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110-457: São Carlos (Saint Charles, in English, Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃w ˈkaʁlus] ; named after Saint Charles Borromeo ) is a Brazilian municipality in the interior of the state of São Paulo , 254 kilometers from the city of São Paulo . With a population of 254,484 inhabitants, it is the 13th largest city in the state in terms of the number of residents, being almost in the center of

220-442: A family of six children, he was born in the castle of Arona on Lake Maggiore 36 miles from Milan on 2 October 1538. Borromeo received the tonsure when he was about twelve years old. At this time his paternal uncle Giulio Cesare Borromeo turned over to him the income from the rich Benedictine abbey of Sts. Gratinian and Felin, one of the ancient perquisites of the family. Borromeo made plain to his father that all revenues from

330-596: A few of them. The Italian presence was so significant that during the first half of the 20th century, the Italian government had a consulate branch in São Carlos. With the Wall Street crash of 1929 , coffee production went through a crisis, which made many immigrants leave rural areas for factories, wood artifact production, pottery, and construction. Farmers had already applied the profits obtained with coffee in

440-534: A floating population of more than twenty-nine thousand graduates and graduate students, mostly from other cities and states. The region started to be settled in the end of the 18th century, with the opening of a road that led to the gold mines in Cuiabá and Goiás . Leaving from Piracicaba , passing through Rio Claro , the hills, fields and by typical vegetations of the Brazilian countryside, settlers established in

550-400: A humble highlight of its fast growth and regional importance. It became a city in 1880 and in 1886, with a population of 16,104, its urban structure was settled. The city arises on the coffee crops expansion context, which is relevant to the last two decades of the 19th century and to the first two of the 20th century. The arrival of the railway in 1884 provided an efficient system to transport

660-419: A nobleman remarked that the latter city was no longer a place to enjoy oneself or to make a fortune. "Carlo Borromeo has undertaken to remake the city from top to bottom," he said, predicting that the reformer's enthusiasm "would lead him to correct the rest of the world once he has finished with Rome." Subsequently, he devoted himself to the reformation of his diocese which had deteriorated in practice owing to

770-642: A percentage of regularized properties for LRs, above the average calculated for the state. As for the Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) of the rivers, many of those occurring in the urban area were irregularly occupied by marginal roads and buildings. However, little was done to compensate for the construction of these fringes, as well as to increase the minimum proportion of permeable area in adjacent plots. In addition, many rivers have been rectified or channeled, which are now considered inadequate. These factors, together, are determinant for

880-738: A rural area to the east of the city in approximately 900 meters of altitude (where the Monjolinho river and the Negro river are born, important water courses of this municipality). It has as tributaries by the right bank the First Water stream near SP-310 before the Gregorio stream crosses the highway, Sorregotti stream near Educativa; Lazarini stream near Major Manuel Antonio de Matos Street, Biquinha stream in Visconde de Inhaúma Street (and on

990-571: A saint, and supporters in a number of cities collected documentation to support his canonization . In 1602 Clement VIII beatified Borromeo. In 1604 his case was sent to the Congregation of Rites . On 1 November 1610, Pope Paul V canonized Borromeo. Three years later, the church added his feast to the General Roman Calendar for celebration on 4 November. Along with Guarinus of Palestrina and perhaps Anselm of Lucca , he

1100-429: A shot was fired at him with an arquebus in the archepiscopal chapel. His survival was considered miraculous. In 1576 there was famine at Milan due to crop failures, and later an outbreak of the plague . The city's trade fell off, and along with it the people's source of income. The Governor and many members of the nobility fled the city, but the bishop remained, to organize the care of those affected and to minister to

1210-521: A small picture of John Fisher , who with Thomas More had been executed during the reign of Henry VIII and for whom he held a great veneration. During the 19th century Catholic restoration in England, Nicholas Wiseman was to institute an order of Oblates of St Charles, led by Henry Edward Manning , as a congregation of secular priests directly supporting the Archbishop of Westminster. Though

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1320-515: A traditional Orchid Exposition which features a craftwork fair and several food barracks. An Oktobertech fest is held yearly along with the São Carlos High Tech Fair (Fealtec). The TAM Airlines Wings of a Dream Museum ( Museu TAM ) was in São Carlos, 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) from central São Carlos. The city is served by Mário Pereira Lopes International Airport , where one of the maintenance bases of TAM Airlines

1430-433: A unified national state until 1861. Before then, Italy was politically divided into several kingdoms, duchies, and other small states. The legacy of political fragmentation influenced deeply the character of the Italian migrant: "Before 1914, the typical Italian migrant was a man without a clear national identity but with strong attachments to his town or village or region of birth, to which half of all migrants returned." In

1540-599: Is a network of commerce and services distributed in street stores, convenience stores and a mall of the Iguatemi network. In the field of research, besides the universities, two centers of technical development of Embrapa are present in the municipality. São Carlos is the first city in South America in numbers of doctors per inhabitant, according to a survey done since 2006 by UFSCar . In all, there are 1,700 PhDs, which represents one for every 135 inhabitants. In Brazil,

1650-522: Is also known for its student parties. São Carlos' cultural life is marked by a young audience that enjoys musical concerts of Brazilian contemporary alternative artists that usually include the city in their tours. Also, São Carlos has 3 theaters and 7 commercial movie-theaters rooms. There are two important events celebrated every year in the city, the Climate Party , which happens in April and has

