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163-422: The IND Culver Line (formerly BMT Culver Line ) is a rapid transit line of the B Division of the New York City Subway , extending from Downtown Brooklyn south to Coney Island , Brooklyn , New York City, United States. The local tracks of the Culver Line are served by the F service, as well as the G between Bergen Street and Church Avenue . The express tracks north of Church Avenue are used by

326-425: A body of water), which are potential congestion sites but also offer an opportunity for transfers between lines. Ring lines provide good coverage, connect between the radial lines and serve tangential trips that would otherwise need to cross the typically congested core of the network. A rough grid pattern can offer a wide variety of routes while still maintaining reasonable speed and frequency of service. A study of

489-454: A code for its stations. Unlike that of Singapore's MRT, it is mostly numbers. Based on the line number, for example Sinyongsan station, is coded as station 429. Being on Line 4, the first number of the station code is 4. The last two numbers are the station number on that line. Interchange stations can have multiple codes. Like City Hall station in Seoul which is served by Line 1 and Line 2. It has

652-651: A code of 132 and 201 respectively. The Line 2 is a circle line and the first stop is City Hall, therefore, City Hall has the station code of 201. For lines without a number like Bundang line it will have an alphanumeric code. Lines without a number that are operated by KORAIL will start with the letter 'K'. With widespread use of the Internet and cell phones globally, transit operators now use these technologies to present information to their users. In addition to online maps and timetables, some transit operators now offer real-time information which allows passengers to know when

815-583: A conventional track is often provided in case of flat tires and for switching . There are also some rubber-tired systems that use a central guide rail , such as the Sapporo Municipal Subway and the NeoVal system in Rennes , France. Advocates of this system note that it is much quieter than conventional steel-wheeled trains, and allows for greater inclines given the increased traction of

978-405: A dedicated right-of-way are typically used only outside dense areas, since they create a physical barrier in the urban fabric that hinders the flow of people and vehicles across their path and have a larger physical footprint. This method of construction is the cheapest as long as land values are low. It is often used for new systems in areas that are planned to fill up with buildings after the line

1141-482: A deeper tunnel and extensive ventilation systems. At Carroll Street, the express tracks ramp up to rejoin the local tracks, and all four tracks rise onto the Culver Viaduct, curving onto Ninth Street. East of Fourth Avenue station towards Park Slope, the tracks become a subway once again. Past 7th Avenue, the local tracks diverge, curving south to 15th Street and Prospect Park West, while the express tracks take

1304-607: A direct route beneath Prospect Park . This is one of two places in the subway where the express tracks diverge from the local tracks, the other being on the IND Queens Boulevard Line between 65th Street and 36th Street. The express tracks rejoin the right-of-way at approximately Terrace Place and Prospect Avenue, running on a lower level under Prospect Avenue and Fort Hamilton Parkway near the Prospect Park Parade Grounds, then rise up as

1467-410: A double border of Heather Blue and black was added. The new blue tile in the centre of the trim-line is also somewhat darker than the original, the new color being shown as "Midnight Blue". Each platform has six staircases and one elevator leading up to the full-length mezzanine . Before renovation, the entire mezzanine was inside fare control, but the mezzanine was split into two separate parts during

1630-790: A free transfer at Ninth Avenue to the West End Line into the Fourth Avenue Subway. An extension to Avenue X was opened at noon on May 10, 1919. The line, the last of the four to Coney Island, was completed on May 1, 1920, at which time the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) was forced to cut the fare from ten to five cents. This construction tied into the existing lower level of the BMT Brighton Line east of West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium . Some Culver Line ( 5 ) trains began using

1793-538: A future capital program. Around the time the Culver Viaduct rehabilitation project was announced in 2007, a petition to restore express service along the line gained attention, due to increasing ridership on both the F and G services in Brooklyn. The petition, which gained over 2,500 signatures by June 2007 and nearly 4,000 by September, proposed to restore express service by making the Church Avenue extension of

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1956-418: A large number of factors, including geographical barriers, existing or expected travel patterns, construction costs, politics, and historical constraints. A transit system is expected to serve an area of land with a set of lines , which consist of shapes summarized as "I", "L", "U", "S", and "O" shapes or loops. Geographical barriers may cause chokepoints where transit lines must converge (for example, to cross

2119-652: A large part of the network, for example, in outer suburbs, runs at ground level. In most of Britain , a subway is a pedestrian underpass . The terms Underground and Tube are used for the London Underground . The North East England Tyne and Wear Metro , mostly overground, is known as the Metro . In Scotland , the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway . In Ireland ,

2282-452: A line is obtained by multiplying the car capacity, the train length, and the service frequency . Heavy rapid transit trains might have six to twelve cars, while lighter systems may use four or fewer. Cars have a capacity of 100 to 150 passengers, varying with the seated to standing ratio  – more standing gives higher capacity. The minimum time interval between trains is shorter for rapid transit than for mainline railways owing to

2445-570: A manner similar to CBTC, but can be installed faster than CBTC systems. The ultra-wideband signals would have the added benefit of allowing passengers to use cellphones while between stations, instead of the current setup where passengers could only get cellphone signals within the stations themselves. As part of the MTA's 2015–2019 Capital Program, CBTC is being installed on the section of the line between Church Avenue and West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium , replacing 70-year old signals. The contract for

2608-475: A memorial to New York City Transit workers who died in World War II . The entrance/exit at the south end has only full height turnstiles and two staircases leading to either side of Jay and Fulton Streets. The full-time BMT-only entrance is at Lawrence and Willoughby Streets near the west end. It has two platform stairs facing the opposite direction, a small turnstile bank, token booth, and four stairs to

2771-615: A metro. In Spain, such systems are present in Madrid , Barcelona , Bilbao and Valencia . In Portugal, Lisbon has a metro. The Italian cities of Catania , Genoa , Milan , Naples , Rome and Turin also have metro lines. In Germany and Austria they rapid transit is known as U-Bahn , which are often supported by S-Bahn systems. In Germany, U-Bahn systems exist in Berlin , Hamburg , Munich and Nuremberg , while in Austria such

2934-402: A money-counting room under 370 Jay Street. The platforms were built in 1951, the same year the building opened, though "money trains" had been in use on the system since 1905. The platforms were placed next to 370 Jay Street because it was a convenient location near where all three subway companies had tunnels. Tokens became New York City Transit fare media in 1951. Tokens were last used in

3097-466: A narrow up-only escalator that bypassed the Lawrence and Willoughby Streets fare control, and led to a small landing with two high exit-only gates. A short staircase then connected to the landing of the southeast street stairs to that intersection. Formerly, " money trains " collected the tokens that were used to pay fares at each of the subway stations and deposited them into a special door that led to

3260-571: A rapid transit setting. Jay Street%E2%80%93MetroTech (New York City Subway) [REDACTED] The Jay Street–MetroTech station is a New York City Subway station complex on the IND Fulton Street , IND Culver , and BMT Fourth Avenue lines. The complex is located in the vicinity of MetroTech Center (near Jay and Willoughby Streets) in Downtown Brooklyn . It is served by the A , F , and R trains at all times;

3423-599: A relay room was completed, steel and concrete floors at the Ditmas Avenue signal facility were installed, all signal cables were installed, and piling and grade beam installation at the Avenue X signal facility were completed. To allow the CBTC project to enter its next phase, F service was suspended south of Church Avenue during most weekends starting in early 2020. Work to install CBTC continued into 2021. In December 2022,

