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149-486: Sun Quan was born while his father Sun Jian served as the adjutant of Xiapi County. After Sun Jian's death in the early 190s, he and his family lived at various cities on the lower Yangtze , until Sun Ce carved out a warlord regime in the Jiangdong region, based on his own followers and a number of local clan allegiances. When Sun Ce was assassinated by the retainers of Xu Gong in 200, the 18-year-old Sun Quan inherited

298-440: A chancellor , while the key officials all respected Zhang Zhao greatly and wanted him to be chancellor, Sun Quan declined, reasoning that while he respected Zhang greatly, a chancellor needed to handle all affairs of state, and Zhang, while capable, had such strong opinions that he would surely be in conflict with Sun Quan and other officials at all times. He also repeatedly promoted his official Lü Fan even though, while Sun Quan

447-843: A Major under him, defeated the rebels at Cangting ( 倉亭 ; north of present-day Yanggu County, Shandong ), captured their leader Bu Ji (卜己), and killed over 7,000 rebels, including other minor leaders Zhang Bo ( 張伯 ) and Liang Zhongning ( 梁仲寧 ). On 25 September, the imperial court ordered him to replace Dong Zhuo and lead his troops north to Guangzong County and attack Zhang Jue. Zhang Jue died of illness in October 184 while under attack by Huangfu Song in Guangzong County. Between 21 November and 20 December, Huangfu Song kept attacking Zhang Liang, who had taken over command of his brother's followers at Guangzong County. Unable to defeat Zhang Liang's skilled Yellow Turbans, Huangfu Song switched to

596-460: A Taoist religious sect in present-day Shandong , praised as healers who offered free care to impoverished patients. Recognizing how the local government abused the peasant class through harsh labor and heavy taxes, they plotted rebellion. The rebels were the first followers of the Way of Supreme Peace ( 太平道 ; Tàipíng Dào ) and venerated the deity Huang–Lao , who according to Zhang Jue, had given him

745-598: A Wei vassal with the Wei-created title of King of Wu, but after Cao Pi demanded that he send his son Sun Deng as a hostage to the Wei capital Luoyang and he refused. In November 222, he declared himself independent by changing his era name . It was not until May 229 that he formally declared himself emperor. After the death of his original crown prince, Sun Deng, two opposing factions supporting different potential successors slowly emerged. When Sun He succeeded Sun Deng as

894-468: A brilliant victory and killed the enemy commander Hua Xiong in battle (191). At this time, someone told Yuan Shu that if Sun Jian defeated Dong Zhuo and took over Luoyang, he would no longer submit to anyone. Feeling doubtful, Yuan Shu stopped providing food supplies to Sun Jian's army. Sun Jian rode the hundred odd li from Yangren to Luyang overnight to see Yuan Shu, whereupon he told the latter, "I put myself in danger during battle, firstly to eliminate

1043-414: A cavalry commandant, led by young officer Cao Cao ( 曹操 ), as reinforcements for Zhu Jun. Sometime between 28 May and 25 June, Zhu Jun, Huangfu Song , and Cao Cao joined forces to defeat Bo Cai at Changshe ( 長社 ; east of present-day Changge , Henan). While Bo Cai attempted to flee, Huangfu Song and Zhu Jun pursued him to Yangzhai County (陽翟縣; present-day Yuzhou, Henan ) and defeated him again, causing

1192-652: A clash between supporters of both sides. Dong Zhuo then seized military control of the capital and deposed the young emperor for the puppet Emperor Xian . However, his tyrannical ways incurred the wrath of many and in the following year, warlords from eastern China formed a coalition against him. Sun Jian also raised an army and joined Yuan Shu , one of the leaders of the coalition at Luyang (魯陽; present-day Lushan County , Henan ). On his way, he killed Inspector of Jing Province Wang Rui and Administrator of Nanyang Zhang Zi. Yuan Shu appointed Sun Jian as General Who Destroys Barbarians (破虜將軍, also translated as "General Who Smashes

1341-411: A curiosity and a Chinese officer who, unfortunately, died en route. The one major victory that Wu would have over Wei during this period came in 228, when, with Sun Quan's approval, his general Zhou Fang pretended to be surrendering to Wei after pretending to have been punished repeatedly by Sun Quan. This tricked the Wei general Cao Xiu , who led a large army south to support Zhou Fang. He walked into

1490-431: A defensive approach, tricking the rebels into lowering their guard for a devastating nighttime strike. Zhang Liang was killed in action alongside 30,000 rebels, while another 50,000 rebels drowned while attempting to flee across a river. Huangfu Song burnt over 30,000 carts containing rebel supplies and captured most of their family members. Huangfu Song then had Zhang Jue's body excavated and decapitated, sending his head to

1639-562: A defensive position in conjunction with Liu Bei, whose army was stationed on land. About this time, there was a plague developing in Cao Cao's forces which significantly weakened it. Zhou Yu set up a trap where he pretended to be punishing his subordinate Huang Gai , and Huang pretended to surrender to Cao Cao in fear. Zhou Yu then sent ships under Huang Gai's command to pretend to surrender and, as Huang's ships approached Cao Cao's fleet, they were set aflame to assault Cao's fleet, and Cao's fleet

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1788-420: A folk tradition gives it as Sun Zhong ( 孫鍾 ). Sun Jian was a civil official in his home county during his youth. When he was 16, Sun Jian travelled with his father to Qiantang , where they encountered a band of pirates dividing up their spoils on land. Sun Jian jumped on shore with a sabre in hand and pointed in different directions as if commanding a detachment of soldiers to surround the pirates. Seeing this,

1937-469: A formal treaty later that year, in which the two states pledged to support each other and divide Wei equally if they could conquer it. Later that year, Sun Quan moved his capital from Wuchang to Jianye , leaving his crown prince Sun Deng, assisted by Lu Xun, in charge of the western parts of Eastern Wu. In 230, however, the first sign of the deterioration of Sun Quan's reign occurred. That year, he sent his generals Wei Wen ( 衛溫 ) and Zhuge Zhi ( 諸葛直 ) with

2086-577: A knack for listening to correct advice and for delegating authorities to the proper individuals. For example, he correctly trusted the faithful Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin , so much so that he made a duplicate imperial seal and left it with Lu Xun; whenever he would correspond with Shu's emperor Liu Shan or regent Zhuge Liang , he would deliver the letter to Lu Xun first (as Lu's post was near the Shu border), and then if, in Lu's opinion, changes were needed, he would revise

2235-788: A letter to Cao Cao to warn that the spring rains would come a month later, Cao Cao had to take his advice and pull back. After Cao Cao's defeat at Ruxu, many people along the Yangtze River fled south to join Sun Quan. With the exception of Wan County and the immediate area, the region became abandoned. In 214, Cao Cao sent a man named Zhu Guang to Wan County with orders to revitalise the region and bring it under Cao Cao's control. Zhu Guang began extensive agricultural projects, and he also stirred up bandits and malcontents into rebellion in Sun Quan's territory. Lü Meng feared that if Zhu Guang's programmes were successful, it would make Cao Cao's hold in

2384-616: A liaison to the warlord Cao Cao , also returned from Cao's domain to assist Sun Quan. At Zhang Hong's request, Cao Cao, in the name of Emperor Xian who was controlled by Cao Cao at the time, commissioned Sun Quan as General Who Attacks Barbarians ( 討虜將軍 ), a title under which he would be known for a long time. He listened carefully to his mother Lady Wu's encouraging words, and greatly trusted Zhang Zhao and Zhang Hong with regard to civilian affairs and Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu , and Lü Fan with regard to military matters. Sun Quan also sought out talented young men to serve as his personal advisors, and it

2533-446: A major attack against Wei's border city Hefei , while having Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin attack Xiangyang , with the strategy of trying to attract Wei relief forces and then attacking them. However, Wei generals correctly saw the situation and simply let Sun Quan siege Hefei . Only after Sun Quan's food supplies ran low did Cao Rui personally arrive with reinforcements, and Sun withdrew, as did Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin. In 238, when Gongsun Yuan

2682-488: A major attack on Wu , but after Wei defeats in early 223, it became clear that Wu was secure. After Liu Bei's death later that year, Zhuge Jin's brother Zhuge Liang , the regent for Liu Bei's son and successor Liu Shan , reestablished the alliance with Sun Quan, and the two states would remain allies until Shu's eventual destruction in 263. Early in Sun Quan's reign, the Wu administration was known for its efficiency, as Sun showed

