122-559: Sun Yat-sen ( / ˈ s ʊ n ˈ j ɑː t ˈ s ɛ n / ; traditional Chinese : 孫逸仙 ; simplified Chinese : 孙逸仙 ; pinyin : Sūn Yìxiān ; 12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925) was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and political philosopher who served as the provisional first president of the Republic of China and the first leader of the Kuomintang (KMT). Uniquely among 20th-century Chinese leaders, Sun
244-947: A pan-Asian opposition to Western imperialism . In Japan, Sun also met Mariano Ponce , a diplomat of the First Philippine Republic . During the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War , Sun helped Ponce procure weapons that had been salvaged from the Imperial Japanese Army and ship the weapons to the Philippines. By helping the Philippine Republic, Sun hoped that the Filipinos would retain their independence so that he could be sheltered in
366-471: A speech on Pan-Asianism at Kobe , Japan. For many years, it was popularly believed that Sun died of liver cancer . On 26 January 1925, Sun underwent an exploratory laparotomy at Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) to investigate a long-term illness. It was performed by the head of the Department of Surgery, Adrian S. Taylor, who stated that the procedure "revealed extensive involvement of
488-620: A 17-year-old Sun met with his childhood friend Lu Haodong at the Beiji Temple ( 北極殿 ) in Cuiheng, where villagers engaged in traditional folk healing and worshipped an effigy of the North Star God . Feeling contemptuous of these practices, Sun and Lu incurred the wrath of their fellow villagers by breaking the wooden idol; as a result, Sun's parents felt compelled to dispatch him to Hong Kong. In November 1883, Sun began attending
610-772: A Hakka satellite cable channel " Hakka TV ". In Taiwan, there are seven Hakka Chinese radio channels. In 2005, Meixian Radio and Television Station (梅縣廣播電視臺) was reorganized after the separation of the National Cultural System Reform Bureau. It is a public institution under the jurisdiction of the Meixian County Party Committee and County Government. The channel can be watched in Meizhou and surrounding area with an audience of over 4 million people. In 2012, Voice of Hong Kong (香港之聲) started broadcasting. Hakka Chinese
732-530: A UNESCO World Heritage Site . Another very popular architectural style in northern east Guangdong, such as Xingning and Meixian , is Wrapped Dragon Village (Chinese: 圍龍屋 ; pinyin: wéilóngwū ). Hakka cuisine is known for the use of preserved meats and tofu, as well as stewed and braised dishes. Some of the popular dishes are Yong Tau Foo and Lei Cha . These dishes are popular in Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Singapore. The taste profile
854-509: A certain extent in South Korea , remain virtually identical to traditional characters, with variations between the two forms largely stylistic. There has historically been a debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters . Because the simplifications are fairly systematic, it is possible to convert computer-encoded characters between the two sets, with the main issue being ambiguities in simplified representations resulting from
976-690: A friendship with Sun. Sun attended To Tsai Church ( 道濟會堂 ), founded by the London Missionary Society in 1888, while he studied medicine in Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese . Sun pictured a revolution as similar to the salvation mission of the Christian church . His conversion to Christianity was related to his revolutionary ideals and push for advancement. During the Qing-dynasty rebellion around 1888, Sun
1098-669: A gathering for a "national conference" for the Chinese people. He called for the end of warlord rules and the abolition of all unequal treaties with the Western powers . Two days later, he traveled to Beijing to discuss the future of the country despite his deteriorating health and the ongoing civil war of the warlords. Among the people whom he met was the Muslim warlord General Ma Fuxiang , who informed Sun that he would welcome Sun's leadership. On 28 November 1924 Sun traveled to Japan and gave
1220-692: A greater degree than other southern Chinese. Unlike other Han Chinese groups, the Hakkas are not named after a geographical region, e.g. a province, county or city. The Hakka people have a distinct identity from the Cantonese people . As 60% of the Hakkas in China reside in Guangdong province, and 95% of overseas Hakkas ancestral homes are in Guangdong. Hakkas from Chaoshan , Guangzhou, and Fujian may self-identify as only Chaoshanese, Cantonese and Hokkiens. It
1342-474: A long time. The group has also been referred to as the "three cooperating organizations", as well as the triads . Sun mainly used the group to leverage his overseas travels to gain further financial and resource support for his revolution. In 1895, China suffered a serious defeat during the First Sino-Japanese War . There were two types of responses. One group of intellectuals contended that
SECTION 10
#17327724863421464-540: A majestic mausoleum at the foot of Purple Mountain in Nanjing, which was completed in the spring of 1929. On 1 June 1929, Sun's remains were moved from Beijing and interred in the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum . Traditional Chinese characters Traditional Chinese characters are a standard set of Chinese character forms used to write Chinese languages . In Taiwan , the set of traditional characters
1586-534: A republican party that supported Yuan Shikai. Many revolutionary members were already alarmed by Yuan's ambitions and the northern-based Beiyang government . The Tongmenghui member Song Jiaoren quickly tried to control the assembly. He mobilized the old Tongmenghui at the core with the mergers of a number of new small parties to form a new political party, the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party, commonly abbreviated as "KMT") on 25 August 1912 at Huguang Guild Hall , Beijing. The 1912–1913 National assembly election
1708-592: A respect for family, ancestor veneration, and a commitment to both learning and the ideals of a Confucian gentleman. Finally, they carry Han Chinese surnames and use Han Chinese naming conventions. Lingnan Hakka place names indicate a long history of the Hakka being culturally Han Chinese. Like the Cantonese, they fiercely insisted on their Han identities and were principal movers of the Anti-Qing movement. However,
1830-457: A result, many Hakka men turned towards careers in the military or in public service. Hakka people built several types of tulou and peasant fortified villages in the mountainous rural parts of far western Fujian and adjacent southern Jiangxi and northern Guangdong regions. A representative sample of Fujian tulou (consisting of 10 buildings or building groups) in Fujian was inscribed in 2008 as
1952-655: A revolutionary. The same year, he delivered a speech in which he proclaimed his Three Principles of the People as the foundation of the country and the Five-Yuan Constitution as the guideline for the political system and bureaucracy. Part of the speech was made into the National Anthem of the Republic of China . On 10 November 1924, Sun traveled north to Tianjin and delivered a speech to suggest
