102-427: Mangaloreans ( Tulu : Kudladaklu ; Kannada : Mangaloorinavaruu ; Konkani : Kodialkar ; Beary : Maikaltanga ; Urdu : Kaudalvale ) are a collection of diverse ethnic groups that hail from the historical locales of South Canara ( Tulunaad ) on the south western coast of Karnataka, India , particularly the residents native to Mangaluru . According to the works of Sangam literature (300 BCE – 300 CE), Tulu Nadu
204-531: A clam dish of Mangalorean Protestants is also very popular. The Konkani community's specialities include Daali thoy , beebe-upkari (cashew based), val val , avnas ambe sasam , Kadgi chakko , paagila podi , and chana gashi . Tuluva vegetarian cuisine in Mangalore, also known as Udupi cuisine is known for its signature dishes like the masala dosa . Udupi restaurants are found throughout south India , northwestern India & relished overseas by
306-1715: A /ɾ/ and also /ɭ, ɖ/, e.g. Tamil ēẓu, puẓu, Tulu {ēḷŭ, ēlŭ, ēḍŭ}, puru. "to stumble" eḍaṅku - north Brahman eḍeṅku - south Brahman daṅku - north non Brahman ḍaṅku, daṅku - south non Brahman eḍagu - Kannada "to call" oḷepu - north Brahman oḷeppu - south Brahman leppu - non Brahman uḷappu - Tamil "sweet potato" keḷaṅgŭ, keḷeṅgŭ - Brahman kireṅgŭ - north non Brahman kereṅgŭ - south non Brahman kiḻaṅgu - Tamil "head’" tarε - Brahman tarε - north non Brahman sarε - south non Brahman harε - Jain carε - Harijan/Tribal talai - Tamil "leaves" sappu - Brahman tappu - north non Brahman sappu - south non Brahman cappu - Tamil Main changes include ḻ > ḷ in Brahman dialects and r in others; Tamil-Malayalam like eCa/oCa > iCa/uCa in north non Brahman; c- > t- in north non Brahman, t- > c- > s- in south non Brahman, t- > c- > s- > h- in Jain dialects and t, s > c in Harijan/Tribal dialects ; ḷ, ṇ > l, n in non Brahman dialects and sporadic deletion of initial vowel in non Brahman dialects. Tulu has five parts of speech : nouns (substantives and adjectives ), pronouns , numerals, verbs , and particles . Substantives have three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), two numbers (singular and plural), and eight cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, ablative or instrumental, communicative, and vocative). According to Bhat, Tulu has two distinct locative cases. The communicative case
408-541: A Brazilian musical troupe. Tulu language The Tulu language ( Tuḷu Bāse , Tigalari script : , Kannada script : ತುಳು ಬಾಸೆ , Malayalam script : തുളു ബാസെ ; pronunciation in Tulu: [t̪uɭu baːsɛ] ) is a Dravidian language whose speakers are concentrated in Dakshina Kannada and in the southern part of Udupi of Karnataka in south-western India and also in
510-477: A French physician-cum-spy named Charles Dellon. He published a book in 1687 describing his experiences, titled Relation de l'Inquisition de Goa . The remaining few Hindus who wanted to keep their Hindu religion did so, by emigrating to the neighbouring territories that continued to be ruled by Bijapur, where these Hindus again had to pay jizya tax . Ironically, the Inquisition was a compelling factor for
612-522: A better description. /ɛ/ formed from previous ai and previous /u/ split into modern /u, ɯ/; long versions of /ɛ, ɯ/ are extremely restricted. In the Kannada script, Brigel and Männer used a virama (halant) ( ್ ) to denote /ɯ/ like in Malayalam. Bhat says a talekaṭṭu is used for this purpose, but apparently he too means a virama. Tulu is characterized by its rounding of front vowels when between
714-581: A communication medium during the 16th century. The Maratha threat was compounded by their attacks on native Catholics and destruction of local churches during their repeated attacks on Goa in the 17th century. This led the Portuguese government to initiate a positive programme for the suppression of Konkani in Goa, in order to make native Catholic Goans identify fully with the Portuguese Empire. As
816-428: A country wine prepared by toddy tappers from coconut flowers or tree sap is local speciality. Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised among Mangaloreans. The Yakshagana , a night-long dance and drama performance, is held in Mangalore, while Hulivesha (literally, tiger dance ), a folk dance unique to the city, is performed during Dasara and Krishna Janmashtami . Karadi Vesha (bear dance)
918-468: A few Chitpavans ( Konkanastha Brahmins ), Vaishya Vanis & Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins arrived by sea, during the period of religious oppression by the intolerant Portuguese colonial regime. Mangalore was a major port caught up in the Indian Ocean trade since times immemorial. The area around Mangalore along with St Mary's islands and Barcelor , also served as a maritime trade post for
1020-593: A form of temple art, as there are many Yakshagana groups that are attached to temples, for example that of Kateel Durga Parameshwari Temple as also the Udupi Krishna Temple . Presently, eight professional Yakshagana troupes perform Tulu-language Yakshagana not only during the Yakshagana season but also during the off-season in various places in Karnataka and outside. In Mumbai , Tulu Yakshagana
1122-645: A labial and a retroflex consonant, e.g., PD. ∗peṇ > Tamil peṇ , Kannada heṇṇu , Tulu poṇṇu , this feature also occurs in Kodava and Spoken Tamil e.g. Kodava , Spoken Tamil poṇṇï , exceptions include {tū, sū}, buttu, pili, Tamil tī, vittu, puli. The following are consonant phonemes in Tulu: The contrast between /l/ and /ɭ/ is preserved in the South Common dialect and in the Brahmin dialect, but
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#17327987158201224-418: A noun in the genitive case, as in guḍḍe-da mittŭ 'on the hill'. Tulu verbs have three forms: active , causative , and reflexive (or middle voice). They conjugate for person , number, gender, tense (present, past, pluperfect , future, and future perfect ), mood (indicative, imperative, conditional, infinitive, potential, and subjunctive), and polarity (positive and negative). Each sentence
