147-484: Sebastian ( Latin : Sebastianus ; c. AD 255 – c. AD 288 ) was an early Christian saint and martyr . According to traditional belief, he was killed during the Diocletianic Persecution of Christians. He was initially tied to a post or tree and shot with arrows, though this did not kill him. He was, according to tradition, rescued and healed by Irene of Rome , which became
294-501: A Ballets Russes production which was first given in 1944. In his novella Death in Venice , Thomas Mann hails the "Sebastian-Figure" as the supreme emblem of Apollonian beauty, that is, the artistry of differentiated forms; beauty as measured by discipline, proportion, and luminous distinctions. This allusion to Sebastian's suffering, associated with the writerly professionalism of the novella's protagonist, Gustav Aschenbach, provides
441-602: A centre of the Renaissance, with artists such as Laurana , da Messina , Sannazzaro and Poliziano arriving in the city. During 1501 Naples came under direct rule from France at the time of Louis XII , as Neapolitan king Frederick was taken as a prisoner to France; this lasted four years. Spain won Naples at the Battle of Garigliano and, as a result, Naples then became part of the Spanish Empire throughout
588-487: A cow in formaldehyde , bound in metal cable and shot with arrows. British pop band Alt-J 's video for " Hunger of the Pine " contains references to the story of Saint Sebastian's death, adapted to fit the lyrics of the song. Tarsem Singh 's video for the R.E.M. song " Losing My Religion " makes use of imagery of Saint Sebastian, drawing particular inspiration from paintings by Guido Reni and Caravaggio . The indie folk band
735-609: A dense network of roads and motorways, a system of maritime connections and an international airport ( Naples Airport ). The port of Naples connects the region with the Mediterranean basin , and brings tourists to the archaeological sites , the cities of art (Naples and Caserta), to the coastal areas and to the islands. There are high-speed rail lines: There is a maintenance and service centre for high-speed trains Alstom AGV in Nola . Sea-based activity accounts for about 3.9% of
882-507: A distinguished family and were deacons . Both brothers married, and they resided in Rome with their wives and children. The brothers refused to sacrifice to the Roman gods and were arrested. They were visited by their parents Tranquillinus and Martia in prison, who attempted to persuade them to renounce Christianity. Sebastian succeeded in converting Tranquillinus and Martia, as well as Tiburtius ,
1029-526: A faster pace. It is characterised by greater use of prepositions, and word order that is closer to modern Romance languages, for example, while grammatically retaining more or less the same formal rules as Classical Latin. Ultimately, Latin diverged into a distinct written form, where the commonly spoken form was perceived as a separate language, for instance early French or Italian dialects, that could be transcribed differently. It took some time for these to be viewed as wholly different from Latin however. After
1176-692: A few in German , Dutch , Norwegian , Danish and Swedish . Latin is still spoken in Vatican City, a city-state situated in Rome that is the seat of the Catholic Church . The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part, in substantial works or in fragments to be analyzed in philology . They are in part the subject matter of the field of classics . Their works were published in manuscript form before
1323-404: A few. Famous and well regarded writers included Petrarch, Erasmus, Salutati , Celtis , George Buchanan and Thomas More . Non fiction works were long produced in many subjects, including the sciences, law, philosophy, historiography and theology. Famous examples include Isaac Newton 's Principia . Latin was also used as a convenient medium for translations of important works first written in
1470-569: A main event in Catholic homes to commemorate the saint. Every parish has its own date of celebration, especially in the districts of Thrissur , Ernakulam , St. Andrew's Basilica, Arthunkal and Kottayam . In Kanjoor Syro Malabar Church the feast is celebrated with the largest procession of golden crosses and decorated umbrellas in Asia. Besides this, many pilgrim centres, churches, shrines and many educational institutions too, throughout Kerala, bear
1617-579: A martyr who was venerated on January 20. His cult is also mentioned by Ambrose of Milan in his Expositio in Psalmum CXVIII , a theological and exegetical commentary of Psalm 118 dated to 386–390 AD; Ambrose states that Sebastian came from Milan and that he was venerated as a saint there. The first surviving account of Sebastian's life and death is the Passio Sancti Sebastiani , long thought to have been written by Ambrose in
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#17327798775081764-496: A model for the "heroism born of weakness", which characterizes poise amidst agonizing torment and plain acceptance of one's fate as, beyond mere patience and passivity, a stylized achievement and artistic triumph. Sebastian's death was depicted in the 1949 film Fabiola , in which he was played by Massimo Girotti . In 1976, the British director Derek Jarman made a film, Sebastiane , which caused controversy in its treatment of
1911-560: A native language, Medieval Latin was used across Western and Catholic Europe during the Middle Ages as a working and literary language from the 9th century to the Renaissance , which then developed a classicizing form, called Renaissance Latin . This was the basis for Neo-Latin which evolved during the early modern period . In these periods Latin was used productively and generally taught to be written and spoken, at least until
2058-599: A non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest, that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities. Campania is traditionally the most industrialized region of southern Italy, particularly the Neapolitan territory was one of the most industrialized areas of Italy until the beginning of
2205-540: A popular subject in 17th-century painting. In all versions of the story, shortly after his recovery he went to Diocletian to warn him about his sins, and as a result was clubbed to death. He is venerated in the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church . The oldest record of the details of Sebastian's martyrdom is found in the Chronograph of 354 , which mentions him as a martyr, venerated on January 20. He
2352-578: A powerful Germanic royal house of Swabian origins. The University of Naples Federico II was founded by Frederick II in the city, the oldest state university in the world, making Naples the intellectual centre of the kingdom. Conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the Papacy , led in 1266 to Pope Innocent IV crowning Angevin Dynasty duke Charles I as the king. Charles officially moved
2499-586: A priest haunted by recurring visions of Saint Sebastian. The look of the character Gemino in the popular action-platform videogame Blasphemous is clearly inspired by Saint Sebastian. The family del Valle in Isabel Allende 's novel " House of the Spirits " attends Sunday mass in the Church of Saint Sebastian. In the Catholic Church , Sebastian is commemorated by an optional memorial on 20 January. In
2646-884: A result of the War of the Spanish Succession ; it was the Austrian Charles VI who ruled from Vienna , similarly, with viceroys. However, the War of the Polish Succession saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a personal union , which in the Treaty of Vienna were recognised as independent under a cadet branch of the Spanish Bourbons in 1738 under Charles VII . During
2793-567: A result, the list has variants, as well as alternative names. In addition to the historical phases, Ecclesiastical Latin refers to the styles used by the writers of the Roman Catholic Church from late antiquity onward, as well as by Protestant scholars. The earliest known form of Latin is Old Latin, also called Archaic or Early Latin, which was spoken from the Roman Kingdom , traditionally founded in 753 BC, through
