136-529: Maria Huberdina Hertogh (born Huberdina Maria Hertogh ; 24 March 1937 – 8 July 2009), also known as Bertha Hertogh, Nadra binte Ma'arof , Nadra Adabi or simply Natrah , was a Dutch woman of Eurasian descent and Malay upbringing. She is notable for being at the centre of the Maria Hertogh riots when she was a young girl. The riots took place between 11 and 13 December 1950 in Singapore , after
272-565: A lingua franca that was called Bahasa Melayu pasar ("Bazaar Malay") or Bahasa Melayu rendah ("Low Malay") as opposed to the Bahasa Melayu tinggi ("High Malay") of Malacca. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin and the most important development, however, has been that pidgin creolised, creating several new languages such as the Ambonese Malay , Manado Malay and Betawi language . European writers of
408-405: A Bangsa Melayu ('Malay Nation') and the position of Malay language, but disagreed over the role of Islam and Malay rulers. The conservatives supported Malay language , Islam and Malay monarchy as constituting the key pillars of Malayness, but within a secular state that restricted the political role of Islam. The leftists concurred with the secular state but wanted to end feudalism , whereas
544-404: A revolver and recruited a fourth accomplice to carry out the actual murder. However, the last member got cold feet and gossiped about the murder plan. The police quickly learnt of it and arrested all four conspirators. At her trial, Maria was quoted as saying: "I was a slave in my own home. I lived in a prison. I was not allowed to do anything. Joep [Johan] kicked up a row even if I went to drink
680-693: A German annexation of the northern peninsula and the potential of its involvement for a commercial canal or railway network across the Isthmus of Kra , posed a serious threat to the British economic interest and political dominance in the region. Severely alarmed, the British and the Siamese entered the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, partitioning the peninsula between the British and the Siamese jurisdiction. The Anglo-Siamese Treaty attested that
816-645: A babysitter or a chambermaid. In March 1989, Malaysian journalist Fatini Yaacob, along with two of Maria's children, flew to Lake Tahoe to interview her for the Dewan Masyarakat. Yaacob informed her that the Terengganu State Government, under the leadership of Tan Sri Wan Mokhtar Ahmad , had offered her a parcel of land in Kemaman District if she wished to return home to Malaysia. Maria declined, citing her trauma from
952-723: A car. Outside, the police, including a Gurkha Contingent , held back a crowd of several hundred. The car delivered Maria to the Roman Catholic Convent of the Good Shepherd, run by the Sisters of the Good Shepherd , at Thomson Road. Mrs. Hertogh stayed at another address for a few days, from where she visited Maria daily, before moving into the convent herself. According to an official of the Netherlands Consulate-General, such arrangement
1088-601: A clay brick monument dating back to 110 CE in the Bujang Valley , shows that a maritime trading route with South Indian Tamil kingdoms was already established since the second century. The growth of trade with India brought coastal people in much of maritime Southeast Asia into contact with the major religions of Hinduism and Buddhism . Throughout this area a most profound in influence has been exerted by India which seems to have introduced into it architecture, sculpture, writing, monarchy, religion, iron, cotton and
1224-442: A coffee somewhere." In her defence, Maria's lawyers brought up her background, which the court acknowledged. With this in mind, and because the plot was never executed and there was no proof that she offered any inducement to the other three, the three-man bench acquitted Maria. Meanwhile, Maria had also filed for divorce on the grounds of the irreparable breakdown of her marriage. Several days before Christmas 1979, Maria married, for
1360-478: A court decided that Maria should be taken from her Malay Muslim foster and adoptive mother's custody and given over to her Dutch Catholic biological parents. A protest by outraged Muslims escalated when images of her were published showing her kneeling before a statue of the Virgin Mary and Saint Blaise . 18 people were killed and 173 injured; many properties were also damaged. Huberdina Maria Hertogh
1496-672: A host of elements of higher culture. Indian religions, cultural traditions and Sanskrit began to spread across the land. Hindu temples were built in the Indian style, local kings began referring to themselves as " raja " and more desirable aspects of Indian government were adopted. The beginning of the Common Era saw the rise of Malay states in the coastal areas of the Sumatra and Malay Peninsula ; Srivijaya , Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom , Gangga Negara , Langkasuka , Kedah , Pahang ,
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#17327835207351632-623: A naturalised Dutch citizen of Indonesian descent. Pichel was originally from Jakarta, Indonesia and a sailor by profession. That same year, they married and on 15 September 1984, emigrated to the United States, intent on opening an Indonesian restaurant there. They elected to settle in Lake Tahoe, Nevada . Lacking employment authorisation from the Immigration and Naturalization Service , Maria could only work ill-paid odd jobs such as
1768-636: A naval base in Langkawi , requesting its lease from Siam, influenced by Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz 's vision of using the island as a hub for a global submarine cable network. With its deep natural harbor, Langkawi was strategically positioned between German territories in China and the Pacific, facilitating warship restocking and enhancing commercial interests for German investors. In October 1899, Behn, Meyer & Co approached Kedah's Crown Prince to lease
1904-469: A neighbourhood not far from Bergen op Zoom . There, she reconnected with an old friend who offered her employment at her Indonesian food stall at a night market. In early 1984, she was admitted to hospital due to a stroke resulting from blocked arteries. After being kept for a week, she was discharged and returned to her job at the stall. It was at this stall that Maria met Benjamin Leopold Pichel,
2040-530: A paradigm of statecraft and a point of cultural reference for successor states such as Johor Sultanate (1528–present), Perak Sultanate (1528–present), Pahang Sultanate (1470–present), Siak Sri Indrapura Sultanate (1725–1946), Pelalawan Sultanate (1725–1946) and Riau-Lingga Sultanate (1824–1911). Across the South China Sea in the 14th century, another Malay realm, the Bruneian Empire
2176-557: A pass and was therefore interned. From her internment camp, she smuggled a letter to her mother, requesting for her children to be sent to her. This Nor Louise did, but Maria was not among them. Hertogh asked her mother to fetch Maria from Aminah. Her mother later wrote and told her that Aminah wanted to keep Maria for two more days, after which she herself would bring the child to the camp. However, Hertogh did not see Maria throughout her internment. After her release, she could not find either Maria nor Aminah. Upon arriving with Aminah, Maria
2312-644: A standard that later Malay sultanates emulated. The golden age of the Malay sultanates in the Malay Peninsula , Sumatra and Borneo saw many of their inhabitants, particularly from various tribal communities like the Batak , Dayak , Orang Asli and the Orang Laut become subject to Islamisation and Malayisation . In the course of history, the term "Malay" has been extended to other ethnic groups within
2448-696: A vassal to the Sultanate of Brunei. Brunei also expanded its influence in Mindanao, Philippines when Sultan Bolkiah married Leila Macanai, the daughter of the Sultan of Sulu . However, states like the kingdom of Pangasinan , Rajahnate of Cebu and Kedatuan of Madja-as tried to resist Brunei's and Islam's spread into the Philippines. Brunei's fairly loose river based governmental presence in Borneo projected