1760-466: Is automatically recognized as an Italian citizen . To exercise the rights and obligations of citizenship, individual must have all documents registered in Italy, which normally involves the local consulate or embassy. Some limitations are applied to the process of recognition such as the renouncement of the Italian citizenship by the individual or the parent (if before the child's birth), a second limitation

1870-527: Is estimated that, between 1890 and 1904, 223,031 (14,869 annually) Italians left Brazil, mainly after failed experiences on coffee farms. Most of the Italians who left the country were unable to add the money they wanted. Most returned to Italy, but others remigrated to Argentina, Uruguay or to the United States. The output of immigrants concerned Brazilian landowners, who constantly complained about

1980-715: Is located and well as the air and space TAM Museum , owned and maintained by the company. (Closest main airport that operates regular flights is RibeirÃo Preto Airport – about 90 km away.) In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo . In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable). Born in São Carlos: Charles Borromeo Borromeo founded

2090-772: Is mainly located in the catchment area of the Monjolinho river , included, serially, in the Jacaré-Guaçu , Tietê , Paraná and La Plata river basins. The urban area is cut by the rivers Monjolinho , Gregório and Santa Maria do Leme, and the streams Tijuco Preto, Simeão, Agua Quente and Água Fria, among others. The basin of the Mojiguaçu river , which has the Quilombo river , Araras stream, Cabaceiras stream, Guabirobas stream, Jararaca stream, Água Branca stream, Brejo Grande stream or Água Vermelha stream, Matinha stream, Negro stream, Pântano stream, stream Waterfall. The basin of

2200-538: Is one of only two or three cardinal-nephews to have been canonized. Charles Borromeo is the patron saint of bishops, catechists and seminarians. Borromeo's emblem is the Latin word humilitas (humility), which is a portion of the Borromeo shield. He is usually represented in art in his robes, barefoot, carrying the cross as archbishop, a rope around his neck, one hand raised in blessing, thus recalling his work during

2310-700: Is that women transferred citizenship to their children only after 1948. After a constitutional reform in Italy, Italian citizens abroad may elect representatives to the Italian Chamber of Deputies and the Italian Senate . Italian citizens residing in Brazil elect representatives together with Argentina , Uruguay and other countries in South America. According to Italian Senator Edoardo Pollastri, over half-a-million Brazilians are waiting to have their Italian citizenship recognized. Italy did not become

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2420-530: Is the tertiary sector . Commerce and services corresponds to 65.9% of the city's GDP. Industry is also relevant. With 32.3% of the economy, the secondary sector has a bigger participation than the state of São Paulo's average. The primary sector corresponds to 1.7% of the GDP. São Carlos is home to two Universidade de São Paulo campuses and the Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), two of

2530-733: The Borromeo family was one of the most ancient and wealthy in Lombardy , made famous by several notable men, both in the church and state. The family coat of arms included the Borromean rings , which are sometimes taken to symbolize the Holy Trinity . Borromeo's father Gilbert was Count of Arona . His mother Margaret was a member of the Milan branch of the House of Medici . The second son in

2640-597: The Confraternity of Christian Doctrine and was a leading figure of the Counter-Reformation together with Ignatius of Loyola and Philip Neri . In that role, he was responsible for significant reforms in the Catholic Church, including the founding of seminaries for the education of priests. He was canonized in 1610 and his feast day is 4 November. Borromeo was a descendant of nobility;

2750-505: The Italian diaspora , or more recent Italian-born people who've settled in Brazil. Italian Brazilians are the largest number of people with full or partial Italian ancestry outside Italy , with São Paulo being the most populous city with Italian ancestry in the world. Nowadays, it is possible to find millions of descendants of Italians, from the southeastern state of Minas Gerais to the southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul , with

2860-628: The Jacaré-Guaçu river , which has the Monjolinho river, Feijão stream, Cã Cã stream, and Sour Orange stream. The basin of the Monjolinho river , which counts with the stream Santa Maria Magdalena (or stream Santa Maria do Leme), stream of the Jockey Club, stream Espraiado, stream Federal, stream Belvedere, stream Bridge of Tábua, stream Alto Monjolinho, stream Mineirinho, creek Santa Fé, Paraíso stream, Tijuco Preto stream, Gregório stream, Botafogo stream, Medeiros stream, Água Quente stream and Água Fria stream. The Gregório stream basin, which tarts in

2970-557: The Köppen Climate Classification , the city has a tropical climate Aw with dry winter and hot months According to data from the National Institute of Meteorology ( INMET ), since 1961 the lowest temperature recorded in São Carlos (conventional station of UFSCar) was 0,9 °C on 17 July 2000, and the highest reached 38.7 °C on 7 October 2020. The largest accumulated precipitation in 24 hours

3080-623: The Protestant Reformation , Borromeo encouraged Ludwig Pfyffer in his development of the "Golden League" but did not live to see its formation in 1586. Based in Lucerne , the organization (also called the Borromean League) linked activities of several Swiss Catholic cantons of Switzerland , which became the centre of Catholic Counter-Reformation efforts and was determined to expel heretics. It created severe strains in

3190-483: The State of São Paulo ). At first, the government was responsible for bringing the immigrants (in most cases, paying for their transportation by ship), but later, the farmers were responsible for making contracts with immigrants or specialized companies in recruiting Italian workers. Many posters were spread in Italy, with pictures of Brazil, selling the idea that everybody could become rich there by working with coffee, which