2074-702: A total of four failed uprisings, including Huanggang uprising , Huizhou seven women lake uprising and Qinzhou uprising . In 1908, two more uprisings failed: the Qin-lian Uprising and Hekou Uprising . Because of the failures, Sun's leadership was challenged by elements from within the Tongmenghui who wished to remove him as leader. In Tokyo, members from the recently merged Restoration society raised doubts about Sun's credentials. Tao Chengzhang and Zhang Binglin publicly denounced Sun in an open leaflet, "A declaration of Sun Yat-sen's Criminal Acts by
2196-869: Is 産 (also the accepted form in Japan and Korea), while in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan the accepted form is 產 (also the accepted form in Vietnamese chữ Nôm ). The PRC tends to print material intended for people in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese in traditional characters. For example, versions of the People's Daily are printed in traditional characters, and both People's Daily and Xinhua have traditional character versions of their website available, using Big5 encoding. Mainland companies selling products in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan use traditional characters in order to communicate with consumers;
2318-531: Is a Hakka Chinese food consisting primarily of tofu that has been filled with either a ground meat mixture or fish paste. It can be eaten dry with sauce or served in a soup base. Suanpanzi is another popular Hakka dish which literally means "abacus seeds". It consists of mainly yam or tapioca beaten in to the shape of abacus beads. The dish is served with minced pork or chicken and with light seasoning. Hakka hill songs are traditionally used by hillside farmers in parts of Taiwan and China, mainly for entertainment in
2440-492: Is commonly held that the Hakkas are a subgroup of the Han Chinese that originated in the central plains. To trace their origins, a number of theories so far have been brought forth among anthropologists, linguists and historians: The theories indicating a descent from both northern and southern Han are the most likely and are together supported by multiple scientific studies into the genetics. Furthermore, research into
2562-411: Is derived from his Japanese name Kikori Nakayama ( 中山樵 ; Nakayama Kikori ), the pseudonym given to him by Tōten Miyazaki when he was in hiding in Japan. His birthplace city was renamed Zhongshan in his honour likely shortly after his death in 1925. Zhongshan is one of the few cities named after people in China and has remained the official name of the city during Communist rule. Sun Deming
SECTION 20
#17327724863422684-531: Is especially prominent in the Lingnan or Liangguang area, comprising the Cantonese -speaking provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi . Despite being partly assimilated to the Cantonese-speaking population, they retain a significant presence there. Like the other southern Han Chinese subgroups, Hakka mainly comprise Central Plains Chinese refugees fleeing social unrest, upheaval, and invasions. However,
2806-502: Is generally light, tending even towards blandness, with a preference for allowing the taste of the ingredients, especially the herbs, to emerge through any seasoning. Lei cha is a traditional Southern Chinese tea-based beverage or rice gruel that forms a part of Hakka cuisine . Ingredients include green tea, basil, sawtooth coriander, mug wort, and a kind of herb known as "Fu Yip Sum". Generally regarded as laborious and difficult to make. Usually eaten with side dishes. Yong tau foo
2928-543: Is really the Southern Chinese, because many Southern Chinese are also from Northern Asia; Hakka or non-Hakka. It is known that the earliest major waves of Hakka migration began due to the attacks of the two aforementioned tribes during the Jin dynasty (266–420) . The study of this population group is complicated by linguistic uncertainty and nomenclatural ambiguity in the historical record. The term Hakka ( 客 家 )
3050-553: Is regulated by the Ministry of Education and standardized in the Standard Form of National Characters . These forms were predominant in written Chinese until the middle of the 20th century, when various countries that use Chinese characters began standardizing simplified sets of characters, often with characters that existed before as well-known variants of the predominant forms. Simplified characters as codified by
3172-697: Is revered by both the Republic of China on Taiwan (where he is officially the " Father of the Nation ") and by the People's Republic of China (where he is officially the "Forerunner of the Revolution") for his instrumental role in the 1911 Revolution that successfully overthrew the Qing dynasty . Educated overseas, Sun is considered one of the most important leaders of modern China, but his political life featured constant struggles and frequent periods of exile. After
3294-504: Is sometimes broadly used to refer to other southern Han Chinese groups during their southward migration. Imperial census statistics did not distinguish what varieties of Chinese the population spoke. Some family genealogies also employ the term Hakka ( 客 家 ) to refer to their southward migration, even though they belonged to the earlier groups of Han Chinese settlers and did not speak a Gan-affiliated language. These clans would be properly regarded as belonging to local dialect groups due to
3416-523: Is still used for news program, radio drama program, emotional program, entertainment program and cultural program. In 1999, 3CW Chinese Radio Australia (3CW澳大利亞中文廣播電臺) was launched. It used Mandarin, Cantonese and Hakka. In 2001, Meizhou Television Station merged with Meizhou People's Broadcasting Station and was renamed Meizhou Radio and Television Station (MRT, 梅州廣播電視臺) . In 2004, the station had officially completed its establishment. In 2003, Taiwan Broadcasting System (TBS, 臺灣公共廣播電視集團) established
3538-584: Is the primary form of religious expression. One distinctively Hakka religious practice involves the worship of dragon deities. People of Hakka ancestry comprised the notable mainstay of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom , although other dialect groups also enlisted. The leader of the Xiang Army , Zeng Guofan , had a special contempt for Hakka women, referring to them as "hillbilly witches". In retaliation for killing three Hunanese officers,
3660-858: Is used on Sihai Kejia Channel. In 2019, Shenzhou Easy Radio (神州之聲) added a Hakka Chinese radio break which broadcasts to the southeast coast of mainland China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific and Japan. On Radio The Greater Bay (大灣區之聲) , Sihai Kejia Channel has also joined. In 2023, The Xuexi Qiangguo (學習強國) Platform under the supervision of the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party added automatic broadcasting in Hakka Chinese. The religious practices of Hakka people are largely similar to those of other Han Chinese. Ancestor veneration
