Qichun County ( simplified Chinese : 蕲春 县 ; traditional Chinese : 蘄春 縣 ; pinyin : Qíchūn Xiàn ) is a county of eastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Huanggang City.
113-463: Qichun County has been a major historical center of traditional Chinese medicine . It is known in China as the "Professor County" ( Chinese : 教授县 ; pinyin : Jiàoshòu Xiàn ), due to the high amount of professors and other academic experts hailing from the county. Qichun County is named after the abundant qicai ( Chinese : 蕲菜 ; pinyin : qí cài ), a variety of Chinese celery , in
226-535: A "gem". As of May 2011, in order to promote TCM worldwide, China had signed TCM partnership agreements with over 70 countries. His government pushed to increase its use and the number of TCM-trained doctors and announced that students of TCM would no longer be required to pass examinations in Western medicine. Chinese scientists and researchers, however, expressed concern that TCM training and therapies would receive equal support with Western medicine. They also criticized
339-540: A classificatory and mnemonic device to observe health problems and to reflect upon, store, and recover empirical knowledge," but they were also "subject to stultifying theoretical elaboration, self-deception, and dogmatism ." The doctrines of Chinese medicine are rooted in books such as the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon and the Treatise on Cold Damage , as well as in cosmological notions such as yin–yang and
452-456: A few counties in the southwest bordering Jiangxi province; and the Huizhou dialects are spoken in about ten counties in the far south, a small but highly diverse and unique group of Chinese dialects. Huangmeixi , which originated in the environs of Anqing in southwestern Anhui, is a form of traditional Chinese opera popular across China. Huiju , a form of traditional opera originating in
565-538: A largely 20th century invention. In the early twentieth century, Chinese cultural and political modernizers worked to eliminate traditional practices as backward and unscientific. Traditional practitioners then selected elements of philosophy and practice and organized them into what they called "Chinese medicine" (Chinese: 中医 Zhongyi ). In the 1950s, the Chinese government sought to revive traditional medicine (including legalizing previously banned practices) and sponsored
678-593: A major historical center of traditional Chinese medicine for hundreds of years. Qichun County is often nicknamed "Professor County" ( Chinese : 教授县 ; pinyin : Jiàoshòu Xiàn ) due to the high amount of professors and other academic experts hailing from the county. Qichun is reasonably well-served by rail, bus, and road transportation; there is no airport. The Beijing–Kowloon railway runs through Qichun County. The main Beijing to Guangzhou rail line passes through Qichun, and there are local trains, west to
791-418: A reduction in government testing and regulation of the production of TCMs, some of which were toxic. Government censors have removed Internet posts that question TCM. In 2020 Beijing drafted a local regulation outlawing criticism of TCM. According to Caixin , the regulation was later passed with the provision outlawing criticism of TCM removed. At the beginning of Hong Kong 's opening up, Western medicine
904-504: A symbol of the Cultural Revolution, for the introduction of modern medicine into villages where traditional Chinese medicine services were used. The State Intellectual Property Office (now known as CNIPA ) established a database of patents granted for traditional Chinese medicine. In the second decade of the twenty-first century, Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping strongly supported TCM, calling it
1017-466: A tradition of more than 2,000 years, including various forms of herbal medicine , acupuncture, massage ( tui na ), exercise ( qigong ), and dietary therapy. It is primarily used as a complementary alternative medicine approach. TCM is widely used in China and it is also used in the West. Its philosophy is based on Yinyangism (i.e., the combination of Five Phases theory with Yin–Yang theory), which
1130-643: A unique cultural sphere. After the Qin dynasty unified China in 221 BC, the territory of modern Anhui belonged to different prefectures, including Jiujiang, Zhang, Tang, and Sishui. The lands became part of the Yang , Yu , and Xu prefectures during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD). During the Three Kingdoms era (222–280), Anhui was dominated at various times by Eastern Wu and Cao Wei . By
