Misplaced Pages

#345654

76-677: The riots began in Friesland ( Bergum ) and Groningen in the spring of 1748 (March 17 in Groningen and in May). Its immediate cause was perhaps the birth of William V on March 8, 1748. The houses of the landadel (great-men) and the tax-collectors were ransacked, particularly those who had not sufficiently demonstrated their loyalty to the Orangist regime. In the city of Leeuwarden 72 points for reform were put forward. Frisian skippers brought

152-539: A farm crisis during which some 20,000 Frisians emigrated to the United States . [REDACTED] Since the late Middle Ages, Friesland has been renowned for the exceptional height of its inhabitants. Even early Renaissance poet Dante Alighieri refers to the height of Frisians in his Divine Comedy when, in the canticle about Hell , he talks about the magnitude of an infernal demon by stating that "not even three tall Frieslanders, were they set one upon

228-679: A flood in 1228. When, around 800, the Scandinavian Vikings first attacked Frisia , which was still under Carolingian rule, the Frisians were released from military service on foreign territory in order to be able to defend themselves against the heathen Vikings. With their victory in the Battle of Norditi in 884 they were able to drive the Vikings permanently out of East Frisia , although it remained under constant threat. Over

304-545: A full member of the independent Dutch Republic , a federation of provincies. In economic and therefore also political importance, Friesland was next in rank to the provinces of Holland and Zeeland . In 1798, three years after the Batavian Revolution , the provincial lordship of Frisia was abolished and its territory was divided between the Eems and Oude IJssel departments. This was short-lived, however, as Frisia

380-567: A merging of Frisii , Angles , Saxons and Jutes ) repopulated the coastal regions. These Frisians consisted of tribes with loose bonds, centred on war bands but without great power. The earliest Frisian records name four social classes, the ' ethelings ( nobiles in Latin documents; adel in Dutch and German) and frilings ( vrijen in Dutch and Freien in German), who together made up

456-933: A period of six months. On Friday, June 28, two men and one woman would be hanged from the window of the Waag on the Dam. The onlooking crowd began to move in to be able to watch better, or possibly to try to free the convicted. Suddenly shooting was heard from the direction of Kalverstraat , and panic broke out. Many people were looking for shelter and jumped into the water from the Damrak. Contemporary local chronicler Braatbard suspected around two hundred men either got trampled or drowned. Friesland Friesland ( / ˈ f r iː z l ə n d / FREEZ -lənd , Dutch: [ˈfrislɑnt] ; official West Frisian : Fryslân [ˈfrislɔ̃ːn] ), historically and traditionally known as Frisia , named after

532-549: A separate identity in Roman eyes until at least 296, when they were forcibly resettled as laeti (Roman-era serfs) and thereafter disappear from recorded history. Their tentative existence in the 4th century is confirmed by archaeological discovery of a type of earthenware unique to 4th-century Frisia , called terp Tritzum , showing that an unknown number of Frisii were resettled in Flanders and Kent , likely as laeti under

608-747: A sizeable minority of the population, though Lower German is far more widespread. A half-million Frisians in the province of Friesland in the Netherlands speak West Frisian . Several thousand people in Nordfriesland and Heligoland in Germany speak a collection of North Frisian dialects. A small number of Saterland Frisian language speakers live in four villages in Lower Saxony , in the Saterland region of Cloppenburg county, just beyond

684-737: Is Arno Brok . The Provincial Council of Friesland has 43 seats. The Provincial Executive was a coalition of the Christian Democratic Appeal, the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy , the Labour Party and the Frisian National Party (FNP), until 2023 when new provincial elections saw a different composition in the provincial council. The four motorways in the province are A6 , A7 ( E22 ), A31 , and A32 . The main railway station of Friesland

760-575: Is Leeuwarden , which connects the railways Arnhem–Leeuwarden , Harlingen–Nieuweschans , and Leeuwarden–Stavoren which are all (partially) located in the province. Ameland Airport near Ballum and Drachten Airfield near Drachten are the two small general aviation airports in the province. The Royal Netherlands Air Force uses Vlieland Heliport and the Leeuwarden Air Base . Friesch Dagblad and Leeuwarder Courant are daily newspapers mainly written in Dutch. Omrop Fryslân