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3586-532: A serious signal fire at Bergen Street in 1999. The issue came to a head in June 2007, when a petition for express service reached 2,600 signatures and gained media attention. The Culver Line underwent repairs from 2009 until early 2013, during which the express tracks were replaced and rehabilitated which may facilitate future express service. The subway portion of the IND Culver Line was originally designated

3749-510: A single street stair leading to the northeast corner of Willoughby and Jay Streets, while a set of staircases and escalators and one ADA-accessible elevator lead to the northwest corner underneath 370 Jay Street , the former headquarters of the Independent Subway System . The other two entrances/exits are unstaffed. The one at the north end has a weekday-only turnstile bank and token booth, full height turnstiles , and

3912-565: A specialized transit police may be established. These security measures are normally integrated with measures to protect revenue by checking that passengers are not travelling without paying. Some subway systems, such as the Beijing Subway , which is ranked by Worldwide Rapid Transit Data as the "World's Safest Rapid Transit Network" in 2015, incorporates airport-style security checkpoints at every station. Rapid transit systems have been subject to terrorism with many casualties, such as

4075-609: A steel and concrete roof, and the construction of a passageway, mezzanine and entrances. On June 11, 1924, the Lawrence Street station opened with the Lawrence Street entrances; the Bridge Street entrances opened later. On March 29, 1993, Lawrence Street was renamed Lawrence Street–MetroTech to celebrate the revival of Downtown Brooklyn with the opening of the MetroTech complex. In response to increased ridership at

4238-608: A system exists in Vienna . In addition, the small, car-free town of Serfaus in the Austrian state of Tyrol also features a short U-Bahn line. There are no U-Bahn systems in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, but the city of Lausanne has its own, small metro system. In Zurich, Switzerland's largest city, a project for a U-Bahn network was stopped by a referendum in the 1970s and instead its S-Bahn system

4401-643: A two-track elevated structure south of Avenue X. A ramp in the neighborhood of Kensington , which opened in 1954, connects the segments between the Church and Ditmas Avenues stations. The segment of the BMT line between Ninth and Ditmas Avenues remained as the Culver Shuttle until it was closed in 1975 and later demolished. The elevated part of the Culver Line south of Church Avenue, which operated as part of

4564-485: A wide staircase to MetroTech Center and another stair and four escalators to the former New York City Transit Headquarters, a mostly vacant 13-story building at 370 Jay Street. These escalators were installed as part of a 1952 improvement, as were the squarish "Subway" entrance lamps that are found only in a few other places in the system. These were designed in Art Deco / Art Moderne style. The building itself has

4727-801: Is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area . Rapid transit systems such as the Washington Metrorail , Los Angeles Metro Rail , the Miami Metrorail , and the Montreal Metro are generally called the Metro . In Philadelphia , the term "El" is used for the Market–Frankford Line which runs mostly on an elevated track, while the term "subway" applies to the Broad Street Line which is almost entirely underground. Chicago 's commuter rail system that serves

4890-608: Is a single corporate image for the entire transit authority, but the rapid transit uses its own logo that fits into the profile. A transit map is a topological map or schematic diagram used to show the routes and stations in a public transport system. The main components are color-coded lines to indicate each line or service, with named icons to indicate stations. Maps may show only rapid transit or also include other modes of public transport. Transit maps can be found in transit vehicles, on platforms , elsewhere in stations, and in printed timetables . Maps help users understand

5053-506: Is built. Most rapid transit trains are electric multiple units with lengths from three to over ten cars. Crew sizes have decreased throughout history, with some modern systems now running completely unstaffed trains. Other trains continue to have drivers, even if their only role in normal operation is to open and close the doors of the trains at stations. Power is commonly delivered by a third rail or by overhead wires . The whole London Underground network uses fourth rail and others use

IND Culver Line - Misplaced Pages Continue

5216-459: Is called Departures and Arrivals by Ben Snead. It consists of a 173-foot (53 m) long glass mosaic depicting animals including starlings, sparrows, lion fish, parrots, tiger beetles, and koi fish. It was installed as part of the MTA Arts for Transit program during the station complex's renovation. The full-time IND/BMT entrance is at the center and has a turnstile bank, token booth, and

5379-416: Is necessary, rolling stock with a smaller loading gauge from one sub network may be transported along other lines that use larger trains. On some networks such operations are part of normal services. Most rapid transit systems use conventional standard gauge railway track . Since tracks in subway tunnels are not exposed to rain , snow , or other forms of precipitation , they are often fixed directly to

5542-555: Is referred to simply as "the subway", despite 40% of the system running above ground. The term "L" or "El" is not used for elevated lines in general as the lines in the system are already designated with letters and numbers. The "L" train or L (New York City Subway service) refers specifically to the 14th Street–Canarsie Local line, and not other elevated trains. Similarly, the Toronto Subway is referred to as "the subway", with some of its system also running above ground. These are

5705-412: Is serviced by at least one specific route with trains stopping at all or some of the line's stations. Most systems operate several routes, and distinguish them by colors, names, numbering, or a combination thereof. Some lines may share track with each other for a portion of their route or operate solely on their own right-of-way. Often a line running through the city center forks into two or more branches in

5868-748: Is the most commonly used term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. Rapid transit systems may be named after the medium by which passengers travel in busy central business districts ; the use of tunnels inspires names such as subway , underground , Untergrundbahn ( U-Bahn ) in German, or the Tunnelbana (T-bana) in Swedish. The use of viaducts inspires names such as elevated ( L or el ), skytrain , overhead , overground or Hochbahn in German. One of these terms may apply to an entire system, even if

6031-479: The <F> train during rush hours in the peak direction. The peak-direction express track between Ditmas Avenue and Avenue X has not seen regular service since 1987. The line is named after Andrew Culver , who built the original Culver Line that preceded the current subway line. The present-day line was built as two unconnected segments operated by the Independent Subway System (IND) and Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT). The northern section of

6194-793: The Brooklyn Line but has also been called the Smith Street Line , Church Avenue Line , South Brooklyn Line , and various other names. The express tracks beneath Prospect Park are sometimes referred to as the Prospect Park Line . The line begins at the four-tracked Jay Street–MetroTech station, where the IND Sixth Avenue and Eighth Avenue lines interchange and continue as the Culver and Fulton Street lines respectively. Running under Smith Street south of

6357-629: The C train at all times except late nights; the N train during late nights only; and a few rush-hour W and <F> trains in the peak direction. The complex consists of two distinct, perpendicular stations. The Jay Street–Borough Hall station was built by the Independent Subway System (IND) in 1933, while the Lawrence Street–MetroTech station was built by the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) in 1924. Despite being one block away from each other,

6520-689: The Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue Terminal. The original Culver Line was opened by the Prospect Park and Coney Island Railroad and was named after the railroad's builder, Andrew N. Culver . The line ran along the surface of McDonald Avenue (then Gravesend Avenue) from Greenwood Cemetery (where it connected with horse car lines including the Vanderbilt Avenue Line , operated by the PP&;CI until 1886) to

6683-769: The Culver Depot in Coney Island , on June 25, 1875. The PP&CI began serving the Union Depot at 36th Street, where transfer could be made to the Fifth Avenue Elevated , on June 7, 1890, by using the Prospect Park and South Brooklyn Railroad from a junction at Parkville. During a period of Long Island Rail Road control, from 1893 to 1899, a ramp at 36th Street was opened in 1895, allowing Brooklyn Elevated Railroad trains to operate over