2940-407: A separate language, existing more or less in parallel with the literary or educated Latin, but this is now widely dismissed. The term 'Vulgar Latin' remains difficult to define, referring both to informal speech at any time within the history of Latin, and the kind of informal Latin that had begun to move away from the written language significantly in the post-Imperial period, that led ultimately to
3087-589: A small commercial port called Parthenope (Παρθενόπη, meaning "Pure Eyes", a Siren in Greek mythology ), which was established by Greek colonial sailors from Rhodes . The region thus became one of the centers of Magna Graecia . At one point in history, a distinct group of Oscan-speaking tribes from Samnium (in south-central Italy), the Samnites , moved down into Campania. Since the Samnites were more warlike than
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#17327798775083234-709: A small number of Latin services held in the Anglican church. These include an annual service in Oxford, delivered with a Latin sermon; a relic from the period when Latin was the normal spoken language of the university. In the Western world, many organizations, governments and schools use Latin for their mottos due to its association with formality, tradition, and the roots of Western culture . Canada's motto A mari usque ad mare ("from sea to sea") and most provincial mottos are also in Latin. The Canadian Victoria Cross
3381-429: A sort of informal language academy dedicated to maintaining and perpetuating educated speech. Philological analysis of Archaic Latin works, such as those of Plautus , which contain fragments of everyday speech, gives evidence of an informal register of the language, Vulgar Latin (termed sermo vulgi , "the speech of the masses", by Cicero ). Some linguists, particularly in the nineteenth century, believed this to be
3528-572: A spoken and written language by the scholarship by the Renaissance humanists . Petrarch and others began to change their usage of Latin as they explored the texts of the Classical Latin world. Skills of textual criticism evolved to create much more accurate versions of extant texts through the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and some important texts were rediscovered. Comprehensive versions of authors' works were published by Isaac Casaubon , Joseph Scaliger and others. Nevertheless, despite
3675-432: A strictly left-to-right script. During the late republic and into the first years of the empire, from about 75 BC to AD 200, a new Classical Latin arose, a conscious creation of the orators, poets, historians and other literate men, who wrote the great works of classical literature , which were taught in grammar and rhetoric schools. Today's instructional grammars trace their roots to such schools , which served as
3822-693: A vernacular, such as those of Descartes . Latin education underwent a process of reform to classicise written and spoken Latin. Schooling remained largely Latin medium until approximately 1700. Until the end of the 17th century, the majority of books and almost all diplomatic documents were written in Latin. Afterwards, most diplomatic documents were written in French (a Romance language ) and later native or other languages. Education methods gradually shifted towards written Latin, and eventually concentrating solely on reading skills. The decline of Latin education took several centuries and proceeded much more slowly than
3969-411: Is Veritas ("truth"). Veritas was the goddess of truth, a daughter of Saturn, and the mother of Virtue. Switzerland has adopted the country's Latin short name Helvetia on coins and stamps, since there is no room to use all of the nation's four official languages . For a similar reason, it adopted the international vehicle and internet code CH , which stands for Confoederatio Helvetica ,
4116-897: Is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages . Latin was originally spoken by the Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio ), the lower Tiber area around Rome , Italy. Through the expansion of the Roman Republic it became the dominant language in the Italian Peninsula and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire . By the late Roman Republic , Old Latin had evolved into standardized Classical Latin . Vulgar Latin refers to
4263-640: Is a reversal of the original phrase Non terrae plus ultra ("No land further beyond", "No further!"). According to legend , this phrase was inscribed as a warning on the Pillars of Hercules , the rocks on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar and the western end of the known, Mediterranean world. Charles adopted the motto following the discovery of the New World by Columbus, and it also has metaphorical suggestions of taking risks and striving for excellence. In
4410-683: Is also a significant aerospace industry : Hitachi Rail Italy has headquarters, manufacturing plant and service facilities in Naples . Here it produces the metro trains Meneghino and Driverless Metro . Luxury brands like Kiton , Cesare Attolini , Isaia , Rubinacci , Harmont & Blaine , E. Marinella are also located in Campania. All of them are relative small-sized with annual sales of less than 100 million euros each. There are other industrial districts in Campania: The region has
4557-511: Is also mentioned in a sermon on Psalm 118 by 4th-century bishop Ambrose of Milan : in his sermon, Ambrose stated that Sebastian came from Milan and that he was already venerated there at that time. The full account of his martyrdom comes from the Passio Sancti Sebastiani , a 5th-century text written by an anonymous author, possibly Arnobius the Younger . Sebastian is a popular male saint, especially today among athletes. In medieval times, he
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4704-853: Is also the most economically productive region in Southern Italy and the 7th most productive in the whole country . Naples ' urban area, which is in Campania, is the eighth most populous in the European Union . The region is home to 10 of the 58 UNESCO sites in Italy , including Pompeii and Herculaneum , the Royal Palace of Caserta , the Amalfi Coast , the Longobardian Church of Santa Sofia in Benevento and
4851-612: Is an administrative region of Italy located in Southern Italy ; most of it is in the south-western portion of the Italian Peninsula (with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west), but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islands and the island of Capri . The capital of the Campania region is Naples . As of 2018, the region had a population of around 5,820,000 people, making it Italy's third most populous region, and, with an area of 13,590 km (5,247 sq mi), its most densely populated region. Based on its GDP , Campania
4998-552: Is found in any widespread language, the languages of Spain, France, Portugal, and Italy have retained a remarkable unity in phonological forms and developments, bolstered by the stabilising influence of their common Christian (Roman Catholic) culture. It was not until the Muslim conquest of Spain in 711, cutting off communications between the major Romance regions, that the languages began to diverge seriously. The spoken Latin that would later become Romanian diverged somewhat more from
5145-511: Is hilly, 34% mountainous and the remaining 15% is made up of plains. There is a high seismic risk across the region. The GDP per capita in Campania is rank 18 from 20 Italian regions, surpassing only Sicily and Calabria . It is only 66.7% of the Italian average. It has been speculated that a factor could be the failure to connect the region's economy with the rest of Italy, while another factor could be its peripheral position with respect to
5292-515: Is in a mosaic in the Church of San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome, probably made in the year 682. It shows a grown, bearded man in court dress but contains no trace of an arrow. The archers and arrows begin to appear by 1000, and ever since have been far more commonly shown than the actual moment of his death by clubbing, so that there is a popular misperception that this is how he died. As protector of potential plague victims (a connection popularized by