836-638: Is commonly divided into three sections: The people, later to be known as Frisii , began settling in Frisia in the 6th century BC. According to Pliny the Elder , in Roman times, the Frisians (or rather their close neighbours, the Chauci ) lived on terps , man-made hills. According to other sources, the Frisians lived along a broader expanse of the North Sea (or "Frisian Sea") coast. At this time, Frisia comprised

SECTION 10

#1732783144346

912-554: Is or was spoken in North Friesland , alongside the North Sea coast and on the islands of Schleswig-Holstein . The named Frisian languages are historically related to Old English , which points towards the fact that Angles and Saxons , eventually accompanied by Frisians, came from these areas. In Stellingwerf , in south-east Friesland, a dialect of Low Saxon is spoken, as is in the northeast in Kollumerpomp . In

988-613: Is situated at 53°8′N 5°49′E  /  53.133°N 5.817°E  / 53.133; 5.817 in the northwest of the Netherlands , west of the province of Groningen , northwest of Drenthe and Overijssel , north of Flevoland , northeast of the IJsselmeer and North Holland , and south of the North Sea . It is the largest province of the Netherlands if one includes areas of water; in terms of land area only, it

1064-417: Is the native language of 54.3% of the inhabitants of the province of Friesland, followed by Dutch with 34.7%, and speakers of other regional languages, most of these restricted to Friesland, with 9.7%, and in the end other foreign languages with 1.4%. Frisian speakers are traditionally underrepresented in urban areas, and predominant in the countryside. West Frisian is also spoken in a small adjacent part of

1140-611: Is the public broadcaster with radio and TV programs mainly in Frisian. Frisia Frisia is a cross-border cultural region in Northwestern Europe . Stretching along the Wadden Sea , it encompasses the north of the Netherlands and parts of northwestern Germany . Wider definitions of "Frisia" may include the island of Rem and the other Danish Wadden Sea Islands . The region is traditionally inhabited by

1216-858: Is the third-largest province. Most of Friesland is on the mainland, but it also includes a number of West Frisian Islands , including Vlieland , Terschelling , Ameland and Schiermonnikoog , which are connected to the mainland by ferry. The province's highest point is a dune at 45 metres (148 ft) above sea level, on the island of Vlieland. There are four national parks of the Netherlands located in Friesland: Schiermonnikoog , De Alde Feanen , Lauwersmeer (partially in Groningen), and Drents-Friese Wold (also partially situated in Drenthe). The ten urban areas in Friesland with

1292-495: The Afûk organization, which offers language courses and actively promotes Frisian in all sectors of society as well as the corporate domain which as a rule is dominated by Dutch and English. The province also promotes a wide range of art and entertainment in Frisian. The province is famous for its speed skaters , with mass participation in cross-country ice skating when weather conditions permit. When winters are cold enough to allow

1368-535: The Frisians , a West Germanic ethnic group. The contemporary name for the region stems from Latin Frisii , an ethnonym used for a group of ancient tribes in modern-day Northwestern Germany , possibly being a loanword of Proto-Germanic * frisaz , meaning "curly, crisp", presumably referring to the hair of the tribesmen. In some areas, the local translation of "Frisia" is used to refer to another subregion. On

1444-457: The Frisians , is a province of the Netherlands located in the country's northern part. It is situated west of Groningen , northwest of Drenthe and Overijssel , north of Flevoland , northeast of North Holland , and south of the Wadden Sea . As of January 2023, the province had a population of about 660,000, and a total area of 5,753 km (2,221 sq mi). The province is divided into 18 municipalities. The capital and seat of

1520-564: The Friso-Hollandic Wars , Frisia saw an economic downturn in the mid-14th century. Accompanied by a decline in monasteries and other communal institutions, social discord led to the emergence of untitled nobles called haadlingen ("headmen"), wealthy landowners possessing large tracts of land and fortified homes who took over the role of the judiciary as well as offering protection to their local inhabitants. Internal struggles between regional leaders resulted in bloody conflicts and

1596-717: The Great Migration . By the 8th century, ethnic Frisians also started to colonize the coastal areas North of the Eider River under Danish rule. The nascent Frisian languages were spoken all along the southern North Sea coast. Today, the whole region is sometimes referred to as Greater Frisia ( Latin : Frisia Magna ). Distant authors seem to have made little distinction between Frisians and Saxons. The Byzantine Procopius described three peoples living in Great Britain: Angles, Frisians and Britons, and