1243-515: Is Hefei . The province is located across the basins of the Yangtze and Huai rivers , bordering Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the east, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei and Henan to the west, and Shandong to the north. With a population of 61 million, Anhui is the 9th most populous province in China. It is the 22nd largest Chinese province based on area, and the 12th most densely-populated region of all 34 Chinese provincial regions. Anhui's population
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#17327729130721356-465: Is a medium size deciduous tree whose natural range is restricted to the valleys of the Langya limestone mountains of Chu Xian . The tree was most commonly found on the flood plains, indicating a tolerance of periodic inundation. U. gaussenii is now the world's rarest and most endangered elm species, with only approximately 30 trees known to survive in the wild in 2009. The province is also home to
1469-405: Is a statistical error, the remaining 490 square kilometres (190 sq mi) must be hills/mountains, in the northern part of the county, or simply unusable land). Qichun County's area is topographically diverse, with mountains , hills , and plains . The elevation decreases gradually from mountains of northeast to the lowlands of southwest. The Mount Sanjiao Scenic Area [ zh ]
1582-468: Is also called "Eighty-One Nan". The book is based on basic theory and has also analyzed some disease certificates. Questions one to twenty-two is about pulse study, questions twenty-three to twenty-nine is about meridian study, questions thirty to forty-seven is related to urgent illnesses, questions forty-eight to sixty-one is related to serious diseases, questions sixty-two to sixty-eight is related to acupuncture points, and questions sixty-nine to eighty-one
1695-541: Is also true the other way around, a point easily overlooked." TJ Hinrichs observes that people in modern Western societies divide healing practices into biomedicine for the body, psychology for the mind, and religion for the spirit, but these distinctions are inadequate to describe medical concepts among Chinese historically and to a considerable degree today. The medical anthropologist Charles Leslie writes that Chinese, Greco-Arabic, and Indian traditional medicines were all grounded in systems of correspondence that aligned
1808-718: Is also used to refer to the Wan River and Mount Tianzhu . The provincial government of Anhui includes a Governor, Provincial Congress, the People's Political Consultative Conference, and the Provincial Higher People's Court. Aside from managing local government departments, the Anhui provincial government manages 16 cities, 62 counties, 43 county-level districts and 1,522 townships. Anhui's total GDP ranked 14th among China's 31 province-level regions as of 2022 . Anhui
1921-689: Is called "Traditional Chinese Medicine" and practiced today in China and the West is not thousands of years old, but recently constructed using selected traditional terms, some of which have been taken out of context, some badly misunderstood. He has criticized Chinese and Western popular books for selective use of evidence , choosing only those works or parts of historical works that seem to lead to modern medicine, ignoring those elements that do not now seem to be effective. Critics say that TCM theory and practice have no basis in modern science , and TCM practitioners do not agree on what diagnosis and treatments should be used for any given person. A 2007 editorial in
2034-572: Is currently no evidence that the Shang nobility used herbal remedies. Stone and bone needles found in ancient tombs led Joseph Needham to speculate that acupuncture might have been carried out in the Shang dynasty. This being said, most historians now make a distinction between medical lancing (or bloodletting ) and acupuncture in the narrower sense of using metal needles to attempt to treat illnesses by stimulating points along circulation channels ("meridians") in accordance with beliefs related to
2147-562: Is famous for the She Inkstone , one of the most preferred types of inkstones (a required tool in traditional calligraphy). Anhui has some good universities. Most universities in Anhui are located in Hefei, Wuhu, Bengbu, Maanshan, some of them are pretty well known. Specifically, Hefei is one of the most important research central cities in China with leading basic scientific research capability. Anhui's principal tourism sites include