2831-431: A major confrontation. At the end of 208. After Liu Biao's death, a succession struggle for his domain came into being, between his sons Liu Qi and younger son Liu Cong , whom Liu Biao's second wife Lady Cai favoured (because he had married her niece). After Huang Zu's death, Liu Qi was therefore given Huang's post as the governor of Jiangxia Commandery . Liu Cong therefore succeeded Liu Biao after his death, and Liu Qi

2980-466: A marriage to cement the alliance. However, Sun Jian rejected the proposals with harsh words and continued to lead his troops towards Luoyang. In late 190, his army was merely 90 li away from the capital when Dong Zhuo retreated west to Chang'an after ordering the destruction of Luoyang by fire. Entering the ruins of Luoyang, Sun Jian ordered his men to reseal the tombs of Han emperors that were excavated by Dong Zhuo, after which he returned to Luyang. It

3129-575: A memorial to the imperial court that he was 17 (by East Asian reckoning) when his father died. In this account, since Sun Ce died in 200 at the age of 26 (by East Asian reckoning), Sun Jian should have died in 191. Sun Jian's biography in Sanguozhi recorded that he was sent by Yuan Shu to attack Jing province in the 3rd year of the Chuping era of Liu Xie's reign. This account was also found in Book of

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3278-486: A military leader under Liu Biao , who dominated the middle Yangtze. Huang Zu was killed in battle. In winter of that year, the northern warlord Cao Cao led an army of approximately 220,000 to conquer the south to complete the reunification of China. Two distinct factions emerged at his court on how to handle the situation. One, led by Zhang Zhao, urged surrender whilst the other, led by Zhou Yu and Lu Su , opposed capitulation. Eventually, Sun Quan decided to oppose Cao Cao in

3427-803: A military officer under Kong Rong, managed to break out of the siege and seek help from Liu Bei , who was then the Chancellor of the nearby Pingyuan State . Liu Bei brought along 3,000 troops to attack Guan Hai and succeeded in saving Kong Rong. In the 200s, Xu He ( 徐和 ) and Sima Ju ( 司馬俱 ) led Yellow Turban remnants from Jinan Commandery (around present-day Zhangqiu , Shandong ) and Le'an Commandery (around present-day Zibo , Shandong) respectively to ravage Qing Province . They were defeated and killed by Xiahou Yuan , Zang Ba and Lü Qian some time between 206 and 209. Around May 192, hundreds of thousands of Yellow Turban remnants from Qing Province swarmed into Yan Province and killed Zheng Sui ( 鄭遂 ),

3576-638: A navy of 10,000 into the East China Sea to seek the legendary islands of Yizhou ( 夷洲 ) and Danzhou ( 亶洲 ), likely Taiwan or Ryukyu , to seek to conquer them, despite strenuous opposition of Lu Xun and Quan Cong . The navy was not able to locate Danzhou but located Yizhou, and returned in 231 after capturing several thousand men—but only after 80–90% of the navy had died from illness. Instead of seeing his own fault in this venture, Sun Quan simply executed Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi. Perhaps concerned about this deterioration in Sun Quan's judgment, Sun Deng left

3725-475: A power struggle between his brother-in-law He Jin and the eunuchs culminated in He Jin's assassination on 22 September 189. He Jin's chief ally, Yuan Shao , retaliated by setting the palace on fire and slaughtering the eunuchs. The warlord Dong Zhuo gained control over the underage heir, Liu Bian , to legitimize his occupation and ransacking of the capital. Dong Zhuo was murdered for his cruelty in 192, allowing

3874-636: A premature beginning in March 184. Despite the inevitable lack of co-ordination and overall preparation, tens of thousands of men rose in rebellion. Government offices were plundered and destroyed and the imperial armies were immediately forced on the defensive. The rebellion was led by Zhang Jue (also referred to as Zhang Jiao, known to his followers as the "General of Heaven") and his two younger brothers Zhang Bao ( 張寶 ) and Zhang Liang ( 張梁 ), who were born in Julu Commandery . The brothers had founded

4023-582: A sacred book called the Crucial Keys to the Way of Peace ( 太平要術 ; Tàipíng Yàoshù ) based on the Taipingjing . Zhang Jue, who was said to be a sorcerer, called himself the "Great Teacher" ( 大賢良師 ). When the rebellion was proclaimed on 4 March, Zhang Jue created a 16-word slogan spread through the brothers' medical work: The Azure Sky is already dead; the Yellow Sky will soon rise. When

4172-481: A stalemate with Gongsun. That year, he also recognised how Lü Yi , the supervisor of the audit bureau, had been abusing his powers, and had Lü Yi executed; he then further confirmed his trust in the high-level officials by personally writing an emotional letter to Zhuge Jin, Bu Zhi , Zhu Ran , and Lü Dai , blaming himself for the recent problems with his administration while urging them to speak out honestly whenever they saw faults in him. In 241, Sun Quan would launch

4321-462: A vassal of Wei. Cao Pi's strategist Liu Ye suggested that Cao Pi decline—and in fact attack Sun Quan on a second front, effectively partitioning Sun's domain with Shu, and then eventually seek to destroy Shu as well. Cao Pi declined, in a fateful choice that most historians believe doomed his empire to ruling only the northern and central China—and this chance would not come again. Indeed, against Liu Ye's advice, on 23 September 221 he appointed Sun Quan

4470-420: Is also a Sun Quan hero that players can select at the beginning of the game. In the collectible card game Yu-Gi-Oh! there is a card based on Sun Quan named “Ancient Warriors- Masterful Sun Mou.” Zhang Bo , in the 2010 Chinese television series Three Kingdoms . Sun Jian Sun Jian ( Chinese : 孫堅 ; pinyin : Sūn Jiān ) ( pronunciation ) (155–191? ), courtesy name Wentai ,

4619-646: Is based on Romance of the Three Kingdoms , Sun Jian is characterised as the Gundam Sonken Zephyranthes. His design invokes a white tiger motif as he was known in life as the Tiger of Jiandong. In Koei's 2023 video game Wo Long: Fallen Dynasty , Sun Jian appears as a character and one of the bosses of the game. Yellow Turban Rebellion Rebellion suppressed, Han victory The Yellow Turban Rebellion , alternatively translated as

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4768-576: Is removed!" and consequently usurped more power in the imperial court. Sun Jian is featured as a playable character in Koei 's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. He also appears in Koei's Romance of the Three Kingdoms series. He is a playable warlord in the 2019 game Total War: Three Kingdoms by Creative Assembly . In the SD Gundam series BB Senshi Sangokuden , which

4917-610: The Huai River region. In Yang Province , the rebels attacked Shu County ( 舒縣 ; in present-day central Anhui ), a county in Lujiang Commandery ( 廬江郡 ; around present-day Lu'an , Anhui), and set fire to buildings. Yang Xu ( 羊續 ), the Administrator of Lujiang Commandery, successfully rallied thousands of able-bodied men aged 19 and above for countering the attack and firefighting. By the beginning of 185,

5066-545: The Yellow Scarves Rebellion , was a peasant revolt during the late Eastern Han dynasty of ancient China . The uprising broke out in 184 CE, during the reign of Emperor Ling . Although the main rebellion was suppressed by 185 CE, it took 21 years for full suppression of resistant areas and emerging rebellions by 205 CE. The weakening of the imperial court and the rising political influence of ultra-autonomous regional military-governors, who helped suppress

5215-529: The conquests of the region south of the Yangtze River . He was made Yangxian County magistrate in 196, at the age of 14, and continued to rise through the ranks as his brother gave him more and more important tasks. Since he was passionate about gathering the retainers like Pan Zhang and Zhou Tai , his fame soon approached his father and elder brother. Zhu Ran and Hu Zong , the men he met during his schooldays, later became ministers of Eastern Wu. He

5364-507: The "White Wave Bandits" (白波賊). They allied with the Xiongnu leader Yufuluo and attacked Taiyuan Commandery (around present-day Taiyuan , Shanxi ) and Hedong Commandery (around present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi ). Between 27 October and 25 November 189, when the bandits attacked Hedong Commandery, the warlord Dong Zhuo 's attempt at sending his son-in-law Niu Fu to lead attacking troops failed. Around mid-195, Emperor Xian fled from

5513-461: The 7th day of the 1st month of the 4th year of the Chuping era. This corresponds to 25 February 193 in the Julian calendar. Four of Sun Jian's sons – Sun Ce , Sun Quan , Sun Yi and Sun Kuang – and one of his daughters (her identity is unrecorded) were born to his wife Lady Wu , who was Wu Jing 's elder sister. Lady Sun married Liu Bei . In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of