3782-493: The Chinese Commercial News , World News , and United Daily News all use traditional characters, as do some Hong Kong–based magazines such as Yazhou Zhoukan . The Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified characters. DVDs are usually subtitled using traditional characters, influenced by media from Taiwan as well as by the two countries sharing the same DVD region , 3. With most having immigrated to
Sun Yat-sen - Misplaced Pages Continue
3904-662: The Church of Hawaii and directed by an Anglican prelate, Alfred Willis , with the language of instruction being English. At the school, the young Sun first came in contact with Christianity. Sun was later baptized in Hong Kong (on 4 May 1884) by Rev. Charles Robert Hager an American missionary of the Congregational Church of the United States ( American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions ) to his brother's disdain. The minister would also develop
4026-739: The Communist International to Guangzhou to reorganize the KMT, resulting in the brittle First United Front with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He did not live to see his party unify the country under his successor, Chiang Kai-shek , in the Northern Expedition . Now residing in Beijing, Sun died of gallbladder cancer in 1925. A vital component of Sun's legacy is his political philosophy, known as
4148-1195: The Kensiu language . Hakka The Hakka ( Chinese : 客家 ), sometimes also referred to as Hakka-speaking Chinese , or Hakka Chinese , or Hakkas , are a southern Han Chinese subgroup whose principal settlements and ancestral homes are dispersed widely across the provinces of southern China and who speak a language that is closely related to Gan , a Han Chinese dialect spoken in Jiangxi province. They are differentiated from other southern Han Chinese by their dispersed nature and tendency to occupy marginal lands and remote hilly areas. The Chinese characters for Hakka ( 客 家 ) literally mean "guest families". The Hakka have settled in Guangdong , Fujian , Jiangxi , Guangxi , Sichuan , Hunan , Zhejiang , Hainan , and Guizhou in China, as well as in Taoyuan City , Hsinchu County , Miaoli County , Pingtung County , and Kaohsiung City in Taiwan . Their presence
4270-570: The Kingdom of Hawaii , where he lived a comfortable life of modest wealth supported by his elder brother Sun Mei . During his stay in Honolulu, Sun began his education at the age of 10, attending secondary school in Hawaii. In 1878, after receiving a few years of local schooling, a 13-year-old Sun went to live with his elder brother Sun Mei , who would later make major contributions to overthrowing
4392-589: The Manchu Qing government could restore its legitimacy by successfully modernizing. Stressing that overthrowing the Manchu would result in chaos and would lead to China being carved up by imperialists, intellectuals like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao supported responding with initiatives like the Hundred Days' Reform . In another faction, Sun Yat-sen and others like Zou Rong wanted a revolution to replace
4514-480: The Ministry of Education named "Taiwanese Hakka Chinese" as one of the languages of Taiwan . Hakka culture has been largely shaped by the new environment, which they had to alter many aspects of their culture to adapt, which helped influence their architecture and cuisine. When the Hakka expanded into areas with pre-existing populations in the South, there was often little agricultural land left for them to farm. As
4636-577: The Nanyang Chinese. The Singapore chapter of the Tongmenghui was established on 6 April 1906, but some records claim the founding date to be end of 1905. The villa used by Sun was known as Wan Qing Yuan . Singapore then was the headquarters of the Tongmenghui. After founding the Tongmenghui, Sun advocated the establishment of the Chong Shing Yit Pao as the alliance's mouthpiece to promote revolutionary ideas. Later, he initiated
4758-647: The Northern Expedition against the military at the north. He established the Whampoa Military Academy near Guangzhou with Chiang Kai-shek as the commandant of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA). Other Whampoa leaders include Wang Jingwei and Hu Hanmin as political instructors. This full collaboration was called the First United Front . In 1924 Sun appointed his brother-in-law T. V. Soong to set up
4880-663: The People's Republic of China are predominantly used in mainland China , Malaysia, and Singapore. "Traditional" as such is a retronym applied to non-simplified character sets in the wake of widespread use of simplified characters. Traditional characters are commonly used in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and Macau , as well as in most overseas Chinese communities outside of Southeast Asia. As for non-Chinese languages written using Chinese characters, Japanese kanji include many simplified characters known as shinjitai standardized after World War II, sometimes distinct from their simplified Chinese counterparts . Korean hanja , still used to
5002-639: The Qing dynasty , and who financed Sun's attendance of the ʻIolani School . There, he studied English, British history , mathematics, science, and Christianity. Sun was initially unable to speak English, but quickly acquired it, received a prize for academic achievement from King Kalākaua , and graduated in 1882. He then attended Oahu College (now known as Punahou School ) for one semester. By 1883, Sun's interest in Christianity had become deeply worrisome for his brother—who, seeing his conversion as inevitable, sent Sun back to China. Upon returning to China,
Sun Yat-sen - Misplaced Pages Continue
5124-640: The Shanghainese -language character U+20C8E 𠲎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-20C8E —a composition of 伐 with the ⼝ 'MOUTH' radical—used instead of the Standard Chinese 嗎 ; 吗 . Typefaces often use the initialism TC to signify the use of traditional Chinese characters, as well as SC for simplified Chinese characters . In addition, the Noto, Italy family of typefaces, for example, also provides separate fonts for
5246-627: The Sun-Joffe Manifesto in January 1923. Sun received help from the Comintern for his acceptance of communist members into his KMT. Sun received assistance from Soviet advisor Mikhail Borodin , whom Sun described as his " Lafayette ". The Russian revolutionary and socialist leader Vladimir Lenin praised Sun and his KMT for its ideology, principles, attempts at social reformation, and fight against foreign imperialism. Sun also returned
5368-609: The Territory of Hawaii , stating that "he was born in the Hawaiian Islands on the 24th day of November, A.D. 1870." He renounced it after it served its purpose to circumvent the Chinese Exclusion Act. Official files of the United States show that Sun had United States nationality, moved to China with his family at age 4, and returned to Hawaii 10 years later. On 6 April 1904, on his first attempt to enter
5490-481: The Three Principles of the People : the peoples' independence from foreign domination, their rights, and their livelihood. He also composed the lyrics to the National Anthem of the Republic of China . Sun's genealogical name [ zh ] was Sun Deming ( Cantonese : Syūn Dāk-mìhng ; 孫德明 ). As a child, his milk name was Tai Tseung ( Dai-jeuhng ; 帝象 ). In school, the teacher gave him