SECTION 20

#1732783144346

1672-531: The North Frisian islands , for instance, "Frisia" and "Frisians" refer to (the inhabitants of) mainland North Frisia . In Saterland Frisian, the term Fräislound specifically refers to Ostfriesland . During the French occupation of the Netherlands , the name for the Frisian department was Frise . In English, both "Frisia" and "Friesland" may be interchangeably used to refer to the region. Frisia

1748-514: The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy , the Labour Party , and the Frisian National Party forms the executive branch. The area of the province was once part of the ancient, larger region of Frisia , which gave the province its name. The land is mostly made up of grassland and it has numerous lakes . The official languages of Friesland are West Frisian and Dutch . In 1996, the Provincial Council of Friesland resolved that

1824-476: The "Free Frisians" who might bring suit at court, and the laten or liten with the slaves , who were absorbed into the laten during the Early Middle Ages , as slavery was not so much formally abolished, as evaporated. The laten were tenants of lands they did not own and might be tied to it in the manner of serfs , but in later times might buy their freedom. Under the rule of King Aldgisl ,

1900-458: The 840s, until these were expelled between 885 and 920. Recently, it has been suggested that the Vikings did not conquer Frisia, but settled peacefully in certain districts (such as the islands of Walcheren and Wieringen ), where they built simple forts and cooperated and traded with the native Frisians. One of their leaders was Rorik of Dorestad . During the 12th century Frisian noblemen and

1976-466: The Botermarkt. Pavements were broken up and stones were thrown. People ran through the houses of the taxmen, breaking open and looting everything, and throwing crates of money and expensive porcelain from the bridges into the water. 36 houses in total were looted, and three people were killed and wounded. The riots lasted until Tuesday evening. On Wednesday morning all pacht taxes were suspended for

2052-689: The Danish author of Knútsdrápa celebrating the 11th-century Canute the Great used "Frisians" as a synonym of "English". The historian and sociologist George Homans has made a case for Frisian cultural domination in East Anglia since the 5th century, pointing to distinct land-holdings arrangements in carucates (these forming vills assembled in leets ), partible inheritance patterns of common lands held in by kin, resistance to manorialism and other social institutions. Some East Anglian sources called

2128-558: The Frisian kings for good. The Franks annexed the Frisian lands between the Vlie and the Lauwers . They conquered the area east of the Lauwers in 785, when Charlemagne defeated Widukind . The Carolingians laid Frisia under the rule of grewan , a title that has been loosely related to count in its early sense of "governor" rather than " feudal overlord ". About 100,000 Dutch drowned in

2204-492: The Frisian speakers in East Friesland and North Friesland a continuous linguistic area existed between Amsterdam and the present day Danish-German border. The mutual intelligibility in reading between Dutch and Frisian is limited. A cloze test in 2005 revealed native Dutch speakers understood 31.9% of a West Frisian newspaper, 66.4% of an Afrikaans newspaper and 97.1% of a Dutch newspaper. In 2007, West Frisian

2280-462: The Frisian speaking districts. Bilingual (Dutch–Frisian) and trilingual (Dutch–English–Frisian) schools in the province of Friesland use West Frisian as a language of instruction in some lessons, besides Dutch in most other lessons and alongside them English. Literacy in Frisian however, is not often a core aim and that makes the number of Frisians speakers able to write in Frisian only 12%. The provincial government takes various initiatives to preserve

2356-514: The Frisian trade network played a significant role in maintaining regional peace during the late Middle Ages . While interpersonal violence was on the rise almost everywhere else in Europe, Northern Europe and especially Frisia managed to maintain low levels of violence due in part to its well-developed society and established rule of law , which were results of extensive trade. The Frisian coastal areas were partly occupied by Danish Vikings in

Pachtersoproer - Misplaced Pages Continue

2432-511: The Frisians came in conflict with the Frankish mayor of the palace Ebroin , over the old Roman border fortifications. Aldgisl could keep the Franks at a distance with his army. During the reign of Redbad , however, the tide turned in favour of the Franks; in 690, the Franks were victorious in the Battle of Dorestad . In 733, Charles Martel sent an army against the Frisians. The Frisian army