5662-470: The Administrator of Changsha Commandery. Within a month upon taking up office, Sun Jian had quelled the rebellion. Meanwhile, rebellions also broke out in the neighbouring commanderies of Lingling (零陵; around present-day Yongzhou , Hunan ) and Guiyang (桂陽; around present-day Guiyang County , Hunan). Sun Jian defeated the rebel leaders Ou Xing ( 區星 ), Zhou Chao ( 周朝 ) and Guo Shi ( 郭石 ), and suppressed both rebellions. The Han imperial court enfeoffed him as

5811-493: The Caitiffs") and Inspector of Yu Province ( 豫州刺史 ). Sun Jian then began training and preparing his troops at Luyang. A force sent by Dong Zhuo was so impressed with the strict discipline of Sun Jian's troops that they gave up the plan to attack Luyang. When Sun Jian moved out to Liangdong (梁東; east of present-day Linru County , Henan), he was outnumbered by Dong Zhuo's forces. With several dozen horsemen, Sun Jian broke out of

5960-665: The Celestial Masters , considering that Zhang Jue claimed to be a descendant of Zhang Daoling . Much of the Taipingjing's surviving 52 chapters, found in the Daozang , have a direct relationship to the Way of the Celestial Masters with discrepancies potentially suppressed by later Taoists. Before the rebellion started, Zhang Jue had sent Ma Yuanyi ( 馬元義 ) to recruit followers from Jing and Yang provinces and gather them in Ye . Since Ma Yuanyi frequently traveled to Luoyang ,

6109-591: The Chancellor of Rencheng State ( 任城國 ; around present-day Zoucheng , Shandong ), before moving into Dongping Commandery ( 東平郡 ; around present-day Dongping County , Shandong). Liu Dai , the Inspector of Yan Province, wanted to lead his troops to attack the rebels but the general Bao Xin advised him against it. Liu Dai ignored this advice, dying in his attack against the rebels. Bao Xin and another official, Wan Qian ( 萬潛 ), went to Dong Commandery ( 東郡 ; around present-day Puyang , Henan ) to invite Cao Cao to be

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6258-552: The Han imperial capital, he was able to persuade Feng Xu ( 封諝 ) and Xu Feng ( 徐奉 ), members of the imperial court's eunuch faction , to secretly collaborate with Zhang Jue. They set 3 April 184 as the date for the rebellion, but before the plans was set in motion, the Yellow Turbans were betrayed. One of the founders of "The Way of Peace" movement, Tang Zhou ( 唐周 ) had been excluded from later planning, so he reported Ma Yuanyi to

6407-596: The Inspector of Yu Province to replace his uncle. Sun Jian was buried in the Gao Mausoleum in Qu'e (曲阿; in present-day Danyang , Jiangsu ). He was survived by at least five sons and three daughters. His eldest son, Sun Ce , became a warlord and conquered several territories in the Jiangdong region. Like his father, Sun Ce died at a relatively young age and was succeeded by his younger brother, Sun Quan . Sun Quan built on his brother's legacy and eventually established

6556-560: The Inspector of Yu Province , found evidence that the rebels had been secretly maintaining contact with Zhang Rang ( 張讓 ), the leader of the eunuch faction in Luoyang, so he reported it to Emperor Ling, who scolded Zhang Rang but did not punish him. Between 7 November and 6 December, Bao Hong ( 鮑鴻 ), a colonel, led imperial forces to attack the rebels in Gebei ( 葛陂 ; northwest of present-day Xincai County , Henan) and defeated them. In

6705-645: The King of Wu and granted him the nine bestowments . In 222, at the Battle of Xiaoting , Sun Quan's general Lu Xun dealt Liu Bei a major defeat, stopping the Shu offensive. Shu would not again pose a threat to Sun Quan from that point on. Later that year, when Cao Pi demanded that Sun Quan send his crown prince Sun Deng to the Wei capital Luoyang as a hostage (to guarantee his loyalty), Sun Quan refused and declared independence (by changing era name ), thus establishing Eastern Wu as an independent state. Cao Pi launched

6854-670: The Later Han (volume 09 ) and Annals of the Later Han (compiled by Yuan Hong; volume 27 ). Pei Songzhi in his commentary found in Sun Ce's biography of Sanguozhi noted that Sun Jian dying in 192 as recorded in his Sanguozhi biography should be an error, noting that Zhang Fan's Annals of Han and the Wu Li both recorded that Sun Jian died in 191. Sima Guang , in his Zizhi Tongjian Kao Yi , agreed that Sun Jian died in 191. Wang Can 's Records of Heroes recorded that Sun Jian died on

7003-484: The Marquis of Wucheng ( 烏程侯 ) in recognition of his contributions. In 189, Emperor Ling died, leaving his young son in the care of Empress Dowager He and General-in-Chief He Jin . He Jin then summoned Dong Zhuo to lead troops into the capital to assist in a plot to eliminate the powerful eunuch faction . Before Dong Zhuo arrived, however, He Jin was assassinated by the eunuchs and Luoyang fell into chaos following

7152-477: The Qingzhou Army ( 青州兵 ; also translated as "Qingzhou Corps"). In Runan Commandery and Yingchuan Commandery, thousands of Yellow Turban remnants remained active under the leadership of He Yi ( 何儀 ), Liu Pi ( 劉辟 ), Huang Shao ( 黃邵 ), and He Man ( 何曼 ). They were initially allied with the warlords Yuan Shu and Sun Jian , but became an independent force in the 190s. Between 17 March and 15 April 196,

7301-630: The Sun family became acquainted with Zhou Yu. After Sun Jian's death in 191, the Sun family moved again to Jiangdu in order to mourn him. Two years later, Sun Ce decided to join Yuan Shu 's army so he ordered Lü Fan to take his family members to his maternal uncle Wu Jing 's home in Danyang . However, Liu Yao , the Governor ( 牧 ) of Yang Province became angry when Sun Ce and Yuan Shu defeated Lu Kang ,

7450-576: The Taoist leader Zhang Jue developed his initial following to send his disciples throughout northern China in preparation for a revolt. Their rapid rise was relatively unnoticed until they became too powerful to challenge. Zhang Jue intended to launch an uprising throughout the Han Empire, but the plan was betrayed before he was ready. Rebel sympathizers in Luoyang were arrested and executed, forcing

7599-572: The Three Kingdoms , some events of Sun Jian were romanticised by Luo Guanzhong . Sun Jian first appears the novel in Chapter 2 as a great warrior and descendant of Sun Tzu who takes part in suppressing the Yellow Turban Rebellion. Later, he joins the coalition against Dong Zhuo. In the battle against Hua Xiong, the commander of the enemy army, Sun Jian took off his own red scarf and handed it to Zu Mao ( 祖茂 ) when Sun Jian's army

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7748-618: The Three Kingdoms . By 184 CE, the Han Dynasty's central government was weakened by court eunuchs abusing their power over the emperor to enrich themselves. Twelve of the most powerful eunuchs were referred to as the Ten Attendants with Emperor Ling once claiming that "Regular Attendant Zhang Rang is my father and Regular Attendant Zhao Zhong is my mother". The government corruption was perceived as causing plagues, natural disasters, and poor agricultural yields, reflecting that

7897-416: The Yellow Turban Rebellion with roughly 360,000 followers wearing yellow headscarves or turbans. He called himself the "Lord General of Heaven" ( 天公將軍 ), while his brothers Zhang Bao and Zhang Liang were called the "Lord General of Earth" ( 地公將軍 ) and "Lord General of People" ( 人公將軍 ), respectively. The rebels attacked government offices, pillaged villages, and seized control of commanderies. Within 10 days,

8046-436: The administrator of Runan Commandery , led his troops to attack the rebels before Zhu Jun arrived, but was defeated at Shaoling ( 邵陵 ; in present-day southeastern Henan). When Chen County ( 陳縣 ; present-day Huaiyang County , Henan) was under attack by the rebels, seven of Zhao Qian's subordinates, who were non-military personnel, armed themselves with swords and attempted to fight the rebels but were all killed. Later, after

8195-477: The administrator of Lujiang in 194. He felt worried that they would attack him further so he drove Wu Jing away from Danyang. Since Sun Quan and his mother were still in Liu Yao's territory, Zhu Zhi sent people to rescue them. Sun Quan and his mother moved to Fuling later. When Sun Ce defeated Liu Yao in 195, he ordered Chen Bao to bring his family back to Danyang. As Sun Quan grew up, he served his brother during