5439-689: Is modelled after the British Victoria Cross which has the inscription "For Valour". Because Canada is officially bilingual, the Canadian medal has replaced the English inscription with the Latin Pro Valore . Spain's motto Plus ultra , meaning "even further", or figuratively "Further!", is also Latin in origin. It is taken from the personal motto of Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain (as Charles I), and
5586-954: Is present in the upper left corner of the city coat of arms. Sebastian is the patron of Knights of Columbus Council #4926 in the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in California , serving the cities of Mountain View and Los Altos . Sebastian is the patron saint of the Catholic War Veterans of the United States of America. The highest award given by the CWV is the Honor Legion of the Order of St. Sebastian. In his 1906 Reminiscences , Carl Schurz recalls
5733-540: Is supported by the abundant presence of artistic and naturalistic beauty which attract millions of people from all over the world every year. Precisely in this sector the region finds its strong point (through which it was able to react to the recession in 2015), in fact, according to 2018 studies done by Eurostat , Campania is in the top 20 of the most visited regions in Europe and fifth in Italy after Lombardy , Lazio , Veneto and Tuscany (in order), as well as first among
5880-848: Is taught at many high schools, especially in Europe and the Americas. It is most common in British public schools and grammar schools, the Italian liceo classico and liceo scientifico , the German Humanistisches Gymnasium and the Dutch gymnasium . Occasionally, some media outlets, targeting enthusiasts, broadcast in Latin. Notable examples include Radio Bremen in Germany, YLE radio in Finland (the Nuntii Latini broadcast from 1989 until it
6027-462: Is the patron saint of Negombo , Sri Lanka and Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . Informally, in the tradition of the Afro-Brazilian syncretic religion Umbanda , Sebastian is often associated with Oxossi , especially in the state of Rio de Janeiro itself. In Lubrín , every year on 20 January, there is a festival in honor of Saint Sebastian. A statue of Saint Sebastian leads a procession around
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6174-455: Is the reclamation process of the area in Bagnoli where the former Italsider and Eternit operated promoted by the region. Campania mainly produces fruit and vegetables, but has also expanded its production of flowers grown in greenhouses, becoming one of the leading regions of the sector in Italy. In 2021 the value added of this sector represents around 2.34% of the total value added of
6321-543: The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL). Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same: volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance and relevant information. The reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy . About 270,000 inscriptions are known. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. In
6468-704: The Master of the Playing Cards in the 1430s, when there were few other current subjects with male nudes other than Christ. Sebastian appears in many other prints and paintings, although this was due to his popularity with the faithful. Among many others, Botticelli , Perugino , Titian , Pollaiuolo , Giovanni Bellini , Guido Reni (who painted the subject seven times), Mantegna (three times), Hans Memling , Gerrit van Honthorst , Luca Signorelli , El Greco , Honoré Daumier , John Singer Sargent and Louise Bourgeois all painted Saint Sebastians. An early work by
6615-546: The Aragonese Kingdom of Sicily . The wars continued until the peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, which saw Frederick III recognised as king of the Isle of Sicily, while Charles II was recognised as the king of Naples by Pope Boniface VIII . Despite the split, Naples grew in importance, attracting Pisan and Genoese merchants, Tuscan bankers, and with them some of the most championed Renaissance artists of
6762-568: The Church of Greece , Sebastian's feast day is on 18 December. As a protector from the bubonic plague , Sebastian was formerly one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers . In Catholicism, Sebastian is the patron saint of archers, pin-makers, athletes (a modern association) and of a holy death. Sebastian is one of the patron saints of the city of Qormi in Malta Sebastian is the patron saint of Acireale, Caserta and Petilia Policastro in Italy , Melilli in Sicily , and San Sebastián as well as Palma de Mallorca , Lubrín and Huelva in Spain. He
6909-423: The Golden Legend ) and soldiers, Sebastian occupied an important place in the popular medieval mind. He was among the most frequently depicted of all saints by Late Gothic and Renaissance artists, in the period after the Black Death . The opportunity to show a semi-nude young male, often in a contorted pose, also made Sebastian a favorite subject. His shooting with arrows was the subject of the largest engraving by
7056-404: The Historic Centre of Naples . In addition, Campania's Mount Vesuvius is part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves . The Campania's hinterland was inhabited from the beginning of the 1st millennium BC by the Osci , Samnites and Etruscans , while between the 8th and 7th centuries BC its coastal areas were colonised by the ancient Greeks ( Magna Graecia ). At that time, Capua
7203-399: The Holy See , the primary language of its public journal , the Acta Apostolicae Sedis , and the working language of the Roman Rota . Vatican City is also home to the world's only automatic teller machine that gives instructions in Latin. In the pontifical universities postgraduate courses of Canon law are taught in Latin, and papers are written in the same language. There are
7350-420: The Kingdom of Naples . It was during this period that elements of Spanish , French and Aragonese culture were introduced to Campania. Allegiances with the Muslim Saracens were made in 836, and the Arabs were requested to repel the siege of Lombard troops coming from the neighbouring Duchy of Benevento . After a period as a Norman kingdom, the Kingdom of Sicily passed to the Hohenstaufens , who were
7497-417: The Middle Ages and a period of uncertainty in regard to the future of the area. The area had many duchies and principalities during the Middle Ages , in the hands of the Byzantine Empire (also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire) and the Lombards . Under the Normans , the smaller independent states were brought together as part of the Kingdom of Sicily , before the mainland broke away to form
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#17327798775087644-450: The Middle Ages , borrowing from Latin occurred from ecclesiastical usage established by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in the 6th century or indirectly after the Norman Conquest , through the Anglo-Norman language . From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed " inkhorn terms ", as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by
7791-432: The Oenotrians , the Campanians (after whom the region is named) and the Lucanians (who inhabited the southernmost part of Campania, known in ancient times as Lucania , roughly where modern-day Salerno is). Many of these tribes lived in simple agro-towns . Not much is known about the pre-Indo-European tribes that had lived in the region earlier; they were probably not as technologically or culturally advanced as
7938-462: The Province of Pavia . The earliest known representation of Sebastian is a mosaic in the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo (Ravenna, Italy) dated between 527 and 565. The right lateral wall of the basilica contains large mosaics representing a procession of 26 martyrs, led by Saint Martin and including Sebastian. The martyrs are represented in Byzantine style, lacking any individuality, and all have identical expressions. Another early representation