2584-568: A wish for Maria to travel to Malaya to visit the aged Aminah, but such a trip was never made due primarily to financial difficulties. Aminah died in 1976 and Mansoor would die of a heart attack in 1988. On 16 August 1976, Maria found herself on trial in a Dutch court charged with plotting to murder her husband. She admitted in court that she had been thinking about leaving her husband but was afraid to start divorce proceedings in case she lost custody of her children. She came into contact with two regular customers at her husband's café bar. The trio bought
2720-698: Is also spoken in southern Thailand , Cocos Islands , Christmas Island , Sri Lanka . It is spoken natively by approximately 33 million people throughout the Malay Archipelago and is used as a second language by an estimated 220 million. The oldest form of Malay is descended from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the earliest Austronesian settlers in Southeast Asia. This form would later evolve into Old Malay when Indian cultures and religions began penetrating
2856-578: Is composed of the following bodies: The data of the members of International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies can be found on the Federation-wide Databank and Reporting System (FDRS). It provides data insights on the world's largest humanitarian network of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies around the world. Nauru , Niue , Oman , and the Vatican City are the states without national societies, along with
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#17327835207352992-536: Is natural that she should now wish to remain in Malaya among people whom she knows. But who can say that she will have the same views some years hence after her outlooks has been enlarged, and her contacts extended, in the life of the family to which she belongs?" He also noted that whatever the details of the contested initiation of the custody at the end of 1942 might be, Adrianus Hertogh had not been part of it and had not abrogated his parental rights. He therefore awarded
3128-513: Is only used for Johor . Kedah is not included as Malay in the Kedah chronicle/ Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (ca. 1821). Hikayat Aceh (ca. 1625, manuscript ca. 1675) linked Malay ethnicity with Johor, but certainly not Aceh or Deli. Also known as Melayu asli (aboriginal Malays) or Melayu purba (ancient Malays), the Proto-Malays are of Austronesian origin and thought to have migrated to
3264-4035: The [REDACTED] Cook Islands [REDACTED] Costa Rica [ es ] [REDACTED] Côte d'Ivoire [REDACTED] Croatia [REDACTED] Cuba [ es ] [REDACTED] Cyprus [REDACTED] Czech Republic [REDACTED] Denmark [REDACTED] Djibouti [REDACTED] Dominica [REDACTED] Dominican Republic [REDACTED] Ecuador [ es ] [REDACTED] Egypt [REDACTED] El Salvador [REDACTED] Equatorial Guinea [REDACTED] Eritrea [REDACTED] Estonia [REDACTED] Eswatini [REDACTED] Ethiopia [REDACTED] Fiji [REDACTED] Finland [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Gabon [REDACTED] Gambia [REDACTED] Georgia [REDACTED] Germany [REDACTED] Ghana [REDACTED] Greece [REDACTED] Grenada [REDACTED] Guatemala [REDACTED] Guinea [REDACTED] Guinea-Bissau [REDACTED] Guyana [REDACTED] Haiti [REDACTED] Honduras [REDACTED] Hungary [REDACTED] Iceland [REDACTED] India [REDACTED] Indonesia [REDACTED] Iran [REDACTED] Iraq [REDACTED] Ireland [REDACTED] Israel [REDACTED] Italy [REDACTED] Jamaica [REDACTED] Japan [REDACTED] Jordan [REDACTED] Kazakhstan [REDACTED] Kenya [REDACTED] Kiribati [REDACTED] Korea, North [REDACTED] Korea, South [REDACTED] Kuwait [REDACTED] Kyrgyzstan [REDACTED] Laos [REDACTED] Latvia [REDACTED] Lebanon [REDACTED] Lesotho [REDACTED] Liberia [REDACTED] Libya [REDACTED] Liechtenstein [REDACTED] Lithuania [REDACTED] Luxembourg [REDACTED] Madagascar [REDACTED] Malawi [REDACTED] Malaysia [REDACTED] Maldives [REDACTED] Mali [REDACTED] Malta [REDACTED] Marshall Islands [REDACTED] Mauritania [REDACTED] Mauritius [REDACTED] Mexico [REDACTED] Micronesia, Federated States of [REDACTED] Moldova [REDACTED] Monaco [REDACTED] Mongolia [REDACTED] Montenegro [REDACTED] Morocco [REDACTED] Mozambique [REDACTED] Myanmar [REDACTED] Namibia [REDACTED] Nepal [REDACTED] Netherlands [REDACTED] New Zealand [REDACTED] Nicaragua [REDACTED] Niger [REDACTED] Nigeria [REDACTED] North Macedonia [REDACTED] Norway [REDACTED] Pakistan [REDACTED] Palau [REDACTED] Palestine [REDACTED] Panama [REDACTED] Papua New Guinea [REDACTED] Paraguay [REDACTED] Peru (suspended) [REDACTED] Philippines [REDACTED] Poland [REDACTED] Portugal [ pt ] [REDACTED] Qatar [REDACTED] Republika Srpska [REDACTED] Romania [REDACTED] Russia [REDACTED] Rwanda [REDACTED] Saint Kitts and Nevis [REDACTED] Saint Lucia [REDACTED] Saint Vincent and
3400-715: The Malay Annals , associates the etymological origin of "Melayu" to a small river named Sungai Melayu ( ' Melayu river ' ) in Sumatra , Indonesia. The epic incorrectly stated that the river flowed to the Musi River in Palembang , while in reality it flowed to the Batang Hari River in Jambi . The term is thought to be derived from the Malay word melaju , a combination of the verbal prefix 'me' and
3536-798: The British colonial government , a legacy that can be witnessed today in the Malaysian administrative system. Later during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , British Malaya and Borneo , the Japanese maintained a favourable relationship with the Sultans and other Malay leaders, this is partially composed to foster the trust of the Malay public that was generally loyal towards
3672-598: The Bukit Panjang Government School . The marriage was later speculated to have been a manoeuvre by Aminah to prevent further retrieval attempts by the Hertoghs; Maria returned to live with Aminah after the wedding night, and the marriage was never consummated. Because the marriage had been solemnised in Singapore, which was at that time under British rule, British law controlled the validity of
3808-894: The Dawn (not the Dawn , an English paper published in Pakistan). Karim Ghani had also made an open speech at the Sultan Mosque on 8 December in which he mentioned jihad as a final resort. In the light of the mounting backlash, the Criminal Investigation Department sent a memo to the Colonial Secretary suggesting moving Maria back to York Hill to avoid further inciting Muslim anger. The Secretary did not agree on grounds that he had received no such representations from Muslim leaders, nor did he have
3944-736: The Federation of Malaya , the West's last major dependency in Southeast Asia, attained independence in a peaceful transfer of power . The federation was reconstituted as Malaysia with the addition in 1963 of Singapore (separated in 1965), Sabah and Sarawak . The Malay language is one of the most prominent languages of the world, especially of the Austronesian family. Variants and dialects of Malay are used as an official language in Brunei , Malaysia , Indonesia and Singapore . The language
4080-655: The Indian Ocean islands of Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands in 1886. British intervention in the affairs of Malay states was formalised in 1895, when Malay rulers accepted British Residents in administration, and the Federated Malay States was formed. In 1909, Kedah , Kelantan , Terengganu and Perlis were handed over by Siam to the British. These states along with Johor , later became known as Unfederated Malay States . During
4216-583: The Kingdom of Singapura in Temasek . His dynasty ruled the island kingdom until the end of the 14th century, when the Malay polity once again faced the wrath of Javanese invaders. In 1400, his great-great-grandson, Parameswara , headed north and established the Malacca Sultanate . The new kingdom succeeded Srivijaya and inherited much of the royal and cultural traditions, including a large part of