3300-601: The State of São Paulo . In consequence, São Paulo has more people with Italian ancestry than any region of Italy itself. The rest went mostly to the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Gerais . Internal migration made many second- and third-generation Italians move to other areas. In the early 20th century, many rural Italian workers from Rio Grande do Sul migrated to the west of Santa Catarina and then farther north to Paraná. More recently, third- and fourth-generation Italians have migrated to other areas and so people of Italian descent can be found in Brazilian regions in which

3410-452: The Swiss multinational Leica Geosystems and production units of several multinational companies, including Volkswagen , Faber-Castell (the São Carlos subsidiary is the largest of the group in the world, producing 1.5 billion pencils per year), Electrolux , Tecumseh , Husqvarna , LATAM , Serasa Experian and Grupo Segurador BB-MAPFRE . Given local and, in some ways, regional needs, there

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3520-476: The Valle Mesolcina ; here not only was there heresy to be fought, but also witchcraft and sorcery, and at Roveredo it was discovered that 'the provost or rector, was the foremost in sorceries'". During his pastoral visit to the region, 150 people were arrested for practicing witchcraft. Eleven women and the provost were condemned by the civil authorities to be burned alive. Reacting to the pressure of

3630-503: The coffee production to the Santos harbor and boosted the economy of the region. The railway also contributed to the political and economic consolidation of the central area of the city. When slavery ended, government created incentives to bring in immigrants. São Carlos had already received German nationals brought by the Count of Pinhal in 1876. Between 1880 and 1904, the city was one of

3740-482: The 1950s, when São Carlos became a manufacturing center, with relevant industrial expression in São Paulo state. The industrial sector also developed through workshops that incorporated the coffee industry. The manufacture of processing machinery, shoes, fertilizers, hardware, furniture, pasta, cigars, as well as activities such as tailory, breweries, foundries, sawmills, weaving, pottery and pencil production expanded

3850-520: The 19th century, many Italians fled the political persecutions in Italy led by the Imperial Austrian government after the failure of Italian unification movements in 1848 and 1861. Although very small in numbers, the well-educated and revolutionary group of emigrants left a deep mark where they settled. In Brazil, the most famous Italian was then Líbero Badaró (died 1830). However, the mass Italian immigration tide that would only be second to

3960-561: The 458,281 foreign mothers of 12 or more years who lived in Brazil had 2,852,427 children, of whom 2,657,974 were born alive. Italian women had more children than any other female immigrant community in Brazil: 1,069,862 Brazilians were born to an Italian mother, followed by 524,940 who were born to a Portuguese mother, 436,305 to a Spanish mother and 171,790 to a Japanese mother. The 6,809,772 Brazilian-born mothers of 12 or more years had 38,716,508 children, of whom 35,777,402 were born alive. On

4070-504: The 80-year absence of previous archbishops. Milan was the largest archdiocese in Italy at the time, with more than 3,000 clergy and 800,000 people. Both its clergy and laity had drifted from church teaching. The selling of indulgences and ecclesiastical positions was prevalent; monasteries were "full of disorder"; many religious were "lazy, ignorant, and debauched". Borromeo made numerous pastoral visits and restored dignity to divine service. He urged churches to be designed in conformity with

4180-846: The Academy of the Vatican Knights, publishing their memoirs as the Noctes Vaticanae . Borromeo organized the third and last session of the Council of Trent , in 1562–63. He had a large share in the making of the Tridentine Catechism ( Catechismus Romanus ). In 1561, Borromeo founded and endowed a college at Pavia , today known as Almo Collegio Borromeo , which he dedicated to Justina of Padua . On 19 November 1562, his older brother, Federico, suddenly died. His family urged Borromeo to seek permission to return to

4290-457: The Baptist . This group was to attend to prisoners and those condemned to death, to give them help and support. Borromeo believed that abuses in the church arose from ignorant clergy. Among his most important actions, he established seminaries, colleges, and communities for the education of candidates for holy orders. His emphasis on Catholic learning greatly increased the preparation of men for

4400-588: The Brazilian Constitution, anyone born in the country is a Brazilian citizen by birthright. In addition, many born in Italy have become naturalized citizens after they settled in Brazil. The Brazilian government used to prohibit multiple citizenship . However, that changed in 1994 by a new constitutional amendment. After the changes, over half a million Italian-Brazilians have requested recognition of their Italian citizenship. According to Italian legislation, an individual with an Italian parent

4510-627: The Diet of Ilanz of 1524 and 1526 had proclaimed freedom of worship in the Three Leagues , Borromeo repressed Protestantism in the Swiss valleys. The Catholic Encyclopedia relates: "In November [1583] he began a visitation as Apostolic visitor of all the cantons of Switzerland and the Grisons , leaving the affairs of his diocese in the hands of Monsignor Owen Lewis , his vicar-general. He began in

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4620-594: The Engineering School of the University of São Paulo , was created. In the 1970s, the Federal University of São Carlos was launched. São Carlos is located on the geographic center of the São Paulo state, approximately 231 km (144 mi) from the city of São Paulo . The city is the center of a microregion with 308,777 inhabitants. Its altitude is over 856 m. Most of the year