1326-752: A prominent group and even today are uniquely preserved in Tulunaad . Though small in number, the Jains left behind indelible reminders of their past with a number Jain sites ( bastis ) in Moodabidri ; and monoliths of Bahubali and the Gomateshwara in Karkala , Venoor & Dharmasthala . Over the centuries, more ethnic groups migrated to the area. Various Hindu Konkani people namely Gaud Saraswat Brahmins , Daivajnya Brahmins , Karhad Brahmins ; also
1428-563: A result, Konkani was suppressed and rendered unprivileged in Goa by the enforcement of Portuguese. Urged by the Franciscans , the Portuguese viceroy forbade the use of Konkani on 27 June 1684 and further decreed that within three years, the local people in general would speak the Portuguese language and use it in all their contacts and contracts made in Portuguese territories. The penalties for violation would be imprisonment. The decree
1530-407: Is -rŭ , -ḷu , -kuḷu , or -āḍḷu ; as in mēji ('table'), mējiḷu ('tables'). The nominative case is unmarked, while the remaining cases are expressed by different suffixes. The following table shows the declension of a noun, based on Brigel and Bhat ( u̥ used by Brigel and ɯ used by Bhat are both shown as ŭ for clarity): when two forms are given, the one in parentheses is by Bhat, and
1632-582: Is a member of the Mangaluru (south) segment of the Legislative Assembly , submitted a memorandum to chief minister B. S. Yediyurappa and to the minister for tourism, Kannada and culture, C. T. Ravi, seeking official status for the Tulu language. In February 2020, another MLA from Moodbidri Umanath Kotian urged the state government to put pressure on the union government to add the Tulu language to
1734-589: Is a mention of Tulunad in its 15th poem. This indicates that the Tulu language is at least around 2,300 years old. [4] In the Kannada Halmidi inscriptions, one finds mention of the Tulu country as the kingdom of the Alupas . The region was also known to the Greeks of the 2nd century as Tolokoyra (Tulu Country). The Charition mime , a Greek play belonging to the 2nd century BC, has its plot centered around
1836-474: Is a present danger for the Tulu language. Today, it is spoken by nearly 1.8 million people around the globe. Large parts of the language are altered and changed constantly because it is commonly passed down through oral tradition. Oral traditions within Tulu have meant that certain phrases have not always maintained the same meaning or importance. According to Malayalam works like the Keralolpathi ,
1938-521: Is an annual Catholic religious procession led on the first Sunday of each New Year. On 26–27 January 2008, a Konkani cultural event, Konkani Nirantari, held in Mangalore by a Mangalorean organization, Mandd Sobhann, entered the Guinness Book of World Records for non-stop singing of Konkani hymns. Mandd Sobhann members sang for 40 hours, surpassing the old record of 36 hours held by
2040-556: Is another well known dance performed during Dasara . Paddanas (Ballad-like epics passed on through generations by word of mouth) are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats. The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in such folk songs as kolkai (sung during kolata , a valour folk-dance during which sticks used as props), unjal pat (traditional lullaby), moilanji pat , and oppune pat (sung at weddings). The Evkaristik Purshanv (Konkani: Eucharistic procession)
2142-830: Is based in Hosangadi, Manjeshwar in Kasaragod. Tulu is also taught as a language at the post-graduate level in Mangalore University , and there is a dedicated department for Tulu studies, translation and research at Dravidian University in Kuppam Andhra Pradesh .The Government Degree College at Kasaragod in Kerala also introduced a certificate course in Tulu for the academic year 2009–2010. It has also introduced Tulu as an optional subject in its Kannada post-graduation course. It has adopted syllabi from
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#17327987158202244-411: Is characterized by its r/l and s/c/t alternation, for e.g. sarɛ, tarɛ across Tulu dialects compare with Kannada tale . The alveolar ṯ, ṯṯ, nṯ became post alveolar or dental, the singular ones usually becomes a trill in other Dravidian languages, e.g. Tamil oṉṟu, āṟu, nāṟu, nāṟṟam, muṟi, kīṟu; Tulu oñji, āji, nāduni, nāta, {mudipuni, muyipuni}, {kīruni, gīcuni}. The retroflex approximant mostly became
2346-399: Is composed of a subject and a predicate and every sentence is a full speech or thought in words. There is both singular and plural while being expressed in first through third person. There are several exceptions to each of these depending on the instance. For example: the verb has to be in a plural style if there are numerous nominatives within a sentence or of different genders that agree with
2448-607: Is derived from Kuṅkaṇa (कुङ्कण) or Kuṅkaṇu (कुङ्कणु). Different authorities elaborate etymology of this word differently. They include: Thus the name Konkani , comes from the word Konkaṇ , which means the people of Konkan . In general, in Konkani the masculine form used to address a Konkani speaker is Koṅkaṇo and the feminine form is Koṅkaṇe . The plural form is Konkane or Konkani . In Goa Konkano now refers only to Hindus, and Konkani Catholics do not address themselves as Konkanos as they were banned by
2550-701: Is different from Hindi-Urdu . A few Konkani Muslims and Konkani Jains are also found near the border with Karwar district ( North Canara ). Majority of Mangaloreans belong to the Tuluva ethnic group. The Tuluvas have historically been concentrated in the coastal areas. The major Tulu speaking castes are Shettigar, Mundalas, Mogeras, Okkaliga Gowda's, Bairas, Samagaras, Billavas , Sapaliga, Rajaka (Madival), Bunts , Mogaveeras , Kulala 's, Devadiga 's, Tulu Brahmins, Vishwakarmas & Nayak's. Mangalorean Protestants are mostly Tulu speakers. Beary speaking muslims are next largest community. Konkani people , in particular
