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160-426: 8th President of Indonesia [REDACTED] Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo ( Indonesian , modern orthography : Prabowo Subianto Joyohadikusumo ; born 17 October 1951) is an Indonesian politician, businessman, and retired army general serving as the eighth president of Indonesia since 20 October 2024. He was previously the 26th minister of defense under president Joko Widodo from 2019 to 2024. Prabowo
320-412: A 5-year term. The Amended 1945 Constitution : The presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen since their birth, who has not willingly become a citizen in another nation, has not betrayed the nation, and is physically and mentally capable of performing the duties. Amended Constitution also states that further criteria will be determined by laws. The president is also required to be nominated by
480-699: A Bible in the Tontemboan language , a language of Minahasa. It was edited by M. Adriani-Gunning and J. Regar. At 93% of the population, the Minahasa Regency has one of highest proportions of Christianity in Indonesia. It has the highest density of church buildings in Indonesia, with approximately one church for every 100m road. This is due to a successful missionary campaign by European Christians in Northern Sulawesi. Minahasan cuisine
640-704: A Political Party or a coalition of Political Parties. 2017 Law No. 7 Regarding Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections The presidential candidate must: This law also stipulates that only political parties or a coalition of political parties that obtained 20% of the seats in the DPR or 25% of the total valid votes in the previous election may nominate president and vice president candidate. The Original 1945 Constitution : The presidential candidate has to be of Indonesian origin. The 1950 Provisional Constitution : The presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen aged at least 30 years old. They cannot be someone who
800-446: A Prabowo Subiantoro challenge is questionable, as – if he withdrew – he is no longer considered a presidential candidate. If he can make the challenge, according to The Jakarta Post , the gap between the two is sufficient to make such a challenge difficult. Under the presidential election law, Prabowo could face up to six years in prison and a 100 billion rupiah ($ 10 million) fine for withdrawing. Later that evening, Joko Widodo
960-754: A career in fashion design. While his son has shown little interest in politics, Prabowo Subianto is uncle to Gerindra politicians Thomas Djiwandono , Budi Djiwandono , Aryo Djojohadikusumo and Rahayu Djojohadikusumo , who will together continue the Djojohadikusumo political lineage. Prabowo Subianto enrolled in the Indonesian Military Academy (Akademi Militer Nasional) in Magelang in 1970. He graduated in 1974 with others who would gain senior leadership positions such as Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono . In 1976, Prabowo Subianto served in
1120-677: A few others established the Gerindra Party . Prabowo served as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Central Leadership Council (DPP). He was later appointed general chairman of the party after the death of the party's previous chairman Suhardi in 2014. In May 2009, Gerindra nominated Prabowo Subianto for the presidency in the 2009 elections . However, having won 26 out of 560 seats in the Indonesian parliament,
1280-572: A hoax. On 10 August 2018, Prabowo Subianto registered at the KPU office for the 2019 presidential election with Sandiaga Uno as his running mate and with the support of Gerindra, PKS, PAN, the Democratic Party and Berkarya Party . The Democratic Party had wanted Prabowo Subianto to choose Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono as his running mate. Following the election, 'quick counts' conducted at polling stations by independent institutions authorised by
1440-410: A joint Jokowi-Prabowo ticket for the 2019 election. Luhut reportedly lost his enthusiasm after Prabowo allegedly said he would want to be in charge of the military and seven seats in any new cabinet. Fadli Zon denied Luhut and Prabowo had discussed politics, claiming they merely spoke about Europe's move to limit imports of Indonesian palm oil . Gerindra official Andre Rosiade also dismissed the report as
1600-555: A lieutenant colonel, Prabowo Subianto invited Abdurrahman Wahid to his battalion headquarters in 1992 and warned him to stick to religion and to stay out of politics, or face unspecified actions if he continued to oppose the president. He later warned the intellectual Nurcholish Madjid (Cak Nur) to resign from the KIPP, the election monitoring unit set up by Goenawan Mohamad, which armed forces commander Feisal Tanjung had denounced as "obviously unconstitutional." In 2004, Prabowo Subianto
1760-623: A maximum of 10 years in office. The new president of Indonesia is Prabowo Subianto , who assumed office on 20 October 2024 . The Indonesian presidency was established during the formulation of the 1945 Constitution by the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK). The office was first filled on 18 August 1945 when Sukarno was elected by acclamation by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) because according to
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#17327828700321920-528: A member of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK) that drafted the steps for Indonesia's independence. With the pedigrees of his father and grandfather, Prabowo is the third generation of a family that has served high positions in Indonesia since its establishment in 1945. Prabowo and Titiek have a son, Didit Hediprasetyo , who lived in Boston before settling in Paris to pursue
2080-458: A military academy. One of Prabowo's role models was Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , and according to peers and observers, Prabowo was talented with a passion for stratagems and had an appetite for political power. Sumitro himself came from an elite background. His father, Margono Djojohadikusumo , was the founder of the country's first state bank Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI), the first leader of Indonesia's provisional Supreme Advisory Council (DPA), and
2240-403: A modern market was established, the capital owners of the market traders had to be willing to be disbanded due to demolition," said Prabowo. Pencak silat is one of Indonesia's traditional martial arts. The Indonesian Pencak Silat Association (IPSI) oversees the regulation of the sport in Indonesia, develops athletes, and organises tournaments. Prabowo was elected as president of IPSI in 2004 and
2400-664: A new group of people arrived in Pulisan peninsula. Owing to numerous conflicts in this area, they then moved inland and established villages surrounding a large lake. These people were therefore called Tondano, Toudano or Toulour (meaning water people). This lake is now the Tondano lake. In the following years, more groups came to Minahasa. There were: There are the nine groups in North Sulawesi which are originally differentiated ethnically and linguistically. Of these nine, only
2560-790: A non-combat role at the Armed Forces Command and General Staff College in Bandung . Following an ABRI investigation, in August 1998, the Dewan Kehormatan Perwira (Officers Council of Honor) found Prabowo guilty of "misinterpreting orders" in the kidnapping of nine anti-Suharto activists in 1998. Prabowo Subianto acknowledged responsibility for the kidnapping of the nine activists, and was discharged honorably from military service in November. He and Wiranto denied that
2720-465: A pension. Former presidents are also entitled to a house, with electricity, water, and telephone bills covered by the government. In addition to that, former presidents shall have free healthcare for their families and a car with a chauffeur . The presidents of Indonesia, as the issuer of decorations and the Grandmaster of Star Decorations ( Tanda Kehormatan Bintang ) are automatically awarded
2880-486: A permanent state of conflict. Minahasans are the most populous ethnic group in the Minahasan peninsula of North Sulawesi, a Christian -majority region in a Muslim-majority country (Indonesia). The indigenous inhabitants of Minahasa are 'Austronesian' people who are the descendants of earlier migrations from further North. Prior to contact with Europeans, people living in the Minahasan peninsula primarily had contact with
3040-464: A presidential candidate or a "king-maker" giving his support to another candidate. Prabowo's brother Hashim in March 2018 said health and logistical factors had to be considered before the party announces a presidential candidate. In April 2018, John McBeth reported Maritime Coordinating Minister Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan had held a series of meetings with Prabowo Subianto, culminating in the proposal of
3200-501: A presidential obligation to deliver accountability speeches near the end of his terms. During the speech, Suharto outlined the achievements that his administration had made and how those achievements had adhered to the GBHN set by the MPR. Despite the constitutional and democratic façade, Suharto made sure that the MPR was subservient to him. In 1969, a law was passed that required appointments to