4730-682: The Italian immigrants were living in relatively well-developed colonies, but in Southeastern Brazil they were living in semislavery conditions in the coffee plantations . Many rebellions against Brazilian farmers occurred, and public denouncements caused great commotion in Italy, forcing the Italian government to issue the Prinetti Decree, which established barriers to immigration to Brazil . In 1901, 90% of industrial workers and 80% of construction workers in São Paulo were Italians. São Carlos and Ribeirão Preto were two of

4840-527: The Italian immigration to Brazil started to decline. From 1903 to 1920, only 306,652 Italians immigrated to Brazil, compared to 953,453 to Argentina and 3,581,322 to the United States. This was mainly due to the Prinetti Decree in Italy, banning subsidized immigration to Brazil. The Prinetti Decree was issued because of the commotion in the Italian press about the poverty faced by most Italians in Brazil. The end of slavery made most former slaves left

4950-467: The Italian press, which culminated in the Prinetti Decree in 1902. Many immigrants left Brazil after their experience on São Paulo's coffee farms. Between 1882 and 1914, 1.5 million immigrants of different nationalities came to São Paulo, and 695,000 left the state, or 45% of the total. The high numbers of Italians asking the Italian consulate a passage to leave Brazil was so significant that in 1907, most Italian funds for repatriation were used in Brazil. It

5060-467: The North, industrialization was still in its initial stages and illiteracy remained common. Thus, poverty and lack of jobs and income stimulated Northern (and Southern) Italians to emigrate. Most Italian immigrants were very poor rural workers ( Italian : braccianti ). In 1850, under British pressure, Brazil finally passed a law that effectively banned transatlantic slave trade. The increased pressure of

5170-557: The Nuncio in Spain, but he did not arrive in time to be considered at the conclave. Borromeo then reached an agreement with Alessandro Farnese , who held a significant number of votes, to support Antonio Ghislieri , who was rumored to have the support of Philip II of Spain . Ghislieri was elected and took the name Pius V. Before Borromeo went to Milan, while he was overseeing reform in Rome,

5280-544: The Portuguese and German migrant movements in shaping modern Brazilian culture started only after the 1848-1871 Risorgimento . During the last quarter of the 19th century, the newly united Italy suffered an economic crisis. The more industrial northern half of Italy was plagued with high unemployment caused in part by the introduction of modern agricultural techniques, while southern Italy remained underdeveloped and almost untouched by agrarian modernization programs. Even in

5390-459: The State of São Paulo and the southern states. Italians migrated to Brazil as families . The colono , as a rural immigrant was called, had to sign a contract with the farmer to work in the coffee plantation for a minimum period of time. However, the situation was not easy. Many Brazilian farmers were used to command slaves and treated the immigrants as indentured servants . In Southern Brazil,

5500-512: The Swiss civil administration and caused the break-up of Appenzell canton along religious lines. Charged with implementing the reforms dictated by the Council of Trent, Borromeo's uncompromising stance brought him into conflict with secular leaders, priests, and even the Pope. He met with much opposition to his reforms. The governor of the province and many of the senators addressed complaints to

5610-460: The abbey beyond what was required to prepare him for a career in the church belonged to the poor and could not be applied to secular use. The young man attended the University of Pavia , where he applied himself to the study of civil and canon law. Due to a slight speech impediment, he was regarded as slow but his thoroughness and industry meant that he made rapid progress. In 1554 his father died, and although he had an elder brother, Count Federico, he

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5720-527: The abolitionist movement, on the other hand, made it clear that the days of slavery in Brazil were coming to an end. Slave trade was effectively suppressed, but the slave system still endured for almost four decades. Thus, Brazilian landowners claimed that such migrants were or would soon become indispensable for Brazilian agriculture. They would soon win the argument, and mass migration would begin in earnest. An Agriculture Congress in 1878 in Rio de Janeiro discussed

5830-404: The central Italian region of Tuscany . About 30% emigrated from Veneto. On the other hand, in the 20th century, southern Italians predominated in Brazil, coming from the regions of Campania , Abruzzo , Molise , Basilicata and Sicily . In 1924, Umberto, Prince of Piedmont (the future King Umberto II of Italy ) came to Brazil as part of a state visit to various South American countries. That

5940-421: The child of an Italian father, and 1,069,862 said to be the child of an Italian mother. Italians were 285,000 and naturalized Brazilians 40,000. Therefore, Italians and their children were, at most, just over 3.8% of Brazil's population in 1940. The Embassy of Italy in Brazil, in 2013, reported the number of 32 million descendants of Italian immigrants in Brazil (about 15% of the population), half of them in

6050-559: The city has been proclaimed "The National Capital of Technology" by Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff in 2011. The city hosts several locally-grown technology-based companies, such as Opto Eletrônicos, and factories of multinational corporations such as Faber Castell , Electrolux , Husqvarna , Tecumseh and the Brazilian plant of Volkswagen engines, and national corporations such as TAM MRO – Technology Center , Toalhas São Carlos , Tapetes São Carlos , Papel São Carlos , Prominas Brasil and Latina . The economic basis of São Carlos

6160-491: The city is windy and sunny, with hot temperatures during all the year. The city has a total area of 1.141 km (0.441 sq mi), which includes two districts to the north ( Santa Eudóxia and Água Vermelha ), one district to the west ( Bela Vista São-carlense ), and one district to the east ( Vila Nery ). The municipality is included in the geomorphological province of the Basaltic and sandstone slopes, between