2652-651: Is largely influenced by the South Indian cuisine , with several cuisines being unique to the diverse communities of the city. Coconut meat and curry leaves are common ingredients in Mangalorean curries, as are ginger, garlic& chilli. The Tulu community 's well-known dishes include Kori Rotti (dry rice flakes dipped in gravy), Chicken Ghee Roast , Bangude Pulimunchi (silver-grey mackerels), Beeja-Manoli Upkari , Neer dosa (lacy rice- crêpes ), Boothai Gasi , Kadabu , and Patrode . The Kube Sukkhe ,
2754-589: Is lost in several dialects. Additionally, the Brahmin dialect has /ʂ/ and /ɦ/ . Aspirated consonants are sometimes used in the Brahmin dialect, but are not phonemic. In the Koraga and Holeya dialects, s /s/ and ś /ʃ/ merge with c /t͡ʃ/ (the Koraga dialect of the Tulu language is different from the Koraga language). Word-initial consonant clusters are rare and occur mainly in Sanskrit loanwords. Tulu
2856-563: Is not an official language of India or any other country. Efforts are being made to include Tulu in the 8th Schedule of the Constitution. In December 2009, during the First Vishwa Tulu Sammelan organized at Ujire-Dharmastala, then Karnataka Chief Minister B. S. Yediyurappa promised to send a fresh proposal on including the Tulu language in the eighth schedule of the constitution. In August 2017, an online campaign
2958-459: Is spoken primarily within the Indian state. Dating back several hundred years, the language has developed numerous defining qualities. The Tulu people follow a saying which promotes leaving negative situations and finding newer, more positive ones. The language, however, is not as popular as others which means it could become endangered and extinct very soon. The influence of other mainstream languages
3060-456: Is the Tulu translation of the great Sanskrit epic of Mahabharata called Mahabharato ( ಮಹಾಭಾರತೊ ). It was written by Arunabja (1657 AD), a poet who lived in Kodavur near Udupi around the late 14th to early 15th century AD. Other important literary works in Tulu are: This script was mainly used to write religious and literary works in Sanskrit. Even today the official script of
3162-529: Is used with verbs like tell , speak , ask , beseech , inquire , and denotes at whom a message, an inquiry, or a request is aimed, as in "I told him ." or "I speak to them ." It is also used to denote the relationship with whom it is about, in a context like "I am on good terms with him ." or "I have nothing against him ." Bhat calls it the sociative case . It is somewhat similar to the comitative case , but different in that it denotes communication or relationship, not physical companionship. The plural suffix
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3264-527: Is very popular among the Tulu audiences. More than 2,000 Yakshagana artistes take part in the performance in various places in Mumbai annually. Notable performers include Kalladi Koraga Shetty, Pundur Venkataraja Puninchathaya, Guru Bannanje Sanjiva Suvarna and Pathala Venkatramana Bhat. Tulu plays are among the major entertainment for admirers of art and culture in Tulu Nadu. Tulu plays, generally centered on
3366-726: The Arabs , Turks , introduction of Jainism , patronising Shaivism , use of Sanskrit and Kannada , the overseas trade had an overwhelming impact on the people. In 1350CE, Goa was conquered by the Bahmani Sultanate of Turkic origin. However, in 1370, the Vijayanagar Empire , a resurgent Hindu empire situated at modern day Hampi , reconquered the area. The Vijayanagar rulers held on to Goa for nearly 100 years, during which its harbours were important landing places for Arabian horses on their way to Hampi to strengthen
3468-464: The Bhoja kings. The Yadava Bhojas patronised Buddhism and settled many Buddhist converts of Greek and Persian origin. The Abhirs , Chalukyas , Rashtrakutas , Shilaharas ruled the then Konkan-Goa for several years which was responsible for many changes in the society. Later The powerful Kadambas of Goa , came to power. During their rule, the society underwent radical transition. Close contact with
3570-665: The Chronista de Tissuary (Chronicles of Tiswadi ), the last auto da fe was held in Goa on 7 February 1773. The Inquisition was set as a tribunal, headed by an Inquisitor, sent to Goa from Portugal and was assisted by two more judges. These three judges were answerable only to the Portuguese Inquisition in Lisbon and handed down punishments according to the Inquisition Laws. The Laws filled 230 pages and
3672-740: The Gaud Saraswat Brahmins , Daivadnya Brahmins , and the Mangalorean Catholics whose ancestors migrated here from the Konkan region , to escape the Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein and the Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein . Other groups who historically settled in Tulu Nadu, include the Kundagannadans and Byaris and Dakhini Urdu Speaking Muslims. Mangalorean cuisine
3774-582: The Indian diaspora . Since Mangalore is a coastal town, fish dishes are the staple diet of most people. Mangalorean Catholic cuisine includes Sanna-Dukra Maas ( Sanna – idli fluffed with toddy or yeast; Dukra Maas – Pork ), Pork Bafat & Sorpotel ; and the Mutton Biryani of the local Muslims are well-known delicacies . Pickles such as happala , sandige and puli munchi are unique to Mangalore. Sheindi ( toddy ),
3876-605: The Konkan region of the Indian subcontinent . They speak various dialects of the Konkani language . Following the Konkani language agitation , Konkani became the premier official language of Goa state , while Marathi remains as the associate official language of Goa. Konkani is also spoken by populations in Karnataka , Maharashtra , Damaon , Kerala , & Gujarat . A large percentage of Konkani people are bilingual . The word Koṅkaṇa (कोंकण) and, in turn Koṅkaṇi ,