3360-412: A promise of office before officially becoming president. The term of office is five years and after that the president can be re-elected for only one more term, whether successive or separated. The president and vice president candidate must receive over half the votes total, including at least 20% of the votes in at least half the 38 provinces to win. In the event that no ticket wins an outright victory,
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#17327828700323520-495: A result of contact with European powers from 1523 onwards. While Manado Malay bears some similarities with other varieties of Malay spoken in eastern Indonesia, it also displays many differences. It has been termed both a creole language and a dialect or variety of Malay. Minahasa Raya is the area covering Bitung City , Manado City , Tomohon City , Minahasa Regency , North Minahasa Regency , South Minahasa Regency and Southeast Minahasa Regency , which are altogether seven of
3680-610: A rival and/or seize power. Troops under Prabowo's command kidnapped and tortured at least nine democracy activists in the months before the May 1998 riots . In one testimony from Andi Arief, a former detainee told of being tortured for days in an unidentified location, allegedly a military camp where most of their time was spent blindfolded, while being forced to answer repeated questions, mainly concerning their political activities. The abuse included being punched, terrorised physically and mentally, and given electric shocks. Later, in 2009, two of
3840-464: A runoff is held between the two tickets with the first and second most votes in the first round, with the ticket that receives the most votes elected as President and Vice President. The Original 1945 Constitution : Together with the vice president, the president is elected by the MPR with the largest number of votes. The president-elect is also required to read either an oath or a promise of office before officially becoming president. The term of office
4000-575: A treaty with the Portuguese in return for a payment of 350,000 ducats. Minahasan rulers sent Supit, Pa'at and Lontoh (their statues are located in Kauditan, about 30 km to Bitung) where they made an alliance treaty with the Dutch. Together eventually gained the upper hand in 1655, built their own fortress in 1658 and expelled the last of the Portuguese a few years later. By the early 17th century
4160-531: A unique group of people among other Indonesians. And it was described that Minahasa itself is a lonely outpost of Western culture and Christianity, a bastion of loyalty to colonial power. Where Minahasan are actually the subject of a study called Stranger King theory. Religion of Minahasan people in Indonesia The Minahasan indigenous religion is Malesung with Tonaas Walian as their leader. In 1907, Firma P.W.M Trap, Leiden, Holland published
4320-510: A wise national budget. He promised to use military-style efficiency to push through chronically delayed infrastructure projects, as well as to create jobs in the archipelago's backwaters by improving agricultural productivity. Another pillar to Prabowo's platform was that he was solidly secular, and his party planned to protect the rights of minority religious groups in the Muslim-majority country. According to numerous quick counts after
4480-417: Is Indonesia's third president to have a military background after Suharto and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY). He has been described as a right-wing nationalist . He is also the first president to not have a first spouse , as well as president with the least number of children (one). Prabowo Subianto graduated from the Indonesian Military Academy (Akademi Militer Nasional) in 1970 and primarily served in
4640-412: Is a worker from East Nusa Tenggara who was sent illegally. Wilfrida was sentenced to death for killing her employer, Yeap Seok Pen, on 7 December 2010. Using his connections to President Suharto, Prabowo Subianto and his brother worked to silence journalistic and political critics in the 1990s. Hashim unsuccessfully pressured Goenawan Mohamad to sell his outspoken and banned Tempo magazine to him. As
4800-487: Is also able to seek advice from the Supreme Advisory Council (DPA). The 1950 Provisional Constitution : The president is assisted by the vice president. The Amended 1945 Constitution : If the president dies, resigns, removed, or is unable to perform their duties for any reason, they are replaced by the vice president . If the vice president becomes vacant, the president nominates two candidates and
4960-697: Is also the President of the International Pencak Silat Federation (IPSF). The Indonesian Advocacy Service for Justice and Peace (Padma) in the East Nusa Tenggara region assessed that Prabowo played a major role in the release of Wilfrida Soik from the death penalty at the Kota Bahru Court, Kelantan , Malaysia. Prabowo appointed Malaysian lawyer Tan Sri Mohammad Syafei to defend Wilfrida Soik. Wilfrida
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5120-466: Is assisted by the vice president and their ministers . The ministers are appointed and dismissed by the president. Each minister is in charge of certain government affairs. The president is also allowed to form their own advisory teams which will further be regulated by laws passed by the DPR. The Original 1945 Constitution : The president is assisted by the vice president and their ministers. The president
5280-420: Is deemed to be undesirable or has had their right to take part in elections revoked. They are also required to not be involved with any private corporations. The Amended 1945 Constitution : Together with the vice president, the president is elected directly by the people on a single ticket. Further election rules are determined by laws passed by the DPR . The president-elect is required to read either an oath or
5440-432: Is dishes usually fish or meat, cooked in spicy red chili, shallots, garlic, and tomato, while dabu-dabu is a type of condiment similar to sambal , made of chopped chilli, shallots, and green tomato mixed with a little vinegar or lime juice. Another vegetables is sayur bunga papaya , papaya flower buds sauteed with shallots, chilli and green tomato. Kabasaran is the fierce and famous Minahasan wardance which reminds of
5600-452: Is five years and after that the president can be re-elected again. The 1950 Provisional Constitution : Together with the vice president, the president is elected according to rules specified by laws. The president-elect is required to read either an oath or a promise or a statement of office before officially becoming president. The president is constitutionally required to live where the seat of Government is. Before entering his/her office,
5760-427: Is married to J. Soedradjad Djiwandono , Governor of Bank Indonesia from 1993 until 1998, whilst her sister, Maryani, was married to a French expatriate entrepreneur, Didier Lemaistre who died in 2018. Prabowo's brother, Hashim, is one of the wealthiest businessmen in Indonesia with assets across the globe from Indonesia to Europe and North America. Due to his father's political exile borne from differences with Sukarno in
5920-528: Is part of the Nusantara Energy. It controls an area of 3,400 hectares used for paper mills, employee housing, private schools, and various company facilities. Kiani has been awarded ISO 900–2005 status as one of the highest quality management companies. It is reported that Kiani Kertas has been experiencing financial difficulties, and in early 2014, workers took to the streets to demand their wages which had not been paid in five months. Prabowo Subianto
6080-679: Is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Indonesia . The president is the leader of the executive branch of the Indonesian government and the supreme commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Indonesian National Police . Since 2004 , the president and vice president have been directly elected to a five-year term, once renewable, allowing for
6240-687: Is very spicy, and can feature ingredients not typically found in other parts of Indonesia. For example, dog (RW, short for rintek wuuk , or "fine hair" in Tontemboan), cat ( tusa' , also known as eveready because of the cat logo used by the battery), forest rat, and fruit bat ( paniki ), python snake or the local called it patola are commonly eaten. Other than these exotic meats, seafoods are abundant in Manado and other port cities in North Sulawesi. Popular fish such as cakalang ( skipjack tuna ), tuna, red snapper, and tude (mackerel). Cakalang fufu ,
6400-861: The 2014 presidential election . Surveys published by the Center for Policy Studies and Strategic Development (Puskaptis) and by the Indonesian Survey Institute published on 23 February 2012 gave him the lead – but observers and activists cast doubt on the polls. In March 2012, Gerindra named Prabowo Subianto its 2014 presidential candidate. The party's slogan was then changed to Gerindra Menang Prabowo Presiden (Gerindra Wins, Prabowo Becomes President). Prabowo Subianto said he would run an investment-friendly administration if he won and that Indonesia needed more energy exploration. Furthermore, he said he had been in close contact with labour unions and believed rising worker discontent could be managed with
