tok Empat became formally known as Ketua Kampung (literally 'village headman'), although continued to be referred as such informally. He

3570-599: The Pattani Sultanate to the north and the Johor Sultanate to the south. To the west, its jurisdiction extended over parts of modern-day Selangor and Negeri Sembilan . The sultanate has its origin as a vassal to the Malacca Sultanate , with its first sultan, Muhammad Shah having been a Malaccan prince, and was the grandson of Dewa Sura , the last pre-Malaccan ruler of Pahang . Over

3675-702: The Philippines and printed cloth from India and local sources. "Langkasuka" was mentioned in the Malay text Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa , and it was referred to as "Lengkasuka" in the Javanese poem Nagarakretagama . Tamil sources name "Ilangasoka" as one of Rajendra Chola 's conquests in his expedition against the Srivijaya empire. It was described as a kingdom that was "undaunted in fierce battles". Thai sources made no reference to Langkasuka, but Pattani

3780-523: The tapir , mouse-deer , tigers, elephants and leopards . Ferns are also extremely common, mainly due to the high humidity and fog that permeates the area. Popular hill resorts located along these main highland areas are Cameron Highlands , Genting Highlands , Fraser's Hill and Bukit Tinggi . The Cameron Highlands is home to extensive tea plantations and also a major supplier of legumes and vegetables to both Malaysia and Singapore. The largest of Felda 's palm oil plantations in Malaysia are located in

3885-544: The 12th century, Langkasuka was a tributary to Srivijaya. The kingdom declined and how it ended is unclear with several theories being put up. The late 13th-century Pasai Annals , mentioned that Langkasuka was destroyed in 1370. Some believed that Langkasuka remained under the control and influence of the Srivijaya Empire until the 14th century when it was conquered by the Majapahit Empire . Langkasuka

3990-525: The 19th century, Pahang's economy, like in ancient times, was still heavily dependent on the export of gold. Gold mines can be found from Bera to Jelai River river basin. Systematic mining started in 1889 during British protectorate, when the Raub Australian Gold mine was established. Extensive underground mining took place in the area and this continued until 1985 during which time the mine at Raub produced nearly 1 million ounces, 85% of

4095-583: The 3rd century. In the 5th century, the Old Pahang Kingdom sent envoys to the Liu Song court. During the time of Langkasuka , Srivijaya and Ligor , Pahang was one of the outlying dependencies . In the 15th century, the Pahang Sultanate became an autonomous kingdom within the Malacca Sultanate . Pahang entered into a dynastic union with the Johor Sultanate in the early 17th century and later emerged as an autonomous kingdom in

4200-399: The 6th century it experienced a resurgence and began to send emissaries to China. King Bhagadatta first established relations with China in 515 AD, with further emissaries sent in 523, 531 and 568. By the 8th century it had probably come under the control of the rising Srivijaya empire. In 1025 it was attacked by the armies of King Rajendra Chola I in his campaign against Srivijaya . In

4305-455: The Arabic honorific Darul Makmur (Jawi: دار المعمور ‎ , "The Abode of Tranquility") is a sultanate and a federal state of Malaysia . It is the third largest state in the country and the largest state in Peninsular Malaysia , and the ninth most populous. The state occupies the basin of the Pahang River , and a stretch of the east coast as far south as Endau . The state borders

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4410-687: The Askar Wataniah, the troops paraded through Pekan and submitted to a royal inspection, after which they were honoured at the Sa'adah Palace with what has been called 'the first ronggeng of the liberation'. During his reign, Sultan Abu Bakar revived the office of State Mufti and established the Pahang Islamic and Malay Customs Council. The state's administrative capital, which was established in Kuala Lipis during British intervention,

4515-519: The Chinese court. The earliest and most detailed description of the kingdom comes from the Chinese Liang dynasty (502–557) record Liangshu , which refers to the kingdom of "Lang-ya-xiu" ( Chinese : 狼牙脩 , Middle Chinese : lɑŋ ŋˠa sɨu ). The record mentions that the kingdom was founded over 400 years earlier, which made its founding likely some time in the late 1st or early 2nd century. According to Liangshu , "Lang-ya-xiu" or Langkasuka