3978-591: The Portuguese from referring to themselves this way. Saraswat Brahmins of Canara refer to the Konkanis as Āmcigelo / Āmcigelī . This literally means our tongue or people speaking our tongue . Though this is not common amongst the Goans , they normally refer to Konkani as Āmgelī bhās or our language . Sometimes Āmgele can be used in the Goan context to mean people from my community . Many of
4080-608: The Portuguese in Goa and Bombay , until Shivappa Nayaka defeated Portugal's armada in battle. In the 16th century, the area saw the first arrival of Konkani New Christians who were fleeing the Inquisition in Portuguese Goa and were given refuge by Vijayanagar , the influx of migrants resumed with the violent Mahratta Invasion of Goa and Bombay when they were again given refuge, particularly by Rani Chennamma of Kittur . The settlements of these New Christians in
4182-629: The Proto-Dravidian language . This dating of Tulu is also based on the fact that the region where Tulu is natively spoken was known to the ancient Tamils as Tulu Nadu. Also, the Tamil poet Mamular who belongs to the Sangam Age (200 BCE) describes Tulu Nadu and its dancing beauties in one of his poems. In the poetical work "Akananuru," belonging to the Sangam literature (circa 300 BCE), there
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4284-635: The Vijayanagar period. Another group of inscriptions is found in the Ullur Subrahmanya Temple near Kundapura . Many linguists like S.U. Panniyadi and L. V. Ramaswami Iyer as well as P.S. Subrahmanya suggested that Tulu is among the oldest languages in the Dravidian family which branched independently from its Proto-Dravidian roots nearly 2500 years ago. This assertion is based on the fact that Tulu still preserves many aspects of
4386-499: The língua de criados (language of the servants). Hindu and Catholic elites turned to Marathi and Portuguese, respectively. Ironically, Konkani is at present the 'cement' that binds all Goans across caste, religion and class and is affectionately termed Konkani Mai (Mother Konkani). Due to negative propaganda from the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party , Marathi was made the official language of Goa following
4488-602: The pluperfect and the future perfect , like French or Spanish , but formed without an auxiliary verb . Tulu is the primary spoken language in Tulu Nadu, consisting of the Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts in the western part of Karnataka and the northern part of Kasaragod district of Kerala . A significant number of native Tulu speakers are found in Kalasa and Mudigere taluks of Chikkamagaluru district and Tirthahalli, Hosanagar of Shimoga district. Non-native speakers of Tulu include those who are residents in
4590-475: The 17th century were also written in the same script. The Tulu language is known for its oral literature in the form of epic poems called pardana . The Epic of Siri and the legend of Koti and Chennayya belong to this category of Tulu literature. Tulu belongs to the southern branch of the family of Dravidian languages . It was the first branch to split from Proto-South Dravidian, which in turn descends from Proto-Dravidian . Tulu shares many features with
4692-398: The 2018 movie Umil became the first Tulu movie to achieve the feat. Ashwini Kotiyan (Chaya Harsha) became the first female director in the Tulu industry after directing and releasing her first movie Namma Kudla . Brahmashree Narayana Guruswamy released on 2 May 2014 was the 50th Tulu film. Panoda Bodcha marked the 75th release anniversary of a Tulu film. The 100th Tulu movie Karne
4794-647: The Deccan plateau. A wave of Kusha or Harappan people a Lothal probably around 1600 BC to escape submergence of their civilisation which thrived on sea-trade. The admixture of several cultures, customs, religions, dialects and beliefs, led to revolutionary change in the formation of early Konkani society. The Maurya era is marked with migrations from the East, advent of Buddhism and different Prakrit vernaculars. The advent of Western Satrap rulers also led to many Scythian migrations, which later gave its way to
4896-399: The Dravidian languages like "kha" "gha" "dha" and "jha". These are derived from the Tulu alphabet. Tulu language has four dialects: Five short and five long vowels ( a , ā , e , ē , u , ū , i , ī , o , ō ) are common in Dravidian languages. Like Kodava Takk (and also like Konkani and Sinhala ), Tulu also has an [ɛ~æ] like vowel, generally occurring word-finally which is from
4998-539: The Indian state of Karnataka and the northern part of Kasaragod district of Kerala up to the river Payaswani, also known as Chandragiri. The cities of Mangalore , Udupi and Kasaragod are the centres of Tulu culture. Even today Tulu is widely spoken in the Dakshina Kannada, partially in Udupi district of Karnataka state and to some extent in Kasaragod of Kerala. Efforts are also being made to include Tulu in
5100-450: The Inquisition. 57 were sentenced to death and executed in person, another 64 were burned in effigy. Of these, 105 of them were men and 16 women. The rest of those convicted were subjected to lesser punishments or penanced. Those sentenced to various punishments totaled 4,046, out of whom 3,034 were men and 1,012 were women. Seventy-one autos da fe were recorded. In the first few years alone, over 4000 people were arrested. According to
5202-405: The Kannada script. The Tulu characterset is approved by Central Institute of Indian Languages in 2021. The Tulu alphabet resembles the Malayalam script. They are from the same region in the state of Karnataka. The Tulu and Kannada alphabets include a stress on vowels with "a" and "o" sounds. Other vowels include sounds such as "au" "am" and "ah". Numerous consonants have their own origin from