8085-410: The Roman Empire , Campania, with Latium , formed the most important region of the Augustan divisions of Italia , the Regio I Latium et Campania ; Campania was one of the main areas for granary . In ancient times Misenum (modern ' Miseno '), at the extreme northern end of the bay of Naples, was the largest base of the Roman navy, since its port (Portus Julius) was the base of the Classis Misenensis,
8232-404: The Roman Rite of the Catholic Church at the Vatican City . The church continues to adapt concepts from modern languages to Ecclesiastical Latin of the Latin language. Contemporary Latin is more often studied to be read rather than spoken or actively used. Latin has greatly influenced the English language , along with a large number of others, and historically contributed many words to
8379-400: The Romance languages . During the Classical period, informal language was rarely written, so philologists have been left with only individual words and phrases cited by classical authors, inscriptions such as Curse tablets and those found as graffiti . In the Late Latin period, language changes reflecting spoken (non-classical) norms tend to be found in greater quantities in texts. As it
8526-448: The Two Sicilies , with Naples as the capital city. Naples became the first city on the Italian peninsula to have a railway in 1839, there were many factories throughout the kingdom making it a highly important trade centre. In September 1943, Salerno was the scene of Operation Avalanche and suffered a great deal of damage. From 12 February to 17 July 1944, it hosted the Government of Marshal Pietro Badoglio . In those months Salerno
8673-475: The Tyrrhenian Sea . Campania is famous for its gulfs (Naples, Salerno and Policastro) as well as for three islands ( Capri , Ischia and Procida ). Four other regions border Campania; Lazio to the northwest, Molise to the north, Apulia (Puglia) to the northeast and Basilicata to the east. The mountainous interior is fragmented into several massifs , rarely reaching 2,000 m (6,562 ft) (Miletto of 2,050 m (6,726 ft)), whereas close to
8820-411: The Victoria and Albert Museum in London . A mainly 17th-century subject, though found in predella scenes as early as the 15th century, was Saint Sebastian Tended by Saint Irene , painted by Georges de La Tour , Trophime Bigot (four times), Jusepe de Ribera , Hendrick ter Brugghen (in perhaps his masterpiece ) and others. This may have been a deliberate attempt by the Church to get away from
8967-510: The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 and Germanic kingdoms took its place, the Germanic people adopted Latin as a language more suitable for legal and other, more formal uses. While the written form of Latin was increasingly standardized into a fixed form, the spoken forms began to diverge more greatly. Currently, the five most widely spoken Romance languages by number of native speakers are Spanish , Portuguese , French , Italian , and Romanian . Despite dialectal variation, which
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#17327798775089114-657: The province of Salerno ). There, they essentially replicated their Dodecapolis (twelve cities) political model, founding the cities of Hyria (modern-day Nola ), Irnthi or Marcina (modern-day Salerno ), Amina (modern-day Pontecagnano Faiano ), Velcha , Velsu and Uri . In addition to assimilating into their urban-political domains, the Etruscans also incorporated the pre-existing tribal Oscan agro-towns of Capua (modern-day Santa Maria Capua Vetere ), Nuceria (modern-day comuni of Nocera Superiore and Nocera Inferiore ), Suessula , Acerra , Ercolano , Pompeii , Stabiae and Sorrento . Meanwhile, during
9261-435: The 14th-century Legenda Aurea , he was a man of Gallia Narbonensis who was taught in Mediolanum ( Milan ). In 283, Sebastian entered the army in Rome under Emperor Carinus to assist the martyrs . Because of his courage he became one of the captains of the Praetorian Guards under Diocletian and Maximian , who were unaware that he was a Christian. According to tradition, Marcus and Marcellianus were twin brothers from
9408-453: The 1610s under the patronage of Scipione Borghese . Ado, Eginard, Sigebert, and other contemporary authors relate that, in the reign of Louis Debonnair , Pope Eugenius II gave the body of Sebastian to Hilduin, Abbot of St. Denys, who brought it into France , and it was deposited at Saint Medard Abbey , at Soissons , on 8 December, in 826. Sebastian's cranium was brought to the town of Ebersberg ( Germany ) in 934. A Benedictine abbey
9555-439: The 20th century, preceded only by the provinces of the so-called "industrial triangle" ( Milan , Turin and Genoa ). In recent decades, the gap with respect to other regions is no longer as significant as it used to be, given that southern regions such as Apulia and Abruzzo have grown considerably economically, while Campania has paradoxically undergone a constant process of de-industrialisation. The symbol of this phenomenon
9702-410: The 4th century, but now regarded as a 5th-century account by an unknown author (possibly Arnobius the Younger ). This includes the "two martyrdoms", and the care by Irene in between, and other details that remained part of the story. According to Sebastian's 18th-century entry in Acta Sanctorum , still attributed to Ambrose by the 17th-century hagiographer Jean Bolland , and the briefer account in
9849-449: The 8th century BC, Greek-speaking people from Euboea (in Central Greece ), known as Cumaeans , began to establish colonies themselves roughly around the coastal areas of the modern-day province of Naples and in the nearby islands founding, among others, the cities of Cumae , Pithekoūsai (modern-day Ischia ), Paestum , Herculaneum and Dicaearchia , later 'Puteoli', in Latin (modern-day Pozzuoli ). The city of Naples began as
9996-447: The April 1968 issue of Esquire Magazine . The image was created by photographer George Lois and art director Carl Fischer. A depiction of Saint Sebastian in a fresco restoration in an isolated Italian village is the central motif and cryptic mystery of the 1976 giallo horror film The House with Laughing Windows . In her 1965 story " Everything That Rises Must Converge ", Flannery O'Connor 's character Julian feels as if he were
10143-451: The British Crown. The motto is featured on all presently minted coinage and has been featured in most coinage throughout the nation's history. Several states of the United States have Latin mottos , such as: Many military organizations today have Latin mottos, such as: Some law governing bodies in the Philippines have Latin mottos, such as: Some colleges and universities have adopted Latin mottos, for example Harvard University 's motto
10290-429: The Diocese of Central Florida, the nearby Episcopal Church on Melbourne Beaches is named St Sebastian-by-the-Sea. In 1996, American author Richard A. Kaye wrote that "Contemporary gay men have seen in Sebastian at once a stunning advertisement for homosexual desire (indeed, a homoerotic ideal ), and a prototypical portrait of tortured closet case ." Some religious images depicting Saint Sebastian have been adopted by
10437-486: The English lexicon , particularly after the Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons and the Norman Conquest . Latin and Ancient Greek roots are heavily used in English vocabulary in theology , the sciences , medicine , and law . A number of phases of the language have been recognized, each distinguished by subtle differences in vocabulary, usage, spelling, and syntax. There are no hard and fast rules of classification; different scholars emphasize different features. As
10584-599: The Grinch Stole Christmas! , The Cat in the Hat , and a book of fairy tales, " fabulae mirabiles ", are intended to garner popular interest in the language. Additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissner's Latin Phrasebook . Some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series,
10731-617: The LGBT community. A combination of his strong, shirtless physique, the symbolism of the arrows penetrating his body, and the countenance of rapturous pain have intrigued artists (gay or otherwise) for centuries. Oscar Wilde was known to have adored Guido Reni's Saint Sebastian , which is in the collection of the Palazzo Rosso, in Genoa. While exiled in Paris, Wilde went so far as to adopt