6270-406: The city. The coffee crops came to the "Pinhal" farm in 1840 and spread throughout the fertile lands around, becoming the main export item. The city foundation is credited to Antônio Carlos de Arruda Botelho, Count of Pinhal , an influent farmer and entrepreneur. São Carlos was elevated to village in 1865, when a "Câmara", or ruling chamber, was created. In 1874, the village had 6,897 inhabitants, as

6380-406: The colonies of southern Brazil, Italian immigrants at first stuck to themselves, where they could speak their native Italian dialects and keep their culture and traditions. With time, however, they would become thoroughly integrated economically and culturally into the larger society. In any case, Italian immigration to southern Brazil was very important to the economic development and the culture of

6490-484: The constitution of several types of companies in São Carlos: banks, electricity, cable cars, telephones, water pumps, sewers, theaters, hospitals and schools. This established a foundation for industrialization in the city. With the arrival of immigrants from other urban centers from the 1930s – 1940s, their expertise was used to consolidate industrialization as the main economic activity in the city. Its peak years were

6600-480: The courts of Rome and Madrid . In 1584, during his annual retreat at Monte Varallo, he fell ill with "intermittent fever and ague", and on returning to Milan grew rapidly worse. After receiving the Last Rites , he quietly died on 3 November at the age of 46. Following his death, popular devotion to Borromeo arose quickly and continued to grow. The Milanese celebrated his anniversary as though he were already

6710-515: The decrees of the Council of Trent , which stated that sacred art and architecture lacking adequate scriptural foundation was in effect prohibited, as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art. He divided the nave of the church into two compartments to separate the sexes at worship. He extended his reforms to the collegiate churches, monasteries and even to the Confraternities of Penitents , particularly that of St. John

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6820-528: The dignity and duties of the bishop as drafted by the recent Council of Trent. Borromeo was appointed an administrator of the Archdiocese of Milan on 7 February 1560. After his decision to put into practice the role of bishop, he decided to be ordained priest (4 September 1563) and on 7 December 1563 he was consecrated bishop in the Sistine Chapel by Cardinal Giovanni Serbelloni . Borromeo

6930-526: The dying. He called together the superiors of all the religious communities in the diocese and won their cooperation. Borromeo tried to feed 60,000 to 70,000 people daily. He used up his own funds and went into debt to provide food for the hungry. Finally, he wrote to the Governor and successfully persuaded him to return. Borromeo had also been involved in English affairs when he assisted Pius IV. Many English Catholics had fled to Italy at this time because of

7040-481: The economy of São Carlos in the 1930s. In the 1950s and 1960s, with the expansion of refrigeration, new factories of machinery and tractors arrived. Numerous small- and medium-sized companies which provided products and services were also established. In the second half of the 20th century, the city received a boost of technological and higher educational development when in 1953 the Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, or

7150-444: The end of the 19th century, when the 'Great Naturalization' automatically granted citizenship to all the immigrants residing in Brazil prior to 15 November 1889 "unless they declared a desire to keep their original nationality within six months." During the end of the 19th century, denouncement of bad conditions in Brazil increased in the press. Reacting to the public clamor and many proved cases of mistreatment of Italian immigrants ,

7260-453: The first three directly elected to such a position): Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli (Senate president who served as interim president), Itamar Franco (elected vice-president under Fernando Collor, whom he eventually replaced as the latter was impeached), Emílio Garrastazu Médici (third of the series of generals who presided over Brazil during the military regime, also of Basque descent) and Jair Messias Bolsonaro (elected in 2018). According to

7370-406: The government of Italy issued in 1902 the Prinetti Decree forbidding subsidized immigration to Brazil. In consequence, the number of Italian immigrants in Brazil fell drastically in the beginning of the 20th century, but the wave of Italian immigration continued until 1920. Over half of the Italian immigrants came from northern Italian regions of Veneto , Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna , and from

7480-567: The highlands of Rio Grande do Sul ( Serra Gaúcha ). They were Garibaldi and Bento Gonçalves . The immigrants were predominantly from Veneto, in northern Italy. After five years, in 1880, the great numbers of Italian immigrants arriving caused the Brazilian government to create another Italian colony, Caxias do Sul . After initially settling in the government-promoted colonies, many Italian immigrants spread into other areas of Rio Grande do Sul, seeking better opportunities, and created many other Italian colonies on their own, mainly in highlands, because

7590-672: The immigrants had never settled, such as in the Cerrado region of Central-West , in the Northeast and in the Amazon rainforest area, in the extreme North of Brazil. The main areas of Italian settlement in Brazil were the Southern and Southeastern Regions, namely the states of São Paulo , Rio Grande do Sul , Santa Catarina , Paraná , Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais . The first colonies to be populated by Italians were created in

7700-535: The initiation of the first "Sunday School" classes and the work of the Confraternity for Christian Doctrine. Borromeo's diocesan reforms faced opposition from several religious orders, particularly that of the Humiliati (Brothers of Humility), a penitential order which, although reduced to about 170 members, owned some ninety monasteries. Some members of that society formed a conspiracy against his life, and

7810-399: The lack of labor and proposed to the government the stimulation of European immigration to Brazil. Immigrants from Italy, Portugal, and Spain were considered the best ones because they were Latin-based and mainly Catholic. In particular, Italian immigrants settled mainly in the São Paulo region, where there were vast coffee plantations. At the end of the 19th century, the Brazilian government