4620-809: The Dutch presence in the Strait of Malacca . Nevertheless, in 1607, Pahang not only tolerated the Dutch , but, following a visit by Admiral Matelief de Jonge , even cooperated with them in an attempt to get rid of the Portuguese. The Sultan tried to reforge the Johor-Pahang alliance to assist the Dutch. However, a quarrel which erupted between Sultan Abdul Ghafur and Alauddin Riayat Shah III of Johor , resulted in Johor declaring war on Pahang in 1612. With

4725-677: The Indian King Murunda sailed from Kiu-Li's port (between 240 and 245 CE). Murunda presented to the Funanese King Fan Chang four horses from the Yuezhi ( Kushan ) stud farms. By the middle of the 5th century, a polity suggested to be ancient Pahang, was described in the Book of Song as Pohuang or Panhuang (婆皇). The king of Pohuang, She-li Po-luo-ba-mo ('Sri Bhadravarman'), was recorded to have sent an envoy to

4830-699: The Jengka Triangle centred around the Bandar Tun Razak in Maran district. Pahang's long, coastline has sandy beaches like Cherating , Teluk Cempedak , Beserah , Batu Hitam and Tanjung Sepat . Also located along the coastal plain, is a 32 km (12 sq mi) wide expanse of alluvial soil that includes the deltas and estuarine plains of the Kuantan, Pahang, Rompin, Endau, and Mersing Rivers. Important economic centres can be found along

4935-478: The Malay Peninsula. The exact location of the kingdom is of some debate, but archaeological discoveries at Yarang near Pattani, Thailand suggest a probable location. The kingdom is proposed to have been established in the 1st century , perhaps between 80 and 100 AD. According to the legend given in the Kedah Annals , the kingdom was founded and named by Merong Mahawangsa . Another proposal suggests that

5040-432: The Malaysia's estimated 109.1 million tonnes of bauxite reserves. Mining of the ore, used to make aluminium, surged in 2015 after neighbouring Indonesia prohibited the raw material from being sold overseas. China, instead, bought almost 21 million tonnes from Malaysia, valued at US$ 955.3 million. Pahang iron ore production is concentrated at small-scale mines scattered across the state. The low grade iron ores were consumed by

5145-742: The Malaysian states of Kelantan and Terengganu to the north, Perak , Selangor and Negeri Sembilan to the west and Johor to the south, with the South China Sea is to the east. Pahang is separated from the west coast states by the Titiwangsa Mountains that forms a natural divider between the peninsula's east and west coasts from north to south, and from Terengganu in the east by the Pantai Timur Range . The state's highest elevation culminates at Mount Tahan in

5250-839: The Mentri Besar and the rest of the council from the members of the State Assembly. The Mentri Besar is both the head of the Executive Council and the head of the State Government. The incumbent, Dato' Seri Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail from the United Malays National Organisation , a major component party of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition, appointed in 2018, is the 15th Mentri Besar. As a federal state, Pahang

5355-662: The Orang Kaya Imam Perang Indera Gajah of Pulau Tawar, led a revolt against the British encroachment. Sultan Ahmad appeared to be co-operating with the British, but he was known to be sympathetic to the dissidents. By 1895 the revolt was suppressed by the British and many of the dissidents surrendered. In July 1895, Sultan Ahmad signed the Federation Agreement, which made Pahang, along with Perak , Selangor and Negeri Sembilan , one of

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5460-559: The Pahang River which dominates the drainage system. Pahang is divided into three ecoregions , the freshwater systems, the lowlands and highlands rainforests and the coastline. The Pahang River basin connects with Malaysia's two largest natural freshwater lakes, Bera and Chini . Described as wetland of international importance, Bera Lake was accepted as Malaysia's first Ramsar site in 1994. The highest peak, Mount Tahan , reaches 2,187 m (7,175 ft) in elevation, which

5565-742: The Qing period, Pahang was transliterated as 邦項 (Pang-hang). Arabs and Europeans , transliterated Pahang to Pam, Pan, Paam, Paon, Phaan, Phang, Paham, Pahan, Pahaun, Phaung, Phahangh. [REDACTED] Old Pahang 5–15th century [REDACTED] Pahang Sultanate 1470–1623 [REDACTED] Old Johor Sultanate 1623–1770 [REDACTED] Pahang Kingdom 1770–1881 [REDACTED] Federated Malay States 1895–1941 [REDACTED] Empire of Japan 1942–1945 [REDACTED] Malayan Union 1946–1948 [REDACTED] Federation of Malaya 1948–1963 [REDACTED]   Malaysia 1963–present Archaeological evidence shows that humans have inhabited