2508-457: The Netherlands economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €26,700 or 89% of the EU27 average in the same year. Friesland is one of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands to have its national language that is recognized as such, West Frisian . Before the 18th century, varieties of Frisian were also spoken in the provinces of North Holland and Groningen , and together with

2584-533: The Saxon leader Widukind . The Carolingians laid Frisia under the rule of grewan , a title that has been loosely related to count in its early sense of "governor" rather than " feudal overlord ". During the 7th to 10th centuries, Frisian merchants and skippers played an important part in the international luxury trade, establishing commercial districts in distant cities as Sigtuna, Hedeby, Ribe, York, London, Duisburg, Cologne, Mainz, and Worms. The establishment of

2660-471: The West Frisian language. All parents in Friesland receive, at their children's birth, information about language and multilingualism (e.g. 'taaltaske' ). To support the use of Frisian in public and at public events, the province also invests in the development of speech pathology materials and strives to create information technology devices for the West Frisian language. The Frisian government subsidizes

2736-638: The aforementioned Roman coercion. The lands of the Frisii were largely abandoned by c.  400 as a result of the conflicts of the Migration Period , climate deterioration, and the flooding caused by a rise in the sea level. The area lay empty for one or two centuries, when changing environmental and political conditions made the region habitable again. At that time, during the Migration Period, "new" Frisians (probably descended from

2812-798: The alignment of regions along two opposing parties: the Fetkeapers and Skieringers . On 21 March 1498, a small group of Skieringers from Westergo secretly met with Albert III, Duke of Saxony , the Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands , in Medemblik requesting his help. Albrecht, who had gained a reputation as a formidable military commander, accepted and soon conquered all Friesland. Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg appointed Albrecht hereditary potestate and gubernator of Friesland in 1499. In 1515, an army of haadlingen and peasants, with

2888-437: The black Frisian horse originated here. Tourism is another important source of income: the principal tourist destinations include the lakes in the southwest of the province and the islands in the Wadden Sea to the north. There are 195 windmills in the province of Friesland, out of a total of about 1200 in the entire country. The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 19.8 billion € in 2018, accounting for 2.6% of

2964-604: The blame on the authorities. After this he gathered angry peasants and some petty noblemen from Frisia and Gelderland and formed the Arumer Zwarte Hoop .The rebels received financial support from Charles II, Duke of Guelders , who claimed the Duchy of Guelders in opposition to the House of Habsburg. Charles also employed mercenaries under command of his military commander Maarten van Rossum in their support. However, when

3040-685: The boundaries of traditional East Frisia . Many Frisians speak Low Saxon dialects which have a Frisian substratum known as Friso-Saxon , especially in East Frisia, where the local dialects are called Oostfräisk ("East Frisian") or Oostfräisk Plat ( East Frisian Low Saxon ). In the provinces of Friesland and Groningen, and in North Frisia, there are also areas where Friso-Saxon dialects are predominantly spoken, such as Gronings . In West Frisia , there are West Frisian-influenced dialects of Dutch such as West Frisian Dutch and Stadsfries . While

3116-463: The centuries, whilst feudal lords reigned in the rest of Europe, no aristocratic structures emerged in Frisia. This ' Frisian freedom ' was represented abroad by redjeven who were elected from among the wealthier farmers or from elected representatives of the autonomous rural municipalities. Originally the redjeven were all judges, so-called Asega , who were appointed by the territorial lords. After significant territories were lost to Holland in

Pachtersoproer - Misplaced Pages Continue

3192-795: The city of Groningen founded the Upstalsboom League under the slogan of " Frisian freedom " to counter feudalizing tendencies . The league consisted of modern Friesland , Groningen , East Frisia , Harlingerland , Jever and Rüstringen . The Frisian districts in West Friesland West of the Zuiderzee did not participate, neither did the districts North of the Eider River along the Danish North Sea coast ( Schleswig-Holstein ). The former were occupied by

3268-515: The count of Holland in 1289, and the latter were governed by the Duke of Schleswig and the king of Denmark . The same holds true for the district of Land Wursten East of the Weser River . The Upstalsboom League was revived in the early 14th century, but it collapsed after 1337. By then, the non-Frisian city of Groningen took the lead of the independent coastal districts. The 15th century saw