7920-477: The landowner. Moreover, the coffee farms were located in rather isolated regions. If the immigrants became sick, they would take hours to reach the nearest hospital. The structure of labor used on farms included the labor of Italian women and children. Keeping their Italian culture was also made more difficult: the Catholic churches and Italian cultural centers were far from farms. The immigrants who did not accept

8030-551: The lay state ( laicization ), to marry and have children so that the family name would not become extinct, but he decided not to leave the ecclesiastic state. His brother's death, along with his contacts with the Jesuits and the Theatines and the example of bishops such as Bartholomew of Braga , were the causes of the conversion of Borromeo towards a more strict and operative Christian life, and his aim became to put into practice

8140-696: The left bank the Simeão stream in the (canalized) market region, and runs westward for approximately 7 km, where it flows into the Monjolinho river , near the shopping center. Part of São Carlos is included in the Corumbataí Environmental Protection Area (APA). Other conservation units are nearby: Itirapina Ecological Station (EE), EE Mata do Jacaré, and EE Jataí. In rural areas, there are also fragments of important native vegetation in some private legal reserves (LR), such as Fazenda Canchim , by Embrapa . The city presents

8250-476: The lower part of the slopes, further south, besides including the Guarani Aquifer. The soil of the municipality consists mainly of, in descending order: red-yellow latosol (LV); purple latosol (LR); deep quartz sand (AQ); dark red latosol (LE); structured purple earth (ET); only lithographic (Li); hydromorphic soil (Hi) and Podzolic soil (PV). The original vegetation of the municipality, and

8360-583: The lowlands were already populated by German immigrants and native gaúchos . Italians established many vineyards in the region. The wine produced in those areas of Italian colonization in southern Brazil is much appreciated within the country, but little is available for export. In 1875, the first Italian colonies were established in Santa Catarina , which lies immediately to the north of Rio Grande do Sul. The colonies gave rise to towns such as Criciúma , and later also spread further north, to Paraná. In

8470-542: The main coffee plantation centers. Both were respectively in the North-Central and Northeastern regions of São Paulo state, a zone known by its hot temperature and a fertile soil in which some of the richest coffee farms were and attracted most immigrants arriving in São Paulo , including Italians, between 1901 and 1940. In the State of Mato Grosso do Sul , Italian descendants are 5% of the population. In 1902,

8580-411: The majority living in São Paulo state . Small southern Brazilian towns, such as Nova Veneza , have as much as 95% of their population of Italian descent. There are no official numbers of how many Brazilians have Italian ancestry, as the national census conducted by IBGE does not ask the ancestry of the Brazilian people. In 1940, the last census to ask ancestry, 1,260,931 Brazilians were said to be

8690-655: The many descendants of Italians who emigrated there from Columbus ' times until 1860, the number of Brazilians with Italian roots should be increased to 35 million. Although they were victims of some prejudice in the first decades and in spite of the persecution during World War II, Brazilians of Italian descent managed to integrate and assimilate seamlessly into the Brazilian society. Many Brazilian politicians, artists, footballers, models, and personalities are or were of Italian descent. Italian-Brazilians have been state governors, representatives, mayors and ambassadors. Four Presidents of Brazil were of Italian descent (but none of

8800-515: The most important higher learning centers in Brazil. Moreover, another minor and private university, Centro Universitário Central Paulista (UNICEP), is also based in São Carlos, and community colleges like SENAI , SESI , SESC , SENAC and the Escola Técnica Estadual Paulino Botelho . This has turned São Carlos into a university-oriented town, with an abundance of student-focused commercial establishments. It

8910-428: The most important immigration centers in São Paulo state, the majority of them being Italians – specifically, Northern Italians . They worked in coffee plantations and in manufacturing factories, as well as trading activities. In the beginning of the 20th century, countless cultural societies developed social activities aiming to promote literacy. Vittorio Emanuele Society in 1900 and Dante Alighieri in 1902 were but

9020-576: The most reliable was done by Giorgio Mortara even though his figures may have underestimated the real size of the Italian population. On the other hand, Angelo Trento believes that the Italian estimates are "certainly exaggerated" and "lacking of any foundation" since they found a figure of 1,837,887 Italians in Brazil for 1927. Another evaluation conducted by Bruno Zuculin found 997,887 Italians in Brazil in 1927. All of those figures include only people born in Italy, not their Brazilian-born descendants. Among all Italians who immigrated to Brazil, 70% went to

9130-525: The number of Brazilians with actual links to Italian identity and culture would be around 3.5 to 4.5 million people. Scholar Luigi Favero, in a book on Italian emigration between 1876 and 1976, pinpointed that Italians were present in Brasil since the Renaissance : Genoese sailors and merchants were between the first to settle in colonial Brazil since the first half of the 16th century, and so, because of

9240-430: The occurrence of floods in the city's lowlands. The urban afforestation of the urban road network is diverse, but in quantitative terms, the number of trees is still very low, and many have conflicts with surrounding public facilities, such as aerial wiring and paving. As for pollution, the municipality has about two dozen areas contaminated, in particular, by waste from fuel stations, and dumps and landfills According to