6560-469: The 2024 presidential election . He is running as president, together with Gibran Rakabuming Raka (the eldest son of Joko Widodo , the current President of Indonesia), as his vice-presidential candidate. Both he and Gibran registered at the KPU office on 25 October 2023 with the support of Gerindra, Golkar, PAN, PBB, the Democratic Party, Gelora Party , Indonesian Solidarity Party (PSI) and Garuda Party . Both he and Gibran's candidacies were challenged in
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6720-550: The Constitutional Court due to age requirements. In Prabowo's case, a lawsuit was filed against him due to his old age (Prabowo was 71 at the time of announcing his candidacy) and having announced his candidacy for the third time. The Supreme Court ruled to reject the lawsuit. In November 2023, Prabowo Subianto called for "rebalancing" where, in the past decades, Indonesia looked to the West; now they should learn from
6880-642: The Democratic Party (Demokrat) and Berkarya Party . His refusal to accept the result saw his followers stage protests that sparked deadly riots in Jakarta. However, after a heated contest, Prabowo Subianto joined Joko Widodo's cabinet as his minister of defense for the 2019 to 2024 period. On 10 October 2021, Gerindra announced Prabowo as their candidate in the 2024 Indonesian presidential election . On 12 August 2022, Prabowo announced that he accepted Gerindra's nomination. Prabowo declared victory in
7040-680: The Dutch East Indies the Minahasa people identified strongly with the Dutch language, culture and the Protestant faith – so strongly, in fact, that when Indonesia became independent in 1945 certain factions of political elites of the region even pleaded with the Dutch to let it become a province of the Netherlands. The centuries-old strong bond between the Minahasa and the Netherlands has recently been studied and explained using
7200-812: The Kraras massacres in East Timor. The survivors of these massacres were locked up in a concentration camp guarded by Prabowo's men, where many died of starvation and ill-treatment. Prabowo claimed he was nowhere near the Viqueque district when the massacre happened, and neither the UN nor the government of Timor Leste have ever proffered charges of human rights violations against him. Jose Manuel Tesoro writing for Asiaweek in 2000, contacted four separate non-governmental organizations including TAPOL in London; Solidamor in Jakarta;
7360-463: The MPR has to elect a new vice president out of the candidates within 60 days. If the president and the vice president dies, resigns, or are unable to perform their duties for any reason, the government will be taken over together by the minister of home affairs , minister of foreign affairs , and minister of defense . No later than 30 days after that, MPR must elect a new president and vice president from
7520-633: The Mapenduma Operation in the mountainous terrain of Papua . The goal of the operation was the release of 11 scientific researchers who had been taken hostage by the Free Papua Movement (OPM). The researchers were five Indonesians, four Britons, one Dutchman and his pregnant German wife. Two of the Indonesian male hostages were killed shortly before the rescue operation. The mission involved covert support from British Military Attache and SAS veteran Colonel Ivor Helberg. Following
7680-464: The North Sulawesi province of Indonesia , formerly known as North Celebes. The Minahasa people sometimes refer to themselves as Manado people. Although the Minahasan pre-Christian creation myth entails some form of ethnic unification, before the nineteenth century the Minahasa region was in no way unified. Instead, a number of politically independent groups (walak) existed together, often in
7840-568: The Stranger King concept. There is a considerable number of people from the Minahasa living in the Netherlands, as part of the Indo (Eurasian) community. The word 'Minahasa' is made up of the prefix ma-, the infix -in-, and the independent word esa 'one'. In English this translates as 'become one' or 'united'. The name Minahasa appears in written sources for the first time in 1789. North Sulawesi never developed any large empire. In 670,
8000-639: The 1560s the Portuguese Franciscan missionaries made some converts in Minahasa. The Spanish had already set themselves up in the Philippines and Minahasa was used to plant coffee that came from South America because of its rich soil. Manado was further developed by Spain to become the center of commerce for the Chinese traders who traded the coffee in China. With the help of native allies
8160-566: The 1945 Constitution, it did not mean that it was strictly adhered to. The MPR, which at this stage was still on a provisional basis (MPRS), was subservient to the president despite its status of the Nation's highest Governing Body. It was only in 1966, when the political tide began to turn against Sukarno that the MPRS nominally regained its rightful constitutional status. In 1967, Sukarno was forced to resign as president, and army chief of staff Suharto
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#17327828700328320-651: The 1960s, they lived in self-exile, notably in countries such as Switzerland, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and the United Kingdom. Henceforth, Prabowo and his siblings have a cosmopolitan background. During his high school years, he studied at Victoria Institution in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia. Between 1966 and 1968, the family lived in London, where Prabowo attended and graduated from the American School. Sumitro subsequently encouraged his son to attend
8480-399: The 2014 presidential election; the coalition collected 48.9% of votes and 52.1 seats in the parliament. The day before, Prabowo had picked former Coordinating Minister for Economics Hatta Rajasa as his vice-presidential running mate. On 22 July 2014, the day that the KPU was due to announce its official tally, Prabowo Subianto withdrew from the race after having insisted on his victory since
8640-753: The 9 April legislative election , Gerinda came in third place, positioning Prabowo Subianto as one of two leading presidential candidates for the election to be held 9 July, the other being Jakarta governor, Joko Widodo . On Tuesday, 20 May 2014, Golkar , along with the United Development Party (PPP), the National Mandate Party (PAN), the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), and the Crescent Star Party (PBB), officially endorsed Prabowo to run for
8800-518: The Armed Forces although any decision on this matter needs to be countersigned by the appropriate ministers and wartime control of troops has to be placed under an Armed Forces Commander. The president requires permission from the DPR to declare war and sign treaties although the president has independent power to appoint ambassadors and to accept them. The president also has the power to grant pardons. The Amended 1945 Constitution : The president
8960-588: The DPR). If the Constitutional Court decides that the president has violated the law, the DPR can motion for the MPR to convene. The president would then be given one last chance to defend himself before the MPR makes the decision whether or not the president should be impeached. The decision of the MPR to dismiss the President and/or the Vice President is made with the approval of at least 2/3 of
9120-514: The Dutch for the next 300 years although indirect government only commenced in 1870. The Dutch helped unite the linguistically diverse Minahasa confederacy, and in 1693 the Minahasa scored a decisive military victory against the Bolaang to the south. The Dutch influence flourished as the Minahasans embraced European culture and Christian religion. Missionary schools in Manado in 1881 were among
9280-554: The Dutch had toppled the Ternate sultanate, and then set about eclipsing the Spanish and Portuguese. As was the usual case in the 1640s and 50s, the Dutch colluded with local powers to throw out their European competitors. In 1677 the Dutch occupied Pulau Sangir and, two years later, the Dutch governor of Maluku, Robert Padtbrugge, visited Manado. Out of this visit came a treaty with the local Minahasan chiefs, which led to domination by
9440-702: The Dutch in Yogyakarta on 18 December 1948. Sukarno then gave a mandate for Sjafruddin Prawiranegara to form an emergency government. This was done and the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) was formed in Sumatra with Prawiranegara as its chairman. Prawiranegara handed back his mandate to Sukarno on 13 July 1949. On 17 December 1949, Sukarno was elected president of
9600-478: The Dutch. The colonial administration and Dutch missionaries undertook various policies which resulted in ethnic unification and the increased use of the Manado Malay language. Among the Minahasan heroes in the wars against Bolaang-Mongondow are: Porong, Wenas, Dumanaw and Lengkong (in the war near Lilang village), Gerungan, Korengkeng, Walalangi (near Panasen, Tondano), Wungkar, Sayow, Lumi, and Worotikan (in