5670-434: The Sultan as the head of Islam and Malay customs in the state. State council known as Majlis Ugama Islam dan Adat Resam Melayu Pahang ('Council of Islam and Malay Customs of Pahang') is responsible in advising the ruler as well as regulating both Islamic affairs and adat . Pahang is divided into 11 administrative districts, which in turn is divided into 66 mukims . Currently, there are also 4 subdistricts in Pahang, which

5775-532: The Sultan of Johor and became the independent ruler of Pahang. He was able to maintain peace and stability during his reign. After his death in 1857 his younger son Wan Ahmad challenged the succession of his half-brother Tun Mutahir , in a dispute that escalated into a civil war . Supported by the neighbouring Terengganu Sultanate and the Siamese, Wan Ahmad emerged victorious, establishing control over important towns and expelled his brother in 1863. He served as

5880-592: The aid of Sultan Abdul Jalilul Akbar of Brunei , Pahang eventually defeated Johor in 1613. Sultan Abdul Ghafur's son, Alauddin Riyat Shah ascended to the throne in 1614. In 1615, the Acehnese under Iskandar Muda invaded Pahang, forcing Alauddin Riayat Shah to retreat into the interior. He nevertheless continued to exercise some ruling powers. His reign in exile is considered to have officially ended after

5985-591: The area that is now Pahang since as early as the Paleolithic . Relics of a of Mesolithic civilisation that used using paleolithic implements have been found at Gunung Senyum. Chipped Paleolithic artefacts without traces of polishing have been discovered at Sungai Lembing , Kuantan , from the remains of a 6,000 years old civilisation. Traces of Hoabinhian culture are represented by a number of limestone cave sites. Late Neolithic relics are abundant, including polished tools, quoit discs, stone ear pendants, stone bracelets and cross-hatched bark pounders. By around 400 BCE,

6090-470: The civil courts, are the Syariah Court , which apply Sharia law to Muslims in the areas of family law and religious observances. As provided in Article 3 of the Federal Constitution , Syariah or Islamic law is a matter of state law, passed in the State Legislative Assembly. Matters related to the enforcement of the Syariah law falls under the jurisdiction of the Jabatan Agama Islam Pahang ('Pahang Islamic Religious Department'). Pahang's constitution empowers

6195-459: The clearing of hundreds of square miles of land for oil palm and rubber plantations and the resettling of several hundred thousand people in new villages under federal agencies and institutions like FELDA , FELCRA and RISDA . The Khmer word for tin is pāhang (ប៉ាហាំង) and it is phonetically identical to ڤهڠ ‎ (note that the Jawi spelling, literally, "phŋ", deviates from modern Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka rules although its sound

6300-509: The coastline, where both capital and royal capital of the state, Kuantan and Pekan , are located. About 58 km off the coast of Pahang lies Tioman Island , in the South China Sea, acclaimed as one of the best island getaways in the world. Pahang has a tropical geography with an equatorial climate and a year-round of humidity of no less than 75%. It is warm and humid throughout the year with temperatures ranging from 21 °C to 33 °C. The rainfall here averages 200 mm monthly,

6405-420: The country as tribute. In 1411, during the reign of Maharaja Pa-la-mi-so-la-ta-lo-si-ni (transliterated by historian as 'Parameswara Teluk Chini'), he also sent envoys carrying tribute. The Old Pahang Sultanate centred in modern-day Pekan was established in the 15th century. At the height of its influence, the sultanate was an important power in Southeast Asia and controlled the entire Pahang basin, bordering

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6510-524: The country paid tribute to a country named Sanfoqi , which is usually interpreted to be Srivijaya . Langkasuka was known as "Long-ya-xi-jiao" (龍牙犀角) in Daoyi Zhilüe from the Yuan dynasty (1279–1368); and "Lang-xi-jia" (狼西加) during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), as marked in Admiral Zheng He 's Mao Kun map . Daoyi Zhilüe mentions that the natives of Langkasuka made salt from seawater and ferment rice wine, and produced hornbill casques , lakawood , honey and gharuwood. The people wore cotton from