5612-427: The Western Hills a few miles outside Beijing. A glass-covered steel coffin was sent by the Soviet Union to the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall at Temple of Azure Clouds as a permanent repository for the body but was ultimately declined by the family as unsuitable. The body was embalmed for preservation by Peking Union Medical College who reportedly guaranteed its preservation for 150 years. In 1926, construction began on
5734-423: The 16th century, in response to an economic boom, the Hakkas moved into hilly areas to mine for zinc and lead and also moved into the coastal plains to cultivate cash crops. After an economic downturn, many of these ventures failed, and many Hakka had to turn to pillaging to survive. Studies show extensive gene flows and a very close relationship between the Hakka and the surrounding Han Chinese populations in
5856-584: The Cantonese, the Teochew and the Hoklo people. In 1950, China Central People's Broadcasting Station recruited the first Hakka broadcaster, Zhang Guohua, based on a radius of two kilometers from the Meixian government. On April 10, 1950, the Voice of Hakka (客家之聲) started broadcasting. It broadcast nine hours of Hakka Chinese programs every day through shortwave radio and online radio, targeting countries and regions where Hakka people gather, such as Japan, Indonesia, Mauritius, Reunion Island, Australia, Hong Kong and Taiwan. In 1988, Meizhou Television Station (梅州電視臺)
5978-409: The Chinese newspaper Qun Qiang Bao all reported the cause of death as liver cancer, based on Taylor's observation. He also left a short political will ( 總理遺囑 ), penned by Wang Jingwei , which had a widespread influence in the subsequent development of the Republic of China and Taiwan . His body then was preserved in mineral oil and taken to the Temple of Azure Clouds , a Buddhist shrine in
6100-403: The Diocesan Home and Orphanage on Eastern Street (now the Diocesan Boys' School ), and from 15 April 1884 he attended The Government Central School on Gough Street (now Queen's College ), until graduating in 1886. In 1886, Sun studied medicine at the Guangzhou Boji Hospital under the Christian missionary John Glasgow Kerr . According to his book "Kidnapped in London", in 1887 Sun heard of
6222-408: The Furen Literary Society was merged with the Hong Kong chapter of the Revive China Society. Thereafter, Sun became the secretary of the newly merged Revive China Society, which Yeung Ku-wan headed as president. They disguised their activities in Hong Kong under the running of a business under the name "Kuen Hang Club" ( 乾亨行 ). A "Heaven and Earth Society" sect known as Tiandihui had been around for
SECTION 50
#17327724863426344-601: The Hakka as displaying non-Han habits and as opportunists intruding on Cantonese territory. The conflict between the two groups led to one of the largest inter-ethnic genocides in history. The Red Turban rebels, who were mostly of Cantonese ancestry, carried out a genocidal campaign against the Hakkas during a revolt against the Qing dynasty. The Cantonese Red Turbans killed 13 Hakka village chiefs and 7,630 other Hakkas while on their way to Heshan, and after conquering it, they killed another 1,320 Hakkas. The bloody Punti–Hakka Clan Wars , saw reciprocal massacres by both groups, but
6466-424: The Hakka bore the brunt of the casualties. This war eventually killed some 500,000 Hakkas (or quite possibly even more). During these killings, the Cantonese generally collaborated with the Xiang people, since both dialect groups had an axe to grind against the Hakka. In retaliation for a Hakka massacre of Cantonese people, Cantonese peasants butchered 500 Hakkas in a village located in the rural Enping county forcing
6588-412: The Hakka differed in their lifestyles and their preferred mode of habitation - living in large communal fortress-like buildings (known as tulou) instead of residing in courtyard houses (or siheyuan ). They also settled in marginal or hardscrabble hill land avoided by other Han Chinese subgroups, and in this regard, were considered similar to non-Han aborigines. They also exhibited gender egalitarianism to
6710-496: The Hakka were different in being late arrivals, moving from Central China into Southern China when the earlier groups of Han Chinese settlers in the south had already developed distinctive local identities and languages. Their migration path was also different, and they entered Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian via Jiangxi province, instead of traversing Hunan or moving along the Fujian coast. Today, substantial numbers of Hakka Chinese have migrated overseas to various countries throughout
6832-429: The Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, maintained a lifelong friendship with Sun and later wrote an early biography of him Sun wrote a book in 1897 about his detention, "Kidnapped in London." Sun traveled by way of Canada to Japan to begin his exile there. He arrived in Yokohama on 16 August 1897 and met with the Japanese politician Tōten Miyazaki . Most Japanese who actively worked with Sun were motivated by
6954-435: The Lingnan region by traversing Jiangxi and Fujian. During their journey through Jiangxi they intermarried with the Yao and She, two non-Han ethnic minorities. In Fujian, they developed the habit of living in communal fortresses. Intermarriage with aboriginal groups and the adoption of habits that diverged from the Han, such as communal fortress living, increased the Cantonese distaste for the Hakka and aroused suspicion. During
7076-405: The National government in Guangzhou and later Wuhan (1925–1927). The governments in the south were established to rival the Beiyang government in the north. Yuan Shikai had banned the KMT. The short-lived Chinese Revolutionary Party was a temporary replacement for the KMT. On 10 October 1919, Sun resurrected the KMT with the new name Chung-kuo Kuomintang , or "Nationalist Party of China." Sun
7198-451: The People's Republic of China, traditional Chinese characters are standardised according to the Table of Comparison between Standard, Traditional and Variant Chinese Characters . Dictionaries published in mainland China generally show both simplified and their traditional counterparts. There are differences between the accepted traditional forms in mainland China and elsewhere, for example the accepted traditional form of 产 in mainland China
7320-433: The Qing government. The uprising was a failure. Sun received financial support mostly from his brother, who sold most of his 12,000 acres of ranch and cattle in Hawaii. Additionally, members of his family and relatives of Sun would take refuge at the home of his brother Sun Mei at Kamaole in Kula , Maui . While in exile in London in 1896, Sun raised money for his revolutionary party and to support uprisings in China. While
7442-430: The Republic of China was created, along with a provisional constitution . Sun is credited for funding the revolutions and for keeping revolutionary spirit alive, even after a series of false starts. His successful merger of smaller revolutionary groups into a single coherent party provided a better base for those who shared revolutionary ideals. Under Sun's provisional government, several innovations were introduced, such as