3344-557: The demise of Frisian republicanism. In East Frisia , a leading nobleman from the Cirksena-family managed to defeat his competitors with the help of the Hanseatic League. In 1464 he acquired the title of count of East Frisia. The king of Denmark was successful in subduing the coastal districts North of the Eider River. The Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen remained independent until 1498. By then Friesland

3420-406: The early 16th century, the pirate and freedom fighter Pier Gerlofs Donia (Grutte Pier) challenged Saxon authority in Friesland during a prolonged guerrilla war, backed by the Duke of Guelders. He had several successes and was feared by Hollandic authorities, but he died as a farmer in 1520. According to the legend he was seven feet tall. A statue of Grutte Pier by Anne Woudwijk  [ fy ]

3496-458: The former municipality of het Bildt the Hollandic dialect of Bildts is spoken. It contains a lot of Frisian influence. In most of the cities of Leeuwarden, Town Frisian is spoken. As with Bildts, these variants are Hollandic dialects with Frisian influence. The language policy in Friesland is preservation. West Frisian is a mandatory subject in Friesland in primary and secondary schools of

3572-403: The freshwater canals to freeze hard, the province holds its traditional Elfstedentocht (Eleven cities tour), a 200-kilometre (120 mi) ice skating tour. A traditional sport is Frisian handball . Another Frisian practice is fierljeppen , a sport with some similarities to pole vaulting. A jump consists of an intense sprint to the pole ( polsstok ), jumping and grabbing it, then climbing to

3648-535: The help of mercenaries known as the Arumer Zwarte Hoop , started a fight for freedom from oppression by the Habsburg authorities. One of the leaders was Pier Gerlofs Donia , whose farm had been burned down and whose kinfolk had been killed by a marauding Landsknecht regiment . Since the regiment had been employed by the Habsburg authorities to suppress the civil war of the Fetkeapers and Skieringers , Donia put

3724-651: The history and literature department at the Fryske Akademy since 2009. However, the English-language webpage of the Friesland Provincial Council refers to the province as "Fryslân". The Frisii were among the migrating Germanic tribes that, following the breakup of Celtic Europe in the 4th century BC, settled along the North Sea. They came to control the area from roughly present-day Bremen to Bruges , and conquered many of

3800-590: The kings Aldegisel and Redbad , had its centre of power in the city of Utrecht . Its ancient customary law was drawn up as the Lex Frisionum in the late eighth century. Its end came in 734 at the Battle of the Boarn , when the Frisians were defeated by the Franks , who then conquered the western part up to the Lauwers . Frankish troops conquered the area east of the Lauwers in 785, after Charlemagne defeated

3876-423: The largest population are: The province is divided into 18 municipalities , each with local government (municipal council, mayor and aldermen). The province of Friesland, like the rest of the Netherlands, has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ). In 2023, Friesland had a population of 659,551 and a population density of 197/km (510/sq mi). The years 1880–1900 show slower population growth due to

SECTION 50

#1732783144346

3952-412: The mainland inhabitants Warnii , rather than Frisians. During the 7th and 8th centuries, Frankish chronologies mention the northern Low Countries as the kingdom of the Frisians. According to Medieval legends, this kingdom comprised the coastal seelande provinces of the Netherlands , from the Scheldt River to the Weser River and further East. Archaeological research does not confirm this idea, as

4028-444: The majority of the inhabitants. In East Frisia, the idea of "Frisian freedom" became entangled with regional sentiments as well, though the East Frisian language had been replaced by Low German dialects as early as the 15th century. In Groningen, on the other hand, Frisian sentiments faded away at the end of the 16th century. In North Frisia, regional sentiments concentrate around the surviving North Frisian dialects, which are spoken by

4104-408: The manner of serfs , but in later times might buy their freedom. The basic land-holding unit for assessment of taxes and military contributions was – according to Homans – the ploegg (cf. "plow") or teen (cf. tithing , cf. " hundred "), which, however, also passed under other local names. The teen was pledged to supply ten men for the heer , or army. Ploegg or teen formed a unit of which