IND Culver Line - Misplaced Pages Continue

6846-579: The Culver Ramp on McDonald Avenue between Cortelyou Road and Avenue C, which connects the subway portion of the IND Culver Line with the former BMT Culver Line elevated structure. Despite being a part of the IND Division, the Culver elevated portion is controlled by BMT radio dispatch, so train operators change between the IND (B-2) and BMT (B-1) radio frequencies at this point. The northern section of

7009-627: The Dublin Area Rapid Transit is despite the name considered a commuter rail due to usage of mainline railways. In France, large cities, such as Paris , Marseille and Lyon , feature a Métro . Also the smaller cities of Lille Rennes have a light metro. Furthermore, Brussels in Belgium, and Amsterdam and Rotterdam in the Netherlands have metro systems in place. Several Southern European contries also have

7172-752: The Hudson and Manhattan Railroad K-series cars from 1958, the New York City Subway R38 and R42 cars from the late-1960s, and the Nagoya Municipal Subway 3000 series , Osaka Municipal Subway 10 series and MTR M-Train EMUs from the 1970s, were generally only made possible largely due to the relatively generous loading gauges of these systems and also adequate open-air sections to dissipate hot air from these air conditioning units. Especially in some rapid transit systems such as

7335-907: The Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT; later the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation , or BMT). The Dual Contracts included the construction of the Montague Street Tunnel , which connected the Broadway Line in Manhattan with the Fourth Avenue Line in Brooklyn at DeKalb Avenue station . Originally, the only station on the Montague Street Tunnel in Brooklyn

7498-429: The London Underground . In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway , initially a cable-hauled line using stationary steam engines . As of 2021 , China has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world  – 40 in number, running on over 4,500 km (2,800 mi) of track – and was responsible for most of the world's rapid-transit expansion in

7661-469: The Manhattan Bridge and the BMT Brighton Line to Coney Island. F trains were extended once again via the Culver Line. From June 1968 to 1987, the Culver Line featured express service during rush hours. F trains ran express in both directions between Bergen Street and Church Avenue, while G trains were extended from Smith–Ninth Streets to Church Avenue to provide local service. Express service on

7824-740: The Metropolitan Railway opened publicly in London in 1863. High capacity monorails with larger and longer trains can be classified as rapid transit systems. Such monorail systems recently started operating in Chongqing and São Paulo . Light metro is a subclass of rapid transit that has the speed and grade separation of a "full metro" but is designed for smaller passenger numbers. It often has smaller loading gauges, lighter train cars and smaller consists of typically two to four cars. Light metros are typically used as feeder lines into

7987-578: The Montreal Metro (opened 1966) and Sapporo Municipal Subway (opened 1971), their entirely enclosed nature due to their use of rubber-tyred technology to cope with heavy snowfall experienced by both cities in winter precludes any air-conditioning retrofits of rolling stock due to the risk of heating the tunnels to temperatures that would be too hot for passengers and for train operations. In many cities, metro networks consist of lines operating different sizes and types of vehicles. Although these sub-networks may not often be connected by track, in cases when it

8150-694: The Nassau Street Loop during the day, and terminating at Ninth Avenue at other times. This Culver Shuttle became full-time on May 28, 1959, and was closed on May 13, 1975, replaced by a transfer to the B35 bus route. The elevated portion has been re- chained as part of the B2 (IND) division, but still uses B1 (BMT) division radio frequencies . On November 26, 1967, the Chrystie Street Connection opened and D trains were rerouted via

8313-578: The New York City Transit Authority launched a study to determine whether to close 79 stations on 11 routes, including the segment of the Culver Line south of either Kings Highway or Avenue U, due to low ridership and high repair costs. Numerous figures, including New York City Council member Carol Greitzer , criticized the plans. In 2007, the MTA announced that several portions of the Culver Line would be undergoing extensive rehabilitation. The first renovation involved repairs of

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8476-589: The Prague Metro . The London Underground and Paris Métro are densely built systems with a matrix of crisscrossing lines throughout the cities. The Chicago 'L' has most of its lines converging on The Loop , the main business, financial, and cultural area. Some systems have a circular line around the city center connecting to radially arranged outward lines, such as the Moscow Metro 's Koltsevaya Line and Beijing Subway 's Line 10 . The capacity of

8639-685: The Singapore MRT , Changi Airport MRT station has the alphanumeric code CG2, indicating its position as the 2nd station on the Changi Airport branch of the East West Line. Interchange stations have at least two codes, for example, Raffles Place MRT station has two codes, NS26 and EW14, the 26th station on the North South Line and the 14th station on the East West Line. The Seoul Metro is another example that utilizes

8802-427: The Smith Street (later Culver) Line . The lines were to intersect under Jay Street in Downtown Brooklyn. The Jay Street–Borough Hall station was part of a three-stop extension of the IND Eighth Avenue Line from Chambers Street in Lower Manhattan . Construction of the extension began in June 1928. The extension opened to Jay Street on February 1, 1933. The outer tracks first saw service on March 20, 1933, when

8965-450: The deep tube lines . Historically, rapid transit trains used ceiling fans and openable windows to provide fresh air and piston-effect wind cooling to riders. From the 1950s to the 1990s (and in most of Europe until the 2000s), many rapid transit trains from that era were also fitted with forced-air ventilation systems in carriage ceiling units for passenger comfort. Early rapid transit rolling stock fitted with air conditioning , such as

9128-409: The linear motor for propulsion. Some urban rail lines are built to a loading gauge as large as that of main-line railways ; others are built to a smaller one and have tunnels that restrict the size and sometimes the shape of the train compartments. One example is most of the London Underground , which has acquired the informal term "tube train" due to the cylindrical shape of the trains used on

9291-432: The 15 world largest subway systems suggested a universal shape composed of a dense core with branches radiating from it. Rapid transit operators have often built up strong brands , often focused on easy recognition – to allow quick identification even in the vast array of signage found in large cities – combined with the desire to communicate speed, safety, and authority. In many cities, there

9454-434: The 1920s was a line to Coney Island, reached by a recapture of the BMT Culver Line. To connect this line to the Eighth Avenue Line –the main trunk of the IND–a subway line was to run from Brooklyn Borough Hall south under Jay Street, Smith Street, Ninth Street, and several other streets to Cortelyou Road (later Church Avenue ) and McDonald Avenue, just north of the Ditmas Avenue elevated station. A ramp would then lead onto

9617-419: The 1995 Tokyo subway sarin gas attack and the 2005 " 7/7 " terrorist bombings on the London Underground. Some rapid transport trains have extra features such as wall sockets, cellular reception, typically using a leaky feeder in tunnels and DAS antennas in stations, as well as Wi-Fi connectivity. The first metro system in the world to enable full mobile phone reception in underground stations and tunnels

9780-432: The 2005–2009 Capital Program and $ 84.6 million from the 2010–2014 Capital Program. The installation was a joint venture between Siemens and Thales Group , and was used to test the track's new signaling on R143s and R160s that were already equipped with CBTC. Though the estimated completion date was scheduled for March 2015, it was completed in December 2015. The installation was expected to be permanent. Test trains on

9943-423: The 2010s. The world's longest single-operator rapid transit system by route length is the Shanghai Metro . The world's largest single rapid transit service provider by number of stations (472 stations in total) is the New York City Subway . The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Shanghai Metro, Tokyo subway system , Seoul Metro and the Moscow Metro . The term Metro