9350-698: The other hand, in 1998, the IBGE, within its preparation for the 2000 Census, experimentally introduced a question about "origem" (ancestry) in its "Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego" (Monthly Employment Survey) to test the viability of introducing that variable in the census (the IBGE ended by deciding against the inclusion of questions about it in the Census). The research interviewed about 90,000 people in six metropolitan regions (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, and Recife). .* Commissariato Generale dell'Emigrazione .** Consulates The 1920 census

9460-496: The persecutions under Queen Elizabeth I . He gave pastoral attention to English Catholics who fled to Italy to escape the new laws against the Catholic faith. Edmund Campion , a Jesuit, and Ralph Sherwin visited him at Milan in 1580 on their way to England. They stayed with him for eight days, talking with him every night after dinner. A Welshman, Grudfydd Robert, served as his canon theologian and an Englishman, Thomas Goldwell , as vicar-general. The archbishop carried on his person

9570-846: The plague. Borromeo' biography was originally written by three of his contemporaries: Agostino Valerio (afterwards cardinal and Bishop of Verona) and Carlo Bascape (General of the Barnabites , afterwards Bishop of Novara), who wrote their contributions in Latin, and Pietro Giussanno (a priest), who wrote his in Italian. Giussanno's account was the most detailed of the three. Borromeo's correspondence shows his influential position in Europe during his lifetime. The popes under whom he served sought his advice. The Catholic sovereigns of Europe – Henry III of France , Philip II of Spain , Mary, Queen of Scots – and others showed how they valued his influence. Cardinal Valerio of Verona said of him that Borromeo

9680-495: The plantations and so there was a labour shortage on coffee plantations. Moreover, "natural inequality of human beings", "hierarchy of races", Social Darwinism , Positivism and other theories were used to explain that the European workers were superior to the native workers. In consequence, passages were offered to Europeans (the so-called "subsidized immigration"), mostly to Italians, so that they could come to Brazil and work on

9790-670: The plantations. Those immigrants were employed in enormous latifundia (large-scale farms), formerly employing slaves. In Brazil, there were no labour laws (the first concrete labour laws appeared only in the 1930s, under President Getúlio Vargas ) and so workers had almost no legal protection. Contracts signed by the immigrants could easily be violated by the Brazilian landowners who were accustomed to dealing with African slaves. The remnants of slavery influenced on how Brazilian landowners dealt with Italian workers: immigrants were often monitored, with extensive hours of work. In some cases, they were obliged to buy products that they needed from

9900-632: The pope created him cardinal , and thus Borromeo as cardinal-nephew was entrusted with both the public and the privy seal of the ecclesiastical state. He was also brought into the government of the Papal States and appointed a supervisor of the Franciscans , Carmelites and Knights of Malta . During his four years in Rome, Borromeo lived in austerity, obliged the Roman Curia to wear black, and established an academy of learned persons,

10010-399: The priesthood and benefited their congregations. In addition, he founded the fraternity of Oblates of St. Ambrose, a society of secular men who did not take orders, but devoted themselves to the church and followed a discipline of monastic prayers and study. They provided assistance to parishes when so directed. The new archbishop's efforts for catechesis and the instruction of youth included

10120-698: The provinces of the Western Plateau (to the north) and the Paulista Periférica Depression (to the south). In São Carlos, included in the Paraná Basin , outcrops are found of the following geological formations: Bauru (Bauru Group), on the back of the slopes (Planalto de São Carlos), where the largest portion of the urban nucleus , further north; Serra Geral (São Bento Group), in the narrow region of slopes where relief occurs (slopes); Botucatu (São Bento Group), which contains

10230-645: The ratio is one PhD per 5423 inhabitants. The city is home to several public higher education institutions, such as the Federal University of São Carlos ( UFSCar ), two campi of the University of São Paulo ( USP ), the Federal Institute of São Paulo ( IFSP ) and FATEC , as well as a private higher education institution. This makes intense the university activity in the city, which affects the population count. For this reason, São Carlos has

10340-616: The region. Imagine you travel eight thousand nautic miles, across the Mediterranean and the Atlantic and suddenly find yourself in Italy. That's São Paulo. It seems paradoxical, but it is a reality, because São Paulo is an Italian city. Pietro Belli, Italian journalist in São Paulo (1925) Some of the immigrants settled in the colonies in Southern Brazil. However, most of them settled in Southeastern Brazil (mainly in

10450-423: The region. São Carlos' history started in 1831, when the "Pinhal" (Pines) allotment was demarcated. On the city's foundation date, 4 November 1857, the population resided in some houses around the chapel and the inhabitants were mostly Arruda Botelho's family heirs, who were the first owners of the "Pinhal" allotments. Between 1831 and 1857 the pioneer coffee farms were formed, starting the first economic activity in

10560-415: The respective remnants, correspond respectively to: forest cerrado (cerradão, 16% and 2%); savanna (cerrado s.s., campo cerrado, campo campo) and campo (humid clean field); 27% and 2%); Atlantic Forest in the interior ( semi-deciduous and riparian forests, 54% and 1%); Araucaria forest ( semideciduous forest with araucaria , 1% and 0%) and capoeiras (degraded forests, 0% and 1%). Currently, much of

10670-565: The standards imposed by landowners were replaced by other immigrants. That forced them to accept the impositions of landowners, or they would have to leave their lands. Even though Italians were considered to be "superior" to blacks by Brazilian landowners, the situation faced by Italians in Brazil was so similar to that of the slaves that farmers called them escravos brancos (white slaves in Portuguese ). The destitution faced by Italians and other immigrants in Brazil caused great commotion in