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#17327987158205304-470: The Konkani language. He also elaborates on the deities worshiped by the ancient tribes, their customs, methods of farming and its overall impact on modern day Konkani society. They were in a Neolithic stage of primitive culture, and they were food-gatherers rather. The tribe known as the Konkas , from whom is derived the name of the region, Kongvan or Konkan with the other mentioned tribes formed reportedly
5406-710: The Tigalari script to write Vedas and other Sanskrit works. The Tulu script is descended from the Brahmi through the Grantha script . It is a sister script of the Malayalam script . However, very few works written in vernacular languages like Kannada and Tulu are available. Hence, the Tulu script was employed by Tulu Brahmins to write Tulu and Kannada languages apart from the Kannada script. The National Mission for Manuscripts has conducted several workshops on this script with
5508-856: The Tulunadu region but who speak the Beary language , the Havyaka language and also Konkani and Koraga as their mother tongues. Apart from Tulu Nadu , a significant emigrant population of Tulu speakers are found in Maharashtra , Bangalore , Chennai , the English-speaking world , and the Gulf countries . The various medieval inscriptions of Tulu from the 15th century are in the Tulu script . Two Tulu epics named Sri Bhagavato and Kaveri from
5610-488: The Vijaynagar cavalry. In 1469, however, Goa was reconquered, by the Bahmani Sultans . When this dynasty broke up in 1492, Goa became a part of Adil Shah's Bijapur Sultanate , who made Goa Velha their second capital. The Portuguese conquest of Goa occurred in 1510 under the leadership of Afonso de Albuquerque and with the assistance of the local Hindus led by Timoji . The Christianisation of Goa and its simultaneous Lusitanisation soon followed. The Goa Inquisition
5712-525: The ancient culture and language. Traces of Shamanic religion have been found in Goa. It is believed that tribes of Austric origin like Kols , Mundaris , Kharvis may have settled Goa and Konkan during the Neolithic period, living on hunting, fishing and a primitive form of agriculture since 3500 BC. According to Goan historian Anant Ramakrishna Dhume , the Gauda and Kunbi and other such castes are modern descendants of ancient Mundari tribes. In his work he mentions several words of Mundari origin in
5814-482: The area gave rise to their own unique and hybrid culture, they developed into a localised community of Mangalorean Christians , who are distinct from Goan Christians and Bombay East Indians . They built a number of prominent educational institutions and contributed to socio-economic progress in the area. The Muslims of Tulu Nadu are basically descended from Arabian traders who intermarried local women and settled there. Muslims in Mangalore speak Beary language which
5916-411: The books published by the Tulu Sahitya Academy. German missionaries Kammerer and Männer were the first people to conduct research on the language. Kammerer collected about 3,000 words and their meanings before his death. Later his work was carried on by Männer, who completed the research and published the first dictionary of the Tulu language in 1886 with the help of the then-Madras government. The effort
6018-426: The central Dravidian languages. Therefore, in earlier branchings, Tulu was sometimes grouped with them; later, it was confirmed that it is from South Dravidian and that it was the first to split from it. The etymology of the word Tulu remains uncertain. Linguist P. Gururaja Bhat mentions in the book Tulunadu , that tuluva originated from the word turuva ( ತುರುವ ), where turu means 'cow' and refers to
6120-409: The coastal Karnataka, where Tulu is mainly spoken. The play is mostly in Greek, but the Indian characters in the play are seen speaking a language different from Greek. There is considerable ambiguity regarding the Indian language in the play, though all scholars agree the Indian language is Dravidian, there is considerable dispute over which form of it. Noted German Indologist E. Hultzsch (1857–1927)
6222-526: The colonial documents mention them as the Concanees , Canarians , Concanies . The prehistoric region consisting of Modern Goa and some parts of Konkan adjoining Goa were inhabited by the Homo sapiens in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic phase i.e. 8000–6000 BC. The rock engraving in many places along the coast has proven the existence of hunter-gathers. Nothing much is known about these earliest settlers. Figures of mother goddess and many other motifs have been recovered which do not really shed light on
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#17327987158206324-516: The comic genre, are very popular in Mumbai and Bangalore outside Tulu Nadu. The Tulu cinema industry is fairly small; it produces around five films annually. The first film, Enna Thangadi , was released in 1971. Usually these films are released in theatres across the Tulu Nadu region and on DVD. The critically acclaimed film Suddha won the award for Best Indian Film at the Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema in New Delhi in 2006. As of 2015, Oriyardori Asal (2011) has been
6426-494: The earliest form of Prakrit or Vedic Sanskrit vernacular. This migration of the northerners is mainly attributed to the drying up of the Sarasvati River in Northern India . Many historians claim only Gaud Saraswat Brahmins and few of the other Brahmins to be their descendants. This hypothesis is not authoritative according to some. Balakrishna Dattaram Kamat Satoskar a renowned Goan Indologist and historian, in his work Gomantak prakruti ani sanskruti , Volume I explains that
6528-409: The earliest settlers in the territory. Agriculture was not fully developed at this stage, and was just shaping up. The Kols and Mundaris might have been using stone and wood implements as iron implements were used by the megalithic tribes as late as 1200 BC. The Kol tribe is believed to have migrated from Gujarat . During this period worship of mother goddess in the form of anthill or Santer ,