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4352-622: The Malay Archipelago in a long series of migrations between 2500 and 1500 BCE. Notable Proto-Malays of today are Moken , Jakun , Orang Kuala , Temuan and Orang Kanaq . The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History , has pointed out a total of three theories of the origin of Malays: The Deutero-Malays are an Iron Age people descended partly from the subsequent Austronesian peoples who came equipped with more advanced farming techniques and new knowledge of metals. The Deutero-Malay settlers were not nomadic like their predecessors: instead they settled and established kampungs which serve as
4488-525: The Melayu Kingdom and Chi Tu . Between the 7th and 13th centuries, many of these small, often prosperous peninsula and Sumatran maritime trading states, became part of the mandala of Srivijaya, a great confederation of city-states centred in Sumatra . Early during this period, the earliest known mention of the word "Malayu" was used in Chinese sources in 644 CE. Later in the mid-14th century,
4624-577: The RCSC ) [REDACTED] Kosovo (non-member) [REDACTED] Macau (autonomous branch of the RCSC ) [REDACTED] Oman (non-member) [REDACTED] Ossetia, South (non-member) [REDACTED] SADR (pending recognition and admission) [REDACTED] Somaliland (non-member) [REDACTED] Taiwan (former member) [REDACTED] Transnistria (non-member) [REDACTED] Vatican City (autonomous branch of
4760-534: The Siamese . The Malacca Sultanate Itself fought two wars with the Siamese while the northern Malay states came intermittently under Siamese dominance for centuries. In 1771, the Kingdom of Siam under the new Chakri dynasty abolished the Patani Sultanate and later annexed a large part of Kedah Sultanate . Earlier, the Siamese under Ayutthaya Kingdom have had already absorbed Tambralinga and overrun
4896-557: The Singgora Sultanate in the 17th century. Between 1808 and 1813, the Siamese imposed a new administrative structure and created the semi-independent Malay kingdoms of Patani , Saiburi , Nongchik , Yaring , Yala , Reman and Rangae from Greater Patani and similarly obtained Rundung , Kupa , Tongkah , Terang while carving Setul , Langu, Perlis , Kubang Pasu from the Kedah Kingdom in 1839. In 1902,
5032-665: The World War II , all these British possessions and protectorates that collectively known as British Malaya were occupied by the Empire of Japan . The twilight of the vast Bruneian Empire began during the Castille War against the Spanish conquistadors who arrived in the Philippines from Mexico. The war resulted in the end of the empire's dominance in the present-day Philippine Archipelago . The decline further culminated in
5168-567: The ethnogenesis development of the related Acehnese and Banjar people and further spreading the Indian-influenced Malay ethos within the regional sphere. The period of the 12th and 15th centuries saw the arrival of Islam and the rise of the great port-city of Malacca on the southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula — two major developments that altered the course of Malay history. The Islamic faith arrived on
5304-640: The ex parte order to hand Maria to the Social Welfare Department, the Appellate Court found ambiguity in the Dutch Consul-General's representation of Maria's natal father. Both Aminah and Maria were overjoyed. On 1 August 1950, Maria was married by way of a nikah gantung (to be consummated when both parties were of age, valid under Islamic law ) to 21-year-old Mansoor Adabi, a Kelantan-born teacher-in-training at
5440-483: The protectorates of different foreign powers, from European colonial powers like Portuguese , Dutch and British , to regional powers like Aceh , Siam and Japan . In 1511, the Portuguese Empire captured the capital city of the Malacca Sultanate . The victorious Portuguese however, were unable to extend their political influence beyond the fort of Malacca . The Sultan maintained his overlordship on
5576-548: The root word 'laju', meaning "to accelerate", used to describe the accelerating strong current of the river. Prior to the 15th century, the term "Melayu" and its similar-sounding variants appear to apply as an old toponym to the Strait of Malacca region in general. Other suggestions include the Javanese word mlayu (as a verb: to run, participle: fugitive), or the Malay term melaju (to steadily accelerate), referring to
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5712-504: The states with limited recognition , such as Abkhazia , Somaliland , South Ossetia , Transnistria . Nicaragua 's National Society, Nicaraguan Red Cross , was dissolved by Nicaragua's parliament on May 9, 2023. The German Red Cross (DRK) was founded in 1921, bringing together various independent Red Cross associations that had previously operated autonomously within the German states. These regional branches trace their origins back to
5848-789: The " Malay world "; this usage is nowadays largely confined to Malaysia and Singapore, where descendants of immigrants from these ethnic group are termed as anak dagang ("traders") and who are predominantly from the Indonesian archipelago such as the Acehnese , Banjarese , Bugis , Mandailing , Minangkabau and Javanese . Throughout their history, the Malays have been known as a coastal-trading community with fluid cultural characteristics. They absorbed , shared and transmitted numerous cultural features of other local ethnic groups, such as those of Minang and Acehnese. The epic literature,
5984-534: The " Social revolution " of 1946 orchestrated by the Communist Party of Indonesia , drastically influenced their Malayan counterparts and politically motivating them against the PKMM's ideal of Greater Indonesia and the Islamists' vision of Islamic Republic . In March 1946, UMNO emerged with the full support of the Malay sultans from the Conference of Rulers . The new movement forged a close political link between rulers and subjects never before achieved. It generated an excited Malay public opinion which, together with
6120-428: The 17th and 18th centuries, such as Tavernier , Thomassin and Werndly describe Malay as " language of the learned in all the Indies, like Latin in Europe ". It is also the most widely used during British and Dutch colonial era in the Malay Archipelago. The reversed was seen in the Spanish East Indies , where mass latinisation of the archipelago during the colonial years resulted the historical coup de grâce of
6256-408: The 19th century, when the Sultanate lost most of its remaining territories in Borneo to the White Rajahs of Sarawak , North Borneo Chartered Company and its lower Borneo vassals to Dutch East India Company . Brunei was a British protectorate from 1888 to 1984. Following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 which divided the Malay Archipelago into a British zone in the north and a Dutch zone in
6392-452: The Austronesian expansion. Austronesian-speakers themselves are suggested to have arrived on Taiwan and the northern Philippines between 10,000 to 7,000 BCE from coastal southern China, and spread from there throughout Insular Southeast Asia. The authors concluded that the Austronesian expansion into Insular Southeast Asia and Polynesia was outgoing from the Philippines rather than Taiwan, and that modern Austronesian-speaking peoples, such as
6528-427: The British colonial government, there were no less than 147 journals and newspapers published in Malaya between 1876 and 1941. Among notable periodicals were Al-Imam (1906), Pengasuh (1920), Majlis (1935) and Utusan Melayu (1939). The rise of Malay nationalism was largely mobilised by three nationalist factions — the radicals distinguishable into the Malay left and the Islamic group which were both opposed to
6664-479: The Dutch Government to separate the couple as "an open challenge to the Muslim world". Pledges of aid also came from Maria's native Indonesia and as far as Saudi Arabia . The hearing finally opened, and Maria's natal mother, Adeline Hertogh travelled down to Singapore to attend. The judge, Justice Brown, delivered the verdict in the case entitled Re M. H. Hertogh, an Infant: Hertogh v. Amina binte Mohamed and Others two weeks later. The marriage, instead of resolving
6800-417: The Enquiry Advisory Committee and seven were brought to trial at the Assize Court for wanton killing and five of them were subsequently sentenced to death on the gallows . One of the five that was sentenced to the gallows was A.K.S. Othman Ghani, a respected Indian businessman from Madras . On 25 August 1951, Tunku Abdul Rahman , who would later become the first Prime Minister of Malaysia, took over as