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10106-481: The 21st century, most new expansions and systems are located in Asia, with China becoming the world's leader in metro expansion, operating some of the largest and busiest systems while possessing almost 60 cities that are operating, constructing or planning a rapid transit system . Rapid transit is used for local transport in cities , agglomerations , and metropolitan areas to transport large numbers of people often short distances at high frequency . The extent of

10269-403: The A was rerouted to the IND Fulton Street Line and E trains from the Queens Boulevard line replaced them. On July 1, 1937, the connection to the IND Crosstown Line opened and GG trains were extended to Smith-Ninth Streets. E trains were replaced by the F on December 15, 1940, after the IND Sixth Avenue Line opened. As part of the various proposed extensions of the IND Second System ,

10432-571: The BMT platform also leads to the southeast corner's entrance/exit. The AVA DoBro building contains stairs and an elevator, which connect to the eastern, full-height turnstile entrance. Unlike the elevator entrance at Jay and Willoughby Streets, this elevator entrance is not ADA-accessible. The station has a total of 16 staircase/escalator entrances and 2 elevator entrances. Full-time entrances are indicated in green, and part-time entrances are indicated in red. The Jay Street–MetroTech station (formerly Jay Street–Borough Hall station before

10595-421: The BMT until 1954, now carries only the F, a former IND service, and is chained and signaled as part of the IND. However, BMT radio frequency B1 is used on the elevated portion south of Church Avenue. The following services use part or all of the IND Culver Line: The Culver Line is served by the F as a local for its entire length, though <F> trains run express between Jay Street and Church Avenue in

10758-435: The Brighton Line for access to Coney Island. The contract to construct Section 2 was awarded to Oscar Daniels Company for $ 863,775 on July 10, 1915. Work was to be completed in eighteen months. On September 8, 1915, the contract to construct Section 1 was awarded to Post & McCord for $ 877,859. Work on the section was to be completed in fifteen months. On January 23, 1917, a contract to construct Section 1-in four months A of

10921-420: The Brooklyn portion of the IND. As originally designed, service to and from Manhattan would have been exclusively provided by Culver express trains, while all local service would have fed into the IND Crosstown Line . By 1927, it was decided to build a truss bridge over the Gowanus Canal and a viaduct over Ninth Street due to cost considerations, replacing earlier plans for a deep river tunnel. This resulted in

11084-415: The Culver Line ends as the track curve enters the lower level of the double-decked station along the BMT Brighton Line 's right-of-way, and the chaining track designation changes from IND tracks B1 and B2 to BMT tracks A1 and A2 of the Brighton Line. However, there is no longer a connection to the Brighton Line at this point, and for all practical purposes the Culver Line continues into tracks 5 and 6 of

11247-408: The Culver Line is a four-track line, entirely underground except for Smith–Ninth Streets and Fourth Avenue stations. The two stations sit on a massive one-mile long steel and concrete viaduct which spans the Gowanus Canal between 9th and 10th Streets. This structure is now referred to as the Culver Viaduct or Culver Line Viaduct , the only portion of the original IND subway to be elevated, and

11410-398: The Culver Line to Coney Island. The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT), by then the owner of the Brooklyn Elevated, leased the Culver Line (to the Brooklyn Heights Railroad ) on June 18, 1899, and began using it to take not only elevated trains but also trolleys to Coney Island. As part of Contract 4 of the Dual Contracts , between the city and the BRT, a three-track elevated railway

11573-623: The Culver Line. As such, for A and ​ C trains, the station is between High Street to the north and Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets to the south. For F and <F> ​ trains, the station is between York Street to the north and Bergen Street to the south. Diamond crossovers north of the station permit Eighth Avenue–Culver or Sixth Avenue–Fulton Street service; these switches are only used during service disruptions. The station originally measured 600 feet (180 m) long, and each platform measures about 30 feet (9.1 m) wide. The station has blue I-beam columns on

11736-670: The F. The operation of half of the F trains as express would result in operational improvements, with faster service, as southbound F trains would no longer be delayed by terminating G trains discharging at Church Avenue. Overall, the F express will result in an overall reduction of 27,000 minutes during the AM rush hour and 13,000 minutes during the PM rush hour. The change in service will decrease service at local stations, reducing in longer wait times, but it will help riders in South Brooklyn with

11899-704: The Fort Hamilton Parkway and Church Avenue stations. In 1940, proposals emerged to connect the IND with the BMT West End Line near its Fort Hamilton Parkway station; the 1946 Board of Transportation plans featured both the West End connection and the extension to 86th Street. None of these proposals were ever constructed. Taking over operations, or "recapturing", the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) Culver Line elevated structure in order to institute IND service to Coney Island

12062-564: The Fourth Avenue Subway to the Nassau Street Loop in Lower Manhattan when that line opened on May 30, 1931; the Fifth Avenue Elevated was closed on May 31, 1940, in conjunction with the unification of the transit system under city operations. Trolleys continued to use the surface tracks on McDonald Avenue until October 30, 1956. One of the goals of Mayor John Hylan 's Independent Subway System (IND), proposed in

12225-606: The G permanent and extending the V (eliminated in 2010) from its Manhattan terminus to Brooklyn, sharing the Rutgers Street Tunnel with the F. The G extension was made permanent in July 2012, freeing up the express tracks formerly used to relay trains. In 2015, some rush-hour peak-direction F trains started skipping local stops between Jay Street and Fourth Avenue, and the MTA used expanded rush-hour express service (from Jay Street to Church Avenue) in both directions in

12388-470: The G's terminus was moved to Church Avenue in order to complete renovations on the viaduct. In July 2012, the G extension was made permanent. At Ditmas Avenue, the Culver Ramp ends and the underground line becomes elevated . This is a three-track Dual Contracts elevated on the former BMT line over McDonald (formerly Gravesend) Avenue. Just before the station, the southbound local track merges into

12551-631: The IND Culver Line opened. The IND Sixth Avenue Line to West Fourth Street–Washington Square opened on April 9, 1936, and the Fulton Street Line to Rockaway Avenue opened the same day. Until 1969, a free transfer was available to/from the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line at Bridge–Jay Streets and also issued at stations from Sumner Avenue on south. When the Myrtle Avenue Line south of Myrtle Avenue closed,

12714-630: The IND Culver subway was planned to facilitate a spur line to Bay Ridge , with a connection to the incomplete Staten Island Tunnel intended for the BMT Fourth Avenue Line . A 1931 proposal had the line travel south from Smith–Ninth Streets station through Red Hook and Gowanus to Saint George Terminal . A 1933 plan would have branched off between Smith–Ninth Streets and Fourth Avenue, then run down Second Avenue in Bay Ridge to

12877-687: The IND Sixth Avenue Line, was approved in 1925, running from Midtown Manhattan underneath Sixth Avenue, Houston Street , Essex Street , and the Rutgers Street Tunnel to Downtown Brooklyn. By July 1927, the BOT had finalized its plans for new IND lines in Brooklyn. The Eighth Avenue Line was to continue into eastern Brooklyn as the Fulton Street Line , while the Sixth Avenue Line was to continue to South Brooklyn as

13040-657: The IRT and BMT. On December 9, 1924, the New York City Board of Transportation (BOT) gave preliminary approval for the construction of the IND Eighth Avenue Line . This line consisted of a corridor connecting Inwood, Manhattan , to Downtown Brooklyn , running largely under Eighth Avenue but also paralleling Greenwich Avenue and Sixth Avenue in Lower Manhattan. An additional line,