8344-635: The age of 70 (by East Asian age reckoning ), and Sun Liang succeeded him. Sun Quan was buried in August or September 252 in a mausoleum at the Purple Mountain in Jianye. There is a song named after Sun Quan in Luo Tianyi 's 權御天下 (Sun Quan The Emperor) Sun Quan appears as a playable character in Koei 's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. Sun Quan also appears in

8493-481: The area unbreakable and urged for a campaign against Huan. Sun Quan followed Lü Meng's strategy and used the seasonal flooding to travel to the city by boat, which allowed them to attack unexpectedly. Rather than a lengthy siege, Lü Meng, Gan Ning and Ling Tong led a quick strike and broke Zhu Guang's defences, capturing the city. After Liu Bei's conquest of Yi Province , he was able to supply his troops on his own, so Sun Quan sent Lu Su as an emissary to demand for

8642-525: The arrival in 226 of a merchant from the Roman Empire ( Daqin ) at Jiaozhi (Chinese-controlled northern Vietnam). The Prefect of Jiaozhou sent him to the court of Sun Quan in Nanjing . Sun Quan requested that he provide him with a report on his native country and its people. An expedition was mounted to return the merchant along with 10 female and 10 male "blackish coloured dwarfs" he had requested as

8791-615: The authorities. Ma Yuanyi was arrested and executed by dismemberment in Luoyang. After Emperor Ling learned that Zhang Jue was plotting a revolt, he ordered Zhou Bin ( 周斌 ), Prefect of the Palace Parks ( 鉤盾令 ), to conduct an investigation and capture all the conspirators. Hundreds of people were arrested and executed during this time. When Zhang Jue heard that the Han government had learned about his plans to rebel, he quickly sent messengers to contact his allies throughout China and take action immediately. On 4 March, Zhang Jue started

8940-459: The battle and barely escaped. When he later launched a revenge attack upon Jing Provence, in accordance with the order of his senior, Yuan Shu, he was lured under a cliff where he was shot dead by arrows from the above. Sun's camp reclaimed Sun Jian's corpse using a captive, Huang Zu, who was Liu Biao's brother-in-law. When Dong Zhuo heard of Sun's death in Chang'an, he said, "One of my greatest enemies

9089-433: The bestowments and seized their troops. Once that happened, the enraged Sun Quan wanted to personally head north with a fleet to attack Gongsun Yuan, and initially, not even Lu Xun's opposition was able to stop him, although he eventually calmed down and did not follow through. To his credit, he also personally went to Zhang Zhao's house and apologised to him. Further, despite the deterioration in his previous clear thinking, he

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9238-422: The border with Wei, creating large areas of flooding, in order to obstruct potential attacks from Wei. In 251, Sun Quan created the first empress of his reign—Sun Liang's mother Consort Pan (previously, he had a succession of wives, but never made any of them empress, except for his favourite, Lady Bu , who was created empress posthumously after her death in 238). Later that year, however, he realised that Sun He

9387-541: The capital away from Xu. However, Sun Quan, resentful of Guan Yu's prior constant instigation of hostilities (including seizing Sun's food supplies to use for his campaign north), took the opportunity to attack Guan from the rear, and Guan's forces collapsed. Guan Yu was captured by forces under Lü Meng and Jiang Qin ; Guan Yu was executed, Jing Province came under Sun's control, and the Sun-Liu alliance ended. After Cao Cao's death in 220, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to yield

9536-460: The coalition. Hua Xiong was unrivalled until he met the unfamed Guan Yu . After Dong Zhuo retreated to Chang'an, Sun Jian was the first to enter Luoyang and ordered to put off the fires set by Dong Zhuo. Seeing the destruction of the imperial capital and Han dynasty, Sun Jian sighed and shed a tear. However, when his men found a jade seal, which was proven to be the imperial seal , Sun Jian grew ambitious and requested to retreat to his base. The news

9685-540: The commandery's administrator. The Han armies were victorious, despite the destruction of major government buildings, deaths of high-ranking officials, and fragmentation of the dynasty's territory. Rebel deaths numbered in the hundreds of thousands, while many non-combatants had been left homeless or destitute by the wars. However, the heavily weakened Han Dynasty was unable to fully govern, distributing its powers to military commanders and local leaders until its complete collapse by 220 CE. After Emperor Ling died in 189,

9834-530: The desolate Cangwu Commandery (roughly modern Wuzhou , Guangxi ) as punishment. Just as Yu Fan predicted, however, the venture would end in failure—as Zhou He and Pei Qian, on their way back, were intercepted by Wei forces and killed. Regretting his actions, Sun Quan tried to recall Yu Fan back to Jianye, only to learn that Yu had died in exile. The next year, however, Sun Quan would have yet another misadventure in his dealings with Gongsun Yuan, as Gongsun sent messengers to him, offering to be his subject. Sun Quan

9983-590: The emperor back to Chang'an. Dong Cheng and Yang Feng summoned the White Wave Bandits, led by Li Le ( 李樂 ), Han Xian , Hu Cai ( 胡才 ) and others, to come to Emperor Xian's aid. Xiongnu forces led by Qubei also responded to the call and came to help Emperor Xian resist Li Jue and Guo Si's forces. Between 195 and 196, the warlord Cao Cao led his forces into Luoyang and escorted Emperor Xian to his own base in Xu (許; present-day Xuchang , Henan ) and established

10132-622: The emperor had lost his Mandate of Heaven . As flooding along the Yellow River forced farmers and military settlers south, the labor surplus incentivized exploitation. Disease outbreaks were reported in 171, 173, 179, 182, and 185 CE, with the potential cause theorized as the Antonine Plague of 165 to 180CE of smallpox or measles spreading along the Silk Road . Through claims of providing curative water and bamboo playing,

10281-734: The empire. Sun Quan was well aware of Cao Cao's intentions, and he quickly entered into an alliance with Liu Bei and Liu Qi to prepare for an attack by Cao. Cao Cao wrote Sun Quan with a letter intending to intimidate, and in face of Cao's overwhelming force (estimated to be about 220,000 men, although Cao claimed 800,000, against Sun's 30,000 and the Lius' combined force of 10,000), many of Sun's subordinates, including Zhang Zhao, advocated surrender. Sun Quan refused, under advice from Zhou Yu and Lu Su that Cao Cao would surely not tolerate him even if he surrendered. Sun Quan put Zhou Yu in charge of his 30,000 men, largely stationed on naval ships, and Zhou set up

10430-672: The encirclement. He took off the red felt scarf he had always been wearing and handed it to his trusted aide Zu Mao ( 祖茂 ), whom Dong Zhuo's soldiers then chased after while Sun Jian escaped. Unable to shake off his pursuers, Zu Mao then dismounted, hung the scarf onto a half-burnt pillar, and hid himself in the tall grass nearby. The enemies surrounded the pillar and approached cautiously till they realised they had been fooled, whereupon they retreated. After regrouping his troops, Sun Jian pressed his troops towards Luoyang and engaged in battle against Dong Zhuo's forces at Yangren (陽人; believed to be near present-day Wenquan, Ruzhou , Henan ). He scored

10579-522: The enemy across the Han River to Xiangyang . While he was travelling alone through Xianshan ( 峴山 ), Huang Zu's troops ambushed him and shot him to death with arrows. The Record of Heroes ( 英雄記 ) by Wang Can , however, claims that Sun Jian died in 193 and that he was crushed to death by boulders while pursuing the enemy commander Lü Gong ( 呂公 ). Sun Jian's nephew, Sun Ben , gathered his uncle's troops and returned to Yuan Shu, who then appointed him as

10728-438: The entire Jiao Province. In 211, Sun Quan moves his headquarters from Dantu to the city of Moling, and in the next year he rebuilt the walls and renamed the city Jianye . This new location gave him better control of the Yangtze River and better communications with his various other commanders. He also constructed fortresses at Ruxu, since Lü Meng anticipated an invasion there from Cao Cao. The invasion Lü Meng expected came at

10877-606: The entire empire, awed by Zhuge's prior military victories, was convinced that Zhuge would be the correct choice for regent. In 252, as Sun Quan neared death, Empress Pan was murdered, but how she was murdered remains a controversy. Wu officials claimed that her servants, unable to stand her temper, strangled her while she was asleep, while a number of historians, including Hu Sanxing , the commentator to Sima Guang 's Zizhi Tongjian , believed that top Wu officials were complicit, as they feared that she would seize power as empress dowager after Sun Quan's death. On 252, Sun Quan died at