9760-505: The East like China , India , Japan and South Korea . Prabowo entertained the idea of Indonesia joining BRICS if it is advantageous for Indonesia's economy, citing BRICS' nature as an economic bloc, not a geopolitical one. President of Indonesia [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The president of the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Presiden Republik Indonesia )
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#17327828700329920-427: The Government and has the power to name and remove ministers. The president has the power to create laws with the agreement of the People's Representative Council (DPR), to make Government regulations in accordance with laws, and in the case of emergencies has the power to make Government regulations in lieu of law. Militarily, the president holds supreme authority over the Army, Navy, and Air Force whilst security-wise,
10080-402: The HAK Foundation, headquartered in Dili; and the East Timor Action Network (ETAN) in New York, and they could not provide any eyewitness reports, transcripts of intercepted communications, leaked papers or anything that could substantiate Prabowo's involvement. In 1985 Prabowo Subianto attended the Advanced Infantry Officers Course at Fort Benning , in the United States for commando training. In
10240-408: The Indonesian National Army Special Force Kopassus and was assigned as the commander of Group 1 Komando Pasukan Sandhi Yudha ( Kopassandha ), which was one of the Indonesian Army's Nanggala commando units in East Timor , the former Portuguese territory that Indonesia had invaded the previous year . Prabowo, then 26 years old, was the youngest Nanggala commander. Prabowo led the mission to capture
10400-439: The KNIP made the decision to separate the role of Head of State from that of Head of Government. Although a new constitution had not been set up yet, Indonesia was now a de facto parliamentary democracy with the president as a ceremonial Head of State whose function was to ask the prime minister as the Head of the Government to form a new Cabinet. During the Indonesian National Revolution , both Sukarno and Hatta were captured by
10560-476: The KPU's manual calculation, which were announced on 25 July 2009, were not much different from the results of the quick count . Megawati and Prabowo were absent at the announcement of the official tally even though Law No. 42 of 2008 concerning Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections mandated each pair of candidates to be present in determining the official results of the presidential election. In November 2011, Prabowo Subianto announced his intention to run in
10720-409: The MPR to be made official by the president. He also took measures that largely emasculated the opposition parties. For example, he had the power to issue governmental regulations in lieu of law. Nominally, if these regulations were not approved by the House of People's Representatives (DPR, the pre-2004 legislative branch), they were considered revoked. However, given the DPR's infrequent sessions and
10880-596: The May riots revealed that violence in Jakarta was the result of an internal struggle within the military elite to become Suharto's successor. Many believed Prabowo Subianto, as Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad) commander, sought to become his father-in-law's successor and coveted the commander of the Armed Forces position held by General Wiranto, who was favoured to succeed Suharto. Together with Operations Commander for Greater Jakarta ( Panglima Komando Operasi Jakarta Raya , Pangkoops Jaya) Major General Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin, Prabowo Subianto aimed to terrorise opponents of
11040-410: The Minahasa in June 1958, but were only able to end the Permesta revolt in 1961. In March 1957, the military leaders of both southern and northern Sulawesi launched a confrontation with the central government, with demands for greater regional autonomy. They demanded more local development, a fairer share of revenue, help in suppressing the Kahar Muzakar rebellion in Southern Sulawesi, and a cabinet of
11200-555: The Minahasan peninsula. All languages belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family, and five of these (Tondano, Tombulu, Tonsea, Tontemboan, and Tonsawang) comprise the Minahasan microgroup , while three (Bantik, Toratan, and Sangir) are part of the Sangiric group. Another language (Ponosakan) is considered moribund and is part of the Gorontalo-Mongondow microgroup. The language of wider communication, Manado Malay (also known as Minahasa Malay ), contains numerous loan words from Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch -
11360-432: The Minahasans was almost complete by 1860. With the missionaries came mission schools, which meant that, as in Ambon and Roti , Western education in Minahasa started much earlier than in other parts of Indonesia. The Dutch government eventually took over some of these schools and also set up others. Because the schools taught in Dutch, the Minahasans had an early advantage in the competition for government jobs and places in
11520-765: The Nusantara Group, a conglomerate owned by Prabowo's family) to operate in the area surveyed by Ridlatama. In 2010, Ridlatama's license was revoked, effectively completing Nusantara's take over of Churchill's operations. Churchill appealed to the Supreme Court of Indonesia but lost the case. In 2012, Churchill filed a case against the government of Indonesia at the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes , demanding $ 2 billion in compensation. Indonesia argued that ICSID had no authority to arbitrate. In 2014 ICSID ruled that it had
11680-594: The President of the Republic of Indonesia : "I solemnly pledge to fulfill the duties of President (Vice President) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my capabilities and in the fairest way possible, to uphold the Constitution by all means and to execute all laws and regulations as straightforwardly as possible as well as to dedicate myself to the service of the Nation and the People." The Amended 1945 Constitution : The president has constitutional authority over
11840-417: The President of the Republic of Indonesia : "I swear by God to fulfill the duties of President (Vice President) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my capabilities and in the fairest way possible, to uphold the Constitution by all means and to execute all laws and regulations as straightforwardly as possible as well as to dedicate myself to the service of the Nation and the People." Pledge of Office of
12000-553: The President or Vice President must take an oath or affirmation in the session of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) . If the MPR is unable to hold a session, the oath or promise is made in a session of the People's Representative Council (DPR) . If the DPR is unable to hold a session, the oath or affirmation is made before the leadership of the MPR in the presence of the leadership of the Supreme Court . Oath of Office of
12160-560: The Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RIS) and presidential mandate passed to Assaat . When it became clear that RIS was going to be replaced by a unitary state , Asaat stepped down from the presidency and Sukarno once again became president on 15 August 1950. Indonesia now adopted the constitution that had been intended for RIS. Officially known as the Provisional Constitution , the document confirmed
12320-720: The Setara Institute, and the Human Rights Working Group (HRWG), combined under the Civil Society Coalition Against Forgetting, visited the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) in Jakarta on 7 May 2014 to urge the commission to re-investigate Prabowo Subianto. A 27 June 2014 report indicated that an investigative journalist, Allan Nairn , had been threatened with arrest "for revealing
12480-521: The Spanish took over the Portuguese fortress in Amurang in the 1550s, and Spanish settlers also established a fort at Manado, so that eventually Spain controlled all of the Minahasa. It was in Manado where one of the first Indo-Eurasian (Mestizo) communities in the archipelago developed during the 16th century. The first King of Manado (1630) named Muntu Untu was in fact the son of a Spanish Mestizo. Spain renounced her possessions in Minahasa by means of
12640-550: The Special Forces ( Kopassus ) until he was appointed to lead the Strategic Reserve Command ( Kostrad ) in 1998. In that same year, he was discharged from the military and subsequently banned from entering the United States for allegedly committing human rights abuses. In early 2008, Prabowo's inner circle established the Gerindra Party . In the 2009 presidential election , he ran unsuccessfully for