2260-433: Is known for its use of wild game and herbs, both land and sea, and comparatively simple methods of preparation. Anhui has a high concentration of traditional products related to calligraphy: Xuanzhou (today Xuancheng ) and Huizhou (today Huangshan City ) are revered for producing Xuan Paper and Hui Ink , respectively, which are traditionally considered the best types of paper and ink for Chinese calligraphy . She County
2373-401: Is located at No.317, Suzhou Road. The Provincial Higher People's Court is located at no. 472 Changjiang Rd. Typically, annual provincial congress meeting is held in the first quarter of each year shortly before national congress meeting and the annual meeting of CPPCC is held in the first quarter or the fourth quarter of each year. Agriculture in Anhui varies according to the climate zones. To
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#17327729130722486-731: Is located within the county. Apart from the Yangtze, major bodies of water in Qichun County include the Qi River ( Chinese : 蕲河 ; pinyin : Qí Hé ), Lake Chidong [ zh ] , and Lake Chixi [ zh ] . The local climate is classed as "subtropical mainland monsoon," with distinct seasons and abundant rainfall (average 134 centimeters per year). When the Yangtze River floods, Qichun County also experiences some flooding. Qichun County administers
2599-402: Is mostly composed of Han Chinese . Languages spoken within the province include Lower Yangtze Mandarin , Wu , Hui , Gan and small portion of Central Plains Mandarin . The name "Anhui" derives from the names of two cities: Anqing and Huizhou (now Huangshan City ). The abbreviation for Anhui is Wǎn ( 皖 ), corresponding to the historical state of Wan [ zh ] , and
2712-537: Is one of the earliest written medical books in China. Written during the Eastern Han dynasty between 200 and 250 CE, it was the combined effort of practitioners in the Qin and Han dynasties who summarized, collected and compiled the results of pharmacological experience during their time periods. It was the first systematic summary of Chinese herbal medicine. Most of the pharmacological theories and compatibility rules and
2825-577: Is only one hotel of any significance in Qichun. But it is a new hotel, built around 2001. Qichun County has its own Social Welfare Institute (SWI) to accommodate elderly people, handicapped persons, the homeless, and orphans. The Social Welfare Institute constructed a new building in 2004, designed mainly for the elderly and handicapped children and adults. Children which are abandoned or orphaned, and are awaiting adoption either domestically or internationally, are placed with local foster families. But they visit
2938-454: Is related to the needlepoint methods. The book is credited as developing its own path, while also inheriting the theories from Huangdi Neijing. The content includes physiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment contents, and a more essential and specific discussion of pulse diagnosis. It has become one of the four classics for Chinese medicine practitioners to learn from and has impacted the medical development in China. Shennong Ben Cao Jing
3051-673: Is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Anhui ( 安徽省省长 ) is the highest-ranking official in the Anhui Provincial People's Government. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Anhui Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary ( 安徽省委书记 ), colloquially termed
3164-474: Is the Yangtze River . The highest peak in Anhui is Lotus Peak, part of Huangshan in southeastern Anhui. It has an altitude of 1873 m (6,145 ft). Major rivers include the Huai River in the north and the Yangtze in the south. The largest lake is Lake Chaohu situated in the center of the province, with an area of about 800 km (310 sq mi). The southeastern part of the province near
3277-511: Is widely used in the Sinosphere . One of the basic tenets is that the body's qi is circulating through channels called meridians having branches connected to bodily organs and functions. There is no evidence that meridians or vital energy exist. Concepts of the body and of disease used in TCM reflect its ancient origins and its emphasis on dynamic processes over material structure, similar to
3390-657: The Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders and the Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Casket , which were edited separately in the eleventh century, under the Song dynasty . Nanjing or "Classic of Difficult Issues", originally called "The Yellow Emperor Eighty-one Nan Jing", ascribed to Bian Que in the eastern Han dynasty . This book was compiled in the form of question-and-answer explanations. A total of 81 questions have been discussed. Therefore, it