6615-566: The development of bronze casting led to the flourishing of the Đông Sơn culture , notably for its elaborate bronze war drums . The early iron civilisation in Pahang that began around the beginning of Common Era is associated by prehistorians with the late neolithic culture. Relics from this era, found along the rivers are particularly numerous in the Tembeling Valley, which served as the old main northern highway of communication. Ancient gold workings in Pahang are thought to date back to this early Iron Age as well. The Kra Isthmus region of

6720-412: The east coast, the largest being Tioman and Seri Buat islands. Besides the island populations of fauna and flora, which sometimes differ genetically from mainland forms of the same species, these islands are of value for the reefs and other bottom features which support marine biological diversity. The reefs in particular are sensitive to sedimentation from activities on land. These features are related to

6825-555: The end of October. Malaysia, as a nation, is considered one of the most biodiverse on earth. Pahang maintains a protected network of managed areas rich in flora, fauna, and natural resources, in spite of deforestation , rapid industrialisation and an ever-growing population. In Pahang, there are some 74 forest reserves, including ten virgin-jungle reserves and 13 different amenity forests, wildlife reserves , national parks and offshore marine parks . There are many examples of nationally- and internationally-relevant areas, including

6930-416: The end of the 19th century. Thousands of people were at work in the mines which places had, in consequence, become an important trading centres in the state. Once an important industry, the mining industry along with quarrying , now accounts only 1.6% of the total state GDP in 2016. Modern mining industry also include other minerals, in particular iron ore and bauxite . Pahang accounts for more than 70% of

7035-406: The eponymous Tahan Range , which is 2,187 metres (7,175 ft) high. Although two thirds of the state is covered by dense rain forest, its central plains are intersected by numerous rivers, and along the coast there is a 32-kilometre (20 mi) wide expanse of alluvial soil that includes the deltas and estuarine plains of the Kuantan , Pahang, Rompin , Endau , and Mersing Rivers. The state

7140-409: The face of superior Portuguese arms and vessels, the Pahang and Johor forces were forced to retreat on both occasions. During the reign of Sultan Abdul Kadir , Pahang enjoyed a brief period of cordial relations with the Portuguese. However, this relationship was discontinued by his successor, Sultan Ahmad II . The next ruler, Sultan Abdul Ghafur attacked the Portuguese and simultaneously challenged

7245-402: The federal election, held at least once every five years, the most recent of which took place in May 2018 . Registered voters of age 21 and above may vote for the members for the state legislative chamber. Executive power is vested in the State Executive Council as per 1959 constitution. It consists of the Mentri Besar, who is its chairman, and 13 other members. The Sultan of Pahang appoints

7350-401: The forestry remains the main sub-sector with tropical timber is an important produce, as large swaths of forest supported massive production of wood products. Yet a decline in mature trees due to intensive harvesting lately has caused a slowdown and the practice of more sustainable forestry . Fishery and aquaculture products are also a main source of income especially for the communities on

7455-488: The head-waters of the Rompin . One such settlement was identified as Koli in Geographia or Kiu-Li , centred on the estuary of Pahang River south of Langkasuka , that flourished in the 3rd century CE. It possessed an important international port, where many foreign ships stopped to barter and resupply. In common with most of the states in the Malay Peninsula during that time, Kiu-Li was in contact with Funan . The Chinese records mention that an embassy sent to Funan by

7560-530: The hierarchy were the Orang Besar Berlapan ('eight chiefs') and Orang Besar Enam Belas ('sixteen chiefs') who were subordinated to the principal nobles. The Sultan headed two institutions, the State Legislative Assembly and State Executive Council . The legislative branch of the state is the unicameral Dewan Undangan Negeri ('State Legislative Assembly') whose 42 members are elected from single-member constituencies. The assembly has

7665-569: The installation of a distant relative, Raja Bujang to the Pahangese throne in 1615, with the support of the Portuguese following a pact between the Portuguese and Sultan of Johor. Raja Bujang who reigned as Abdul Jalil Shah was eventually deposed in the Acehnese invasion in 1617, but restored to the Pahangese throne and also installed as the new Sultan of Johor following the death of his uncle, Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah in 1623. This event led to