6630-566: The eight Tulu monasteries ( Ashta Mathas of Udupi ) founded by Madhvacharya in Udupi is Tulu. The pontiffs of the monasteries write their names using this script when they are appointed. Modern-day Tulu literature is written using the Kannada script. Mandara Ramayana is the most notable piece of modern Tulu literature. Written by Mandara Keshava Bhatt, it received the Sahitya Akademi Award for best poetry. Madipu , Mogaveera , Saphala and Samparka are popular Tulu periodicals published from Mangalore. The Tulu Sahitya Academy, established by
6732-422: The eighth schedule during the assembly session. In July 2021, members of the three main parties in Karnataka politics: BJP, Congress and Janata Dal (Secular), lent their support to the idea. The oldest available inscriptions in Tulu are from the period between 7th and 8th century AD. These inscriptions are in the Tulu script and are found in areas in and around Barkur which was the capital of Tulu Nadu during
6834-476: The emigration of some Portuguese immigrant soldiers who, although raised Roman Catholic, wanted to lead a Hindu-style way of life with multiple native Hindu concubines. These men went on to seek their fortunes as mercenaries in the courts of different Indian kings, where their services were employed usually as gunners or cavalrymen. Konkani language had originally been studied and Roman Konkani promoted by Catholic missionaries in Goa (e.g. Thomas Stephens ) as
6936-442: The first remake in Tulu cinema. Eregla Panodchi is the second remake in Tulu cinemas. A suit for damages of Rs. 25 lakh was filed against the makers of the Telugu film Brahmotsavam for copying the first 36 seconds of the song A...lele...yereg madme by Dr. Vamana Nandaavara found in the Deepanalike CD composed for the Siri channel. Prajavani reported that with its dubbing rights sold to Hindi for Rs. 21 lakh,
7038-410: The greatest advocates of Konkani, were expelled from Goa by the Marquis of Pombal in 1761. In 1812, the Archbishop decreed that children should be prohibited from speaking Konkani in schools. In 1847, this rule was extended to seminaries. In 1869, Konkani was completely banned in schools until Portugal became a Republic in 1910. The result of this linguistic displacement was that Konkani in Goa became
7140-457: The help of a scholar, Keladi Gunda Jois. In the 18th century, the use of the Kannada script for writing Tulu and non-availability of print in the Tulu script contributed to the marginalization of the Ruling Tulu script. The script is studied by few scholars and manuscriptologists for research and religious purposes. The Kannada script has become the contemporary script for the Tulu language gradually. All contemporary works and literature are done in
7242-423: The language is now taught in over 33 schools, of which 30 are in Dakshina Kannada district. More than 1500 students have opted to study this language. The Government of Kerala established the Kerala Tulu Academy in 2007. The academy focuses on the retrieval and propagation of Tulu language and culture in Kerala through various activities such as organising seminars and publishing Tulu periodicals, etc. The academy
7344-494: The latter like ‘e’ in ‘men’ ( ಮಲ್ಪುವೆ maḷpuve /maɭpuve/ , "he makes"). In his grammar of 1932, S. U. Paniyadi used a special vowel sign to denote Tulu /ɛ/ in the Kannada script: according to Bhat, he used two talekaṭṭu s for this purpose (usually, a talekaṭṭu means the crest that a Kannada character like ಕ, ತ, ನ has), and the same convention was adopted by Upadhyaya in his 1988 Tulu Lexicon. The long counterpart of this vowel occurs in some words. In all dialects,
7446-513: The list of official languages of India . As a whole, Tulu is largely contained to the southern part of India. The Indian state of Karnataka is where the language seems to thrive in the present day. Some of the major cities within the Tulu culture include Mangalore and Kasaragod. The various historical inscriptions of Tulu found around Barkur and Kundapura are in the Tigalari script . Historically, Brahmins of Tulu Nadu and Havyaka Brahmins used
7548-467: The major traditions that greatly show the finer aspects of the language. The following are various forms of Tulu oral tradition and literature. Theatre in the form of the traditional Yakshagana , prevalent in coastal Karnataka and northern Kerala has greatly preserved the finer aspects of the Tulu language. Yakshagana which is conducted in Tulu is very popular among the Tuluva people. It can also be seen as
7650-454: The most commercially successful Tulu film. Chaali Polilu is the longest-running film in Tulu film history, as well as the highest-grossing film in the Tulu film industry. It has successfully completed 470 days at PVR Cinemas in Mangalore. The 2014 film Madime was reported to be remade in Marathi, thereby becoming the first Tulu film to be remade in another language. Shutterdulai was
7752-657: The music were used in Rangitaranga , a Kannada movie. Tulu as a language continues to thrive in coastal Karnataka and Kasaragod in Kerala . Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy , an institute established by the state government of Karnataka in 1994, has introduced Tulu as a language in schools around coastal Karnataka, including Alva's High School, Moodbidri ; Dattanjaneya High School, Odiyoor; Ramakunjeshwara English-medium High School, Ramakunja; and Vani Composite Pre-University College, Belthangady. Initially started in 16 schools,