11026-459: The imperial armies in suppressing the rebellion. Emperor Ling also appointed three generals – Lu Zhi , Huangfu Song and Zhu Jun – to lead three separate armies to deal with the rebels with a total of roughly 40,000 troops. Lu Zhi went for Zhang Jue's base in Ji Province, while Huangfu Song and Zhu Jun headed to Yingchuan Commandery. In You Province , the rebels killed Guo Xun ( 郭勳 ),

11175-479: The imperial capital Chang'an , where he had been held hostage by Dong Zhuo's followers, led by Li Jue and Guo Si , since Dong Zhuo's death in 192. He returned to the ruins of the old imperial capital Luoyang , which Dong Zhuo burnt down in 191 while forcefully relocating its residents to Chang'an. Dong Cheng (a former subordinate of Niu Fu) and Yang Feng (a former White Wave bandit) protected Emperor Xian in Luoyang when Li Jue and Guo Si tried to pursue and bring

11324-491: The imperial court in Luoyang. In recognition of Huangfu Song's achievements, Emperor Ling promoted him to Left General of Chariots and Cavalry ( 左車騎將軍 ). Between 21 December 184 and 18 January 185, Huangfu Song joined forces with Guo Dian ( 郭典 ), the Administrator of Julu Commandery, to attack the remaining rebels led by Zhang Jue's other brother, Zhang Bao. They defeated the rebels at Xiaquyang County ( 下曲陽縣 ; west of present-day Jinzhou, Hebei ), killed Zhang Bao, and received

11473-472: The lands southeast of the Yangtze River from his brother. His administration proved to be relatively stable in those early years as Sun Jian and Sun Ce's most senior officers, such as Zhou Yu , Zhang Zhao , Zhang Hong , and Cheng Pu supported the succession. Thus throughout the 200s, Sun Quan, under the tutelage of his able advisers, continued to build up his strength along the Yangtze River. In early 207, his forces finally won complete victory over Huang Zu ,

11622-654: The last major assault against Wei of his reign, in light of Cao Rui's death in 239, but he rejected a strategy offered by Yin Zha ( 殷札 ) to attack Wei in coordinated effort with Shu on four different fronts, and the campaign ended in failure as well. Later in 241, the crown prince Sun Deng died—an event that left open the issue of succession and appeared to mark the start of a precipitous decline in Sun Quan's mental health. In 242, he appointed his son Sun He , born to Consort Wang, crown prince . However, he also favoured another son by Consort Wang, Sun Ba , and permitted Sun Ba to have

11771-454: The letter and then restamp it with Sun's imperial seal. Further, Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin were authorised to coordinate their actions with Shu without prior imperial approval. Sun Quan treated his high-level officials as friends and addressed them accordingly (with courtesy names ), and in accordance they dedicated all effort to Wu's preservation. He also knew what were the proper roles for officials that he trusted; for example, in 225, when selecting

11920-450: The longest reign among all the founders of the Three Kingdoms and was succeeded by his son, Sun Liang . The Records of the Three Kingdoms describes Sun Quan as a tall man with bright eyes and oblong face. He was known as a wise and outgoing man who was fond of making jokes and playing tricks. Because of his skill in valuing the strength of his subordinates and avoiding their shortcomings, as well as treating them like his family, Sun Quan

12069-559: The main Yellow Turban Rebellion ended by February 185, smaller rebellions by Yellow Turban remnants continued over the following two decades. Between 16 March and 13 April 188, Guo Tai ( 郭太 ) led some 100,000 Yellow Turban remnants to start a rebellion in Xihe Commandery (around present-day Fenyang , Shanxi ). As they originated from Baibo Valley (白波谷; "White Wave Valley") in Xihe Commandery, they later became known as

12218-533: The meantime, Lu Zhi defeated Zhang Jue's rebel forces in Julu Commandery and besieged the rebel leader in Guangzong County ( 廣宗縣 ; southeast of present-day Guangzong County , Hebei). However, after a eunuch falsely accused Lu Zhi of treason, Emperor Ling ordered his arrest, escorted back to Luoyang as a prisoner. The imperial court then sent General Dong Zhuo to take over Lu Zhi's position and attack Zhang Jue. However, Dong Zhuo failed and retreated. On 23 or 24 September, Huangfu Song and Fu Xie ( 傅燮 ),

12367-542: The middle Yangtze with his superior riverine forces. Allied with Liu Bei and employing the combined strategies of Zhou Yu and Huang Gai , they defeated Cao Cao decisively at the Battle of Red Cliffs . In late 220, Cao Pi , King of Wei, Cao Cao's son and successor, seized the throne and proclaimed himself to be the Emperor of China , ending and succeeding the nominal rule of the Han dynasty . At first Sun Quan nominally served as

12516-404: The military camp of Cao Cao on the other side of Yangtze River to observe his enemy situation. Cao Cao was very impressed with the military discipline of his opponent so he said that he should have a child like Sun Quan and didn't launch an attack on this occasion. Sun Quan ordered people to play music on the ship and returned to his camp safely. Ultimately, Lü Meng's defences held and Sun Quan wrote

12665-693: The mobile video game Puzzle & Dragons as part of the Three Kingdoms Gods series. Sun Quan is also a playable character in Total War: Three Kingdoms as part of the Sun family faction. In the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering there is a card named "Sun Quan, Lord of Wu", in the Portal Three Kingdoms set. In the selection of hero cards in the Chinese card game San Guo Sha , there

12814-540: The most influential men at that time. After the coalition disbanded in the next year, China fell into civil war. In 191, Sun Jian was killed in battle during an offensive campaign against Liu Biao. Sun Jian was also the father of Sun Quan , one of the central figures of the Three Kingdoms era who eventually established the Eastern Wu state and declared himself its first emperor in 229, whereupon Sun Jian

12963-535: The new Governor of Yan Province. Bao Xin then led government forces to attack the rebels at the east of Shouzhang County ( 壽張縣 ; south of present-day Dongping County, Shandong) but was killed in action. Later, despite having fewer troops, Cao Cao managed to defeat the rebels in Jibei State . The rebels, numbering over 300,000, surrendered to Cao Cao along with their families. Cao Cao then recruited their best warriors and organised them to form an elite military unit,

13112-483: The new border along the Xiang River . Sun Quan's attack on Hefei was disastrous - he was nearly captured on one occasion, if not saved by Ling Tong. In 217, Cao Cao brought a massive army to attack Ruxu again. Sun Quan personally led 70,000 men to defend the city, though he left actual command of the battle to Lü Meng. It was a furious campaign, and after several weeks of gruelling battle, Lü Meng's defences held and

13261-478: The new crown prince, he was supported by Lu Xun and Zhuge Ke , while his rival Sun Ba was supported by Quan Cong and Bu Zhi and their clans. Over a prolonged internal power struggle, numerous officials were executed, and Sun Quan harshly settled the conflict between the two factions by exiling Sun He and forcing Sun Ba to commit suicide. Sun Quan died in May 252 at the age of 70 (by East Asian reckoning). He enjoyed

13410-474: The new imperial capital there. In 188, Ma Xiang ( 馬相 ) and Zhao Zhi ( 趙祗 ) led Yellow Turban remnants to start a rebellion in Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing ). They killed Li Sheng ( 李升 ; Prefect of Mianzhu County 緜竹縣 ), Zhao Bu ( 趙部 ; Administrator of Ba Commandery 巴郡 ) and Xi Jian ( 郗儉 ; Inspector of Yi Province). Ma Xiang declared himself emperor before this sect of

13559-537: The new rebel leader in Wancheng. During or after October 184, Qin Jie and Zhu Jun combined forces with Xu Qiu ( 徐璆 ), the Inspector of Jing Province , to attack Wancheng with an army of about 18,000. They defeated and killed Zhao Hong. Following Zhao Hong's death, Han Zhong ( 韓忠 ) and the remaining rebels seized control of Wancheng, continuing to resist imperial forces. Zhu Jun ordered his troops to pretend to attack from

13708-657: The next several years, Sun Quan was largely interested in expanding against the Shanyue , hill tribes which controlled the most southern part of China and outside the reach of the Han government, in order to ensure his realm. Sun Quan launched numerous campaigns against the Shanyue. In 206, he conquered the fortress of Shanyue in Matun and Baodun and captured more than 10,000 men. Furthermore, he gradually sought to harass and weaken Liu Biao 's key subordinate, Huang Zu (who controlled