12800-670: The Transitional Provisions of the Constitution, "the President and the Vice President for the first time shall be elected by the PPKI." Also, the body responsible for the presidential elections, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), had not yet been formed. On 16 October 1945, Vice President Mohammad Hatta announced a vice-presidential decree which gave the Central National Committee of Indonesia (KNIP) legislative powers. On 11 November 1945,
12960-784: The archipelago, such as for instance the Java War of 1825–1830. As a large percentage of Minahasans was formally equalised to the European legal class, young men were also obliged to serve as conscripts when mandatory military service for Europeans was introduced in 1917. Older men (as off 32) were obliged to join the Home guard (Dutch: Landstorm). During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies in WWII many Menadonese soldiers were held captive as POW 's. The Japanese occupation of 1942–45
13120-459: The area was often visited by seafaring Bugis traders from South Sulawesi. The Spanish and the Portuguese, the first Europeans to arrive, landed in Minahasa via the port of Makasar, but also landed at the Sulu archipelago (off the northeast coast of Borneo ) and at the port of Manado . The abundance of natural resources in Minahasa made Manado a strategic port for European traders sailing to and from
13280-447: The authority and the case is still ongoing. In 2014, the regent of East Kutai, Isran Noor , publicly endorsed Prabowo Subianto as a presidential candidate. He also considered pressing criminal charges against Churchill, alleging that Churchill forged its license. The Indonesian Farmers' Association (HKTI) was established in 1973 to advocate for the farmers' rights. Prabowo Subianto was elected President of HKTI in 5 December 2004, and he
13440-500: The central government led jointly by Sukarno and Hatta . At least initially the ' Permesta ' (Piagam Perjuangan Semesta Alam) rebellion was a reformist rather than a separatist movement. Negotiations between the central government and the Sulawesi military leaders prevented violence in southern Sulawesi, but the Minahasan leaders were dissatisfied with the agreements and the movement split. Inspired, perhaps, by fears of domination by
13600-642: The central government to seek military support from southern Sulawesi. Permesta forces were driven out of central Sulawesi, Gorontalo , Sangir island and from Morotai in Maluku (from whose airfield the rebels had hoped to fly bombing raids on Jakarta). The rebels' few planes (supplied by the US and flown by Filipino , Taiwanese and US pilots) were destroyed. US policy shifted, favoring Jakarta, and in June 1958 central government troops landed in Minahasa. The Permesta rebellion
13760-587: The colonial army. Minahasans remain among the educated elite today. A relatively large number of Minahasans pursued professional military careers in the colonial army (KNIL). Next to the South Moluccan Ambonese, the Minahasa Menadonese were also considered a martial race and therefore particularly competent and trustworthy as soldiers. As KNIL soldiers the Minahasans fought alongside the Dutch to subdue rebellions in other parts of
13920-543: The commander of the Army Strategic Reserves, given his marching orders. As a 2014 presidential candidate , Prabowo's past came under renewed scrutiny, with many organizations calling for him to step down. On 19 April, he was criticized by a poet made by Fahmi Habcyi which linked him to the disappearance of Widji Thukul and urged him to return Thukul as his wife is devastated hoping for her husband to return. A coalition, which consisted of Imparsial, Kontras,
14080-407: The community were made democratically. Owing to the virtual equality in birth a person's rise in status was mainly dependent on personal achievements and the expression of personal virtues. Leadership positions and higher status were acquired via two main mechanisms: the deployment of wealth and the show of bravery. The first was achieved via 'status selematans', ceremonial feasts called foso , and
14240-400: The current Tonderukan hill). That meeting was called Pinawetengan u-nuwu (dividing of language) or Pinawetengan um-posan (dividing of ritual). At that meeting the descendants were divided into three groups named Tonsea, Tombulu, and Tontemboan corresponding to the groups mentioned above. At the place where this meeting took place a memorial stone called Watu Pinabetengan (Stone of Dividing)
14400-417: The deployment of wealth, bravery, obstinacy and the eloquence of verbal resistance are important to social mobility in the Minahasa. Minhasa dead were buried in waruga , a type of sarcophagus , until the practice was outlawed by the Dutch. Although after the Dutch came to Minahasa and after the treaty of 1699 between the Dutch and the Minahasan people, most Minahasan people. especially the upperclass and
14560-482: The discharge was a result of disciplinary action. Later he went into voluntary exile in Jordan where he knew that country's new young King Abdullah as a fellow commander of special forces. In an interview with Asiaweek magazine in 2000, Prabowo Subianto said "I never threatened Habibie. I was not behind the riots. That is a great lie. I never betrayed Suharto. I never betrayed Habibie. I never betrayed my country. There
14720-498: The early 1990s, as the commander of Kopassus Group 3, the now Major General Prabowo attempted to crush the East Timorese independence movement by using irregular troops (hooded "ninja" gangs dressed in black and operating at night) and, in main towns and villages, militias trained and directed by Kopassus commanders. Human rights abuses rose. The Army's 1997 campaign was called Operation Eradicate. In 1996, Prabowo Subianto led
14880-526: The election on 14 February, as early unofficial polling showed him with a lead in the first round of voting. On 20 March, the General Election Commission (KPU) certified the results and declared him as the president-elect of Indonesia. The Constitutional Court (MK) confirmed his status on 22 April 2024. Prabowo was sworn in as the 8th President of Indonesia on 20 October 2024. Prabowo's father, Sumitro Djojohadikusumo (1917–2001),
15040-594: The election result. On 14 July 2019, Prabowo finally conceded to Jokowi in a train ride at Jakarta MRT , congratulated Jokowi and apologized for criticizing him during the campaign trail much to the criticism of his upset supporters who expressed that Prabowo should remain as part of the opposition. His own party Gerindra eventually joined Jokowi's Onward Indonesia Coalition on 21 October 2019 with Prabowo himself appointed Minister of Defense on 23 October 2019, therefore joining Jokowi's cabinet. On 7 January 2023, Prabowo Subianto launched his third presidential campaign for
15200-490: The elite, who are not yet ready to accept losing." On 21 August 2014, the Indonesian Constitutional Court rejected his claim of fraud, confirming his election loss. On 12 April 2018, Prabowo Subianto announced he would contest the 2019 presidential election if he could obtain sufficient support from other political parties. Indonesian media had speculated on whether Prabowo Subianto would become
15360-504: The fact-finding team suspected that, on the night of 14 May, Prabowo Subianto met with several Armed Forces and prominent civilian figures at the Kostrad headquarters to discuss organization of the violence. However, this was later refuted by several people who attended the meeting, including prominent human rights lawyer Adnan Buyung Nasution and Joint Fact-Finding Team member, Bambang Widjojanto . Further testimonies by Prabowo Subianto in
15520-550: The fifteen regional administrations in the province of North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Historically, the Minahasa region was located within the sphere of influence of the Ternate Sultanate . The links with the Ternate people are evidenced by lexical borrowings from the Ternate language ; moreover, Manado Malay originates from North Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay). The Minahasa people, however, resisted Islamization. In
15680-408: The first attempts at mass education in Indonesia, giving their graduates a considerable edge in gaining civil service, military and other positions of influence. Relations with the Dutch were often less than cordial (a war was fought around Tondano between 1807 and 1809) and the region did not actually come under direct Dutch rule until 1870. The Dutch and the Minahasans eventually became so close that
15840-481: The first day of the May 1998 riots , Prabowo Subianto urged the commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (ABRI), General Wiranto , to let him bring his Strategic Reserve units from outside Jakarta into the city to help restore order. Hundreds of men trained by Kopassus (Prabowo's former command) were flown from Dili to Yogyakarta in chartered planes, and then on to Jakarta by train. Prabowo Subianto publicly urged Indonesians to join him to fight "traitors to
16000-503: The first five are of Minahasan descent: The first recorded use of the term Minahasa occurs in a treaty with the Dutch signed in 1790. A common misconception is that the unity among different ethnic groups arose as a result of a historical alliance to fight the Bolaang-Mongondow kingdom. However, the creation of Minahasan unity was in fact almost exclusively the product of the colonisation and Christian conversion enacted by