SECTION 60
#17327724863427564-445: The Republic of China. China had become divided among regional military leaders. Sun saw the danger and returned to China in 1916 to advocate Chinese reunification . In 1921, he started a self-proclaimed military government in Guangzhou and was elected Grand Marshal . Between 1912 and 1927, three governments were set up in South China: the Provisional government in Nanjing (1912) , the Military government in Guangzhou (1921–1925), and
7686-416: The Revolutionaries in Southeast Asia", which was printed and distributed in reformist newspapers like Nanyang Zonghui Bao . The goal was to target Sun as a leader leading a revolt only for profiteering . The revolutionaries were polarized and split between pro-Sun and anti-Sun camps. Sun publicly fought off comments about how he had something to gain financially from the revolution. However, by 19 July 1910,
7808-405: The Study of the Hakkas (Hsin-Ning & Singapore, 1933) used genealogical sources of family clans from various southern counties, leading to the inclusion of native southern Han Chinese families into the Hakka category. Hakka Chinese is the native Chinese variety of the Hakka people. Hakka Chinese is the closest Chinese variety to Gan Chinese in terms of phonetics, with scholars studies consider
7930-445: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Xiang Army targeted Hakka villages and is estimated to have killed ~30,000 Hakkas every day during the height of the retaliation. Cantonese people have had a history of friction with Hakka, despite the both of them being Han subgroups speaking varieties of Chinese that exhibit relatively high mutual intelligibility (both dialects tracing straightforward descent from Middle Chinese). The Cantonese regarded
8052-442: The Tongmenghui headquarters had to relocate from Singapore to Penang to reduce the anti-Sun activities. It was also in Penang that Sun and his supporters would launch the first Chinese "daily" newspaper, the Kwong Wah Yit Poh , in December 1910. To sponsor more uprisings, Sun made a personal plea for financial aid at the Penang conference , held on 13 November 1910 in Malaya. The high-powered preparatory meeting of Sun's supporters
8174-419: The United States during the second half of the 19th century, Chinese Americans have long used traditional characters. When not providing both, US public notices and signs in Chinese are generally written in traditional characters, more often than in simplified characters. In the past, traditional Chinese was most often encoded on computers using the Big5 standard, which favored traditional characters. However,
8296-417: The United States, Sun Yat-sen landed in San Francisco . He was detained and faced with possible deportation. Sun, represented by the law firm of Ralston & Siddons, based in Washington DC , filed an appeal with the Commissioner-General of Immigration on 26 April 1904. On 28 April 1904, the acting secretary of the Department of Commerce and Labor in a four-page decision contained in the case file, set aside
8418-414: The Xiang Army exterminated the entire Hakka population of Wukeng and Chixi during military counter-attacks on the Hakkas in the year 1888. The army also massacred tens of thousands of other Hakkas in Guanghai, a region of Taishan, Guangdong. Many of the killings in Guanghai took place in the Dalongdong area. The Taiping rebellion caused millions of casualties on both sides. In retaliation, after defeating
8540-507: The aforementioned calendar system, and fashionable Zhongshan suits . Yuan Shikai , who was in control of the Beiyang Army , had been promised the position of president of the Republic of China if he could get the Qing court to abdicate. On 12 February 1912, the Emperor did abdicate the throne. Sun stepped down as president, and Yuan became the new provisional president in Beijing on 10 March 1912. The provisional government did not have any military forces of its own. Its control over elements of
8662-465: The beginning of the Warlord Era . In 1915, Sun wrote to the Second International , a socialist -based organization in Paris , and asked it to send a team of specialists to help China set up the world's first socialist republic. The same year, Sun received the Indian communist M.N. Roy as a guest. There were then many theories and proposals of what China could be. In the political mess, both Sun Yat-sen and Xu Shichang were announced as president of
8784-486: The book by Chung Yoon-Ngan, The Hakka Chinese: Their Origin, Folk Songs And Nursery Rhymes , that the potential Hakka origins from the Northern Han and Xiongnu and that of the indigenous Southern She and Yue tribes, "are all correct, yet none alone explain the origin of the Hakka", pointing out that the problem with DNA profiling on limited numbers of people within population pools cannot correctly ascertain who
8906-555: The country in staging another Chinese revolution. However, as the war ended in July 1902, the United States emerged victorious from a bitter three-year war against the Republic. Therefore, Sun did not have the opportunity to ally with the Philippines in his revolution in China. On 22 October 1900, Sun ordered the launch of the Huizhou Uprising to attack Huizhou and provincial authorities in Guangdong. That came five years after
9028-511: The dissemination of his revolutionary principles and ideals among Siamese Chinese in Siam . In Bangkok, Sun visited Yaowarat Road , in the city's Chinatown . On that street, Sun gave a speech claiming that Overseas Chinese were "the Mother of the Revolution." He also met the local Chinese merchant Seow Houtseng, who sent financial support to him. Sun's speech on Yaowarat Road was commemorated by
9150-728: The dynastic system with a modern nation-state in the form of a republic . The Hundred Days' reform turned out to be a failure by 1898. In the second year of the establishment of the Revive China Society, on 26 October 1895, the group planned and launched the First Guangzhou uprising against the Qing in Guangzhou . Yeung Ku-wan directed the uprising starting from Hong Kong. However, plans were leaked out, and more than 70 members, including Lu Haodong , were captured by
9272-648: The establishment of reading clubs across Singapore and Malaysia to disseminate revolutionary ideas by the lower class through public readings of newspaper stories. The United Chinese Library, founded on 8 August 1910, was one such reading club, first set up at leased property on the second floor of the Wan He Salt Traders in North Boat Quay. The first actual United Chinese Library building was built between 1908 and 1911 below Fort Canning, on 51 Armenian Street, commenced operations in 1912. The library
9394-669: The events leading up to it are unclear, Sun Yat-sen was detained at the Chinese Legation in London , where the Chinese secret service planned to smuggle him back to China to execute him for his revolutionary actions. He was released after 12 days by the efforts of James Cantlie , The Globe , The Times , and the Foreign Office , which left Sun a hero in the United Kingdom. James Cantlie, Sun's former teacher at