3503-678: The Chinese Communist Party (CCP). In 1938, large areas in north and central Anhui were severely damaged by the decision of President Chiang Kai-shek to demolish a critical dam on the Yellow River , hoping that would physically impede the ongoing invasion by the Imperial Japanese Army and prevent them from capturing Zhengzhou . Within only ten days of the dam breaking, the water and sands drowned all of north and middle area of this province, resulting in
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3616-757: The Chinese alligator ( Alligator sinensis , simplified Chinese : 扬子鳄 ; traditional Chinese : 揚子 鱷 ; pinyin : yángzǐ'è ), also known as the Yangtze alligator , China alligator, or historically the muddy dragon, a critically endangered crocodilian . Anhui is divided into sixteen prefecture-level divisions : all prefecture-level cities : These 16 prefecture-level cities are in turn subdivided into 104 county-level divisions (45 districts , 9 county-level cities , and 50 counties ). Those are in turn divided into 1,512 township-level divisions (997 towns , 230 townships , 9 ethnic townships , and 276 subdistricts ). The Politics of Anhui Province
3729-837: The G70 Fuzhou–Yinchuan Expressway , which runs through the southwest of Qichun County. the G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway , and the G50 Shanghai–Chongqing Expressway . National Highway 318 also runs through Qichun County. The Liu-Jie Highway [ zh ] , the Qi-Cao Highway ( Chinese : 蕲漕公路 ; pinyin : Qí-Cáo Gōnglù ), and the Qi-Tai Highway ( Chinese : 蕲太公路 ; pinyin : Qí-Tài Gōnglù ) all run through Qichun County. Other major roads include
3842-656: The Huang-Biao Highway ( Chinese : 黄标公路 ; pinyin : Huáng-Biāo Gōnglù ), and the Dabie Mountains Red Tourism Highway ( Chinese : 大别山红色旅游公路 ; pinyin : Dàbié Shān Hóngsè Lǚyóu Gōnglù ). Numerous future expressways are planned. Mineral resources in Qichun County include gold , copper , manganese , lead , iron , quartz , serpentine , dolomite , marble , and black jade . Qichun County has long played an outsized role in traditional Chinese medicine , and
3955-543: The Hubei provincial capital of Wuhan and south-east into Jiangxi province. There is a local bus service and also frequent express buses into Wuhan via the new inter-provincial expressway running east–west across the province. A journey by express bus to Wuhan takes less than three hours; by car the journey is less than 2.5 hours. Major expressways in Qichun County include the Huangshi-Huanggang portion of
4068-520: The Huizhou -speaking areas of southern Anhui, is one of the major precursors of Beijing Opera ; in the 1950s, Huiju (which had disappeared) was revived. Luju is a type of traditional opera found across central Anhui, from east to west. Anhui cuisine is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine . Combining elements of cooking from northern Anhui, south-central Anhui, and the Huizhou-speaking areas of southern Anhui, Anhui cuisine
4181-622: The Inner Canon and developed a complete medical system centered on needling therapy. The AB Canon of Acupuncture and Moxibustion ( Zhenjiu jiayi jing 針灸甲乙經 , compiled by Huangfu Mi sometime between 256 and 282 CE) assembled a consistent body of doctrines concerning acupuncture; whereas the Canon of the Pulse ( Maijing 脈經 ; c. 280) presented itself as a "comprehensive handbook of diagnostics and therapy." Around 900–1000 AD, Chinese were
4294-598: The Neolithic period (8000–2000 BC). In relation to these cultures, archeologists have discovered through excavation a 4500-year-old city called the Nanchengzi Ruins in Guzhen County , after they discovered a Neolithic city wall and a moat that was part of a much larger and integrated city in the region during their 2013 disinterment. There are many historical sites located in the province dating to
4407-479: The Self-Strengthening Movement led by Li Hongzhang during the later Qing; at this time, western weapons, factories and administrative theories were being introduced into China. Over the next 50 years, Anhui became one of the country's most radically liberal areas, with important 20th-century figures moving to the province, like the poet and diplomat Hu Shih , and Chen Duxiu , the founder of