10878-525: The Mountain Goats have a song called "Hail, St. Sebastian" that makes reference to his life. Scottish musician Momus has a song "Lucky like St Sebastian", featuring on his 1986 debut album Circus Maximus . Madonna 's song "I'm a Sinner" from her 2012 album MDNA has a segment resembling a litany , with one line saying, "St. Sebastian, don't you cry; let those poisoned arrows fly." The 2013–2018 Canadian drama series Forgive Me centres on
11025-702: The Neapolitan Greeks were left with no option but to call on the Romans , with whom they established an alliance, setting off the Second Samnite War . The Roman consul Quintus Publilius Filo recaptured Neapolis by 326 BC and allowed it to remain a Greek city with some autonomy as a civitas foederata while strongly aligned with Rome. The Second Samnite War ended with the Romans controlling all of southern Campania and additional regions further to
11172-469: The Neapolitan pro- Republican aristocracy, causing a civil war . The Republicans conquered Castel Sant'Elmo and proclaimed a Parthenopaean Republic , secured by the French Army . A counter-revolutionary religious army of lazzaroni under Fabrizio Ruffo was raised; they had great success and the French surrendered the Neapolitan castles and were allowed to sail back to Toulon . Ferdinand IV
11319-582: The Oscans, and any who still flourished had become fully Oscanised by the middle of the first millennium BC. Between the 9th and 6th centuries BC, the Etruscans from Central Italy established colonies in the Campanian Plains (the inland territories that today are the provinces of Caserta and Naples ), as well as in the regions of Agro Nocerino-Sarnese and Agro Picentino (which today are in
11466-593: The Samnite city of Maleventum, in which the Romans, led by the consul Curius Dentatus , were victorious. They renamed it Beneventum (modern day Benevento ), which grew in stature until it was second only to Capua in southern Italy. During the Second Punic War in 216 BC, Capua, in a bid for equality with Rome, allied with Carthage . The rebellious Capuans were isolated from the rest of Campania, which remained allies of Rome. Naples resisted Hannibal due to
11613-467: The United States the unofficial national motto until 1956 was E pluribus unum meaning "Out of many, one". The motto continues to be featured on the Great Seal . It also appears on the flags and seals of both houses of congress and the flags of the states of Michigan, North Dakota, New York, and Wisconsin. The motto's 13 letters symbolically represent the original Thirteen Colonies which revolted from
11760-563: The University of Kentucky, the University of Oxford and also Princeton University. There are many websites and forums maintained in Latin by enthusiasts. The Latin Misplaced Pages has more than 130,000 articles. Italian , French , Portuguese , Spanish , Romanian , Catalan , Romansh , Sardinian and other Romance languages are direct descendants of Latin. There are also many Latin borrowings in English and Albanian , as well as
11907-568: The alias Sebastian Melmoth during the remaining years of his life. Other homosexual poets and artists like Federico García Lorca or Pier Paolo Pasolini highlighted the importance of Saint Sebastian imagery in their work. In Yukio Mishima 's novel Confessions of a Mask , the protagonist Kochan has his first gay sexual experience while looking at a reproduction of Guido Reni 's Saint Sebastian . Kochan remarks: Latin language Latin ( lingua Latina , pronounced [ˈlɪŋɡʷa ɫaˈtiːna] , or Latinum [ɫaˈtiːnʊ̃] )
12054-829: The annual "bird shoot" pageant of the Rhenish town of Liblar ( de ), sponsored by the Saint Sebastian Society, a club of sharpshooters and their sponsors to which nearly every adult member of the town belonged. The St. Sebastian River in the American state of Florida is named after him. The river is a tributary of the Indian River Lagoon and comprises part of the boundary between Indian River County and Brevard County . The adjacent city of Sebastian, Florida , and St. Sebastian River Preserve State Park are also named for Saint Sebastian. Within
12201-400: The archers shot at him till he was as full of arrows as an urchin is full of pricks, and thus left him there for dead." Miraculously, the arrows did not kill him. The widow of Castulus, Irene of Rome , went to retrieve his body to bury it, and discovered he was still alive. She brought him back to her house and nursed him back to health. Sebastian later stood by a staircase where the emperor
12348-511: The area. The government blames the Mafia's illegal garbage disposal racket. In samples of milk, which is using to produce mozzarella di bufala , found cancerogenic dioxine . In Naples-Bagnoli is an asbestos contamination from former Eternit cement plant. Millions of tons of toxic industrial waste has been dumped in Campania, not only in the Triangle of death, a region once celebrated for
12495-426: The author and then forgotten, but some useful ones survived, such as 'imbibe' and 'extrapolate'. Many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French . Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and Dutch vocabularies. Those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Campania Campania
12642-404: The basilica church of San Sebastiano, Acireale in Sicily painted by Pietro Paolo Vasta . Egon Schiele , an Austrian Expressionist artist, painted a self-portrait as Saint Sebastian in 1915. In 1911, the Italian playwright Gabriele d'Annunzio in conjunction with Claude Debussy produced Le Martyre de saint Sébastien . The American composer Gian Carlo Menotti composed a ballet score for
12789-425: The benefit of those who do not understand Latin. There are also songs written with Latin lyrics . The libretto for the opera-oratorio Oedipus rex by Igor Stravinsky is in Latin. Parts of Carl Orff 's Carmina Burana are written in Latin. Enya has recorded several tracks with Latin lyrics. The continued instruction of Latin is seen by some as a highly valuable component of a liberal arts education. Latin
12936-526: The body and buried it in the catacombs at the entrance of the cemetery of Calixtus, where now stands the Basilica of St. Sebastian . Remains reputed to be those of Sebastian are housed in Rome in the Basilica Apostolorum , built by Pope Damasus I in 367 on the site of the provisional tomb of Saints Peter and Paul . The church, today called San Sebastiano fuori le mura , was rebuilt in
13083-662: The capital from Palermo to Naples where he resided at the Castel Nuovo . During this period, much Gothic architecture sprang up around Naples, including the Naples Cathedral , the main church of the city. In 1281, with the advent of the Sicilian Vespers , the kingdom split in half. The Angevin Kingdom of Naples included the southern part of the Italian peninsula, while the island of Sicily became
13230-409: The careful work of Petrarch, Politian and others, first the demand for manuscripts, and then the rush to bring works into print, led to the circulation of inaccurate copies for several centuries following. Neo-Latin literature was extensive and prolific, but less well known or understood today. Works covered poetry, prose stories and early novels, occasional pieces and collections of letters, to name
13377-530: The city of Naples, and there were also several martyrs during this time. The period of relative calm was violently interrupted by the epic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 which buried the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum . With the Decline of the Roman Empire , its last emperor, Romulus Augustus , was put in a manor house prison near Castel dell'Ovo , Naples, in 476, ushering in the beginning of
13524-446: The city of Portici. The region, which was characterised until recently by an acute economic contrast between internal and coastal areas, has shown an improvement in the last decade thanks to the development of the provinces of Benevento and Avellino. At the same time, the provinces of Naples, Caserta and in part Salerno, have developed a variety of activities connected to advanced types of services. Unlike central and northern Italy , in