6936-1944: The Grenadines [REDACTED] Samoa [REDACTED] San Marino [REDACTED] São Tomé and Príncipe [REDACTED] Saudi Arabia [REDACTED] Senegal [REDACTED] Serbia [REDACTED] Seychelles [REDACTED] Sierra Leone [REDACTED] Singapore [REDACTED] Slovakia [REDACTED] Slovenia [REDACTED] Solomon Islands [REDACTED] Somalia [REDACTED] South Africa [REDACTED] South Sudan [REDACTED] Spain [REDACTED] Sri Lanka [REDACTED] Sudan [REDACTED] Suriname [REDACTED] Sweden [REDACTED] Switzerland [REDACTED] Syria [REDACTED] Taiwan (Republic of China) [REDACTED] Tajikistan [REDACTED] Tanzania [REDACTED] Thailand [REDACTED] Timor-Leste [REDACTED] Togo [REDACTED] Tonga [REDACTED] Trinidad and Tobago [REDACTED] Tunisia [REDACTED] Turkey [REDACTED] Turkmenistan [REDACTED] Tuvalu [REDACTED] Uganda [REDACTED] Ukraine [REDACTED] United Arab Emirates [REDACTED] United Kingdom [REDACTED] United States [REDACTED] Uruguay [REDACTED] Uzbekistan [REDACTED] Vanuatu [REDACTED] Venezuela [REDACTED] Viet Nam [REDACTED] Yemen [REDACTED] Zambia [REDACTED] Zimbabwe [REDACTED] Abkhazia (no-member) [REDACTED] Cyprus, North (non-member) [REDACTED] Hong Kong (autonomous branch of
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#17327835207357072-551: The Hertoghs' representative lawyers from Kuala Lumpur . The lawyers delivered a letter demanding Maria's return by 10 August, failing which legal action would be taken. Believing that the marriage settled the matter, Aminah and Mansoor both ignored the deadline. The Hertoghs did not. On 26 August, an originating summons was taken out, under the Guardianship of Infants Ordinance, by the Hertoghs as plaintiffs against Aminah, Maria and Mansoor, who were all made defendants . The hearing proceeded between 20 and 24 November. For four months,
7208-438: The High Court ruled that the custody of Maria be granted to the Hertoghs. As Aminah and Maria exited the court via the back door, a car from the consulate was waiting to take Maria away. Maria refused to enter the car and clung on to Aminah, both shouting in Malay that they would kill themselves rather than be separated. A large crowd quickly formed around the commotion. It was only after much persuasion that Aminah agreed to enter
7344-448: The Indonesian Repatriation Service, and local police. Finally, in September 1949, Aminah and Maria were traced to the kampung in which they were living. Negotiations were opened to retrieve Maria in early 1950. The Dutch Consulate offered $ 500 to make up for Aminah's expenses in bringing up the girl for eight years. Aminah rejected the offer. Attempts were then made to persuade Aminah to travel with Maria to Singapore in April to discuss
7480-436: The Islamic group favoured ending royalty but sought a much larger role of Islam . Since the foundation of the Republic of Indonesia as a unitary state in 1950, all traditional Malay monarchies in Indonesia were abolished, and the Sultans positions reduced to titular heads or pretenders . The violent demise of the sultanates of Deli , Langkat , Serdang , Asahan and other Malay principalities in East Sumatra during
7616-421: The Malay Archipelago through the Malayisation process. The expansion of Malaccan influence through trade and Dawah brought with it together the Classical Malay language, the Islamic faith, and the Malay Muslim culture; the three core values of Kemelayuan ("Malayness"). In 1511, the Malaccan capital fell into the hands of Portuguese conquistadors . However, Malacca remained an institutional prototype:
7752-438: The Malay language in the Philippines. The dialect of Johor Sultanate , the direct successor of Malacca, became the standard speech among Malays in Singapore and Malaysia , and it formed the original basis for the standardised Indonesian language . Red Cross Society The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement , the world's largest group of non-governmental organizations working on humanitarian aid ,
7888-422: The Malay population is descended primarily from the earlier Malayic -speaking Austronesians and Austroasiatic tribes who founded several ancient maritime trading states and kingdoms, notably Brunei , Kedah , Langkasuka , Gangga Negara , Chi Tu , Nakhon Si Thammarat , Pahang , Melayu and Srivijaya . The advent of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century triggered a major revolution in Malay history,
8024-452: The Malay ruling class in the territory. Despite the widespread distribution of the Malay population throughout the Malay Archipelago, modern Malay nationalism was only significantly mobilised in the early twentieth century British Malaya i. e. the Malay Peninsula . In the Netherlands Indies , the struggle against colonisation was characterised by the trans-ethnic nationalism: the so-called " Indonesian National Awakening " united people from
8160-399: The Malays to establish kingdoms beyond the traditional Srivijayan realm. Several exemplification are the enthronement of a Tambralingan prince to reign the Lavo Kingdom in present-day Central Thailand , the foundation of Rajahnate of Cebu in the Visayas and the establishment of the Tanjungpura Kingdom in what is now West Kalimantan , Borneo . The expansion is also eminent as it shaped
8296-480: The Malays, have largely ancestry from the earliest Basal-East Asians, Austroasiatic migrants from Mainland Southeast Asia, and Austronesian-speaking seafarers from the Philippines, without much admixture from previous groups. There is no definite evidence which dates the first Indian voyages across the Bay of Bengal but conservative estimates place the earliest arrivals on Malay shores at least 2,000 years ago. The discovery of jetty remains, iron smelting sites, and
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#17327835207358432-450: The Siamese stripped the political powers of all the 7 kingdoms of Patani following a planned revolt for independence against the central government. The coup de grâce was cultivated by 1906, when the Siamese redraw the border of the Patani territories and installed a new governance and administrative system. In 1786, the island of Penang was leased to East India Company by Kedah Sultanate in exchange of military assistance against
8568-414: The Siamese to control the upper portion of the peninsular while the lower region was to be held under the British dominance . The British originally planned for the inclusion of Reman , Legeh and Setul under their dominion together with a cluster of northern Malay states. Nonetheless, they only managed to secure Kedah , Kelantan , Terengganu and Perlis under the agreement. The treaty also witnessed
8704-405: The Siamese. In 1819, the company also acquired Singapore from Johor Empire , later in 1824, Dutch Malacca from the Dutch, followed by Dindings from Perak by 1874 and finally Labuan from Brunei in 1886. All these trading posts officially known as Straits Settlements in 1826 and became the crown colony of British Empire in 1867. Additionally, the Straits Settlements would also encompass
8840-439: The Taiwan model. This theory also draws support from recent genetic evidence by Human Genome Organisation suggesting that the primary peopling of Asia occurred in a single migration through Southeast Asia; this route is held to be the modern Malay area and that the diversity in the area developed mainly in-place without requiring major migrations from the mainland. The expansion itself may have been driven by rising sea levels at
8976-419: The age of 72. She donated her body to scientific research. Malays (ethnic group) Malays ( / m ə ˈ l eɪ / mə- LAY ; Malay : Orang Melayu , Jawi : أورڠ ملايو ) are an Austronesian ethnoreligious group native to eastern Sumatra , the Malay Peninsula and coastal Borneo , as well as the smaller islands that lie between these locations. These locations are today part of