16160-409: The first president who had to beat another candidate to be elected, as Sukarno and Suharto had been sole candidates. As a result of this, Wahid was also the first president to be elected through counting votes instead of by acclamation. However, Wahid was impeached and removed from office by the MPR. This was a clear sign that while the presidency is the key institution, the MPR was now truly a check on
16320-722: The following day, announced Wiranto's appointment as Minister of Defense and Security as well as Commander of the Indonesian National Army , which resulted in Prabowo's dismissal. There are two versions of how this happened: the first version states that a furious Prabowo Subianto went to the Presidential Palace carrying a gun and a truck with his Kostrad troops. Because he was prevented from entering Habibie's office, he went to Suharto, who instead reprimanded him. Meanwhile, another version states that Prabowo
16480-490: The formal colonisation of the Dutch East Indies did the state of permanent internal warfare and the practice of headhunting subside. The province of North Sulawesi was the location of one of the first southward Austronesian migrations patterns in the late third and second millennia BC. The generally-accepted hypothesis is that the Austronesian people originally inhabited Taiwan, before migrating and colonising areas in
16640-530: The former general's role in human rights abuses." During the 2024 presidential debate on 12 December 2023, Prabowo admitted implicitly that he had Budiman Sudjatmiko kidnapped, a violation of human rights, later Sudjatmiko had become one of his spokesperson. Prior to the debate, Prabowo also admitted to Sudjatmiko, that he had released all activists he had kidnapped but didn't know of their later fates after released. Explaining his decision, Budiman claimed people changed after 25 years, both him and Prabowo "moved to
16800-426: The government and has the power to name and remove ministers. The president has the right to propose bills to DPR , to discuss bills with the DPR to reach an agreement, make government regulations in accordance with laws, and in the case of emergencies has the power to make Government regulations in lieu of law. Militarily, the president holds supreme authority over the Indonesian National Armed Forces . Diplomatically,
16960-424: The government and to show that Wiranto was "an incompetent commander who could not control disorder". During August and September, the fact-finding team interviewed Prabowo Subianto, Sjafrie, and other military commanders regarding their movements during the Jakarta riots. Prabowo Subianto asserted that he was unsure of the precise movements of military forces in the capital and deferred to Sjafrie. In its final report,
17120-426: The government indicated Jokowi had won by a margin of about 10%, but Prabowo Subianto claimed victory, insisting a real count by his side showed he received 62% of the vote. His unsubstantiated claims of widespread cheating prompted his supporters to stage protests in Jakarta, resulting in riots that left eight people dead and 737 injured. The Constitutional Court in June 2019 unanimously rejected Prabowo's appeal against
17280-466: The highest class of all civilian and military Star Decorations. Currently there are 14 decorations which will be bestowed upon them soon after taking office, namely: The most recent presidential election was held in 2024 where Prabowo Subianto and his running mate Gibran Rakabuming Raka defeated Anies Baswedan and Ganjar Pranowo with 58.6% of the vote. Minahasan people The Minahasans or Minahassa are an indigenous ethnic group from
17440-477: The hostage transfer, Kopassus under Prabowo Subianto began a reprisal campaign against villages perceived to support OPM, in one incident at Geselema village attacking the villagers with a military helicopter disguised as a Red Cross helicopter. On 20 March 1998, Prabowo Subianto was appointed head of the 27,000-strong Army Strategic Reserve Command ( Kostrad ), that Suharto had commanded in 1965. Less than three months after his appointment as head of Kostrad , on
17600-471: The implementation of " Guided Democracy ," in which decisions would be made after lengthy deliberation with a view toward achieving a consensus under presidential "guidance." The rest of the decade saw a series of unstable governments. Taking advantage of the situation, Sukarno made a speech in April 1959 and suggested that Indonesia return to the 1945 Constitution. The People reacted enthusiastically and there
17760-410: The initial quick counts were released, although the majority showed Jokowi ahead. He attributed this withdrawal to Indonesia "failing in its duty to democracy" because of "massive cheating that is structured and systematic," and stated that he and Hatta "exercise our constitutional right to reject the presidential election and declare it unconstitutional". His speech, aired live, implied he would challenge
17920-530: The latter originally via successful headhunting . Headhunting helped the warrior gain a religious concept called keter , which is similar to the Malay term semangat and means 'soul/spirit substance'. This spiritual and physical force is expressed as courage, eloquence, virility and fertility. Even without the actual practice of headhunting and other old traditions and customs these core elements of original Minahasa culture are still held in high regard. To this day
18080-422: The leaders of the different tribes, who all spoke different languages, met by a stone known as Watu Pinawetengan. There they founded a community of independent states, who would form one unit and stay together and would fight any outside enemies if they were attacked. Until well into the 19th century, the Minahasa was made up of rivaling warrior societies that practiced headhunting. Only during 'Pax Neerlandica' of
18240-517: The members of the MPR who are present at the session which is attended by at least 3/4 of all members of the MPR (at least 50% of the total members of the MPR). The Original 1945 Constitution : If the president dies, resigns, or is unable to perform their duties for any reason, they are replaced by the vice president. The 1950 Provisional Constitution : If the president dies, resigns, or is unable to perform their duties for any reason, they are replaced by
18400-534: The middle." Maria Catarina Sumarsih , whose son was shot dead during the Semanggi shootings on 13 November 1998, said that Prabowo was responsible for the tragedy. After being discharged from the military, Prabowo Subianto joined his brother Hashim Djojohadikusumo's business. He purchased Kiani Kertas, a paper pulp and plantation company based in Mangkajang, East Kalimantan . Prior to Prabowo's purchase, Kiani
18560-414: The nation". On the morning of 14 May, Kopassus troops escorted young thugs from Lampung in southern Sumatera into the capital. Thus Prabowo Subianto was accused of using his contacts in his former command to import and create trouble, while Wiranto had declined to give Prabowo's current command, Kostrad, permission to quell the existing trouble, in line with classic Javanese tactic to stir chaos to discredit
18720-577: The near-total dominance of the pro-government political grouping, Golkar , such approval was a mere formality. Thus, for all intents and purposes, Suharto ruled by decree for most of his tenure. For the better part of Suharto's rule, he effectively held all governing power in the nation. Suharto fell from power in 21 May 1998 and the presidency experienced changes as a result of the reform movement. Compared to Suharto, who had all of his accountability speeches accepted, B. J. Habibie had his only accountability speech rejected. Abdurrahman Wahid then became
18880-558: The new province of North Sulawesi as enacted by the People's Representative Council, ending a long dream of a province of their own for the Minahasa. After the fall of New Order , the Indonesian government under B.J. Habibie has adopted policies to strengthen local autonomy, the very idea that Permesta fought for. Ancient Minahasa society was both competitive and egalitarian. Important walian (religious shaman ) were often female and Minahasa culture does not show any particular discrimination against women. Important decisions concerning
19040-422: The nine men were candidates for Gerindra , Prabowo's political party, and another served as his media adviser. By 2024, six out of the nine kidnapped (including Arief) have either worked for Prabowo, or backed him for the presidency. Prabowo Subianto was also suspected of organising the kidnappings of another 13 activists (all of whom remain "missing") between February 1997 and May 1998. Later investigations into
19200-529: The north was often referred to as the 12th province of the Netherlands. A Manado – based political movement called Twaalfde Provincie even campaigned for Minahasa's integration into the Dutch state in 1947. Portuguese activity apart, Christianity became a force in the early 1820s when a Calvinist group, the Netherlands Missionary Society, turned from an almost exclusive interest in Maluku to the Minahasa area. The wholesale conversion of