13671-415: The classicised Latin that followed through to the present are often grouped together as Neo-Latin , or New Latin, which have in recent decades become a focus of renewed study , given their importance for the development of European culture, religion and science. The vast majority of written Latin belongs to this period, but its full extent is unknown. The Renaissance reinforced the position of Latin as
13818-406: The coast there are volcanic massifs: Vesuvio (1,281 m (4,203 ft)) and Campi Flegrei . The climate is typically Mediterranean along the coast with warm, sunny and sultry summers and mild, rainy winters, whereas in the inner zones it is more continental, with lower temperatures in winter and warm summers. Snow is possible at higher elevations but rare at sea level. 51% of the total area
13965-503: The country in Campania . Marcus and Marcellianus, after being concealed by a Christian named Castulus , were later martyred, as were Nicostratus, Zoe, and Tiburtius. Sebastian had prudently concealed his faith, but in 286 it was detected. Diocletian reproached him for his supposed betrayal, and he commanded him to be led to a field and there to be bound to a stake so that the chosen archers from Mauretania would shoot arrows at him. "And
14112-465: The country's full Latin name. Some film and television in ancient settings, such as Sebastiane , The Passion of the Christ and Barbarians (2020 TV series) , have been made with dialogue in Latin. Occasionally, Latin dialogue is used because of its association with religion or philosophy, in such film/television series as The Exorcist and Lost (" Jughead "). Subtitles are usually shown for
14259-503: The decline in written Latin output. Despite having no native speakers, Latin is still used for a variety of purposes in the contemporary world. The largest organisation that retains Latin in official and quasi-official contexts is the Catholic Church . The Catholic Church required that Mass be carried out in Latin until the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965 , which permitted the use of the vernacular . Latin remains
14406-471: The developed central areas of Europe. Overall, Campania appears to be a region with great economic potential, which is partly held back by organized crime ( Camorra ) and the resulting corruption. The economy of Campania is one of the most affected nationwide by the economic and financial crisis that began in 2008, but between 2015 and 2016 it came out of the recession and began to recover due to, above all, industry, but also tourism and tertiary. Tourism
14553-537: The disease. The San Sebastian 'bread festival' is so unusual that it has been declared a Fiesta of National Tourist Interest in Andalusia . King Sebastian I of Portugal , the only King to ever have this name, was so named for having been born on this saint's feast day. The Feast of St. Sebastian is celebrated among Catholic communities of Kerala in India. Churches are illuminated and decorated, with fireworks being
14700-410: The economy, which includes port movements of goods and passengers and sea transportation, as well as a sizable seaside tourism economy. In Castellammare di Stabia there is a big Fincantieri shipyard. Shipping companies Grimaldi and Tirrenia both headquarter in Naples . The services sector makes up for 78% of the region's gross domestic product. The unemployment rate stood at 17.4% in 2022 and
14847-528: The educated and official world, Latin continued without its natural spoken base. Moreover, this Latin spread into lands that had never spoken Latin, such as the Germanic and Slavic nations. It became useful for international communication between the member states of the Holy Roman Empire and its allies. Without the institutions of the Roman Empire that had supported its uniformity, Medieval Latin
14994-515: The enormous increase in his importance in the Late Middle Ages . The connection of the martyr shot with arrows with the plague is not an intuitive one. However, the hopeful example of Sebastian being able to recover from his "first martyrdom " (or "sagittation", as it is sometimes called) was relevant as the arrow-wounds can resemble the buboes that were symptoms of bubonic plague. Visually, "the arrow wounds call to God for mercy to us, as
15141-516: The entire Habsburg Spain period. The Spanish sent viceroys to Naples to directly deal with local issues: the most important of which was Pedro Álvarez de Toledo , who was responsible for considerable social, economic and urban progress in the city; he also supported the Inquisition . During this period Naples became Europe's second largest city after Paris . During the Baroque era it
15288-463: The fertility of its soil, but now the local population have been exposed to land contaminated with waste. This includes highly dangerous materials such as asbestos , zinc , lead , germanium , arsenic , mercury , cadmium , chromium , dioxin and uranium . Blood tests of people living in Campania show alarming levels of dioxins. Campania had a massive automotive industrial production till 2011, focused on Alfa Romeo . Production of Alfa Romeo
15435-542: The first decade of the 2000s the region of Campania has not attracted large numbers of immigrants, despite having increased from approximately 100,000 in 2007 to 240,000 in 2021. The Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated in December 2022 that 241,008 foreign-born immigrants live in Campania, equal to 4.32% of the total regional population. Part of the reason for this is in recent times, there have been more employment opportunities in northern regions than in
15582-576: The greater Rochester, New York , area through methods of restorative justice , special needs fundraising and community service . Sebastian is the patron saint of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bacolod , in Negros Occidental , Philippines and Lipa City in Batangas , Philippines . Also, Sebastian is the patron saint of Leon City Mexico . A representation of the Saint in his martyrdom
15729-579: The imposing walls. Capua was eventually starved into submission in the Roman retaking of 211 BC , and the Romans were victorious. With the initial exception of Naples, the region adopted Latin as official language, in that sense gradually replacing the native Oscan and the Greek and the Etruscan still talked respectively in their colonies of the region, subsequently becoming fully Romanised . As part of
15876-703: The invention of printing and are now published in carefully annotated printed editions, such as the Loeb Classical Library , published by Harvard University Press , or the Oxford Classical Texts , published by Oxford University Press . Latin translations of modern literature such as: The Hobbit , Treasure Island , Robinson Crusoe , Paddington Bear , Winnie the Pooh , The Adventures of Tintin , Asterix , Harry Potter , Le Petit Prince , Max and Moritz , How
16023-762: The language of the Roman Rite . The Tridentine Mass (also known as the Extraordinary Form or Traditional Latin Mass) is celebrated in Latin. Although the Mass of Paul VI (also known as the Ordinary Form or the Novus Ordo) is usually celebrated in the local vernacular language, it can be and often is said in Latin, in part or in whole, especially at multilingual gatherings. It is the official language of
16170-440: The large areas where it had come to be natively spoken. However, even after the fall of Western Rome , Latin remained the common language of international communication , science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the early 19th century, by which time modern languages had supplanted it in common academic and political usage. Late Latin is the literary language from the 3rd century AD onward. No longer spoken as
16317-522: The late seventeenth century, when spoken skills began to erode. It then became increasingly taught only to be read. Latin grammar is highly fusional , with classes of inflections for case , number , person , gender , tense , mood , voice , and aspect . The Latin alphabet is directly derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets . Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and