9112-416: The authority to remove Maria without further court orders. It cannot be said definitively that moving Maria out of the convent at such a late stage could have averted the riots. The appeal hearing opened on 11 December. Maria stayed at the convent and did not attend. Since early morning, crowds carrying banners and flags with star and crescent symbols began to gather around the Supreme Court . By noon, when
9248-425: The car together with Maria and pay a visit to her lawyer, who explained that Maria had to be given up until an appeal was made. The duo then parted in tears, with Maria returned to the convent for temporary safekeeping. Maria stayed at the convent for two more months under a further order from the Chief Justice pending appeal, which was filed on 28 July. The verdict was an overruling of the earlier decision; aside from
9384-451: The centre of Islamisation in the east. As a Malaccan state religion, Islam brought many great transformation into the Malaccan society and culture, and It became the primary instrument in the evolution of a common Malay identity. The Malaccan era witnessed the close association of Islam with Malay society and how it developed into a definitive marker of Malay identity. Over time, this common Malay cultural idiom came to characterise much of
9520-514: The conservative elites. The Malay leftists were represented by Kesatuan Melayu Muda , formed in 1938 by a group of Malay intelligentsia primarily educated in Sultan Idris Training College , with an ideal of Greater Indonesia . In 1945, they reorganised themselves into a political party known as Partai Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (PKMM). The Islamists were originally represented by Kaum Muda consisted of Middle east — educated scholars with Pan-Islamic sentiment. The first Islamic political party
9656-528: The countries of Malaysia , Indonesia (eastern and southern Sumatra , Bangka Belitung Islands , West Kalimantan and Riau Islands ), the southern part of Thailand ( Pattani , Satun , Songkhla , Yala and Narathiwat ), Singapore and Brunei Darussalam . There is considerable linguistic, cultural, artistic and social diversity among the many Malay subgroups, mainly due to hundreds of years of immigration and assimilation of various regional ethnicity and tribes within Maritime Southeast Asia . Historically,
9792-458: The country with the primary goals of advancing and protecting the interests of Malays. In March 1946, 41 of these Malay associations formed United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), to assert Malay dominance over Malaya. The Malay and Malayness has been the fundamental basis for Malay ideology and Malay nationalism in Malaysia. All three Malay nationalist factions believed in the idea of
9928-433: The custody of Maria to the Hertoghs and ordered that she should be handed over to her mother with immediate effect. When police came to take Maria, she wept and clung to Aminah and Mansoor. Aminah fainted on the spot and a doctor standing by had to attend to her. Mansoor advised Maria to concede for the time being and promised that he and others would carry on the legal fight. Thus Maria allowed herself to be brought away into
10064-456: The dispute, had instead complicated it. His judgment stated inter alia : Having over-ruled the purported marriage, Justice Brown went on to deal with what he described as the "most difficult" question of custody . He noted that his duty to the law required him "to have regard primarily to the welfare of the infant". He believed this meant that he not only had to consider the current wishes of Maria, but also her future well-being. He stated: "It
10200-703: The end of World War II, Sergeant Hertogh was released and returned to Java and reunited with his wife. The couple stated that they inquired about Maria, but could find neither her nor Aminah. They returned to the Netherlands after requesting the Dutch authorities in Java and Singapore to search for the child. Investigations were then made by the Red Cross Society , the Royal Netherlands Army ,
10336-601: The end of the Ice Age. Proponent Stephen Oppenheimer has further theorised that the expansion of peoples occurred in three rapid surges due to rising sea levels at the end of the Ice Age, and that this diaspora spread the peoples and their associated cultures, myths, and technologies not just to mainland Southeast Asia, but as far as India, the Near East, and the Mediterranean. Reviewers have found his proposals for
10472-2097: The former independent members of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Examples include the Badisches Rotes Kreuz, Bayerisches Rotes Kreuz, and the regional associations of Bremen, Hamburg, Oldenburg, Hesse, and Berlin. Some current subdivisions are direct continuations of these earlier organizations, while others resulted from mergers or divisions of the former members. [REDACTED] Afghanistan [REDACTED] Albania [REDACTED] Algeria [REDACTED] Andorra [REDACTED] Angola [REDACTED] Antigua and Barbuda [REDACTED] Argentina [REDACTED] Armenia [REDACTED] Australia [REDACTED] Austria [REDACTED] Azerbaijan [REDACTED] The Bahamas [REDACTED] Bahrain [REDACTED] Bangladesh [REDACTED] Barbados [REDACTED] Belarus (suspended) [REDACTED] Belgium [REDACTED] Belize [REDACTED] Benin [REDACTED] Bhutan [REDACTED] Bolivia [REDACTED] Bosnia and Herzegovina [REDACTED] Botswana [REDACTED] Brazil [REDACTED] Brunei [REDACTED] Bulgaria [REDACTED] Burkina Faso [REDACTED] Burundi [REDACTED] Cambodia [REDACTED] Cameroon [REDACTED] Canada [REDACTED] Cape Verde [REDACTED] Central African Republic [REDACTED] Chad [REDACTED] Chile [ es ] [REDACTED] China [REDACTED] Colombia [REDACTED] Comoros [REDACTED] Congo [ it ] [REDACTED] Congo, Democratic Republic of
10608-570: The headline: Bertha knelt before [the] Virgin Mary Statue . The Malay press retorted. The Utusan Melayu published on 7 December three photographs of Maria weeping and being comforted by a nun, as well as articles about Maria's "lonely and miserable" life in the convent. These pictures, whether presenting Maria as happy or sad, mostly showed Maria surrounded by symbols of Christian faith. The Muslims, who looked upon Maria as one of their own, were deeply offended by such pictures, not to mention
10744-574: The hearing eventually began, the restive crowd had grown from 2,000 to 3,000 in number. The court threw out the appeal within five minutes. The brevity of the hearing convinced the gathering that the colonial legal system was biased against Muslims. The riots erupted. The riots continued for three days and a curfew was imposed for two weeks. The mob, largely consisting of Muslims, moved out to attack any Europeans and even Eurasians in sight. They overturned cars and burnt them. The police force and its lower ranks largely consisted of Malays who sympathized with
10880-490: The high mobility and migratory nature of its people. De Barros (1552) mentioned that Iskandar Shah named the Malaios (Malays) so because of the banishment of his father from his country. Albuquerque explained that Parameswara fled ( malayo ) from the kingdom of Palembang to Malacca. The word "Melayu" as an ethnonym , to allude to a clearly different ethnological cluster, is assumed to have been made fashionable throughout
11016-618: The integration of the Malacca Sultanate as a regional power in the 15th century. It was applied to report the social partialities of the Malaccans as opposed to foreigners as of the similar area, especially the Javanese and Thais . This is evidenced from the early 16th century Malay word-list by Antonio Pigafetta who joined the Magellan's circumnavigation , that made a reference to how the phrase chiara Malaiu ('Malay ways')
11152-458: The interest of "the friendly understanding... between Christians and Muslims" to object to the marriage since it had already taken place. The latter view was held by the majority of the Muslim population, albeit in a more antagonistic mood against the Dutch and Europeans at large. Meanwhile, the Hertoghs had not given up legal pursuit to retrieve Maria. Only a day after the marriage, Aminah received