9516-506: The failed Guangzhou Uprising. This time, Sun appealed to the triads for help. The uprising was another failure. Miyazaki, who participated in the revolt with Sun, wrote an account of the revolutionary effort under the title "33-Year Dream" ( 三十三年之夢 ) in 1902. In 1903, Sun made a secret trip to Bangkok in which he sought funds for his cause in Southeast Asia. His loyal followers published newspapers, providing invaluable support to
9638-463: The farming fields and courting practices. They are characterized by the strong, resonating melody and voice, which echo around hills and can be heard for up to a mile around the area. Hill songs can be considered a form of communication, as its participants often use it to communicate love songs or news. Hakkapop is a genre of Hakka pop music made primarily in China, Taiwan, Malaysia and Indonesia. Historically, Hakka women did not bind their feet when
9760-748: The first Chinese central bank, the Canton Central Bank . To establish national capitalism and a banking system was a major objective for the KMT. However, Sun met opposition by the Canton Merchant Volunteers Corps Uprising against him. In February 1923, Sun made a presentation to the Students' Union in Hong Kong University and declared that the corruption of China and the peace, order, and good government of Hong Kong had turned him into
9882-415: The future Chinese republic. Both sailed for China, arriving there on 21 December 1911. On 29 December 1911, a meeting of representatives from provinces in Nanjing elected Sun as the provisional president . 1 January 1912 was set as the epoch of the new republican calendar . Li Yuanhong was made provisional vice-president, and Huang Xing became the minister of the army. A new provisional government for
10004-493: The inverse is equally true as well. In digital media, many cultural phenomena imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan into mainland China, such as music videos, karaoke videos, subtitled movies, and subtitled dramas, use traditional Chinese characters. In Hong Kong and Macau , traditional characters were retained during the colonial period, while the mainland adopted simplified characters. Simplified characters are contemporaneously used to accommodate immigrants and tourists, often from
10126-571: The justification of a Hakka conspiracy that the Jiaying group was surrendering the city to foreign control. On 27 August 1925, villages in a county belonged to the Hakka minority were attacked, Chiang's Punti (Cantonese) men and soldiers did not hesitate to rape their women and pillage their homes. Inter-ethnic hatred between the two groups also rose to a boil in Malaysia. Memories of conflict and old grudges sparked another round of conflict between
10248-535: The late Old Gan together with Hakka Chinese and the Tongtai dialect of Jianghuai Mandarin to have been the lingua franca of the Southern dynasties . Northern Hakka varieties have partial mutual intelligibility with southern Gan. Accordingly, Hakka is sometimes classified as a variety of Gan. Some studies posit that Hakka people and Gan people have close genetic relations and shared areal features . In Taiwan,
10370-522: The liver by carcinoma " and that Sun had only about ten days to live. Sun was hospitalized, and his condition was treated with radium . Sun survived the initial ten-day period, and on 18 February, against the advice of doctors, he was transferred to the KMT headquarters and treated with traditional Chinese medicine . That was also unsuccessful, and he died on 12 March, at the age of 58. Contemporary reports in The New York Times , Time , and
10492-725: The mainland. The increasing use of simplified characters has led to concern among residents regarding protecting what they see as their local heritage. Taiwan has never adopted simplified characters. The use of simplified characters in government documents and educational settings is discouraged by the government of Taiwan. Nevertheless, with sufficient context simplified characters are likely to be successfully read by those used to traditional characters, especially given some previous exposure. Many simplified characters were previously variants that had long been in some use, with systematic stroke simplifications used in folk handwriting since antiquity. Traditional characters were recognized as
10614-682: The majority of Chinese text in mainland China are simplified characters , there is no legislation prohibiting the use of traditional Chinese characters, and often traditional Chinese characters remain in use for stylistic and commercial purposes, such as in shopfront displays and advertising. Traditional Chinese characters remain ubiquitous on buildings that predate the promulgation of the current simplification scheme, such as former government buildings, religious buildings, educational institutions, and historical monuments. Traditional Chinese characters continue to be used for ceremonial, cultural, scholarly/academic research, and artistic/decorative purposes. In
10736-983: The merging of previously distinct character forms. Many Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between these character sets. Traditional characters are known by different names throughout the Chinese-speaking world. The government of Taiwan officially refers to traditional Chinese characters as 正體字 ; 正体字 ; zhèngtǐzì ; 'orthodox characters'. This term is also used outside Taiwan to distinguish standard characters, including both simplified, and traditional, from other variants and idiomatic characters . Users of traditional characters elsewhere, as well as those using simplified characters, call traditional characters 繁體字 ; 繁体字 ; fántǐzì ; 'complex characters', 老字 ; lǎozì ; 'old characters', or 全體字 ; 全体字 ; quántǐzì ; 'full characters' to distinguish them from simplified characters. Some argue that since traditional characters are often
10858-526: The military Wuchang Uprising took place and was led again by Huang Xing. The uprising expanded to the Xinhai Revolution , also known as the "Chinese Revolution", to overthrow the last emperor, Puyi . Sun had no direct involvement in it, as he was in Denver , Colorado , and had spent much of the year in the United States in search of support from Chinese Americans . That made Huang be in charge of
10980-489: The mitochondrial DNA of the Hakka indicates that the majority of their matrilineal gene pool consists of lineages prevalent in the southern Han. Clyde Kiang stated that the Hakkas' origins may also be linked with Han's ancient neighbors, the Dongyi and Xiongnu people. However, this is disputed by many scholars and Kiang's theories are considered to be false. Hakka Chinese scientist and researcher Dr. Siu-Leung Lee stated in
11102-479: The name Sun Wen ( Syūn Màhn ; 孫文 ), which was used by Sun for most of his life. Sun's courtesy name was Zaizhi ( Jai-jī ; 載之 ), and his baptized name was Rixin ( Yaht-sān ; 日新 ). While at school in British Hong Kong , he got the art name Yat-sen ( 逸仙 ; Yìxiān ). Sun Zhongshan ( Syūn Jūng-sāan ; 孫中山 , also romanized Chung Shan ), the most popular of his Chinese names in China,