16464-431: The later part of the Roman Republic , up to 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin . It is attested both in inscriptions and in some of the earliest extant Latin literary works, such as the comedies of Plautus and Terence . The Latin alphabet was devised from the Etruscan alphabet . The writing later changed from what was initially either a right-to-left or a boustrophedon script to what ultimately became
16611-518: The latter named Italian capital of culture in 2022), Vesuvius and the Sorrento coast; a notable growth in the cruise sector was observed in the Port of Naples . Tourist data on other sites in Campania show important records that the region holds nationally and worldwide. Among these above all the data relating to Capri (which is the most visited minor island in Italy and among the most sought-after in
16758-421: The less prestigious colloquial registers , attested in inscriptions and some literary works such as those of the comic playwrights Plautus and Terence and the author Petronius . While often called a "dead language", Latin did not undergo language death . By the 6th to 9th centuries, natural language change eventually resulted in Latin as a vernacular language evolving into distinct Romance languages in
16905-476: The martyr as a " homosexual icon ", according to a number of critics reflecting a subtext perceptible in the imagery since the Renaissance. Also in 1976, in the American horror film Carrie , a figure of Saint Sebastian (commonly misconstrued as a figure of the crucified Christ) appears in Carrie's prayer closet. Boxer Muhammad Ali was pictured in the iconography of a bound Saint Sebastian pierced by arrows, in
17052-473: The martyr while taking his mother to "reducing" classes at the Y. In 1984 there was a movie adaptation called Das Martyrium des heiligen Sebastian starring Terminator star Michael Biehn . In 1997, the eighth episode of the second season of the television series Millennium , the protagonists search for the hand of Saint Sebastian. In 2007, artist Damien Hirst presented Saint Sebastian, Exquisite Pain from his Natural History series. The piece depicts
17199-456: The most important Roman fleet. It was first established as a naval base in 27 BC by Marcus Agrippa, the right-hand man of the emperor Augustus. Roman Emperors chose Campania as a holiday destination, among them Claudius and Tiberius , the latter of whom is infamously linked to the island of Capri . It was also during this period that Christianity came to Campania. Two of the apostles , St. Peter and St. Paul , are said to have preached in
17346-801: The name of the saint. He is the patron of San Sebastian College – Recoletos in Manila , Philippines , which is adjacent to the Minor Basilica of San Sebastian, the all-steel church in the Philippines and in Asia administered by the Order of Augustinian Recollect (OAR). At the Catholic Newman Community at the University of Rochester , the St. Sebastian Society is an organization of campus-wide Christian athletes that works to serve
17493-547: The other Oscan populations, they easily took over the cities of Capua and Cumae, in an area which was one of the most prosperous and fertile in the Italian Peninsula at the time. During the 340s BC, the Samnites were engaged in a war with the Roman Republic in a dispute known as the Samnite Wars , with Rome claiming the rich pastures of northern Campania during the First Samnite War . The First Samnite War
17640-466: The other varieties, as it was largely separated from the unifying influences in the western part of the Empire. Spoken Latin began to diverge into distinct languages by the 9th century at the latest, when the earliest extant Romance writings begin to appear. They were, throughout the period, confined to everyday speech, as Medieval Latin was used for writing. For many Italians using Latin, though, there
17787-581: The quality of the wine. There is a problem with illegal toxic waste dump in the Triangle of death north of Naples between Acerra , Nola and Marigliano . In the region, over 12,000 cattle, river buffaloes and sheep had been culled before 2006. High levels of mortality and abnormal foetuses were also recorded in farms in Acerra linked to elevated levels of dioxin. Local studies have shown higher than permissible levels of lead in vegetables grown in
17934-888: The region, equalling €2.2 billion. Campania produces over 50% of Italy's nuts and is also the leader in the production of tomatoes. Typical products are: A distinctive point of regional agriculture in the breeding of buffalos . The milk is used to produce mozzarella di bufala . Olive trees , mainly of the varieties Carpellese (PDO designated) , Cornia (Val di Cornia DOC), Frantoio , Leccino , Ogliarola Barese, Olivella, Ortice, Pisciottana (Also Ogliastrina or Olivo dell'Ascea), Ravece (also known as Rotondello), and Salella, covers over 74,604 hectares (184,350 acres). Vineyards cover 41,129 ha, but only ca. 5,100 ha using to produce quality wine of DOC and DOCG types. There are 4 DOCG wines: Aglianico del Taburno (red and rose), Fiano di Avellino (white), Greco di Tufo (white and sparkling) and Taurasi (red). Wine production has increased as well as
18081-684: The sculptor Gianlorenzo Bernini is of Saint Sebastian . The saint is ordinarily depicted as a handsome youth pierced by arrows. Predella scenes when required often depicted his arrest, confrontation with the Emperor, and final beheading. The illustration in the infobox is the Saint Sebastian of Il Sodoma , at the Pitti Palace , Florence. Hans Holbein the Elder created a statuette of Saint Sebastian "in silver and parcel-gilt", now in
18228-457: The single nude subject, which is already recorded in Vasari as sometimes arousing inappropriate thoughts among churchgoers. The Baroque artists usually treated it as a nocturnal chiaroscuro scene, illuminated by a single candle, torch or lantern, in the style fashionable in the first half of the 17th century. There exist several cycles depicting the life of Sebastian. Among them are the frescos in
18375-522: The son of Chromatius, the local prefect. Another official, Nicostratus, and his wife Zoe were also converted. It has been said that Zoe had been a mute for six years; however, she made known to Sebastian her desire to be converted to Christianity. As soon as she had, her speech returned to her. Nicostratus then brought the rest of the prisoners; these 16 persons were converted by Sebastian. Chromatius and Tiburtius converted; Chromatius set all of his prisoners free from jail, resigned his position, and retired to
18522-484: The south, such as parts of Lucania . Campania was a full-fledged part of the Roman Republic by the end of the 4th century BC, valued for its pastures and rich countryside. Naples, with its Greek language and customs, made it a centre of Hellenistic culture for the Romans, creating the first traces of Greco-Roman culture. During the Pyrrhic War in 275 BC, the Battle of Beneventum took place in Campania in
18669-595: The southern regions. The tourist flow sees more than half of the Italian and foreign tourists of the entire region gather in the Metropolitan City of Naples . Of all the locations, Pompeii and Herculaneum stand out, two of the most visited archaeological sites in Italy and among the most visited in the world where there is an average of four million tourists a year. Then there are the Campanian Archipelago ( Capri , Ischia and Procida ,
18816-519: The symptoms of the infirm call for pity from the passerby", as Molanus put it. The chronicler Paul the Deacon relates that, in 680, Rome was freed from a raging pestilence by him. The Golden Legend transmits the episode of a great plague that afflicted the Lombards in the time of King Gumburt, which was stopped by the erection of an altar in honor of Sebastian in the Church of Saint Peter in