7770-639: The intervention, Sultan Ahmad became a Ruler-in-Council and acted in accordance with the advice of the British Resident and the State Council, except in matters pertaining Islam and Malay customs. Taxes were to be collected in the name of the sultan by the Resident, with the assistance of European officers. Between 1890 and 1895, Dato' Bahaman , the Orang Kaya Setia Perkasa Pahlawan of Semantan, and Imam Perang Rasu ,

7875-413: The king and senior officials covered their shoulders with cloth and wore gold earrings and belts of gold cord. Women of high status wrapped themselves in cloth and wore jeweled girdles. It gives further information on some of its kings and also relates a story on a succession: When the king goes forth he rides upon an elephant. He is accompanied by banners, fly-whisks, flags and drums and he is shaded with

7980-633: The kingdom's name in Chinese records changed over time. In the late seventh century, the Buddhist monk Yi Jing mentioned encountering three Chinese monks who lived in a place named Lang-jia-shu (郎伽戍). A Song dynasty work Zhu fan zhi (published in 1225) gives a description of the country of Ling-ya-si-jia (凌牙斯加). It mentions that its people cut their hair and wrapped themselves in a piece of cloth, its products included elephant tusks, rhinoceros horns, types of wood and camphor, and their merchants traded in wine, rice, silk and porcelain. It also says that

8085-642: The last raja bendahara, and was proclaimed Sultan of Pahang by his chiefs in 1881. Due to internal strife within Pahang, the British pressured Sultan Ahmad to agree to the presence of a British adviser. Aided by Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor and William Fraser of the Pahang Mining Company, they succeeded in convincing Sultan Ahmad to accept a British agent, Hugh Clifford , in December 1887. In October 1888, Sultan Ahmad reluctantly accepted John Pickersgill Rodger as Pahang's first Resident. Following

8190-527: The late 18th century. Following the bloody Pahang Civil War that concluded in 1863, the state under Tun Ahmad of the Bendahara dynasty , was eventually restored as a sultanate in 1881. In 1895, Pahang became a British protectorate along with Perak, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan. During the World War II , Pahang and other states of Malaya were occupied by the Empire of Japan from 1941 to 1945. After

8295-418: The long coastline and large network of rivers of the state. Today, agriculture is the second largest component of the state economy which constitutes 23% of the total state GDP. It contributes approximately 12.3% of the federal GDP, the fourth largest after Sarawak, Sabah and Johor. Under East Coast Economic Region (ECER) masterplan, introduced in 2007, the agro-businesses in the state is set to move up further

8400-637: The maintenance of marine fisheries, an important sector of the coastal economy. Tioman, Chebeh, Tulai, Sembilang and Seri Buat islands constitute the Tioman group of islands within the Marine Parks system of Peninsular Malaysia. The modern constitution of Pahang, the Undang-Undang Tubuh Kerajaan Pahang , was first drafted on 1 February 1948. It was formally adopted on 25 February 1959. The constitution proclaims that Pahang

8505-547: The military and political hegemony of Srivijaya . In the 11th century, the power vacuum left by the collapse of Srivijaya was filled by the Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom , commonly known in Malay tradition as 'Ligor'. During this period, Pahang, designated as Muaeng Pahang was established as one of the twelve naksat city states of Ligor. In the 14th century, Pahang began consolidating its influence in

8610-520: The more unique environments (such as heath forest or forest on ultrabasic rocks) exist only in fragmented areas of Pahang. The protected forest within Taman Negara and Krau Wildlife Reserve includes small areas of extreme lowland alluvial plains . Elsewhere, most of the dryland forest in Pahang is on steep slopes, therefore benefiting from both catchment protection and slope protection functions. Virtually every species of bird and mammal found in Peninsular Malaysia has been recorded in Pahang, other than

8715-582: The name may have been derived from langkha and Ashoka , the Mauryan Hindu warrior king who eventually became a pacifist after embracing the ideals espoused in Buddhism, and that the early Indian colonizers of the Malayic Isthmus named the kingdom Langkasuka in his honour. Chinese historical sources provided some information on the kingdom and recorded a king Bhagadatta who sent envoys to