11288-487: The island for 50 years, but the plan faltered due to Siam's refusal, as dictated by the Secret Siamese Treaty of 1897, which required British consent for territorial concessions. A subsequent attempt in 1900 to acquire Pulau Lontar was similarly dismissed, prompting British concerns over potential German expansion in the region and its implications for their economic and political dominance. The prospect of
11424-495: The issue with the Dutch Consul-General; Aminah again refused. The Consulate then applied to the High Court of Singapore on 22 April for Maria to be delivered into the custody of the Social Welfare Department, pending further order. The Chief Justice heard the request the same day and approved the application ex parte . The next day, an officer from the department served the order to take Maria from Aminah's custody, and Maria
11560-619: The lands outside Malacca and established the Johor Sultanate in 1528 to succeed Malacca. Portuguese Malacca faced several unsuccessful retaliation attacks by Johor until 1614, when the combined forces of Johor and the Dutch Empire , ousted the Portuguese from the peninsula. As per agreement with Johor in 1606, the Dutch later took control of Malacca. Historically, Malay states of the peninsula had hostile relations with
11696-443: The main units in society. These kampungs were normally situated on the riverbanks or coastal areas and generally self-sufficient in food and other necessities. By the end of the 1st century BCE, these kampungs were beginning to engage in some trade with the outside world. The Deutero-Malays are considered the direct ancestors of the present-day Malay people. A more recent theory holds that rather than being populated by expansion from
11832-484: The mainland, the Ice Age populations of the Malay Peninsula, neighbouring Indonesian Archipelago, and the then-exposed continental shelf ( Sundaland ) instead developed locally from the first human settlers and expanded to the mainland. Proponents of this theory hold that this expansion gives a far more parsimonious explanation of the linguistic, archaeological, and anthropological evidence than earlier models, particularly
11968-459: The marriage rather than Malayan law. The first challenges on the marriage's validity came from within the Muslim community. On 10 August, a Muslim leader wrote to The Straits Times , pointing out that although Islamic law permits the marriage of girls starting after puberty (which Maria had reached a year earlier), there were Muslim countries such as Egypt that legislated for a minimum marriage age of 16. He added, however, that it would not be in
12104-570: The matter hung in suspense. During this time, in order to avoid public scrutiny, Maria rarely left her residence in the house of M.A. Majid, then-president of the Muslim Welfare Association and Adabi's foster father. Nevertheless, media coverage on the incident had grown to a global scale. Letters from Muslim organisations in Pakistan promising financial and other help arrived, some going so far as to declare any further move by
12240-562: The most dominant Malay state of the region. By the end of the 13th century, the remnants of the Malay empire in Sumatra was finally destroyed by the Javanese invaders during the Pamalayu expedition ( Pamalayu means "war against the Malays"). In 1299, through the support of the loyal servants of the empire, the Orang laut , a Malay prince of Palembang origin, Sang Nila Utama established
12376-441: The name of Republic of Riau. Nevertheless, what follows is specific to the peninsula Malay nationalism that resulted in the formation of the Federation of Malaya , later reconstituted as Malaysia. The earliest and most influential instruments of Malay national awakening were the periodicals which politicised the position of the Malays in the face of colonialism and alien immigration of non-Malays. In spite of repressions imposed by
12512-418: The only one in the family who understood Malay . She demanded rice with every meal, resenting the western diet, and continued to perform her Muslim prayers five times a day. In addition, a policeman in plain clothes was assigned to escort her whenever she left the house, for fear of possible kidnappers who might take her back to Singapore, following reported sighting of "oriental strangers" around town. The house
12648-800: The original settlement and dispersal worthy of further study, but have been sceptical of his more diffusionist claims. Malays are an Austronesian-speaking ethnic group of Insular Southeast Asia , and the Malay Peninsula . A study in 2021 concluded that a distinctive Basal-East Asian lineage (sometimes termed as ' East- and Southeast Asian lineage ' (ESEA)), which is ancestral to modern East and Southeast Asians, Polynesians, and Siberians, originated in Mainland Southeast Asia at ~50,000 BCE, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively. Basal-East Asian ancestry, as well as later Austroasiatic -associated ancestry, spread into Maritime Southeast Asia prior to
12784-531: The police. Plans were made at York Hill to receive her but she was instead sent to Saint John's Island , an offshore island 4 miles south of the main island of Singapore. The next day, Maria was taken by Adeline to the Netherlands by aeroplane. After landing in Schiphol Airport , they quickly proceeded to the Hertogh home on the outskirts of Bergen op Zoom . At first, Maria could only talk to Adeline,
12920-456: The president of UMNO , a Malay-centric party. He immediately set out to save the five on death row. Having garnered support from the Muslim population, Abdul Rahman placed pressure on the authorities, who finally gave in. The British government was expecting their role as the colonial master to end very soon and did not wish to leave behind grim memories. The death sentences for all five were commuted to life imprisonment . A Commission of Inquiry
13056-478: The process of Malayisation . Other significant Malay sultanates were the Kedah Sultanate (1136–present), Kelantan Sultanate (1411–present), Patani Sultanate (1516–1771), Reman Kingdom (1785–1909) and Legeh Kingdom (1755–1902) that dominated the northern part of the Malay Peninsula. Jambi Sultanate (1460–1907), Palembang Sultanate (1550–1823) and Indragiri Sultanate (1298–1945) controlled much of
13192-485: The process. Initially, Classical Malay was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Malay kingdoms of Southeast Asia. One of these dialects, that was developed in the literary tradition of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century, eventually became predominant. The Malaccan era was marked with the transformation of the Malay language into an Islamic language, in similar fashion to Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Swahili. An adapted Arabic script called Jawi
13328-448: The racial and religious feelings of the locals. It cites the incident as a vital lesson learnt in the importance of racial and religious understanding and harmony, as well as a case for imposing a certain degree of government control on the media, especially when racial or religious issues are implicated. On the night the riots broke out, Maria was moved out of the convent, where the rioters tried twice to march on and were only kept back by
13464-412: The region. Old Malay contained some terms last until today, but remained unintelligible to modern speakers, while the modern language is already largely recognisable in written Classical Malay , which the oldest form dating back to 1303 CE. Malay evolved into Classical Malay through the gradual influx of numerous Arabic and Persian vocabulary when Islam made its way to the region, changing significantly in
13600-427: The riot, the police set up a special investigation unit that detained 778 people, among them Karim Ghani. Out of these, 403 were released unconditionally and 106 were released on various conditions (they generally had to report to the police station monthly and adhere to a curfew after dark). The police eventually brought rioting charges against 200 people, of whom 25 were acquitted, 100 were convicted, 62 were referred to
13736-399: The rioters' cause and were ineffective in quelling the riots. By nightfall, the riots had spread to even the more remote parts of the island. Help from the British military was enlisted only at around 6:45 PM. Major-General Dunlop promptly deployed two internal security battalions while calling in further reinforcements from Malaya. Meanwhile, various Muslim leaders appealed over the radio for