4180-429: The members were collectively responsible for the performance of any of the men. The ploegg or East Frisian rott was a compact holding that originated with a single lineage or kinship, whose men in early times went to war under their chief, and devolved in medieval times into a union of neighbors rather than kith and kin. Several, often three, ploeggs were grouped into a burar , whose members controlled and adjudicated

4256-425: The news to Amsterdam . On June 17 the Botermarkt, now Rembrandtplein , called together a crowd to offer such a threat that the collectors of the butter tax saw themselves forced out of office several hours earlier than normal to conclude a peace. The riots spread rapidly to Haarlem and Leiden . On June 23 the Stadholder forbade gatherings for plays and fairs. In Amsterdam riots fully broke out on Monday June 24 at

4332-430: The official name of the province should follow the West Frisian spelling rather than the Dutch spelling, resulting in "Friesland" being replaced by "Fryslân". In 2004, the Dutch government confirmed this resolution, putting in place a three-year scheme to oversee the name change and associated cultural programme. The province of Friesland is occasionally referred to as "Frisia" by, amongst others, Hanno Brand, head of

4408-449: The other, would have matched his height". Religion in Friesland (2015) In 2015, 28.5% of the population belonged to the Protestant Church in the Netherlands , while 6.6% were Roman Catholic , 1.1% were Muslim and 6.5% belonged to other churches or faiths. Over half of the population (57.2%) identified as non-religious. Friesland is mainly an agricultural province. The black and white Frisian cattle , black and white Stabyhoun and

4484-425: The peasants' revolt, as Stadtholder to rule over the province in his stead. When Charles abdicated in 1556, Frisia was inherited by Philip II of Spain along with the rest of the Netherlands. In 1566, Frisia joined the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule. In 1577, George de Lalaing, Count of Rennenberg was appointed Stadtholder of Frisia and other provinces. A moderate, trusted by both sides, he tried to reconcile

4560-527: The petty kingdoms appear to have been rather small and short-lived. The earliest Frisian records name four social classes, the ethelings ( nobiles in Latin documents) and frilings , who together made up the "Free Frisians" who might bring suit at court, and the laten or liten with the slaves , who were absorbed into the laten during the Early Middle Ages , as slavery was not so much formally abolished, as evaporated. The laten were tenants of lands they did not own and might be tied to it in

4636-406: The present-day provinces of Friesland , Groningen , North Holland and parts of South Holland . Frisian presence during the Early Middle Ages has been documented from North-Western Flanders up to the Weser River Estuary. According to archaeological evidence, these Frisians were not the Frisians of Roman times, but the descendants of Anglo-Saxon immigrants from the German Bight , arriving during

SECTION 60

#1732783144346

4712-447: The preservation of civil liberties. Actual power, however, was usurped by the landowning gentry. Protests against aristocratic rule led to a democratic movement in the 1780s. During the late 19th and early 20th century, "Frisian freedom" became the slogan of a regionalist movement in Friesland, demanding equal rights for the Frisian language and culture within the Netherlands. The West Frisian language and its urban dialects are spoken by

4788-471: The province of Groningen . Up to the 18th century Frisian was spoken in the, at that time Prussian and Hanoverian, lordships of East Friesland ). Since then the East Frisian population switched to East Frisian ( Ostfriesisch ) , a Low German dialect. Only in some, formerly remoted, East Frisian villages ( Saterland ) a variety of historically East Frisian ( Seeltersk ) is still in use but by an older generation. A collection of dialects named North Frisian ,

4864-418: The provincial government is the city of Leeuwarden (West Frisian: Ljouwert , Liwwaddes: Liwwadde ), a city with 123,107 inhabitants. Other large municipalities in Friesland are Sneek (pop. 33,512), Heerenveen (pop. 50,257), and Smallingerland (includes town of Drachten , pop. 55,938). Since 2017, Arno Brok is the King's Commissioner in the province. A coalition of the Christian Democratic Appeal ,

4940-403: The rebels with the Crown. But in 1580, Rennenburg declared for Spain. The States of Frisia raised troops and took his strongholds of Leeuwarden, Harlingen and Stavoren. Rennenburg was deposed and Frisia became the fifth Lordship to join the rebels' Union of Utrecht . From 1580 onward, all stadtholders were members of the House of Orange-Nassau . With the Peace of Münster in 1648, Frisia became