8820-496: The past. With extensive support by the federal agencies and institutions like FELDA , FELCRA and RISDA, the agricultural sector was rapidly expanding, with the inclusion of products like rubber and palm oil as the main agricultural produce, The state is home to the largest FELDA settlement known as 'Jengka Triangle' centred in Bandar Tun Razak , Maran District . Pahang was historically a primary exporter of forestry products like sandalwood , damar and rattans . In modern times,

8925-469: The peninsula including Temasek . The Majapahit chronicle, Nagarakretagama even used the name Pahang to designate the Malay Peninsula , an indication of the importance of this kingdom. The History of Ming records several envoy missions from Pahang to the Ming court in the 14th and 15th centuries. In 1378, Maharaja Tajau sent envoys with a letter on a gold leaf and sent six foreign slaves and products of

9030-467: The pipe-coating industry that supplied the oil and gas sector and cement plants, while the high grades were exported. The services sector, which constitutes 49% of the total Pahang GDP, is predominantly stimulated by the Wholesale and Retail Trade, Food and Beverage and Accommodation, which amounts to $ 1.8 billion in 2016. This sub sector, on the other hand, is the main driving factor for the growth of

9135-556: The power to enact the state laws. State government is led by a Menteri Besar , who is a member of the State Legislative Assembly from the majority party. According to the constitution of Pahang, the Menteri Besar is required to be a Malay and a Muslim, appointed by the ruler from the party that commands the majority of the State Legislative Assembly. By convention, state elections are held concurrently with

9240-438: The production of Peninsular Malaysia. Another important article of export was tin, which was also mined in a large scale. The tin ore production was primarily concentrated at Sungai Lembing , where during its heyday, the operations saw the excavation of deep shaft mines that were among the largest, longest and deepest in the world. The growth of the mining industry had a significant impact on Pahang's society and economy towards

9345-538: The reigning Sultan Abu Bakar opened a large potato plantation behind the Terentang Palace to help ease the food shortage and he personally approved proposals to form the Askar Wataniah , an underground Malay resistance force. The Sultan spent the final days of the occupation in a jungle hideout with members of Force 136 , resistance fighters and refugees. In late 1945, to mark the decommissioning of

9450-400: The southern part of the Malay Peninsula. The kingdom, described by Portuguese historian, Manuel Godinho de Erédia as Pam , was one of the two kingdoms of Malayos in the peninsula, in succession to Pattani , that flourished before the establishment of the Malacca Sultanate . The Maharaja of Pahang, was also the overlord of countries of Ujong Tanah ('land's end'), on the southern part of

9555-421: The state since the 17th century. Since 2019, the reigning monarch has been Abdullah . He was proclaimed as Sultan on 15 January 2019, succeeding his father, Ahmad Shah , whose abdication was decided at a Royal Council meeting on 11 January. On 24 January 2019, days after his accession to the throne of Pahang, he was elected as the 16th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, succeeding Muhammad V who abdicated from

9660-487: The term from their city counterparts. The theories that the state was named after the river or tree are unsatisfactory as they do not explain how the river or the tree got their names. There were many variations of the name Pahang outside the Malay world . For examples, Song dynasty author Zhao Rukuo 趙汝适 wrote in Zhufanzhi 諸蕃志 (circa 1225) that Phong-hong (蓬豐 romanized according to Southern Min dialect since Zhao

9765-567: The throne on 6 January. Succession order to the throne of Pahang is generally determined roughly by agnatic primogeniture . No female may become ruler, and female line descendants are generally excluded from succession. In Pahang traditional political structure, the offices of Orang Besar Berempat ('four major chiefs') are the most important positions after the Sultan himself. The four hereditary territorial magnates are; Orang Kaya Indera Pahlawan , Orang Kaya Indera Perba Jelai , Orang Kaya Indera Segara and Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar . Next in

9870-414: The time of the old Pahang Sultanate , whereby territorial magnates appointed by the Sultan to administer the historical divisions of the state. The largest historical divisions were; Jelai (corresponds to modern day Lipis District ), Temerloh , Chenor (corresponds to modern day Maran District ) and Pekan , each administered by the four major chiefs ( Orang Besar Berempat ). Next in the hierarchy were

9975-430: The tourism industry. With its richness in biodiversity, Pahang is offering ecotourism to its hill resorts, beaches and national parks. In 2014, the state attracted 9.4 million visitors, and the figure grew to 12 million in 2016. The agricultural sector is another key economic sector of the state. Historically an agrarian economy , Pahang's agriculture was dominated by the production of vegetables, rice, yams and tubers in