13203-462: The Jay Street and Lawrence Street stations, was delayed indefinitely. The stations were separate from each other since the IND station's opening, despite their proximity. In March 2007, a contract was finally awarded for the renovation of the stations. The MTA constructed a 175-foot (53 m) transfer passageway as part of its 2005–2009 Capital Program. The $ 164.5 million project also brought

13366-587: The Jay Street–MetroTech station and four other subway stations in Brooklyn. The station consists of three underground levels. Just below ground is the IND mezzanine, then the IND platforms, followed by the BMT platform on the deepest level. The two stations connect to each other via a stair, two escalators, and an elevator at the west end of the BMT station. The BMT station also has its own mezzanine at its eastern end. The stations are located one block away from each other. The 2009 artwork in this station

13529-463: The MTA announced that it would award a $ 368 million design–build contract to Crosstown Partners, a joint venture between Thales Group and TC Electric LLC, to install CBTC along the length of the G route. The contract includes not only the Crosstown Line between Court Square and Bergen Street, but also the Culver Line between Bergen Street and Church Avenue. Upon the completion of the contract,

13692-535: The Manhattan-bound platform and white concrete tile columns on the Brooklyn-bound one. The station's walls had blue tiles. Before renovation, the trim line on the platform walls was two-tone cobalt blue with "JAY" tiled in white lettering on a black background underneath. As part of the renovation, new tiling was placed on the trackside walls. After the renovation, the blue trim-line was widened and

13855-478: The beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant. Experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. In 1890, the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Prior to opening, the line was to be called the "City and South London Subway", thus introducing

14018-455: The building line on Tenth Avenue to, over private property and 37th Street, and Gravesend Avenue to a location 530 feet (160 m) south of the intersection of Gravesend Avenue and the southern building line of 22nd Avenue. Section 2 stretched from here along Gravesend Avenue to Avenue X, and Section 3 continued from here south along Shell Road and West 6th Street to a point near the southern line of Sheepshead Bay Road, where it would connect with

14181-610: The collection of the nearby New York Transit Museum , and in October 2015, the museum started hosting another exhibit, The Secret Life of 370 Jay Street , that chronicled the building's varying uses. Each of the three former companies that made up the current New York City Subway (the Independent Subway System, Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Company, and Interborough Rapid Transit Company ) had their own money train platforms. IND money trains made their deposits from

14344-500: The completion of Culver Ramp, D Concourse Express trains (which formerly terminated in Manhattan) replaced F service, and were sent over the new connection as the first IND service to reach Coney Island. The service was announced as Concourse–Culver and advertised as direct Bronx–Coney Island service. BMT Culver Line ( 5 ) trains were truncated to Ditmas Avenue , the south end of the connection, operating through to Manhattan via

14507-521: The completion of the Montague Street Tunnel. It was decided to postpone work to complete this station, and use the labor force working on this station and concrete material intended to be used at the station to complete work on the Court Street station, accelerating the estimated completion of that station to January 1919, allowing service through the tunnel to operate in early 1919 as opposed to late 1919. Construction stopped on May 18, when about half

14670-464: The congestion, would entail widening the staircases and installing ADA-required elevators that would cost approximately $ 10 million per station. The possibility of reopening the Bergen Street lower level was looked at as part of the study for the reintroduction of F express service; the reopening would require significant and expensive reconstruction, including making the station ADA accessible ,

14833-476: The construction of the station complex) is an express station on both the IND Fulton Street and Culver lines. It has four tracks with two island platforms . Fulton Street Line trains use the center "express" tracks, while Culver Line trains use the outer "local" tracks. Current service patterns route all IND Eighth Avenue Line trains to the Fulton Street Line and all IND Sixth Avenue Line trains to

14996-523: The construction of the station complex) on the BMT Fourth Avenue Line is a local station with two tracks and one narrow island platform. The station is between Court Street to the north and DeKalb Avenue to the south. Unlike in the IND station, there are no tiles on the track walls. A narrow mezzanine above the platform connects the station's two easternmost fare control areas. It still has its original directional signs labeled as "to Lawrence Street" and "to Bridge Street". The platform formerly had

15159-414: The display of the transit network. Often this has the effect of compressing the distance between stations in the outer area of the system, and expanding distances between those close to the center. Some systems assign unique alphanumeric codes to each of their stations to help commuters identify them, which briefly encodes information about the line it is on, and its position on the line. For example, on

15322-485: The elevated BMT Culver Line. This line was variously known as the Culver Line Extension , Culver−Smith Street Line , Smith Street Line , Smith Street–Prospect Park Line , Smith–Ninth Street Line , Jay–Smith–Ninth Street Line , Church Avenue Line , Prospect Park–Church Avenue Line , Prospect Park–Coney Island Line, Brooklyn Line , or South Brooklyn Line , though it was often simply referred to as

15485-472: The elevated Culver Viaduct (including the Smith–Ninth Streets and Fourth Avenue stations) and modernization of the interlockings at Bergen Street, 4th Avenue, and Church Avenue. The B5 layup track was removed as part of the project. This also allowed the G train to be extended from its longtime terminus at Smith–Ninth Streets to a more efficient terminus at Church Avenue beginning in July 2009. The project

15648-419: The elevated portion of the line to Kings Highway operated in the peak direction (to Manhattan AM; to Brooklyn PM), with some F trains running local and some running express. Express service between Bergen and Church ended in 1976, and between Church and Kings Highway on April 27, 1987, largely due to budget constraints and complaints from passengers at local stations. Express service on the elevated Culver Line

15811-402: The entire G route and much of the F route would be CBTC-equipped. Rapid transit Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between stations typically using electric multiple units on railway tracks . Some systems use guided rubber tires , magnetic levitation ( maglev ), or monorail . The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside

15974-561: The entire New York City Transit system, including the subway, in 2003. This meant that the money trains were no longer used, and in December 2006, the platforms were closed. The money trains were also retired, though for a different reason: they moved slowly, and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority was concerned that the money trains would delay train traffic. The money train later became part of

16137-611: The entire metropolitan area is called Metra (short for Met ropolitan Ra il), while its rapid transit system that serves the city is called the "L" . Boston's subway system is known locally as "The T". In Atlanta , the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority goes by the acronym "MARTA." In the San Francisco Bay Area , residents refer to Bay Area Rapid Transit by its acronym "BART". The New York City Subway

16300-443: The extension of IND service. Two substations, a signal tower, a fourth track at Ditmas Avenue, and an additional stairway at Ditmas Avenue were all completed as part of the project. McDonald Avenue was also widened between Avenue C and Cortelyou Road to facilitate the ramp. Though the ramp was nearly complete, including rails and signal work, construction was halted later that year because of America's entrance into World War II . When

16463-516: The floor rather than resting on ballast , such as normal railway tracks. An alternate technology, using rubber tires on narrow concrete or steel roll ways , was pioneered on certain lines of the Paris Métro and Mexico City Metro , and the first completely new system to use it was in Montreal , Canada. On most of these networks, additional horizontal wheels are required for guidance, and

16626-490: The ground); or Ninth Street would be raised above grade level to pass over the canal and BMT subway. Both underground options were considered expensive and impractical, and the viaduct was estimated to save $ 12 million in construction costs when it was selected in 1927. During planning, the viaduct's height was later increased from 60 feet (18 m) to around 90 feet (27 m), due to now-defunct navigation regulations for tall-mast shipping. Because of this, Smith–Ninth Streets