13857-431: The northeastern region of Liu Biao's domain) – particularly because Huang Zu had killed his father in battle. He made war on Huang Zu twice in 203 and 207. In 208, he was finally able to defeat and kill Huang Zu in battle, and as a result, he obtained most of the territory of Jiangxia. Soon after, Liu Biao died while Cao Cao was preparing a major campaign to subjugate both Liu Biao and Sun Quan under his control, precipitating

14006-659: The officials who supported them in hopes of receiving future favours, but this could not stop Sun Ba's machinations. Indeed, when Lu Xun tried to intervene to protect Sun He, Sun Ba falsely accused him of many crimes, and Sun Quan became provoked so much that he repeatedly rebuked Lu Xun, causing him to die in frustration. In 250, fed up with Sun Ba's constant attacks against Sun He, Sun Quan carried out an inexplicable combination of actions. He forced Sun Ba to commit suicide, while deposing Sun He (who had not been shown to have committed any crimes), and instead creating his youngest son, Sun Liang , crown prince to replace Sun He. This move

14155-473: The pirates were deceived and fled. Sun Jian pursued, and only after taking the head of every pirate did he return (or just the leaders according to some accounts). His name henceforth spread. In 172, he became acting major for the pro-government militias which fought against Xu Chang's rebellion in Kuaiji Commandery . He raised a militia of about 1,000 men and served with distinction, whereupon he

14304-556: The plans were abandoned. However, Sun Quan was able to persuade the warlords in Jiao Province to submit to him, and they became part of his domain. He then yielded parts of northern Jing Province to Liu Bei as well, agreeing with Liu that the south was insufficient to supply his troops. At the same time, Sun Quan appointed his subordinate Bu Zhi as the Inspector ( 刺史 ) of Jiao Province to replace Lai Gong. Shi Xie led his followers to submit to Bu Zhi's governorship. Sun Quan took over

14453-551: The provincial Inspector, and Liu Wei ( 劉衛 ), the Administrator of Guangyang Commandery. Zou Jing , a colonel, led imperial forces to eliminate the rebels in You Province. Liu Bei led a group of volunteers to assist him. When the rebellion first broke out in Yu Province , the Han imperial court specially selected Wang Yun to be the inspector of the province to oversee the military operations. Zhao Qian ( 趙謙 ),

14602-570: The rebellion had mostly been suppressed following Zhu Jun's recapture of Wancheng in Nanyang Commandery and Huangfu Song's victories over the Zhang brothers in Ji Province. The remaining, scattered rebels were pursued by government forces in smaller military campaigns, and by mid-February 185, Emperor Ling issued a celebratory proclamation by changing his era name from Guanghe ( 光和 ) to Zhongping ( 中平 ; "pacification achieved"). Although

14751-766: The rebellion had spread throughout China, alarming the Han imperial court in Luoyang . The rebels were mostly concentrated in the Ji , Jing , You and Yu provinces. The group led by Zhang Jue and his brothers gained their support in Ji Province, located just north of the Yellow River , near Zhang Jue's home territory of Julu Commandery (around present-day Pingxiang County , Hebei ) and Wei Commandery (around present-day Handan , Hebei). A second major uprising took place in Guangyang Commandery (around present-day Beijing ) and Zhuo Commandery (around present-day Zhuozhou , Hebei) in You Province. The third centre of

14900-601: The rebellion was in Yingchuan Commandery (around present-day Xuchang , Henan ) and Runan Commandery (around present-day Xinyang , Henan) in Yu Province, and Nanyang Commandery (around present-day Nanyang, Henan ) in northern Jing Province. On 1 April 184, Emperor Ling appointed his brother-in-law He Jin , the Intendant of Henan ( 河南尹 ), as General-in-Chief ( 大將軍 ) and ordered him to supervise

15049-733: The rebellion was suppressed by local forces led by Jia Long ( 賈龍 ), a former subordinate of Xi Jian. Around 189, Zhang Rao ( 張饒 ) led some 200,000 Yellow Turban remnants to ravage Qing Province . He defeated imperial forces under Kong Rong , the Han-appointed Chancellor of Beihai State (around present-day Weifang , Shandong ) in Qing Province. Later, Kong Rong was besieged in Duchang County ( 都昌縣 ; present-day Changyi, Shandong ) by thousands of Yellow Turban rebels led by Guan Hai ( 管亥 ). Taishi Ci , then

15198-555: The rebellion was suppressed, Emperor Ling issued an edict to honor the seven as the "Seven Virtuous" ( 七賢 ). Chen State ( 陳國 ; around present-day Zhoukou , Henan), one of the commanderies in Yu Province, avoided the Yellow Turban Rebellion's bloodshed because the rebels feared Prince Liu Chong , famous for his unit of skilled archers. The rebels in Runan Commandery, led by Bo Cai ( 波才 ), initially defeated Zhu Jun in battle and drove him back. The imperial court sent

15347-406: The rebellion, eventually led to rampant warlord dominance and the resultant Three Kingdoms period . The rebellion, which got its name from the color of the rebel headwear, marked an important point in the history of Taoism due to the rebel leaders' association with the then secret Taoist societies. The revolt was also used as the opening event in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of

15496-479: The rebellion, the central government sent in his place the Minister of Works Zhang Wen , who invited Sun Jian along as an adviser. When Zhang Wen summoned Dong Zhuo to the encampment at Chang'an , Dong Zhuo procrastinated and took a long time to arrive. When he did, he showed little respect for Zhang Wen. Sun Jian then advised Zhang Wen to execute Dong Zhuo, but Zhang Wen declined as Dong Zhuo held high reputation in

15645-515: The rebels to retreat to Wan (宛; present-day Wancheng District , Nanyang , Henan). Sun Jian placed himself in the forefront and climbed onto the city walls alone. The rest then swarmed in and defeated the rebels. Around this time, Bian Zhang and Han Sui colluded with the Qiang tribes and rebelled in Liang Province (涼州; present-day western Gansu ). After Dong Zhuo failed to put down

15794-436: The rebels to scatter. Huangfu Song and Zhu Jun then defeated the rebels in Runan Commandery, led by Peng Tuo ( 彭脫 ), at Xihua County ( 西華縣 ; south of present-day Xihua County , Henan). The imperial court ordered them to split up: Huangfu Song would attack the rebels at Dong Commandery (東郡; around present-day Puyang County , Henan), while Zhu Jun would attack the rebels at Nanyang Commandery. During this time, Wang Yun ,

15943-607: The remaining rebels to disperse. In Xu Province , the provincial Inspector Tao Qian , with the aid of Zang Ba , managed to defeat the rebels to restore regional peace. Sun Jian , then a minor official serving in Xiapi County ( 下邳縣 ; south of present-day Pizhou , Jiangsu ) in Xu Province, came to join Zhu Jun's army as a Major. He brought along several young men from Xiapi County and other soldiers recruited from

16092-481: The return of Jing Province, but Liu Bei refused. Sun Quan then sent Lü Meng and Ling Tong to lead 20,000 men to attack southern Jing Province and they succeeded in capturing Changsha , Guiyang , and Lingling commanderies. Meantime, Lu Su and Gan Ning advanced to Yiyang ( 益陽 ) with 10,000 men (to block Guan Yu ) and took over command of the army at Lukou ( 陸口 ). Liu Bei personally went to Gong'an County and Guan Yu led 30,000 men to Yiyang. When an all-out war

16241-413: The ruse, lost the battle, and tried to flee north while some 10,000 of his men were slaughtered by imperial forces. In desperation, Han Zhong surrendered to Zhu Jun, but Qin Jie had him executed. On 11 January 185, Zhu Jun defeated another rebel force led by Sun Xia ( 孫夏 ), who then fled towards Xi'e County ( 西鄂縣 ; north of present-day Nanyang, Henan ). Zhu Jun pursued him there, defeated him and caused

16390-520: The same staffing level as the crown prince—a move that a number of officials objected to as encouraging Sun Ba to compete with Sun He, but Sun Quan did not listen to them. After 245, when Sun He and Sun Ba began to have separate residences, their relationship deteriorated further, and Sun Ba began to scheme at how to seize heir status from Sun He. Fanned by gossip from his daughter Sun Luban , Sun Quan blamed Sun He's mother Consort Wang for this—and she died in fear. He also cut off Sun He and Sun Ba's access to

16539-448: The sect's communal activities like trances, fasting, musical performances, chanting, incense burning, and sermons, followers united across ethnic and gender lines. Several Xiongnu leaders, such as Yufuluo , lent their support, potentially inspiring Zhang Jue to adopt their shamanistic beliefs. Despite few surviving records, the early Path of Supreme Peace was likely similar to the Way of