19360-713: The northern Philippines, the southern Philippines, Borneo, and Sulawesi before splitting into separate groups, with one heading west to Java, Sumatra, and Malaya, while the other moved east towards Oceania. According to Minahasa mythology the Minahasans are descendants of Toar and Lumimuut . Initially, the descendants of Toar-Lumimuut were divided into three groups: Makatelu-pitu (three times seven), Makarua-siouw (two times nine) and Pasiowan-Telu (nine times three). They multiplied quickly. But soon there were disputes among these people. Their leaders named Tona'as then decided to meet and talk about this. They met in Awuan (north of
19520-468: The ones living in Manado , slowly adopted European and Dutch culture and heavily westernized. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Minahasan people had completely adopted a more European culture, clothing and lifestyle until the revival of ancient Minahasan culture in the late 20th century. Although even until today there are some Minahasan who are more Dutch or European cultured. This makes the Minahasan people
19680-523: The party did not have the required numbers, and Prabowo Subianto ran as a vice-presidential candidate to Megawati Sukarnoputri , daughter of Indonesia's first president Sukarno . Prabowo and Megawati signed the Batu Tulis Agreement, which stated that: The pair, referred to colloquially by the Indonesian media as Mega–Pro , earned 27% of the vote and lost to Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and his running mate, economist Boediono . The results of
19840-567: The people of North Maluku and with Chinese and Malay traders from within the Indonesian archipelago. From the 1500s onwards, the region had contact with the Portuguese and Spanish . Ultimately, however, it was the Dutch who colonized the region; firstly through the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and, from 1817 onwards, through the administration of the Dutch nation state. There are nine languages that are indigenous to
20000-458: The power to name cabinets and appoint the prime minister with the advice of formateurs. The president is able to remove ministers from office and has the right to be informed of important matters by the Council of Ministers. As the head of state, the president has the power to dissolve the DPR and order for an election to be held within 30 days. Militarily, the president holds supreme authority over
20160-421: The presidency about with numerous checks and balances to prevent another president from completely dominating the system. For example, the president was limited to two terms, whether successive or separated. He also lost the right to legislate, but could propose legislation. In 2004 election , Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono became Indonesia's first directly elected president, beating incumbent Megawati Sukarnoputri in
20320-512: The president can only sign treaties, rehabilitate prisoners, and appoint Judicial Committee members with the DPR's agreement. The President can only appoint ambassadors and accept ambassadors from other countries by taking into account the DPR's considerations. The president has the power to grant pardons but must consider the advice of the Supreme Court . The president also has the final say over chief justice candidates. The Original 1945 Constitution : The president has constitutional authority over
20480-456: The president has the power to declare a State of Emergency. Diplomatically, the president, with the agreement of the DPR, has the power to declare war, peace, and to sign treaties. In addition, the president appoints ambassadors and consuls as well as accepting ambassadors from other countries. Finally, the president has power to give amnesties and pardons as well as awarding titles and honours. The 1950 Provisional Constitution : The president has
20640-495: The president's power. Wahid was replaced by his vice president, Megawati Sukarnoputri , daughter of Sukarno and former opposition leader during Suharto's presidency. Megawati is the first and, so far, only female ever to become President of Indonesia. During the 2001 MPR Annual Session, it was finally decided that from 2004 onwards, the president will directly be elected by the people. In response to Sukarno and Suharto's abuses of power, other amendments passed at that session hedged
20800-429: The president's role as the head of state, but limited him to a mostly ceremonial role. He appointed a prime minister on the advice of formateurs. Despite his limited constitutional role, Sukarno commanded great moral authority. Nonetheless, he was never content with the role of ceremonial head of State, and grew increasingly disenchanted with western-style parliamentary democracy. In the early 1950s, he began calling for
20960-607: The republic. A contra-revolution such as the Republik Maluku Selatan one in the Moluccas was averted. As the young republic lurched from crisis to crisis, Jakarta 's monopoly over the copra trade seriously weakened Minahasa's economy. As in Sumatra , there was a general feeling that the central government was inefficient, development was stagnating and money was being plugged into Java . Circumstances favored
21120-400: The requirements to be president, the DPR can ask the Constitutional Court to look into the matter, during which it has 90 days to make a decision. The DPR's request to the Constitutional Court can only be made with the support of 2/3 of the total number of DPR members who are present at the session which is attended by at least 2/3 of the DPR's members (At least 44.44% of the total members of
21280-494: The results in the Constitutional Court . Later reports indicated confusion over whether Prabowo Subianto had resigned from the election or simply rejected the count. According to Douglas Ramage of the Jakarta-based Bower's Asia Group, this was the first time since Reformasi began in 1998 that the legitimacy of an election was questioned; he declared the country was entering "uncharted territory." The legality of
21440-578: The runoff election. He was re-elected in 2009 . In 2014, Yudhoyono finished his second presidential term and was barred from seeking re-election. The 3rd Indonesian presidential election was held on 9 July 2014 and matched former general and Suharto's ex-son in law Prabowo Subianto against the governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo . On 22 July the General Elections Commission announced Joko Widodo's victory. He and his vice president, Jusuf Kalla , were sworn in on 20 October 2014, for
21600-420: The smoked skipjack tuna is a popular dish of Bitung fishing town. The provincial capital Manado is often referred to as Kota Tinutuan , in reference to a popular local dish: a rice porridge made with corn, smoked fish, greens, and chilies. Known outside the province as Bubur Manado , tinutuan is supposed to improve health and vitality. Another popular minahasan cuisine is rica-rica and dabu-dabu. Rica-rica
21760-463: The south, the Minahasan leaders declared their own autonomous state of North Sulawesi in June 1957. By this time the central government had the situation in southern Sulawesi pretty much under control but in the north they had no strong local figure to rely upon and there were rumors that the United States, suspected of supplying arms to rebels in Sumatra, was also in contact with the Minahasan leaders. The possibility of foreign intervention finally drove
21920-440: The spice island of Maluku . Although they had sporadic contacts with Minahasa, the Spanish and Portuguese influence was limited by the power of the Ternate sultanate. The Portuguese and Spaniards left reminders of their presence in the north in subtle ways. Portuguese surnames and various Portuguese words not found elsewhere in Indonesia, like garrida for an enticing woman and buraco for a bad man, can still be found in Minahasa. In
22080-456: The spread of communism . Illegal exports flourished and in June 1956 Jakarta ordered the closure of Manado port, the busiest smuggling port in the republic. Local leaders refused and Jakarta backed down. Soon Permesta rebels confronted the central government with demands for political, economic and regional reform. Jakarta responded by bombing Menado city in February 1958, and then invading
22240-482: The two pairs of candidates nominated by the political party or coalition of political parties whose candidates were the winner and the runner-up in the previous presidential election. Under the amended constitution, the president (also vice president) can now be impeached and removed from office. If the president is viewed to have violated the law in the form of treason against the state, corruption, bribery, other serious crimes, or disgraceful acts, and/or no longer meets
22400-420: The vice presidency as Megawati Sukarnoputri 's running mate. He contested the 2014 presidential election and was defeated by Jakarta Governor Joko Widodo , which he initially disputed. He made another unsuccessful run for the presidency in 2019 against Joko Widodo, with Sandiaga Uno as his running mate and with the support of Gerindra, the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), the National Mandate Party (PAN),