7854-822: The northern parts of the Kasaragod district of Kerala . The native speakers of Tulu are referred to as Tuluva or Tulu people and the geographical area is unofficially called Tulu Nadu . The Indian census report of 2011 reported a total of 1,846,427 native Tulu speakers in India. The 2001 census had reported a total of 1,722,768 native speakers. There is some difficulty in counting Tulu speakers who have migrated from their native region as they are often counted as Kannada speakers in Indian census reports . Separated early from Proto-South Dravidian , Tulu has several features not found in Tamil–Kannada . For example, it has
7956-518: The old ai. The Kannada script does not have a symbol to specifically represent this vowel, which is often written as a normal e . For example, the first person singular form and the third person singular masculine of a verb are spelled identically in all tenses, both ending in e , but are pronounced differently: the terminating e in the former sounds nearly like ‘a’ in the English word ‘man’ ( ಮಲ್ಪುವೆ maḷpuve /maɭpuvæ/ , "I make"), while that in
8058-461: The original Sarasvat tribe consisted of people of all the folds who followed the Vedic fourfold system and not just Brahmins , as the caste system was not fully developed then, and did not play an important role.(see Gomantak prakruti ani sanskruti , Volume I). The second wave of Indo-Aryans occurred sometime between 1700 and 1450 BC . This second wave migration was accompanied by Dravidians from
8160-447: The other is by Brigel. Some of these differences may be dialectal variations. The personal pronouns are irregularly inflected: yānŭ 'I' becomes yen- in oblique cases . Tulu makes the distinction between the inclusive and exclusive we (see Clusivity: Dravidian languages ): nama 'we (including you)' as opposed to yenkuḷu 'we (not including you)'. For verbs, this distinction does not exist. The personal pronouns of
8262-721: The overlords. The Alupas however, were feudatories , since they ruled as subordinates in the Vijaynagara dominion of Tulunaad from 14th century onwards. The area became prosperous during the Vijayanagara period, with Barcoor and Mangalore gaining importance. After the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, much of Tulu Nadu came under the control of the Keladi Nayakas of Ikkeri . Jain Bunts were already
8364-497: The pair /e/ and /ɛ/ contrasts. Additionally, like Kodava Takk and Toda , and like Malayalam saṁvr̥tōkāram and Tamil kuṟṟiyalugaram , Tulu has an [ɯ] -like vowel (or schwa /ə/ ) as a phoneme , which is romanized as ŭ (ISO), ɯ , or u̥ . Both J. Brigel and A. Männer say that it is pronounced like e in the French je . Bhat describes this phoneme as /ɯ/. However, if it is like Malayalam "half-u", [ə] or [ɨ] may be
8466-596: The palace where the Inquisition was conducted was known as the Big House and the Inquisition proceedings were always conducted behind closed shutters and closed doors, to prevent outside interference while the accused was being interrogated. In 1567, the campaign of destroying temples in Bardez was completed after the majority of the local Hindus had converted to Christianity. At the end of it, 300 Hindu temples were destroyed. Laws were enacted from 4 December 1567 prohibiting
8568-593: The place dominated by the yadava or cowherd turugaḷē pradhānavāda nāḍu tuḷunāḍu ( ತುರುಗಳೇ ಪ್ರಧಾನವಾದ ನಾಡು ತುಳುನಾಡು ) . Linguist Purushottama Bilimale [ kn ] ( ಪುರುಷೋತ್ತಮ ಬಿಳಿಮಲೆ ) has suggested that the word tulu means 'that which is connected with water'. Tulave ( jackfruit ) means 'watery' in Tulu. Other water-related words in Tulu include talipu , teli , teḷi , teḷpu , tuḷipu , tulavu and tamel . In Kannada, there are words such as tuḷuku meaning 'that which has characteristics of water' and toḷe . Tulu
8670-456: The previous sentence. The verb may also be omitted in some sentences. Present tense and past tense may change and their perception. The written literature of Tulu is not as large as the literature of other literary Dravidian languages such as Tamil. Nevertheless, Tulu is one of only five literary Dravidian languages, the other four being Tamil , Telugu , Kannada and Malayalam . The earliest available Tulu literature that survives to this date
8772-465: The public performance of Hindu rituals such as marriages, sacred thread wearing and cremation. All persons above 15 years of age were compelled to listen to Christian preaching, failing which they were punished. In 1583, Hindu temples at Assolna and Cuncolim were also destroyed by the Portuguese after the majority of the locals had converted. One person convicted by the Goa Inquisition was
8874-623: The region stretching from the Chandragiri river , now part of the Kasaragod district , Kerala, to Gokarna , now part of Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, was ruled by the Alupas and was known as Alva Kheda. This kingdom was the homeland of the Tulu-speaking people. However, the present-day Tulu linguistic majority area is confined to the region of Tulu Nadu , which comprises the districts of part of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi in
8976-428: The second person are ī (oblique: nin- ) 'you (singular)' and nikuḷu 'you (plural)'. Three genders are distinguished in the third person, as well as proximate and remote forms. For example, imbe 'he (proximate)', āye 'he (remote)'. The suffix -rŭ makes a polite form of personal pronouns, as in īrŭ 'you (respectfully)', ārŭ 'he (remote; respectfully)'. Postpositions are used usually with
9078-916: The state government of Karnataka in 1994, as also the Kerala Tulu Academy established by the Indian State Government of Kerala in Manjeshwaram in 2007, are important governmental organisations that promote Tulu literature. Nevertheless, there are numerous organisations spread all over the world with significant Tulu-migrated populations that contribute to Tulu literature. Some notable contributors to Tulu literature are Kayyar Kinhanna Rai , M. K. Seetharam Kulal , Amruta Someshwara, B. A. Viveka Rai, Kedambadi Jattappa Rai, Venkataraja Puninchathaya , Paltadi Ramakrishna Achar, Dr. Sunitha M. Shetty, Dr. Vamana Nandavara, Sri. Balakrishna Shetty Polali. The oral traditions of Tulu are one of