10780-573: The state of São Paulo , while there were around 450,000 Italian citizens in Brazil. Brazilian culture has significant connections to Italian culture in terms of language, customs, and traditions. Brazil is also a strongly Italophilic country as cuisine, fashion and lifestyle has been sharply influenced by Italian immigration . According to the Italian government, there are 31 million Brazilians of Italian descent. All figures relate to Brazilians of any Italian descent, not necessarily linked to Italian culture in any significant way. According to García,

10890-411: The state of São Paulo . The municipality is formed by the headquarters and the districts of Água Vermelha, Bela Vista São-Carlense, Santa Eudóxia and Vila Nery. The city is an important regional industrial center, with the economy based on industrial activities and farming, such as the production of sugar cane, orange, milk and chicken. Served by road and rail systems, São Carlos has a commercial unit of

11000-407: The vegetation has been replaced by silvicultural plantations, Pastures and forestry . It should be remembered that, in the meantime, the proportions indicated above, partly obtained from interpretations of satellite images, have some uncertainty due to the difficulty of differentiating artificial grasses from natural clean fields. In a general view the savanna of Brazil. In 2020 and 2021 the city

11110-454: The visit's purposes. The Brazilian census of 1940 asked Brazilians where their fathers came from. It revealed that at that time there were 3,275,732 Brazilians who were born to an immigrant father. Of those, 1,260,931 Brazilians were born to an Italian father. Italian was the main reported paternal immigrant origin, followed by Portuguese with 735,929 children, Spanish with 340,479 and German with 159,809 children. The census also revealed that

11220-757: Was "to the well-born a pattern of virtue, to his brother cardinals an example of true nobility." Cardinal Baronius styled him "a second Ambrose , whose early death, lamented by all good men, inflicted great loss on the Church." Late in the sixteenth or at the beginning of the seventeenth century, Catholics in England circulated among themselves a "Life of St. Charles". A large number of churches dedicated to St. Charles Borromeo exist, including: Italian Brazilians Italian Brazilians ( Italian : italo-brasiliani , Portuguese : ítalo-brasileiros ) are Brazilians of full or partial Italian descent, whose ancestors were Italians who emigrated to Brazil during

11330-457: Was 143.1 mm on 13 February 1980. The lowest relative air humidity index was 10%, recorded on 13 September 2010, 6 September 2011 and 16 September 2017 of that month. The city has an active industrial profile with important national and international industries and certain agricultural importance, backed by technologies developed by Embrapa , owner of two research complexes in the city. Due to its increasing number of high technology industries,

11440-554: Was called by the Italian immigrants the green gold . Most coffee plantations were in the States of São Paulo and Minas Gerais , and in a smaller proportion also in the States of Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro . Rio de Janeiro was declining in the 19th century as a farming producer, and São Paulo had already taken the lead as a coffee producer/exporter in the early 20th century, as well as big producer of sugar and other important crops. Thus, migrants were naturally more attracted to

11550-400: Was formally appointed archbishop of Milan on 12 May 1564 after the former archbishop Ippolito II d'Este waived his claims on that archbishopric, but he was only allowed by the pope to leave Rome one year later. Borromeo made his formal entry into Milan as archbishop on 23 September 1565. After the death of his uncle, Pius IV (1566), Borromeo sent a galley to fetch Cardinal Ugo Boncompagni,

11660-574: Was influenced by eugenics theories. The Brazilian government, with or following the Emperor's support, had created the first colonies of immigrants ( colônias de imigrantes ) in the early 19th century. The colonies were established in rural areas of the country, being settled by European families. The first groups of Italians arrived in 1875, but the boom of Italian immigration in Brazil happened between 1880 and 1900, when almost one million Italians arrived. Many Italians were naturalized Brazilian at

11770-471: Was part of the political plan of the new fascist government to link Italian people living outside of Italy with their mother country and the interests of the regime. The visit was disrupted considerably by the ongoing Tenente revolts , which made it impossible for Umberto to reach Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo . Nevertheless, he was hosted at Bahia , where members of the Italian colony in the city were very happy and proud about his visit, thus achieving some of

11880-747: Was recognized in the international Urban Forest program "Tree Cities of the World" organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO/UN). According to the Ph.D. Urban Forester Daniel Caiche, this recognition promotes cities committed to planning and managing the Urban Forest. The municipality is inserted between two Hydrographic Units of Water Resources Management (UGRHI): No. 9, Mogi-Guaçu , and No. 13, Tietê-Jacaré . The urban area

11990-453: Was requested by the family to take the management of their domestic affairs. After a time, he resumed his studies, and on 6 December 1559, he earned a doctorate in canon and civil law . On 25 December 1559 Borromeo's uncle Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Medici was elected as Pope Pius IV . The newly elected pope required his nephew to come to Rome, and on 13 January 1560 appointed him protonotary apostolic . Shortly thereafter, on 31 January 1560,

12100-463: Was the first one to show a more specific figure about the size of the Italian population in Brazil (558,405). However, since the 20th century, the arrival of new Italian immigrants to Brazil has been in steady decline. The previous censuses of 1890 and 1900 had limited information. In consequence, there are no official figures about the size of the Italian population in Brazil during the mass immigration period (1880–1900). There are estimates available, and

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