16789-657: The installation of CBTC and the modernization of the Ditmas Avenue and Avenue X interlockings, was awarded in February 2019 to Tutor Perini for $ 253 million. Substantial completion of the project was expected in August 2022. As part of the project, switches north of Ditmas Avenue will be removed, and will be replaced by two new interlockings directly south of Church Avenue and a new interlocking north of 18th Avenue. Avenue X interlocking will be reconfigured. As of February 2020, 80% of wayside signaling equipment had been installed,

16952-439: The interconnections between different parts of the system; for example, they show the interchange stations where passengers can transfer between lines. Unlike conventional maps, transit maps are usually not geographically accurate, but emphasize the topological connections among the different stations. The graphic presentation may use straight lines and fixed angles, and often a fixed minimum distance between stations, to simplify

17115-436: The line curves onto McDonald Avenue . The line then parallels the route of the original Culver Line surface railroad into Church Avenue station, the last stop of the original IND service. A single track in both directions, connecting from the local and express tracks in each direction, then ramps down to the four-track Church Avenue Yard , used as a relay and storage facility for G trains. The four mainline tracks ascend to

17278-418: The line was awarded to Thomas Dwyer for $ 42,268. At 3:00 a.m. on March 16, 1919, the first portion of the new elevated structure opened from Ninth Avenue southeast and south to Kings Highway . Except for the omission of a station at 15th Avenue, all of the station locations from the surface line were preserved as elevated stations. The Culver Line was operated as a branch of the Fifth Avenue Elevated, with

17441-557: The line, between Jay Street–MetroTech and Church Avenue, is a four-track line that was built for the IND in 1933, running primarily underground except for a short elevated section over the Gowanus Canal . The southern section, between Ditmas Avenue and Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue , was originally built for the BMT in 1919–1920 as a three-track elevated structure between Ninth Avenue in Sunset Park and Avenue X, and as

17604-602: The lines of the Lyon Metro includes a section of rack (cog) railway , while the Carmelit , in Haifa, is an underground funicular . For elevated lines, another alternative is the monorail , which can be built either as straddle-beam monorails or as a suspended monorail . While monorails have never gained wide acceptance outside Japan, there are some such as Chongqing Rail Transit 's monorail lines which are widely used in

17767-409: The longest commutes. F express trains would be slightly more crowded than current F trains, but the F locals would be less crowded. PM rush hour express service would lead to much larger exit surges from less frequent F local trains at Bergen Street and Carroll Street, leading to significant congestion at one staircase at Bergen Street, and moderate congestion at one staircase at Carroll Street. Relieving

17930-557: The main rapid transit system. For instance, the Wenhu Line of the Taipei Metro serves many relatively sparse neighbourhoods and feeds into and complements the high capacity metro lines. Some systems have been built from scratch, others are reclaimed from former commuter rail or suburban tramway systems that have been upgraded, and often supplemented with an underground or elevated downtown section. Ground-level alignments with

18093-470: The morning and toward Brooklyn in the evening. The trains would make an intermediate stop at Seventh Avenue between Jay Street–MetroTech and Church Avenue and bypass a total of six stations. This service is represented with a diamond <F>, similar to the symbol used on other peak-direction express services. Peak-direction express service between Church Avenue and Kings Highway was not restored due to limitations caused by current track configurations, as

18256-418: The network map "readable" by illiterate people, this system has since become an "icon" of the system. Compared to other modes of transport, rapid transit has a good safety record, with few accidents. Rail transport is subject to strict safety regulations , with requirements for procedure and maintenance to minimize risk. Head-on collisions are rare due to use of double track, and low operating speeds reduce

18419-402: The next vehicle will arrive, and expected travel times. The standardized GTFS data format for transit information allows many third-party software developers to produce web and smartphone app programs which give passengers customized updates regarding specific transit lines and stations of interest. Mexico City Metro uses a unique pictogram for each station. Originally intended to help make

18582-630: The north end of the DeKalb Avenue station was 3,200 feet (980 m) apart, much longer than comparable stations on the IRT and BRT in Lower Manhattan and Downtown Brooklyn. The original contract was modified in July 1917, and a provision for the station was added. On May 16, 1918, the New York Public Service Commission approved a report by the Chief Engineer requesting that work on the construction of

18745-437: The northbound local track south of Avenue P. In July 2019, online newspaper The City discovered that the MTA had allocated $ 660,000 in its 2015–2019 Capital Program for a design study to make patches to the Culver Viaduct, whose renovation was completed in 2016. The study would determine how to fix the premature deterioration of structural braces, unsatisfactory drainage, and leaking expansion joints. Funding will be provided in

18908-409: The northwest. Construction of the route was done in four sections: Section 1, 1-A, 2, and 3. Section 1-A extended from a location on the west building line of Tenth Avenue between 38th Street and 37th Street to a location 372 feet (113 m) east of the building line on Tenth Avenue, running in an open cut and then a fill over Tenth Avenue. Section 1 extended from a point 372 feet (113 m) east of

19071-958: The occurrence and severity of rear-end collisions and derailments . Fire is more of a danger underground, such as the King's Cross fire in London in November 1987, which killed 31 people. Systems are generally built to allow evacuation of trains at many places throughout the system. High platforms , usually over 1 meter / 3 feet, are a safety risk, as people falling onto the tracks have trouble climbing back. Platform screen doors are used on some systems to eliminate this danger. Rapid transit facilities are public spaces and may suffer from security problems: petty crimes , such as pickpocketing and baggage theft, and more serious violent crimes , as well as sexual assaults on tightly packed trains and platforms. Security measures include video surveillance , security guards , and conductors . In some countries

19234-413: The only above-ground section of the original IND. The first short section of the line opened on March 20, 1933, taking Eighth Avenue Express A trains (and for about a month from July to August C trains) south from Jay Street to Bergen Street . The rest of the line opened on October 7, 1933, to the "temporary" terminal at Church Avenue, three blocks away from the Culver elevated at Ditmas Avenue. In 1936,

19397-485: The only section other than the now-demolished World's Fair Railroad to be outdoors. The viaduct was constructed due to the depth of the canal (15 feet at its deepest point), due to the topography of the Park Slope neighborhood, and to avoid local stores in the area. Otherwise, a tunnel carrying the line would have to have been built below both the canal and the BMT Fourth Avenue Line (necessitating stations deep below

19560-603: The only two North American systems that are primarily called "subways". In most of Southeast Asia and in Taiwan , rapid transit systems are primarily known by the acronym MRT . The meaning varies from one country to another. In Indonesia , the acronym stands for Moda Raya Terpadu or Integrated Mass [Transit] Mode in English. In the Philippines , it stands for Metro Rail Transit . Two underground lines use

19723-587: The outset. Budapest , Chicago , Glasgow , Boston and New York City all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services. Hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro , which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems. In response to cost, engineering considerations and topological challenges some cities have opted to construct tram systems, particularly those in Australia, where density in cities

19886-519: The peak direction. The portion of the route from Bergen Street south to Church Avenue is also served by the G Brooklyn–Queens Crosstown service. Both routes run at all times. There are two express tracks on the northern part of the route and one on the southern, with express stations distributed along the line. However, express service has only been operated on the line from 1968 to 1987, as well as since 2019. Restoration of express service has been thwarted by budget shortages, passenger opposition, and

20049-606: The project was restarted in 1946, completion was delayed further due to continued material shortages and a lack of rolling stock to facilitate the new service. On October 30, 1954, the connection between the IND Brooklyn Line at Church Avenue and the BMT Culver Line at Ditmas Avenue opened. This allowed IND trains to operate all the way to the Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue terminal. Following