11224-472: The new army that had mutinied was limited, and significant forces still had not declared against the Qing. Sun Yat-sen sent telegrams to the leaders of all provinces to request them to elect and to establish the National Assembly of the Republic of China in 1912. In May 1912, the legislative assembly moved from Nanjing to Beijing, with its 120 members divided between members of the Tongmenghui and
11346-552: The number of Tongmenghui members reached 963. Sun's notability and popularity extended beyond the Greater China region, particularly to Nanyang (Southeast Asia), where a large concentration of overseas Chinese resided in Malaya ( Malaysia and Singapore). In Singapore, he met the local Chinese merchants Teo Eng Hock ( 張永福 ), Tan Chor Nam ( 陳楚楠 ) and Lim Nee Soon ( 林義順 ), which mark the commencement of direct support from
11468-613: The official script in Singapore until 1969, when the government officially adopted Simplified characters. Traditional characters still are widely used in contexts such as in baby and corporation names, advertisements, decorations, official documents and in newspapers. The Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative in Southeast Asia regarding simplification. Although major public universities teach in simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications such as
11590-461: The opening of the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (the forerunner of the University of Hong Kong ). He immediately sought to attend, and went on to obtain a license to practice medicine from the institution in 1892; out of a class of twelve students, Sun was one of two who graduated. In the early 1880s, Sun Mei had sent his brother to ʻIolani School, which was under the supervision of
11712-694: The order of deportation and ordered the Commissioner of Immigration in San Francisco to "permit the said Sun Yat-sen to land." Sun was then freed to embark on his fundraising tour in the United States. In 1904, Sun Yat-sen came about with the goal "to expel the Tatar barbarians (specifically, the Manchu), to revive Zhonghua , to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people" ( 驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權 ). One of Sun's major legacies
11834-700: The original standard forms, they should not be called 'complex'. Conversely, there is a common objection to the description of traditional characters as 'standard', due to them not being used by a large population of Chinese speakers. Additionally, as the process of Chinese character creation often made many characters more elaborate over time, there is sometimes a hesitation to characterize them as 'traditional'. Some people refer to traditional characters as 'proper characters' ( 正字 ; zhèngzì or 正寫 ; zhèngxiě ) and to simplified characters as 簡筆字 ; 简笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'simplified-stroke characters' or 減筆字 ; 减笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'reduced-stroke characters', as
11956-489: The petition to Li but was not granted an audience. After that experience, Sun turned irrevocably toward revolution. He left China for Hawaii and founded the Revive China Society , which was committed to revolutionizing China's prosperity. It was the first Chinese nationalist revolutionary society. Members were drawn mainly from Chinese expatriates, especially from the lower social classes. The same month in 1894,
12078-414: The practice was commonplace in other parts of China. Hakka women are known for their independent nature and willingness to engage in hard work typically reserved for men in other dialect groups. This may have been driven by historical necessity rather than cultural differences, since the Hakka employed marginal hill lands which were less fertile than the river valley occupied by other Han subgroups, such as
12200-513: The praise by calling Lenin a "great man" and indicated that he wished to follow the same path as Lenin. In 1923, after having been in contact with Lenin and other Moscow communists, Sun sent representatives to study the Red Army , and in turn, the Soviets sent representatives to help reorganize the KMT at Sun's request. With the Soviets' help, Sun was able to develop the military power needed for
12322-455: The revolution that ended over 2000 years of imperial rule in China. On 12 October, when Sun learned of the successful rebellion against the Qing emperor from press reports, he returned to China from the United States and was accompanied by his closest foreign advisor, the American "General" Homer Lea , an adventurer whom Sun had met in London when they attempted to arrange British financing for
12444-495: The revolutionary Huang Xing led the Yellow Flower Mound Uprising against the Qing. The revolt failed and ended in disaster. The bodies of only 72 revolutionaries were identified of the 86 that were found. The revolutionaries are remembered as martyrs . Despite the failure of this uprising, which was due to a leak, it was successful in triggering off the trend of nation-wide revolts. On 10 October 1911,
12566-638: The south than the other Han Chinese groups. The Hakka identify as Han Chinese and genetic studies show they are principally of Han ancestry, despite a recorded history of intermarriage with minority groups such as the Yao and the She. Furthermore, the Hakka language belongs to the Sinitic group of languages, being linguistically proximate to the Gan dialect of Jiangxi. The Hakka also exhibit traditional Confucian values, such as
12688-508: The south. According to a 2009 study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics , Hakka are principally of Han Chinese descent, exhibiting an average genetic difference of 0.32% with other tested Han Chinese persons. Nonetheless, compared with other southern Han Chinese groups, the Hakka genetic profile exhibits a slight skew towards northern Han people. This is in line with their migratory history as later arrivals to
12810-549: The street later being named "Sun Yat Sen Street" or "Soi Sun Yat Sen" ( Thai : ซอยซุนยัตเซ็น ) in his honour. According to Lee Yun-ping, chairman of the Chinese historical society, Sun needed a certificate to enter the United States since the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 would have otherwise blocked him. In March 1904, while residing in Kula , Maui , Sun Yat-sen obtained a Certificate of Hawaiian Birth, issued by
12932-465: The success of the 1911 Revolution, Sun quickly resigned as president of the nascent Republic of China, relinquishing the position to the general Yuan Shikai and ultimately going into exile in Japan. He later returned to found a revolutionary government in Southern China to challenge the warlords who controlled much of the country following Yuan's death. In 1923, Sun invited representatives of
13054-660: The surviving Hakkas to flee, but these refugees, who numbered some 4,000 Hakka, were later all caught and killed by Cantonese peasants, who spared neither women nor child. Government officials mobilized officers and men from the local Cantonese peasants to regain the Guanghai area which was occupied by the Hakkas. The number of Hakkas killed was tens of thousands in the Dalongdong area of Guanghai alone. The Cantonese murdered more than 70 Hakka fellow provincials in Shanghai under