9180-578: The two separate lands of Haiva and Tuluva . The Ballal kings of Sullia had ruled this area around 1100 years back. The Tulu Brahmin migration to Tulunaad might have happened during the lifetime of the Kadamba king Mayuravarma at 345 AD. During the 13th century, the Hindu philosopher Madhvacharya built the Ashta Mathagalu (eight temple complexes) in the present-day Udipi district , that
9282-571: Was awarded the Gundert Award for the best dictionary in the country in 1996. In September 2011, the Academic Council of Mangalore University accepted a proposal, to allow the university and the colleges affiliated to it to offer certificates, diplomas and postgraduate diploma courses in Tulu, both in regular and correspondence modes. Konkani people The Konkani people are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group native to
9384-683: Was confirmed by the king on 17 March 1687. However, according to the Inquisitor António Amaral Coutinho's letter to the Portuguese monarch João V in 1731, these draconian measures were unsuccessful. The fall of the "Province of the North" (which included Bassein , Chaul and Salsette ) in 1739 led to the suppression of Konkani gaining new strength. On 21 November 1745, the Archbishop of Goa, Lourenço de Santa Maria e Melo ( O.F.M. ), decreed that fluency in Portuguese
9486-627: Was established in 1560, briefly suppressed from 1774 to 1778, and finally abolished in 1812. Its main aim was to investigate New Christians for heresy , and to preserve the Catholic faith. Crypto-Jews who emigrated to Goa from the Iberian Peninsula to escape the Spanish Inquisition and the Portuguese Inquisition , were the main cause behind the launch of the Goa Inquisition. Some 16,202 persons were brought to trial by
9588-515: Was governed by feudatories of the Vijayanagara Empire until the 17th century. The longest reigning dynasty of Tulu Nadu were the Alupas , feudatories and nobility of the prominent dynasties of Carnatic region . The Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi was the earliest, under which the Alupas flourished. Later the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Badami , Chalukyas of Kalyani , Hoysalas of Durasamudra& Rayas (kings) of Vijayanagara were
9690-476: Was incomplete, as it did not cover all aspects of the language. The Govinda Pai Research Centre at MGM College, Udupi started an 18-year Tulu lexicon project in the year 1979. Different dialects , special vocabularies used for different occupational activities, rituals, and folk literature in the forms of Paād-danāas were included in this project. The Centre has also released a six-volume, trilingual, modestly priced Tulu-Kannada-English lexicon. The Tulu lexicon
9792-464: Was mandatory for the Goan applicants to the priesthood, and also for all their immediate relatives (men as well as women). This language fluency would be confirmed via rigorous examinations by ordained priests. Furthermore, the Bamonns and Chardos were required to learn Portuguese within six months, failing which they would be denied the right to marriage. The Jesuits , who had historically been
9894-639: Was one of the 12 socio-geographical regions included in the ancient Tamilakam . Tulu Nadu must certainly at one time have formed part of ancient Kerala ( Chera dynasty ), where the western coastal dialect of Old Tamil was spoken. It must have separated from Tamilakam sometime between 300 CE and 500 CE, when the Kadambas invaded the northern portions of Chera kingdom . No definite historical record relating to Tulu Nadu, other than those were found from Sangam literature , have been found of earlier date than 8th or 9th century CE. Historically, Tulunaad included
9996-487: Was organized to include Tulu in 8th schedule of constitution In October 2017, when prime minister Narendra Modi , visited Dharmasthala Temple the same demand was presented in front of him. Similarly, in 2018, a Member of Parliament from the Kasargod constituency, P. Karunakaran , also raised the same demand for inclusion of Tulu language in the 8th schedule of the constitution. On 19 February 2020, Vedavyas Kamath who
10098-597: Was partitioned from the older South Canara district, other parts being Mangalore district and Kassergode district . During the rule of Vijayanagara , Tulu Nadu comprised two administrative subdivisions — Mangaluru and Barakuru along with others such as the Hosdurg fort in Kassergode. In Tulunaad lied the home turf of the Tuluva dynasty , the third to take charge of the Vijayanagara dynasty . Tulu Nadu
10200-425: Was released on 16 November 2018. Guddada Bhootha , a television series aired in 1990, was one of the successful ventures of Tulu entertainment. This mini-series has a suspense storyline based on a Tulu drama, showing the country life of Tulu Nadu region of India. It was one of the popular TV series of that time. This series has a very famous title song Dennana Dennana sung by B. R. Chaya . This song along with
10302-553: Was started. Anthill is called as Roen (Konkani:रोयण), this word has been derived from the Austric word Rono meaning with holes. The later Indo-Aryan and Dravidian settlers also adopted anthill worship, which was translated to Santara in Prakrit by them. The first wave of Vedic people came and settled from Northern India in then Konkan region. Some of them might have been followers of Vedic religion . They were known to speak
10404-449: Was the first to suggest that the language was Dravidian. The dispute regarding the language in the play is yet to be settled, but scholars agree that the dispute arises from the fact that Old Kannada, Old Tamil, and Tulu during the time when the play was written were perhaps dialectical variations of the same proto-language , and that over the years they evolved into their present forms as separate languages. Found largely in Karnataka, it
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