16688-400: The southwest, while he secretly led 5,000 elite soldiers to infiltrate Wancheng from the northeast. Han Zhong retreated into the citadel and requested to surrender. Qin Jie, Xu Qiu and Zhang Chao ( 張超 ), a Major under Zhu Jun, all urged Zhu Jun to accept Han Zhong's surrender, but he refused. Zhu Jun instead pretended to lift the siege to lure Han Zhong to come out and attack. Han Zhong fell for

16837-482: The spring floods forced Cao Cao to retreat once again. Still, this was not a complete victory. Most of Cao Cao's army was still intact and he had a huge force under Xiahou Dun north of Sun Quan's position. This resulted in a stalemate in which as long as Sun Quan kept his army in Ruxu, Xiahou Dun could not hope to invade him; but as soon as Sun Quan pulled out of Ruxu, Xiahou Dun could break through. Also, Xiahou Dun's force

16986-403: The start of 213. Sun Quan personally led the army there to resist Cao Cao and relied heavily on the fortresses Lü Meng built to give his soldiers strong positions from which to defend. At one point, Cao Cao tried to send his navy across the river to break Sun Quan's lines, but Sun Quan's own ships surrounded them and destroyed them. Due to the stalemate in the war, Sun Quan drove a big ship to enter

17135-547: The state of Eastern Wu in 229, with himself as its founding emperor, during the Three Kingdoms period. Lady Sun later married the warlord and founder of the state of Shu Han, Liu Bei, in an attempt to forge an alliance to defeat Cao Cao after the Battle of Red Cliff . After ascending the throne, Sun Quan honoured his father with the posthumous title "Emperor Wulie" ( 武烈皇帝 ). There are multiple differing accounts on Sun Jian's death date. A Wu Lu annotation in Sun Ce's biography in Sanguozhi recorded that Sun Ce stated in

17284-541: The surrender of over 100,000 rebels. On 24 March 184, the rebels led by Zhang Mancheng ( 張曼成 ) killed Chu Gong ( 褚貢 ), the Administrator of Nanyang Commandery , and occupied the commandery's capital, Wancheng ( 宛城 ; present-day Wancheng District , Nanyang, Henan). Chu Gong's successor, Qin Jie ( 秦頡 ), rallied local forces in Nanyang Commandery to attack Zhang Mancheng and defeated and killed him between 26 June and 25 July, before Zhu Jun's reinforcements arrived. After Zhang Mancheng's death, Zhao Hong ( 趙弘 ) became

17433-517: The throne to him, ending the Han dynasty and establishing the state of Cao Wei . Sun Quan did not immediately submit to Wei or declare independence after Cao Pi's enthronement, but took a wait-and-see attitude; by contrast, in early 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor, establishing the state of Shu Han . Immediately, Liu Bei planned a campaign against Sun Quan to avenge Guan Yu. After attempting to negotiate peace and receiving no positive response from Liu Bei, fearing attack on both sides, Sun Quan became

17582-440: The titles Sun Quan had claimed for himself and formalised his control over the lands he held. Sun Quan was permitted to continue to rule independently but was now officially one of Cao Cao's subordinates. In 219, Guan Yu advanced north, attacking Fancheng , scoring a major victory over Cao Ren . While Fancheng did not fall at this time, Guan Yu put it under siege, and the situation was severe enough that Cao Cao considered moving

17731-408: The trap set by Zhou Fang and Lu Xun and suffered major losses, but was saved from total annihilation by Jia Kui . In 229, Sun Quan declared himself emperor, which almost damaged the alliance with Shu, as many Shu officials saw this as a sign of betrayal of the Han dynasty—to which Shu claimed to be the legitimate successor. However, Zhuge Liang opposed ending the alliance and in fact confirmed it with

17880-422: The villain (Dong Zhuo) for the Han Empire, and secondly to avenge the deaths of your family members. I have no personal grudge against Dong Zhuo. Yet you believe slanderous talks and suspect me!" The words put Yuan Shu to shame and he immediately ordered his men to continue delivering food supplies to Sun Jian's army. Fearing Sun Jian, Dong Zhuo then sent his general Li Jue as an emissary to seek peace and propose

18029-512: The warlord Cao Cao led his forces to attack them and killed Liu Pi, Huang Shao, and He Man. He Yi led the remaining forces in surrendering to Cao Cao. Other Yellow Turban forces in Runan Commandery were led by Wu Ba ( 吳霸 ) and Gong Du ( 龔都 ). Wu Ba was defeated and captured by the general Li Tong . Gong Du posed a threat to Cao Cao when he allied with Cao Cao's rival, Liu Bei , and seized control of Runan Commandery in 201. Cao Cao first sent Cai Yang ( 蔡揚 ) to eliminate them, but after Cai Yang

18178-401: The west. Despite scoring a major victory against the rebels at Meiyang, Zhang Wen could not press their advantage and the rebellion was still not quelled. Zhang Wen and the rest returned to the capital Luoyang in disgrace and thus no honor was accorded. Meanwhile, another local-scale rebellion broke out near Changsha Commandery and the rebels besieged the city. Sun Jian was then appointed as

18327-461: The western empire in Lu Xun's hands in 232 and returned to Jianye, and would remain at Jianye until his own death in 241. In 232, Sun Quan had another misadventure involving his navy—as he sent his generals Zhou He ( 周賀 ) and Pei Qian ( 裴濳 ) to the nominal Wei vassal Gongsun Yuan , in control of Liaodong Commandery , to purchase horses, against the advice of Yu Fan —and indeed, he exiled Yu Fan to

18476-414: The year is jiǎzǐ , there will be prosperity under Heaven ! ( 蒼天已死，黃天當立。歲在甲子，天下大吉。 ) Zhang Jue claimed to cure patients by having them confess sins for Taoist faith healing . The Zhang brothers believed in an impending apocalyptic change in the jiazi year, the beginning of the new sexagenary cycle , involving yellow skies marking new governance, which inspired the color of their headwear. Through

18625-419: Was under attack by Wei's general Sima Yi , Sun Quan, despite his prior rage against Gongsun, correctly judged the situation as one where he might be able to take advantage if Sima Yi were initially unsuccessful, so he did not immediately refuse Gongsun's request for help. However, as Sima Yi was able to conquer Gongsun Yuan quickly, Sun Quan never launched the major attack that he considered if Sima got stuck in

18774-491: Was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He allied himself with Yuan Shu in 190 when warlords from eastern China formed a coalition to oust Dong Zhuo , a tyrannical warlord who held the puppet Emperor Xian in his power. Although he controlled neither many troops nor much land, Sun Jian's personal bravery and resourcefulness were feared by Dong Zhuo, who placed him among Yuan Shao , Yuan Shu and Liu Biao as

18923-488: Was able to delegate authority to capable figures. This primary strength served him well in gaining the support of the common people and surrounding himself with capable generals. The Records of the Three Kingdoms mentioned that Sun Jian was a descendant of Sun Wu (better known as Sun Tzu ), a militarist in the Spring and Autumn period and the author of The Art of War . Sun Quan was born in 182, while his father Sun Jian

19072-404: Was about to break out, the news that Cao Cao planned to attack Hanzhong was received by Liu Bei, and he requested for a border treaty with Sun Quan as he became worried about Cao Cao seizing Hanzhong. Liu Bei asked Sun Quan to give him back Lingling Commandery and create a diversion for Cao Cao by attacking Hefei ; in return, Liu Bei ceded Changsha and Guiyang commanderies to Sun Quan, setting

19221-453: Was around this time that he befriended Lu Su and Zhuge Jin , who would later play prominent roles in his administration. In addition, Lu Xun , Bu Zhi , Gu Yong , Shi Yi , Yan Jun , Xu Sheng and Zhu Huan also became his men. Throughout this period and decades to come, Sun Quan's leadership would be characterised by his ability to find men of character and entrust important matters to him, and his ability to react swiftly to events. For

19370-476: Was assassinated in 200 during a hunt. On his deathbed, he knew that his son was still too young to be considered a realistic heir, so he entrusted the 18-year-old Sun Quan to his faithful subordinates. Initially, Sun Quan mourned his brother's death so much that he couldn't stop crying, but at Zhang Zhao 's behest, he dressed himself in military uniform and set out to visit the commanderies under his brother's control. Many of Sun Ce's subordinates thought that Sun Quan

19519-483: Was blameless and wanted to recall him from his exile, but was persuaded not to do so by his daughter Sun Luban and Sun Jun , who had supported Sun Liang's ascension. He realised that he was getting very old (69 by this point) and, at Sun Jun's recommendation, commissioned Zhuge Jin's son Zhuge Ke as the future regent for Sun Liang, even though he correctly had misgivings about how Zhuge Ke was arrogant and had overly high opinions of his own abilities. At that time virtually