13176-413: The timing of their arrival, the language they spoke, the customs they practiced, and the route of their traversal. These families were not part of the groups of settlers today associated with the Hakka, who arrived in southern China at a much later date through Jiangxi province and who spoke a Gan-affiliated language. For example, the study by Lo Hsiang-lin , K'o-chia Yen-chiu Tao-Liu / An Introduction to
13298-583: The traditional character set used in Taiwan ( TC ) and the set used in Hong Kong ( HK ). Most Chinese-language webpages now use Unicode for their text. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends the use of the language tag zh-Hant to specify webpage content written with traditional characters. In the Japanese writing system , kyujitai are traditional forms, which were simplified to create shinjitai for standardized Japanese use following World War II. Kyūjitai are mostly congruent with
13420-985: The traditional characters in Chinese, save for minor stylistic variation. Characters that are not included in the jōyō kanji list are generally recommended to be printed in their traditional forms, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there are kokuji , which are kanji wholly created in Japan, rather than originally being borrowed from China. In the Korean writing system , hanja —replaced almost entirely by hangul in South Korea and totally replaced in North Korea —are mostly identical with their traditional counterparts, save minor stylistic variations. As with Japanese, there are autochthonous hanja, known as gukja . Traditional Chinese characters are also used by non-Chinese ethnic groups. The Maniq people living in Thailand and Malaysia use Chinese characters to write
13542-518: The ubiquitous Unicode standard gives equal weight to simplified and traditional Chinese characters, and has become by far the most popular encoding for Chinese-language text. There are various input method editors (IMEs) available for the input of Chinese characters . Many characters, often dialectical variants, are encoded in Unicode but cannot be inputted using certain IMEs, with one example being
13664-532: The words for simplified and reduced are homophonous in Standard Chinese , both pronounced as jiǎn . The modern shapes of traditional Chinese characters first appeared with the emergence of the clerical script during the Han dynasty c. 200 BCE , with the sets of forms and norms more or less stable since the Southern and Northern dynasties period c. the 5th century . Although
13786-420: The world. The Hakka arrived in southern China much later than other southern Han Chinese populations. These earlier waves of southern Han Chinese immigrants occupied the coastal areas and fertile lowlands and had already formed distinctive cultural identities and dialects. Consequently, the Hakka were forced to locate their settlements on marginal territories and relatively infertile land. The Hakka arrived in
13908-484: Was born on 12 November 1866 to Sun Dacheng and Madame Yang . His birthplace was the village of Cuiheng , Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City), Canton Province (now Guangdong ). He was of Hakka and Cantonese descent. His father owned very little land and worked as a tailor in Macau and as a journeyman and a porter. After finishing primary education and meeting childhood friend Lu Haodong , he moved to Honolulu in
14030-442: Was considered a huge success for the KMT, which won 269 of the 596 seats in the lower house and 123 of the 274 seats in the upper house. In retaliation, the KMT leader Song Jiaoren was assassinated, almost certainly by a secret order of Yuan, on 20 March 1913. The Second Revolution took place by Sun and KMT military forces trying to overthrow Yuan's forces of about 80,000 men in an armed conflict in July 1913. The revolt against Yuan
14152-548: Was founded. In 1994, Hakka Public Channel , also known as Meizhou TV-2 had started broadcasting. Hakka Chinese began to appear in television programs. In 2021, it was renamed Hakka Life Channel (客家生活頻道) . In 1991, Meizhou People's Broadcasting Station (梅州人民廣播電臺) , also known as Meizhou Wired Broadcasting Station (梅州有線廣播電臺) officially started broadcasting. Meizhou Radio News: FM94.8 or urban FM101.9. Meizhou Radio Traffic Channel: FM105.8 MHz. Meizhou Radio Private Car Channel: FM94.0 or urban FM103.9. Until now, Hakka Chinese
14274-645: Was in Hong Kong with a group of revolutionary thinkers, nicknamed the Four Bandits , at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese . In 1891, Sun met revolutionary friends in Hong Kong including Yeung Ku-wan who was the leader and founder of the Furen Literary Society . The group was spreading the idea of overthrowing the Qing. In 1894, Sun wrote an 8,000-character petition to Qing Viceroy Li Hongzhang presenting his ideas for modernizing China. He traveled to Tianjin to personally present
14396-460: Was now convinced that the only hope for a unified China lay in a military conquest from his base in the south, followed by a period of political tutelage [ zh ] , which would culminate in the transition to democracy. To hasten the conquest of China, he began a policy of active co-operation with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Sun and the Soviet Union 's Adolph Joffe signed
14518-510: Was set up as a part of the 50 reading rooms by the Chinese republicans to serve as an information station and liaison point for the revolutionaries. In 1987, the library was moved to its present site at Cantonment Road. On 1 December 1907, Sun led the Zhennanguan Uprising against the Qing at Friendship Pass , which is the border between Guangxi and Vietnam . The uprising failed after seven days of fighting. In 1907, there were
14640-735: Was subsequently held in Ipoh, Singapore, at the villa of Teh Lay Seng, the chairman of the Tungmenghui, to raise funds for the Huanghuagang Uprising , also known as the Yellow Flower Mound Uprising. The Ipoh leaders were Teh Lay Seng, Wong I Ek, Lee Guan Swee, and Lee Hau Cheong. The leaders launched a major drive for donations across the Malay Peninsula and raised HK$ 187,000. On 27 April 1911,
14762-467: Was the creation of his political philosophy of the Three Principles of the People . These Principles included the principle of nationalism (minzu, 民族 ), of democracy (minquan, 民權 ), and of welfare (minsheng, 民生 ). On 20 August 1905, Sun joined forces with revolutionary Chinese students studying in Tokyo to form the unified group Tongmenghui (United League), which sponsored uprisings in China. By 1906
14884-704: Was unsuccessful. In August 1913, Sun fled to Japan, where he later enlisted financial aid by the politician and industrialist Fusanosuke Kuhara . In 1915, Yuan proclaimed the Empire of China with himself as Emperor of China . Sun took part in the National Protection War of the Constitutional Protection Movement and also supported bandit leaders like Bai Lang during the Bai Lang Rebellion , which marked
#341658