20212-908: The rapid transit system varies greatly between cities, with several transport strategies. Some systems may extend only to the limits of the inner city, or to its inner ring of suburbs with trains making frequent station stops. The outer suburbs may then be reached by a separate commuter rail network where more widely spaced stations allow higher speeds. In some cases the differences between urban rapid transit and suburban systems are not clear. Rapid transit systems may be supplemented by other systems such as trolleybuses , regular buses , trams , or commuter rail. This combination of transit modes serves to offset certain limitations of rapid transit such as limited stops and long walking distances between outside access points. Bus or tram feeder systems transport people to rapid transit stops. Each rapid transit system consists of one or more lines , or circuits. Each line

20375-485: The reconstruction of platform stairs, improved lighting and communications, waterproofing and concrete repairs, among other things. Since the rehabilitation would cost $ 75 million, the lower level was not reopened. In July 2019, the MTA announced that it planned to run four rush-hour express F trains per day, two in each direction, starting in September 2019. The trains would run in the peak direction, toward Manhattan in

20538-401: The renovation. Now, the mezzanine has a larger southern section connecting to the southern exits, the central exits, and the transfer to the BMT platform; as well as a smaller northern section connecting to the northern exits only. The two parts of the mezzanine are cut off by a large white wall. The Jay Street–MetroTech station (formerly Lawrence Street–MetroTech station before

20701-542: The rubber tires. However, they have higher maintenance costs and are less energy efficient. They also lose traction when weather conditions are wet or icy, preventing above-ground use of the Montréal Metro and limiting it on the Sapporo Municipal Subway, but not rubber-tired systems in other cities. Some cities with steep hills incorporate mountain railway technologies in their metros. One of

20864-406: The second phase of the project, beginning on May 22, 2017, the Manhattan-bound platforms were closed between Avenue U and 18th Avenue until July 30, 2018. The interlocking at Kings Highway is scheduled to be modernized as part of the 2020–2024 MTA Capital Program, and the modernization could include the reinstallation of the necessary track switches. A switch will be added between the express track and

21027-515: The southbound IND Culver line track, and the still-visible door on the wall is where they connected to the vaults above before armored trucks replaced them. For the BMT, there was a second platform just west of the station, after a diamond crossover between the two tracks; this was the deepest of the three money train platforms. A third platform is also in the IRT Eastern Parkway Line tunnel that passes through this area for

21190-734: The southbound express track, while the northbound express track becomes the El's bidirectional center express track. During the 1990s and 2000s, the center express track in this section was occasionally used for non-revenue testing. After Avenue X station, a ramp diverges to the surface for access to the Culver Yard of the Coney Island Yards complex. At this point the Culver Line narrows to a two-track structure bearing one more station– Neptune Avenue –before curving into West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium station on Coney Island. Formally,

21353-461: The southbound platform's were 3 inches (7.6 cm). In 1957, the city conducted another experiment, this time placing an automatic token dispenser in the station. In September 1987, the station was the site of yet another experiment; the station's turnstiles were converted to allow new fare payment, consisting of "laminated polyester fare cards." (This would later become the MetroCard, which

21516-491: The southeast corner of Willoughby and Bridge Streets, the corner where the building is located. The MTA was hopeful that this instance would encourage developers to build other entrances to other subway stations, since AVA DoBro's developer paid for the entrance in its entirety. New York City councilmember Lincoln Restler founded a volunteer group, the Friends of MTA Station Group, in early 2023 to advocate for improvements to

21679-505: The station from traffic MetroTech generated, new directional signs were installed, a wall that blocked the view of the token booth clerk was removed to improve security, a part-time token booth was added, and lighting was upgraded. New York City mayor John Francis Hylan 's original plans for the Independent Subway System (IND), proposed in 1922, included building over 100 miles (160 km) of new lines and taking over nearly 100 miles (160 km) of existing lines, which would compete with

21842-423: The station stop due to a wartime shortage of materials and men due to World War I . Only one-ninth of the labor estimated to be required to allow the construction of the station to be completed along with the rest of the line was available. With this reduced labor force, work on this station could not be completed before July 1919, and work on the Court Street station could not be finished before April 1919, following

22005-585: The station was completed. Service running through the Montague Tunnel and this station began on August 1, 1920, with the station being constructed alongside in-service trains. The line was called the Montague Street Tunnel Line. Construction resumed on May 18, 1922. The scope of work included excavation from the street to provide an entrance, the construction of an island platform between the two cast iron-lined tunnels covered by

22168-583: The station, the Culver tracks split into local and express tracks, with the two express tracks ramping down to the lower level of Bergen Street , while the local tracks merge with the IND Crosstown Line tracks from Hoyt-Schermerhorn Street before entering the upper level. Between Jay Street and Bergen Street, the line passes under both the IRT Eastern Parkway Line and the Fulton Line tracks curving east into Hoyt-Schermerhorn Street, requiring

22331-592: The stations into compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and cosmetically improved the upper mezzanine. With the opening of the transfer on December 10, 2010, the complex was given its present name. The transfer was projected to benefit an estimated 35,000 daily passengers. In 2016, a new entrance to the BMT portion of the station was built as part of the AVA DoBro residential high-rise building. This entrance replaces an earlier entrance at

22494-734: The suburbs, allowing a higher service frequency in the center. This arrangement is used by many systems, such as the Copenhagen Metro , the Milan Metro , the Oslo Metro , the Istanbul Metro and the New York City Subway . Alternatively, there may be a single central terminal (often shared with the central railway station), or multiple interchange stations between lines in the city center, for instance in

22657-467: The summers of 2016 and 2017. In May 2016, the MTA announced that half of all rush-hour F trains may start running express in both directions in fall 2017; however, because of rolling stock and track capacity limitations, the train frequency on the rest of the F 's route would remain the same. With an increase in rolling stock caused by the introduction of the R179s , one more train per hour could be run on

22820-489: The switches at Kings Highway previously used were removed in the 1990s. In order to test the interoperability of the communications-based train control (CBTC) systems of different suppliers, CBTC equipment was installed on the southbound express track between Fourth Avenue and Church Avenue, as part of the automation of the New York City Subway . The total cost was $ 99.6 million, with $ 15 million coming from

22983-714: The term subway . In Thailand , it stands for Metropolitan Rapid Transit , previously using the Mass Rapid Transit name. Outside of Southeast Asia, Kaohsiung and Taoyuan, Taiwan , have their own MRT systems which stands for Mass Rapid Transit , as with Singapore and Malaysia . In general rapid transit is a synonym for "metro" type transit, though sometimes rapid transit is defined to include "metro", commuter trains and grade separated light rail . Also high-capacity bus-based transit systems can have features similar to "metro" systems. The opening of London's steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked

23146-530: The term Subway into railway terminology. Both railways, alongside others, were eventually merged into London Underground . The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset. The technology quickly spread to other cities in Europe , the United States, Argentina, and Canada, with some railways being converted from steam and others being designed to be electric from

23309-494: The time, the IND had no direct connections to the rest of the subway system. Around 1940, a temporary ramp was installed to connect the underground IND Culver Line to the street-level South Brooklyn Railway , underneath the BMT Culver Line; this connection was used to deliver some IND rolling stock. The proposed Culver Ramp , also referred to as the Culver Line Connection , would allow passenger service between