13872-532: The riots to cease. Reinforcements arrived early on 12 December, but riotous incidents continued on that day. The troops and police only managed to regain control of the situation by noon on 13 December. In total, 18 people were killed, among whom were seven Europeans or Eurasians, two police officers , and nine rioters shot by the police or military, 173 were injured, many of them seriously, 119 vehicles were damaged and at least two buildings were set on fire. Subsequently, two weeks of 24-hour curfew were imposed, and it
14008-652: The riots. On 29 January 1998, Maria finally returned to Kemaman for Hari Raya and reunited with Kamariah, as well as paying her respects to Che Aminah's grave. It was their first meeting in 48 years; unfortunately, it would be the only time they were able to see each other again before Kamariah died of leukemia. Sometime between 2001 and 2003, Maria left Pichel and returned to the Netherlands, settling in Huijbergen . The two officially divorced in 2004. On 8 July 2009, Maria died of leukemia at her house in Huijbergen at
14144-476: The sensational reports, some of which explicitly labelled the case as a religious issue between Islam and Christianity. On 9 December, an organisation calling itself the Nadra Action Committee was formally constituted under the leadership of Karim Ghani , a Muslim political activist from Rangoon . The Committee solicited support among local Muslims by distributing free copies of its newspaper,
14280-564: The shores of what are now the states of Kedah , Perak , Kelantan and Terengganu , from around the 12th century. The earliest archaeological evidence of Islam from the Malay Peninsula is the Terengganu Inscription Stone dating from the 14th century found in Terengganu state, Malaysia . By the 15th century, the Malacca Sultanate, whose hegemony reached over much of the western Malay Archipelago , had become
14416-473: The significance of which lies in its far-reaching political and cultural legacy. Common definitive markers of Malayness —the religion of Islam , the Malay language and traditions—are thought to have been promulgated during this era, resulting in the ethnogenesis of the Malay as a major ethnoreligious group in the region. In literature, architecture, culinary traditions , traditional dress, performing arts, martial arts and royal court traditions, Malacca set
14552-508: The south, all Malay sultanates in Sumatra and Southern Borneo became part of the Dutch East Indies . Though some of Malay sultans maintain their power under Dutch control, some were abolished by the Dutch government under the accusation of retaliation against the colonial rule, like the case of Palembang Sultanate in 1823, Jambi Sultanate in 1906 and Riau Sultanate in 1911. In the late 19th century, Germany sought to establish
14688-497: The southeastern shores of Sumatra. Deli Sultanate (1632–1946), Serdang Sultanate (1728–1948), Langkat Sultanate (1568–1948) and Asahan Sultanate (1630–1948) governed eastern Sumatra. While West Borneo observed the rise of Pontianak Sultanate (1771–1950), Mempawah Sultanate (1740–1950) and Matan Sultanate (1590–1948), Sanggau Sultanate, Sintang Sultanate, and Sekadau Sultanate. Between 1511 and 1984, numerous Malay kingdoms and sultanates fell under direct colonisation or became
14824-470: The state and additionally Kelantan received Jeli from Legeh (which had been under Siamese jurisdiction since 1902). The Siamese then abdicated Tunku Baharuddin, the King of Setul , the sole Malay kingdom remained under Siamese territory in 1916. The treaty nonetheless, manage to seal the fate of the Malay states of Kedah , Kelantan , Terengganu and Perlis to retain a degree of their sovereign powers under
14960-622: The state of Kedah being reduced the most, with Tarutao , Butang islands groups, Sendawa , Langgu and the principality of Setul were all being divorced into the Siamese hands, a similar fate was also followed in northeastern coast of Kelantan that was demanded to renounced their right on the Tabal district , including Sungai Golok and Sungai Padi ; while Perlis lost its Pujoh district. Then-British controlled Federated Malay State of Perak however, saw an enlargement of their land area, with southern territories of Reman being transferred into
15096-486: The sultan. Nonetheless, in a series of massacres known as Pontianak incidents , the Japanese assassinated virtually all of the West Kalimantan Malay sultans, including a large numbers of Malay intelligentsias after they have been falsely accused of planning an uprising and coup d'etat against the Japanese. It was believed that West Kalimantan took two generations to recover from the near-total collapse of
15232-439: The surprising political apathy of the non-Malays, led to Britain's abandonment of the radical Malayan Union plan. By July, UMNO succeeded in obtaining an agreement with the British to begin negotiations for a new constitution. Negotiations continued from August to November, between British officials on the one hand, and the Sultans' representatives and UMNO and the other. Two years later the semi independent Federation of Malaya
15368-517: The territories of its predecessor. In the north of the peninsula, the power vacuum left by the collapse of Srivijaya was filled by the growth of the kingdom of Tambralinga in the 12th century. Between the 13th to early 14th century, the kingdom succeeded to incorporate most of the Malay Peninsula under its mandala. The campaign led by Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja (1230–1263) managed to capture Jaffna kingdom in Sri Lanka between 1247 and 1258. He
15504-435: The third time, one of her co-conspirators, Antonius Christianus "Tom" Ballermans. Their domestic life was happy at first; however, three years into the marriage, Ballermans' behaviour became troublesome and worrying. He'd started drinking in excess. Suspicious, Maria followed him to a cafeteria, where she discovered he was having an affair. They would divorce in 1983. After her divorce from Ballermans, Maria moved to Zuidsingel,
15640-598: The various parts of the Dutch colony in the development of a national consciousness as "Indonesians". In Brunei, despite some attempt made to arouse Malay political consciousness between 1942 and 1945, there was no significant history of ethnic-based nationalism. In Thailand however, Pattani separatism against Thai rule is regarded by some historians as a part of the wider sphere of peninsular Malay nationalism. A similar secession movement can be witnessed in modern-day Indonesia, where both autochthonously-Malay provinces of Riau and Riau Islands sought to gain independence under
15776-471: The word Malay was already recognized as a collective people sharing similar heritage, customs and language. Srivijaya's influence spread over all the coastal areas of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, western Java and western Borneo , as well as the rest of the Malay Archipelago . Enjoying both Indian and Chinese patronage, its wealth was gained mostly through trade. At its height, the Old Malay language
15912-510: Was Partai Orang Muslimin Malaya (Hizbul Muslimin) formed in March 1948, later succeeded by Pan-Malayan Islamic Party in 1951. The third group was the conservatives consisted of the westernised elites who were bureaucrats and members of royal families that shared a common English education mostly at the exclusive Malay College Kuala Kangsar . They formed voluntary organisations known as Persatuan Melayu ('Malay Associations') in various parts of
16048-665: Was baptised in the Roman Catholic Church of Saint Ignatius at Tjimahi on 10 April by a Catholic priest . At the outbreak of World War II , Adrianus Hertogh, a sergeant in the Dutch Army , was captured by the Imperial Japanese Army and sent to a POW camp in Japan, where he was kept until 1945. Meanwhile, Adeline Hertogh stayed with her mother, Nor Louise, and her five children, among whom Maria