19668-486: Was displeased and considered, but did not carry out, an attack against his brother. Nevertheless, Liu Cong, in fear of having to fight Cao Cao and his brother on two fronts, surrendered to Cao Cao against the advice of Liu Biao's key ally Liu Bei . Liu Bei, unwilling to submit to Cao Cao, fled south. Cao caught up to him and crushed his forces, but Liu Bei escaped with his life; he fled to Dangyang . Cao Cao took over most of Jing Province , and appeared set on finally unifying

19817-513: Was ecstatic, and appointed Gongsun Yuan the Prince of Yan and granted him the nine bestowments , and further sent a detachment of 10,000 men by sea north to assist Gongsun Yuan in his campaign against Wei, against the advice of nearly every single one of his high-level officials, particularly Zhang Zhao. Once the army arrived, however, Gongsun Yuan betrayed them, killing Sun Quan's officials Zhang Mi ( 張彌 ) and Xu Yan ( 許晏 ), whom Sun had sent to grant

19966-496: Was forced to withdraw as soon as Wei reinforcements arrived. However, later that year, he was able to increase his effective control over Jiao Province when his general Lü Dai was able to defeat the warlord Shi Hui ( 士徽 ) and end the effective independence that the Shi clan had. In addition, the several independent kingdoms in modern Cambodia , Laos , and southern Vietnam all became Wu vassals as well. The Book of Liang records

20115-468: Was given the posthumous title Emperor Wulie ( 武烈皇帝 ). Sun Jian was born in Fuchun County ( 富春縣 ), Wu Commandery , around present day Fuyang , Zhejiang . He was allegedly a descendant of Sun Tzu , the author of The Art of War . No more immediate records survive, indicating his family probably played a very small part during the Han dynasty. Even his father's name is unrecorded, although

20264-655: Was killed, he personally led his troops to attack and defeat them. Liu Bei fled south to join Liu Biao , while Gong Du and the remaining rebels dispersed. Another Yellow Turban remnant force was active in Kuaiji Commandery (around present-day Shaoxing , Zhejiang ) until Liu Zan killed its leader Wu Huan ( 吳桓 ). In the 200s, Chen Bai ( 陳敗 ) and Wan Cheng ( 萬秉 ) started a rebellion in Jiuzhen Commandery ( 九真郡 ; present-day Thanh Hóa Province , Vietnam ). In 202, they were defeated and captured by Zhu Zhi ,

20413-415: Was largely destroyed by fire. Cao Cao led his forces to escape on land, but much of the force was destroyed by Sun Quan and Liu Bei's land forces. Immediately after Cao Cao withdrew, Sun Quan took over the northern half of Jing Province . Liu Bei marched south and took over the southern half. The Sun-Liu alliance was further cemented by a marriage of Sun Quan's younger sister, Lady Sun , to Liu Bei. Zhou Yu

20562-440: Was leaked, to Sun Jian's miscalculation. When Yuan Shao, the leader of the coalition, interrogated Sun Jian, the latter swore by saying, "Should I have hid the treasure, I shall die miserably under arrows!" Under the protection by his guards, Sun Jian left Luoyang immediately. On the way to his base, Sun Jian passed through Jing Province , where the governor, Liu Biao , was asked by Yuan Shao to attack Sun Jian. Sun Jian badly lost

20711-469: Was loved by his brother Sun Ce, who said that he would put his men under Sun Quan's management in the future. In 199, Sun Quan was promoted to the rank of Colonel ( 校尉 ) and followed his brother to conquer Lujiang and Yuzhang. While Cao Cao attempted to further reinforce the alliance with Sun Ce, both Sun Quan and his younger brother Sun Yi were invited to be officials in Xuchang, but they refused. Sun Ce

20860-407: Was opposed by his son-in-law Zhu Ju (the husband of Sun Quan's daughter Sun Luyu ), but Zhu Ju's pleas not only did not help Sun He, but also resulted in his own death, as Sun Quan forced him to commit suicide. Many other officials who also opposed the move, as well as officials who had supported Sun Ba, were executed. Around this time, Sun Quan also had his generals destroy a number of levees near

21009-436: Was raided. Having distracted Hua Xiong and let Sun Jian escape, Zu Mao was chased after by Hua Xiong, so he hid himself in woods after hanging the scarf on a half-burnt pillar. When Hua Xiong found himself to be fooled, he killed Zu Mao who dashed out of his hideout to challenge him. Hua Xiong then launched an attack on Sun's army, which lasted for a whole night. Sun Jian could not resist Hua Xiong, so he called for assistance from

21158-717: Was recommended to the court by Yang Province Inspector Zhang Min. Sun Jian was consequently rewarded with a post as assistant magistrate in Guangling Commandery , and later in two counties in Xiapi . This allowed him to gather many followers. In 184, the Yellow Turban Rebellion led by Zhang Jiao broke out across the country. Sun Jian joined the general Zhu Jun to quell the rebellion in Yu Province (covering roughly present-day southern Henan and northern Anhui ). The soldiers fought hard, forcing

21307-502: Was said in the Book of Wu ( 吳書 ) by Wei Zhao that Sun Jian found one of the emperor's jade seals in a well south of Luoyang and kept it. Later, when Yuan Shu declared himself emperor, he held Sun Jian's wife Lady Wu hostage in exchange for the seal. In 191, Yuan Shu sent Sun Jian to attack Liu Biao , the Governor of Jing Province (荆州; covering present-day Hubei and Hunan ). He defeated Liu Biao's forces led by Huang Zu and pursued

21456-400: Was simply too large and too well-entrenched to be driven away. Sun Quan had no military options, so he settled on a diplomatic solution. In 217, Sun Quan allied with Cao Cao, recognising him as the legitimate representative of the Han central government. While officially this was a surrender, Cao Cao knew that Sun Quan would not be content with being treated like a subject, so he confirmed all of

21605-679: Was still a low-ranking official of the Han dynasty. He was the second son of Sun Jian and his wife Lady Wu; he had two younger full brothers, Sun Yi and Sun Kuang , and a younger full sister, whose identity is unrecorded. In 184, two years after Sun Quan was born, the Yellow Turban Rebellion led by Zhang Jue broke out across the country. Sun Jian joined the general Zhu Jun to quell the rebellion and allocated his family to stay in Shouchun . When Sun Quan's elder brother Sun Ce met Zhou Yu in 189, Sun Ce decided to take his mother Lady Wu and younger brothers to Shu County, Zhou Yu's hometown. There,

21754-459: Was still capable of making proper decisions at times. For example, in 235, when, as a sign of contempt, Wei's emperor Cao Rui offered horses to him in exchange for pearls, jade, and tortoise shells, Sun Quan ignored the implicit insult and made the exchange, reasoning that his empire needed horses much more than pearls, jade or tortoise shells. In 234, in coordination with Zhuge Liang's final northern expedition against Wei, Sun Quan personally led

21903-471: Was suspicious of Liu Bei's intentions, however, and suggested to Sun Quan that Liu be seized and put under house arrest (albeit be very well-treated) and his forces be merged into Sun's; Sun Quan, believing that Liu Bei's forces would rebel if he did that, declined. Sun Quan did agree to Zhou Yu's plans to consider attacking Liu Zhang and Zhang Lu (who controlled the modern southern Shaanxi ) to try to take over their territories, but after Zhou Yu died in 210,

22052-455: Was too young to sustain Sun Ce's domain and wanted to leave. Particularly, Li Shu, the Administrator of Lujiang, defected to Cao Cao. Sun Quan wrote a letter to Cao Cao to state Li Shu's crime then headed his troops to defeat Li Shu and regain Lujiang. Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu saw special qualities in the young man and chose to stay to serve Sun Quan. Zhang Hong , whom Sun Ce had earlier sent as

22201-613: Was young, Lü Fan had informed Sun Ce about his improper spending habits. Sun Quan understood that Lü did so only out of loyalty to Sun Ce. In 224 and 225, Cao Pi again made attacks on Wu, but each time the Wu forces were able to repel Wei's with fair ease—so easily that Cao Pi made the comment, "Heaven created the Yangtze to divide the north and south." However, Sun Quan was himself equally unsuccessful in efforts to make major attacks on Wei. After Cao Pi's death in 226, for example, Sun Quan launched an attack on Wei's Jiangxia Commandery , but

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