23472-484: The track were able to successfully operate using the interoperable Siemens/Thales CBTC system. That system became the standard for all future CBTC installations on New York City Transit tracks as of 2015. A third supplier, Mitsubishi Electric Power Products Inc. , was given permission to demonstrate that its technology could be interoperable with the Siemens/Thales technology. The $ 1.2 million Mitsubishi contract

23635-511: The trains, requiring custom-made trains in order to minimize gaps between train and platform. They are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities . Some rapid transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. The world's first rapid transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened in 1863 using steam locomotives , and now forms part of

23798-689: The transfer was issued to the B54 bus, which ran along the former route. Today, the MetroCard provides free transfer between bus and subway throughout the system. In 1955, the city decided to experiment with placing raised safety disks on the edges of the platforms, in order to increase passenger safety. Compared to the painted orange-and-yellow stripes on the platforms, the disks, which were painted yellow and spaced one foot apart from each other, were expected to last about five times as long. The northbound platform's disks were 4 inches (10 cm) in diameter, and

23961-410: The tunnel. Like other IND lines, this route would have been in direct competition with the then-privately operated Fourth Avenue Subway. The final proposal from the 1939 Second System plan proposed an extension down Fort Hamilton Parkway and/or Tenth Avenue towards the tunnel, with continued service to 86th Street in Bay Ridge near the BMT Fourth Avenue Line station . This route would have diverged near

24124-446: The two eastern corners of the aforementioned intersection. The stairs serve the BMT platform directly. There is an additional full-height turnstile entrance at the east end. It formerly contained a booth and has two street stairs to Bridge and Willoughby Streets, high turnstiles, and two platform stairs. This fare control area was the first in the system to have its service gate converted to an emergency exit. An exit-only escalator on

24287-581: The two stations were not connected for 77 years. As part of a station renovation completed in 2010, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) built a passageway to connect the two stations and made the complex fully compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 . Both stations also contain "money train" platforms, which were formerly used to deliver MTA token revenue to neighboring 370 Jay Street . The Dual Contracts were formalized in March 1913, specifying new lines or expansions to be built by

24450-439: The underground Church Avenue and elevated Ditmas Avenue stations. Construction began in June 1941, and was expected to be completed by the end of the year. The ramp was expected to cost $ 2 million, and along with new signals, and rehabilitation of the Culver elevated and lengthening of its stations to IND standards, the total cost of the project was estimated at over $ 11 million. 170 subway cars were purchased for $ 8.5 million for

24613-601: The use of communications-based train control : the minimum headway can reach 90 seconds, but many systems typically use 120 seconds to allow for recovery from delays. Typical capacity lines allow 1,200 people per train, giving 36,000 passengers per hour per direction . However, much higher capacities are attained in East Asia with ranges of 75,000 to 85,000 people per hour achieved by MTR Corporation 's urban lines in Hong Kong. Rapid transit topologies are determined by

24776-559: Was Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, which launched its first underground mobile phone network using AMPS in 1989. Many metro systems, such as the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway (MTR) and the Berlin U-Bahn, provide mobile data connections in their tunnels for various network operators. The technology used for public, mass rapid transit has undergone significant changes in the years since

24939-405: Was a high priority of New York City planners. Recapture proved unnecessary since the Culver Line and the rest of the BMT and Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) passed into City hands in 1940 as a result of the unification of the three companies. The new connection would create a one-fare ride for IND passengers to Coney Island, and eliminate congestion on the BMT's Fourth Avenue Subway . At

25102-423: Was approved in July 2015. If Culver Line express service was implemented in 2017 as it was proposed, the express service would not initially have used CBTC, and testing of CBTC on the express track would be limited to off-peak hours. In 2017, the MTA started testing ultra-wideband radio-enabled train signaling on the IND Culver Line. The ultra-wideband train signals would be able to transmit more data wirelessly in

25265-451: Was built above the Culver Line. The line, formally known as Route 49, or the Gravesend Avenue Line, was to run from the Fifth Avenue Elevated at Tenth Avenue and 37th Street, above private property south of 37th Street, and then south over Gravesend Avenue to Coney Island. At Ninth Avenue , the elevated replacements for the Culver Line and West End Line met, with access from both lines to the Fifth Avenue Elevated and Fourth Avenue Subway to

25428-477: Was built at an elevation of 87.5 feet (26.7 m), the highest subway station above ground level in the world. Fourth Avenue, meanwhile, is actually at a lower elevation and altitude than the Seventh Avenue underground station. For most of its history, G service has terminated at Smith–Ninth Streets, relaying using the express tracks and switches at Fourth Avenue. This occasionally caused delays to F service, and prevented express service from being operated. In 2009,

25591-423: Was completed in 2013. Stations along the three-tracked stretch of the Culver Line were renovated until July 30, 2018 (excluding Ditmas Avenue and the northbound platform of Avenue X , which were rehabilitated in 2015–2016), with the center track being used to bypass closed stations. The Coney Island-bound platforms were rehabilitated between June 7, 2016, and May 1, 2017 (May 8 for Avenue U and Avenue X). During

25754-738: Was developed further. Other Central European countries also have metro lines, for example in the cities of Budapest (Hungary), Prague (Czech Republic) and Warsaw (Poland). In Eastern Europe , metro systems are in operation in Minsk (Belarus), Kyiv (Ukraine), Riga (Latvia), Vilnius (Lithuania) and Moscow (Russia). In Southeastern European countries, there are metro systems in Athens and Thessaloniki (Greece), Belgrade (Serbia), Sofia (Bulgaria) and Istanbul (Turkey). In Northern Europe , rapid transit systems exist in Copenhagen (Denmark), Oslo (Norway), Stockholm (Sweden) and Helsinki (Finland). Various terms are used for rapid transit systems around North America . The term metro

25917-409: Was ended due to necessary structural work, and was supposed to be restored after the $ 50 million project's completion in 1990, but never restored. With the end of express service, Bergen Street 's lower level was taken out of service. Following renovations to the station in the 1990s, the lower level was converted into storage space and is not usable for passenger service in its current state. In 1986,

26080-476: Was low and suburbs tended to spread out . Since the 1970s, the viability of underground train systems in Australian cities, particularly Sydney and Melbourne , has been reconsidered and proposed as a solution to over-capacity. Melbourne had tunnels and stations developed in the 1970s and opened in 1980. The first line of the Sydney Metro was opened in 2019. Since the 1960s, many new systems have been introduced in Europe , Asia and Latin America . In

26243-406: Was not widely released until 1993.) The station's token booths were shuttered in May 2005, after fare tokens were replaced with MetroCards ; station agents were deployed elsewhere in the station to answer passengers' queries. This was part of a pilot program that was tested at seven other stations. In October 2019, the MTA unveiled an accessible station lab at Jay Street–MetroTech station, which

26406-400: Was to have been at Court Street . After the contract was approved for the Montague Street Tunnel and the associated subway line, the planners realized there should have been a station at Lawrence Street. In 1916, local business owners proposed an additional station at Lawrence and Willoughby Streets. Supporters of the plan said the distance from the south end of the Court Street station to

26569-429: Was to run until the end of the year. The lab includes over a dozen features including Braille signs, tactile pads, wayfinding apps, diagrams of accessible routes, and floor stickers to guide passengers to the correct routes. In 1981, the MTA had listed the IND portion of the station among the 69 most deteriorated stations in the subway system. However, in 2005, planned renovation of twelve subway stations, including

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