16184-508: Was a long time before complete law and order were re-established. The first procession to be arranged would be this – 1500 girls aged 14 and under would march in procession to the Convent to present a Quran, a praying carpet, and two Malay dresses to Maria. One of the many complaints is the rumor that the Quran, the praying carpet, and the Malay dresses sent by Aminah did not reach Maria. After
16320-545: Was also placed under surveillance. Slowly, Maria began to adjust to her new environment. A nun came to the house daily to teach her Dutch until she was proficient enough to attend a local convent school. She also began to attend Mass with her family. Back in Singapore, Aminah and Mansoor had apparently given up hope of retrieving Maria after leave to appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
16456-473: Was appointed by Governor Franklin Gimson . It was headed by Sir Lionel Leach , a member of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . The Commission placed large blame on the police command for not having anticipated the violence from many indicators between 2 and 11 December. Furthermore, when the riots first started, the police failed to act promptly to disperse the crowd. The Gurkha Contingent standing by
16592-569: Was because of "greater convenience" while the stay of execution pending appeal was in effect. But it proved to be the spark that lit the fuse of the subsequent riots. The press was not barred from entering the convent grounds. On 5 December, the Singapore Tiger Standard published on its front page a photograph of Maria standing holding hands with the Reverend Mother . There were several more pictures on page 2, under
16728-552: Was born on 24 March 1937 to a Dutch Catholic family living in Cimahi , near Bandung , Java , then a part of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia ). Her biological father, Adrianus Petrus Hertogh, came to Java in the 1920s as a sergeant in the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army . In the early 1930s, he married Adeline Hunter, a Eurasian of Scottish - Javanese descent brought up in Java. Maria
16864-430: Was born. The new constitutional arrangement largely reverted to the basic pattern of pre-war colonial rule and built on the supremacy of the individual Malay states. Malay rights and privileges were safeguarded. The traditional Malay rulers thus retained their prerogatives, while their English-educated descendants came to occupy positions of authority at the centre, which was being progressively decolonised. In August 1957,
17000-678: Was conquered by the Portuguese in 1511. It reached its golden age in the mid-16th century when it controlled land as far south as present day Kuching in Sarawak , north towards the Philippine Archipelago . The empire broadened its influence in Luzon by defeating Datu Gambang of the Kingdom of Tondo and by founding a satellite state , Kota Seludong in present-day Manila , setting up the Muslim Rajah, Rajah Sulaiman I as
17136-551: Was eventually defeated by the forces of the Pandyan dynasty from Tamil Nadu in 1263 and was killed by the brother of Emperor Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I . The invasion marked an unrivaled feature in the history of Southeast Asia , it was the only time there was an armed maritime expedition beyond the borders of the region. The cultivation of Malay polity system also diffused beyond the proper Sumatran-Peninsular border during this era. The age avowed by exploration and migration of
17272-747: Was given the name Nadra binte Ma'arof. For unknown reasons, her new family moved to Jakarta for a period before moving back to Bandung, where Aminah worked for the Japanese military police as an interpreter until the end of the war. Aminah moved back to her hometown of Kampung Banggol in Kemaman , Terengganu . By then Maria was the same as any other Malay Muslim girl of her age: she spoke only Malay , wore Malay clothes, and practiced her religion devoutly. Maria had an adoptive elder sister of Japanese descent, Kamariah Mohd Dahan, whom Aminah had adopted in Tokyo when she lived there with her husband. In 1945, with
17408-523: Was not granted. Earlier interest of the several Muslim groups involved had also gradually died down. On 20 April 1956, Maria married Johan Gerardus "Joep" Wolkenfelt, a 21-year-old Dutch Catholic . On 15 February 1957, she gave birth to a son, the first of ten children. However, Maria did not seem to be contented. As she told De Telegraaf , she often had rows with Adeline, who lived nearby. She also said she still longed for her Malayan homeland. Johan and Mansoor began corresponding via letters. Both expressed
17544-429: Was not put into action, while too much dependence was placed on Malay policemen, many of whom defected or at least hesitated to carry out their duties. The British House of Commons criticised the colonial government for its poor handling of the situation. The present-day Government of Singapore under then-Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew also attributes the tragedy to the insensitivity of the colonial government towards
17680-463: Was on the rise to become the most powerful polity in Borneo . By the middle of the 15th century, Brunei entered into a close relationship with the Malacca Sultanate. The sultan married a Malaccan princess, adopted Islam as the court religion, and introduced an efficient administration modelled on Malacca. Brunei profited from trade with Malacca but gained even greater prosperity after the great Malay port
17816-465: Was persuaded by her mother after the birth of her sixth child to allow Maria to go and stay with Aminah in Bandung for three or four days. Consequently, Aminah arrived on 1 January 1943 to fetch Maria. When the child was not returned, Hertogh borrowed a bicycle on 6 January and set out to retrieve her. She claimed that she was stopped by a Japanese sentry on the outskirts of Bandung as she did not possess
17952-465: Was the third and youngest daughter. On 29 December 1942, Adeline gave birth to her sixth child, a boy. Three days later, Maria went to stay with Che Aminah binte Mohammad, a 42-year-old Malay woman from Kemaman , Terengganu , Malaya (now Malaysia ) who was a close friend of Nor Louise. According to Adeline Hertogh, in testimony given in evidence before the court at the hearing in November 1950, she
18088-466: Was then placed in the Girls' Home at York Hill. From this point on, Maria made it clear that she wanted to stay with Aminah and did not wish to be returned to her natal parents. Aminah contended that Adeline had given Maria over to her willingly, and this was supported by the testimony of Soewaldi Hunter, Adeline's elder brother, who bore witness to the adoption. However, after a 15-minute hearing on 19 May,
18224-513: Was used as its official language and became the lingua franca of the region, replacing Sanskrit, the language of Hinduism. The Srivijayan era is considered the golden age of Malay culture. The glory of Srivijaya however began to wane after the series of raids by the Tamil Chola dynasty in the 11th century. After the fall of Srivijaya in 1025 CE, the Malayu kingdom of Jambi, Sumatra, became
18360-493: Was used in the maritime Southeast Asia , to refer to the al parlare de Malaea ( Italian for "to speak of Malacca"). Classical Malay literature described the Malays in a narrower sense than the modern interpretation. Hikayat Hang Tuah (ca. 1700, manuscript ca. 1849) only identifies the Malay people as the subject of Malacca Sultanate; Brunei, at that time, is not considered Malay. Hikayat Patani (manuscript: 1876) for example, does not call Patani and Brunei as Malay, that term
18496-521: Was used replacing the Kawi script, Islamic religious and cultural terminologies were abundantly assimilated, discarding many Hindu-Buddhist words, and Malay became the language of Islamic medium of instruction and dissemination throughout Southeast Asian region. At the height of Malacca's power in the 15th century, the Classical Malay spread beyond the traditional Malay speaking world and resulted in
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