22560-478: The vice president of Fretilin , who was the first Prime Minister of East Timor , Nicolau dos Reis Lobato . Guiding Prabowo Subianto was Antonio Lobato – Nicolau's younger brother. On 31 December 1978, Prabowo's company found and fatally shot Nicolau in the stomach as he was being escorted in Maubisse , fifty kilometres south of Dili . It was claimed, in 1983, Prabowo commanded the special forces responsible for
22720-437: The vice president. Although there is no article about president (and vice president) impeachment in the original 1945 Constitution, Sukarno and Abdurrahman Wahid were still impeached in 1967 and 2001. Article on the impeachment of the president and vice president were made after the impeachment of Abdurrahman Wahid in the 3rd amendment to the Constitution. Law No.7 of 1978 stipulates that former presidents are entitled to
22880-527: The war along Amurang Bay). Until the dominance of Dutch influence in the 17th and 18th century, the Minahassans lived in warrior societies that practised headhunting. In the second half of the 16th century, both Portuguese and the Spanish arrived in North Sulawesi. Half-way through the 17th century, there was a rapprochement between the Minahasan chiefs and the Dutch East India Company (VOC), which
23040-558: The years following the investigation contradicted the team's report and led to scepticism of the team's allegations. On 21 May 1998, Suharto announced his resignation from the presidency and Vice President B. J. Habibie took over as president. On the afternoon following Habibie's inauguration as president, Prabowo Subianto demanded of Habibie that he be put in charge of the Army in place of Wiranto. However, Habibie and Wiranto actually dismissed Prabowo from his position as Kostrad Commander, and
23200-587: Was a Protestant Christian of Minahasan descent , who originated from the Sigar-Maengkom family in Langowan, North Sulawesi . They were married in Utrecht , the Netherlands . Prabowo Subianto has two older sisters, Bianti Djojohadikusumo, who was born in 1946 and Maryani Djojohadikusumo, who was born in 1948. His only brother, Hashim Djojohadikusumo , was born in 1953. Prabowo's eldest sister, Bianti,
23360-439: Was a certain group that wanted to make me a scapegoat, maybe to hide their involvement." Human rights groups have long questioned Prabowo's eligibility to run for president, noting that he was discharged from the Army in August 1998 for "misinterpreting orders" in the abduction of the democracy activists. While that was the military's official statement, observers have long believed that it was a coup conspiracy that saw Prabowo, then
23520-514: Was a period of deprivation, and the Allies bombed Manado heavily in 1945. During the Revolution for independence that followed, there was bitter division between pro-Indonesian Unitarians and those favoring Dutch-sponsored federalism . The appointment of a Manadonese Christian, Sam Ratulangi , as the first republican governor of eastern Indonesia, was decisive in winning Minahasan support for
23680-481: Was appointed as acting president. Suharto was appointed president in his own right in 1968. During his rise to power, Suharto seemed determined to observe at least the forms of the constitution, and this continued when he became president. Under the constitution, the MPR was responsible for formulating the Outlines of State Policy (GBHN); as president, Suharto was responsible for implementing them. Suharto also made it
23840-440: Was dismissed from his post because he was suspected of carrying out a coup against Habibie. It is said that after Habibie's inauguration, Wiranto reported that there was movement from Kostrad troops appearing around Habibie's residence. Habibie then ordered Prabowo to be dismissed from his post just before sunset in that day. However, Prabowo was later visited by Wiranto at his home on the weekend of 23 or 24 May and then reassigned to
24000-528: Was finally put down in mid-1961. The effect of both the Sumatran and Sulawesi rebellions was to strengthen exactly those trends the rebels had hoped to weaken. Central authority was enhanced at the expense of local autonomy, radical nationalism gained over pragmatic moderation, the power of the communists and Sukarno increased while that of Hatta waned, and Sukarno was able to establish guided democracy in 1959. Five years after, Sukarno signed Law No. 13, creating
24160-590: Was given concrete form in the treaty of 1679 (which can be found in the Corpus Diplomaticus Neerlando-Indicum 1934, vol. III, no 425). From 1801 to 1813, the Netherlands were occupied by the French imperial forces of Napoleon and the Minahasa came under English control. In 1817 Dutch rule was re-established until 1949. At the time of the first contact with Europeans the sultanate of Ternate held some sway over North Sulawesi, and
24320-617: Was officially announced as president and began to receive congratulations from world leaders. Following the announcement, the value of the Indonesian rupiah dropped by 0.3%, and the JSX Composite fell by 0.9%. Observers denied Prabowo's allegations of cheating, finding that the elections were "generally fair and free;" Maswadi Rauf of the University of Indonesia stated that there was "no sign of significant fraud," and that Prabowo's withdrawal simply reflected "the real attitudes of
24480-667: Was one of five contenders in the 2004 Golkar Party National Convention [ id ] vying to become Golkar party's presidential candidate. He received the lowest number of votes, just 39, and was eliminated in the first round. The second round of voting was won by Wiranto . After finishing last in the party convention, Prabowo served as a member of the Golkar Advisory Council until his resignation on 12 July 2008. In February 2008, Prabowo's inner circle, including Fadli Zon , Muchdi Purwopranjono , and Prabowo's younger brother Hashim Djojohadikusumo , along with
24640-549: Was originally from Gombong , Kebumen . He was an economist who served as former President Sukarno 's minister for the economy and Suharto 's minister for research and technology . Sumitro named Prabowo after his own younger brother who was killed in an incident against Japanese forces in Lengkong, Tangerang during the Indonesian National Revolution . Prabowo's mother, Dora Marie Sigar (1919–2008),
24800-416: Was owned by Bob Hasan , a businessman close to former President Suharto . Today, Prabowo's Nusantara Group controls 27 companies in Indonesia and abroad. Prabowo's companies include Nusantara Energy (oil and natural gas, coal), Tidar Kerinci Agung (palm oil plantations) and Jaladri Nusantara (fishery industry). Prabowo Subianto rebranded Kiani Kertas to Kertas Nusantara. The company was established in 1990 and
24960-412: Was re-elected in 2012 for a third consecutive term. At the 2011 SEA Games in Jakarta, the pencak silat sport managed to win the overall championship by winning 9 of the 18 events competed. IPSI's achievements under Prabowo's chairmanship were very impressive at the 2018 Asian Games , where pencak silat succeeded in contributing 14 of the 31 gold medals won by the Indonesian contingent. Prabowo Subianto
25120-494: Was reappointed in 2010 for a second term. The Indonesian Traditional Market Traders Association (APPSI) is a non-profit organization advocating for the welfare of traders in Indonesia's traditional markets. Prabowo was elected as president of APPSI in 2008. As a chairman of the organization, Prabowo often calls for the government to limit hypermarkets by regulating their distances so as not to harm small traders. "So far, traditional market traders have always been ignored, so that when
25280-575: Was strong pressure on the Constitutional Assembly , the body responsible for formulating a new constitution, to adopt the 1945 Constitution. When the assembly did not budge, Sukarno issued a presidential decree on 5 July 1959 declaring that Indonesia was returning to the 1945 Constitution. That document made the president head of government as well as head of state. In May 1963, the People's Consultative Assembly appointed Sukarno president for life . Although Indonesia had re-adopted
25440-428: Was the wealthiest presidential candidate in the 2009 election, with assets of Rp 1.5 trillion (about US$ 150 million) and US$ 7.5 million. In 2007, PT Ridlatama, whose majority stakeholder was British-based Churchill PLC, conducted a geo-survey of eastern Kalimantan for coal. Two months after the survey yielded positive results, East Kutai officials granted mining licenses to Nusantara Energy (a subsidiary of
25600-418: Was then built. It is a favourite tourist destination. The groups Tonsea, Tombulu, and Tontemboan then established their main territories which were Maiesu, Niaranan, and Tumaratas respectively. Soon several villages were established outside these territories. These new villages then became a ruling center of a group of villages called puak , later walak , comparable to the present-day district. Subsequently,
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