18963-539: The time of Ferdinand IV , the French Revolution made its way to Naples: Horatio Nelson , an ally of the Bourbons, even arrived in the city in 1798 to warn against it. However, Ferdinand was forced to retreat and fled to Palermo , where he was protected by a British fleet . Naples' lower classes (the lazzaroni ) were pious and Royalist , favouring the Bourbons; in the mêlée that followed, they fought
19110-493: The time, such as Boccaccio , Petrarch and Giotto . Alfonso I conquered Naples after his victory against the last Angevin king, René , and Naples was unified for a brief period with Sicily again. Sicily and Naples were separated in 1458 but remained as dependencies of Aragon under Ferrante . The new dynasty enhanced Naples' commerce by establishing relations with the Iberian Peninsula . Naples also became
19257-834: The tourism industry: the city of Naples, the Amalfi Coast, Mount Vesuvius, and the islands of Capri and Ischia have long been major attractions. The region known today as Campania was inhabited from at least the beginning of the 1st millennium BC by several Oscan-speaking Italic tribes : the Osci , the Opici , the Aurunci , the Ausones , the Sidicini , the Hirpini , the Caudini ,
19404-441: The village, and people hurl bread rolls from their balconies to the crowds following the saint in the streets below. The rolls have a hole in the middle and some people string them on a rope around their body. The festival is thought to have originated in the 14th century, after a plague of cholera hit the area. At this time, the wealthy were said to have thrown bread and money to the poor on the streets below, so as to avoid catching
19551-476: The world), the Amalfi Coast (which is among the most visited sites in Italy) and finally Vesuvius (the most visited and well-known volcano in the world). There is also a growing influx of tourists to Cilento ( Paestum and Certosa di Padula . Campania has many small and picturesque villages, 11 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy ),
19698-504: Was Campania's leading city, while Naples was an anomaly, being predominantly Greek-speaking. Campania is rich in culture, especially with regard to food, music, architecture, and archaeological and ancient sites—such as Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis , Paestum , Aeclanum , Stabiae , and Velia . The name "Campania" is derived from Latin; the Romans knew the region as Campania felix ("fertile countryside" or "happy countryside"). The rich natural beauty of Campania makes it important to
19845-475: Was founded there and became one of the most important pilgrimage sites in southern Germany. It is said the silver-encased cranium was used as a cup in which to present the consecrated wine of the Blessed Sacrament to the faithful during the feast of Saint Sebastian. The belief that Saint Sebastian was a defense against the plague was a medieval addition to his reputation, which largely accounts for
19992-413: Was free to develop on its own, there is no reason to suppose that the speech was uniform either diachronically or geographically. On the contrary, Romanised European populations developed their own dialects of the language, which eventually led to the differentiation of Romance languages . Late Latin is a kind of written Latin used in the 3rd to 6th centuries. This began to diverge from Classical forms at
20139-411: Was home to artists including Caravaggio , Rosa and Bernini ; philosophers such as Telesio , Bruno , Campanella and Vico ; and writers such as Battista Marino . A revolution led by local fisherman Masaniello saw the creation of a brief independent Neapolitan Republic , though this lasted only a few months before Spanish rule was regained. Finally, by 1714, the Spanish ceased to rule Naples as
20286-405: Was initiated when the Etruscan-influenced Oscan city of Capua (in Etruscan Capeva ) was being attacked by the Samnites, and thus appealed to Rome for defensive help. As the majority of Southern Italy was under Roman control at the time, the sole major remaining independent settlement in the region was the Greek colony of Neapolis , and when the city was eventually captured by the Samnites ,
20433-496: Was much more liberal in its linguistic cohesion: for example, in classical Latin sum and eram are used as auxiliary verbs in the perfect and pluperfect passive, which are compound tenses. Medieval Latin might use fui and fueram instead. Furthermore, the meanings of many words were changed and new words were introduced, often under influence from the vernacular. Identifiable individual styles of classically incorrect Latin prevail. Renaissance Latin, 1300 to 1500, and
20580-441: Was no complete separation between Italian and Latin, even into the beginning of the Renaissance . Petrarch for example saw Latin as a literary version of the spoken language. Medieval Latin is the written Latin in use during that portion of the post-classical period when no corresponding Latin vernacular existed, that is from around 700 to 1500 AD. The spoken language had developed into the various Romance languages; however, in
20727-431: Was one of the highest in Italy. The region, with a population of over 5.8 million inhabitants, is divided into five provinces: Naples, Benevento, Avellino, Caserta and Salerno. Over half of the population is resident in the province of Naples, where there is a population density of 2,626 inhabitants per km2. Within the province, the highest density can be found along the coast, where it reaches 13,000 inhabitants per km2 in
20874-525: Was reduced and relocated to plant in Cassino near Rome . Currently only one low-level Fiat Panda model is produced in facilities located in Pomigliano d'Arco in the Naples metropolitan area (140,478 units in 2020). A FIAT plant manufacturing engines is in Pratola Serra , Avellino . There are also plants for automotive parts suppliers like Magneti Marelli (exhaust systems) and Denso (engine cooling and air-conditioners). Buses are produced by Industria Italiana Autobus in Flumeri (ex- Irisbus ). There
21021-453: Was regarded as a saint with a special ability to intercede to protect from plague , and devotion to him greatly increased when plague was active. There is not much known about Saint Sebastian's early life, but the ancient source mentioning Sebastian is found in the Chronograph of 354 , a compilation of chronological and calendrical texts produced in 354 AD by the calligrapher and illustrator Furius Dionysius Filocalus , which mentions him as
21168-430: Was restored as king; however, after only seven years Napoleon conquered the kingdom and instated Bonapartist kings including his brother Joseph Bonaparte . With the help of the Austrian Empire and allies, the Bonapartists were defeated in the Neapolitan War and Bourbon Ferdinand IV once again regained the throne and the kingdom. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 saw the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily combined to form
21315-431: Was shut down in June 2019), and Vatican Radio & Television, all of which broadcast news segments and other material in Latin. A variety of organisations, as well as informal Latin 'circuli' ('circles'), have been founded in more recent times to support the use of spoken Latin. Moreover, a number of university classics departments have begun incorporating communicative pedagogies in their Latin courses. These include
21462-416: Was the temporary "Capital of the Kingdom of Italy ", and the King Victor Emmanuel III lived in a mansion in its outskirts. Salerno received the first "Tricolore" in an official ceremony on 7 January 2012 from the premier Mario Monti , to celebrate the glorious story of Italy and its old capitals. Campania has an area of 13,590 km (5,247 sq mi) and a coastline of 500 km (311 mi) on
21609-421: Was to pass and harangued Diocletian for his cruelties against Christians. This freedom of speech, and from a person whom he supposed to have been dead, greatly astonished the emperor; but recovering from his surprise, he gave orders for Sebastian to be seized and beaten to death with cudgels , and his body thrown into the common sewer. A holy lady named Lucina, admonished by the martyr in a vision, privately removed
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