5016-550: The smaller offshore islands. What little is known of the Frisii is provided by a few Roman accounts, most of them military. Pliny the Elder said their lands were forest-covered with tall trees growing up to the edge of the lakes. They lived by agriculture and raising cattle. In his Germania , Tacitus described all the Germanic peoples of the region as having elected kings with limited powers and influential military leaders who led by example rather than by authority. The people lived in spread-out settlements. He specifically noted

5092-436: The subdivisions of Frisia have their own regional flags, Frisia as a whole has not historically had a flag of its own. In September 2006, a flag for a united Frisia – known as the "Interfrisian Flag" – was designed by the Groep fan Auwerk . This separatist group supports the unification of Frisia as an independent country. The design was inspired by the Nordic Cross flag . The four pompeblêden (water lily leaves) represent

5168-466: The tides turned against the rebels after the Donia's death in 1520, Charles withdrew his support, without which the rebels could no longer afford to pay their mercenary army. The revolt was put to an end in 1523 and Frisia was incorporated into the Habsburg Netherlands , bringing an end to the Frisian freedom. Charles V , the Holy Roman Emperor, became the first lord of the Lordship of Frisia . He appointed Georg Schenck van Toutenburg , who had crushed

5244-403: The top while trying to control the pole's forward and lateral movements over a body of water and finishing with a graceful landing on a sand bed opposite to the starting point. Because of all the diverse skills required in fierljeppen, fierljeppers are considered to be very complete athletes with superbly developed strength and coordination. In the warmer months, many Frisians practice wadlopen ,

5320-551: The traditional art of wading across designated sections of the Wadden Sea at low tide. Friesland has lots of waterways and lake s there for Sailcontests with a Skutsje or frisian Tjalk is done during the summer on various lakes. There are currently two professional football clubs playing in Friesland: SC Cambuur from Leeuwarden (home stadium Cambuur Stadion ) active in de keuken kampioen divisie(2nd div.) and SC Heerenveen (home stadium Abe Lenstra Stadion ) active in de Eredivisie(1st div.). The King's Commissioner of Friesland

5396-444: The uses of pasturage (but not tillage) which the ploeggs held in common, and came to be in charge of roads, ditches and dikes. Twelve ploeggs made up a "long" hundred, responsible for supplying a hundred armed men, four of which made a go (cf. Gau ). Homans' ideas, which were largely based on studies now considered to be outdated, have not been followed up by Continental scholars. The 7th-century Frisian Realm (650–734) under

5472-499: The weakness of Germanic political hierarchies in reference to the Frisii, when he mentioned the names of two kings of the 1st century Frisii and added that they were kings "as far as the Germans are under kings". In the 1st century BC, the Frisii halted a Roman advance and thus managed to maintain their independence. Some or all of the Frisii may have joined into the Frankish and Saxon peoples in late Roman times, but they would retain

5548-665: Was conquered by Duke Albert of Saxony-Meissen . The city of Groningen , which had started to dominate the surrounding rural districts, surrendered to count Edzard of East Frisia in 1506. The city conveyed its remaining privileges to the Habsburg Empire in 1536. The district of Butjadingen (formerly Rüstringen) was occupied by the Count of Oldenburg in 1514, the Land Wursten by the Prince-bishop of Bremen in 1525. In

5624-577: Was erected in Kimswert in 1985. In the 1560s many Frisans joined the revolt led by William of Orange against the Habsburg monarchy. In 1577 the province of Friesland became part of the nascent Dutch Republic , as its representatives signed the Union of Utrecht . The city of Groningen was conquered by the Dutch in 1594. Since then, membership of the Dutch Republic was perceived as a guarantee for

5700-451: Was pushed back to Eastergoa . The next year the Battle of the Boarn took place. Charles ferried an army across the Almere with a fleet that enabled him to sail up to De Boarn. The Frisians were defeated in the ensuing battle, and their last king Poppo was killed. The victors began plundering and burning heathen sanctuaries. Charles Martel returned with much loot, and broke the power of

5776-667: Was revived as a department in 1802. When the Netherlands were annexed by the First French Empire in 1810, the department was in French renamed Frise . After Napoleon was defeated in 1813 and a new constitution was introduced in 1814, Friesland became a province of the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands , then of the unitary Kingdom of the Netherlands a year later. Friesland

#345654