10080-485: The union of the crown of Pahang and Johor, and the formal establishment of the Johor Empire . The modern Pahang kingdom came into existence with the consolidation of power by the Bendahara family in Pahang, following the gradual disintegration of Johor Empire . Self-rule was established in Pahang in the late 18th century, with Tun Abdul Majid declared as the first raja bendahara . The area around Pahang formed

10185-492: The value chain, with the introduction of agricultural initiatives like Nucleus Cattle Breeding and Research Centre at Muadzam Shah, Rompin Integrated Pineapple Plantation, Kuantan-Maran Agrovalley for leafy vegetables and maize, as well as Pekan-Rompin-Mersing Agrovalley for watermelon, vegetables, roselle, and maize. Langkasuka Langkasuka was an ancient Hindu-Buddhist kingdom located in

10290-548: The war, Pahang became part of the Malayan Union before being absorbed into the Federation of Malaya which gained full independence from the British. Modern Pahang is an economically important state with main activities in the services, manufacturing and agricultural sectors. As part of the East Coast Economic Region , it is a key region for the manufacturing sector, with the local logistics support network serving as

10395-518: The years, Pahang grew independent from Malaccan control and at one point even established itself as a rival to Malacca until the latter's demise in 1511 . In 1528, the last Sultan of Malacca, Mahmud Shah died. Pahang joined forces with his successor, Alauddin Riayat Shah II who established himself in Johor to expel the Portuguese from the Malay Peninsula. Two attempts were made in 1547 at Muar and in 1551 at Portuguese Malacca . However, in

10500-476: Was 30 days' journey from east to west, and 20 from north to south, 24,000 li in distance from Guangzhou . It mentions that Aloeswood ( Aquilaria ) and camphor were abundant in the kingdom, and its capital was described as being surrounded by walls to form a city with double gates, towers and pavilions. Both men and women in Langkasuka wore sarongs with their torsos bare and their hair loose, although

10605-756: Was from Quanzhou) was a dependency of Srivijaya . The transition from Inderapura to Pahang, approximately around the Song period indicates that Khmer influence on the state was weakened and displaced by that of Srivijaya and Majapahit . During the Yuan dynasty , Pahang was known as Phenn-Khenn 彭坑 in Daoyi Zhilue 島夷志略 (circa 1349), and in Ming Shilu 明實錄 (circa 1378), it was transliterated as Pen-Heng 湓亨, and in Haiguo Wenjianlu 海國聞見錄 (circa 1730), compiled in

10710-462: Was identified as one of the twelve Naksat cities under the influence of Nakhon Si Thammarat in Thai chronicles. A brief outline of the history of Langkasuka can be determined from the limited historical records available. The kingdom is thought to have been founded some time early in the 2nd century AD. It then underwent a period of decline due to the expansion of Funan in the early 3rd century. In

10815-469: Was moved to Kuantan . After World War II , Pahang formed the Federation of Malaya with the other eight Malay States and two British Crown Colonies , Malacca and Penang in 1948. The semi-independent Malaya was granted independence in 1957, and was then reconstituted as Malaysia with the inclusion the states of Singapore (left the federation in 1965), Sabah and Sarawak in 1963. Pahang covers an area of 35,965 km (13,886 sq mi), and

10920-665: Was originally located on the west coast but was transferred later to the east. In 1961, taking account of the various sources, the geographer and historian Paul Wheatley concluded that Langkasuka should be located near the modern town of Pattani. French archaeologist and historian Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h concurred, and proposed the former estuary of the Pattani River near Yarang as the likely location of Langkasuka. He also suggested that whole area between Pattani , Saiburi and Yala may have been part of Langkasuka. Modern archaeological explorations have uncovered ruins near Yarang,

11025-467: Was probably conquered by Pattani as it ceased to exist by the 15th-century. Several historians contest this and believe that Langkasuka survived up to the 1470s. The areas of the kingdom that were not under the direct rule of Pattani is thought to have embraced Islam along with Kedah in 1474. Chinese and Arab sources placed the ancient kingdom on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula. The New Book of Tang mentions that Langkasuka bordered Pan Pan , and

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