4520-704: The Song dynasty (960–1279), the economy and culture of area was flourishing. Anhui became part of the province of Henan during the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368); during the Ming dynasty the area was directly administrated by the imperial capital in Nanjing . Anhui and Jiangsu were merged into one province under the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) until 1666, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor . It played an important role in
4633-635: The Third Front campaign to build basic and national defense industries in protected locations, in case of invasion by the Soviet Union or United States. The centerpiece of the Shanghai Small Third Front was the "rear base" in Anhui which served as "a multi-function manufacturing base for anti-aircraft and anti-tank weaponry". During the late 1990s Anhui became one of China's fastest-growing provinces. The province forms part of
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4746-1033: The Tongling Yangtze River Bridge , was completed in 1995. As of October 2014, Anhui had four bridges across the Yangtze, at Ma'anshan , Wuhu , Tongling, and Anqing . Anhui lacked a developed railway network until this century: most cities are now connected by a high-speed train system. Hefei South railway station is the high-speed train hub. The province set an ambitious plan from 2015 to 2025 for highways including: G3 Beijing-Taipei Expressway G40 Shanghai-Xi'an Expressway G42 Shanghai-Chengdu Expressway S24 Changshu-Hefei Expressway Hefei and Wuhu have subway systems. The Hefei Metro has 2 completed lines, 3 lines under construction and another 10 lines planned. The Wuhu Metro has 2 subway lines under construction and another 3 lines planned. The province has 5 major commercial airports and another 4 are under construction. Hefei Xinqiao International Airport and Huangshan International Airport are
4859-630: The Tung Wah Hospital was established in Hong Kong in 1869 based on the widespread rejection of Western medicine for pre-existing medical practices, although Western medicine would still be practiced in the hospital alongside Chinese medicinal practices. The Tung Wah Hospital was likely connected to another Chinese medical institution, the Kwong Wai Shiu Hospital of Singapore, which had previous community links to Tung Wah,
4972-508: The Western Han , possibly as early as 201 BCE. Due to its strategic location, in history Qichun was referred to as “The Key Point of Jingchu” (Jingchu is another name of the ancient state of Chu and the region belonged to it). During the Three Kingdoms period , Qichun was made a commandery ( Chinese : 郡 ; pinyin : Jùn ). In the summer of 223 CE, Eastern Wu general He Qi attacked and eliminated an outpost of Cao Wei in
5085-506: The five phases . The "Documentation of Chinese materia medica" (CMM) dates back to around 1,100 BCE when only a few dozen drugs were described. By the end of the 16th century, the number of drugs documented had reached close to 1,900. And by the end of the last century, published records of CMM had reached 12,800 drugs." Starting in the 1950s, these precepts were standardized in the People's Republic of China, including attempts to integrate them with modern notions of anatomy and pathology . In
5198-405: The humoral theory of ancient Greece and ancient Rome . The demand for traditional medicines in China was a major generator of illegal wildlife smuggling , linked to the killing and smuggling of endangered animals . However, Chinese authorities have in recent years cracked down on illegal wildlife smuggling, and the industry has increasingly turned to cultivated alternatives. Scholars in
5311-469: The "Anhui Party Chief". Most provincial government departments and the Governor office are located at No.1 Zhongshan Road, moved from old downtown of Hefei since 2016. Provincial government is responsible to manage 16 prefecture-level cities, 105 counties, 1845 townships and different departments in Anhui. The Anhui Provincial People's Congress is just located near provincial government. The Provincial Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)
5424-570: The 1950s, the Chinese government promoted a systematized form of TCM. Traces of therapeutic activities in China date from the Shang dynasty (14th–11th centuries BCE). Though the Shang did not have a concept of "medicine" as distinct from other health practices, their oracular inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells refer to illnesses that affected the Shang royal family: eye disorders, toothaches, bloated abdomen, and such. Shang elites usually attributed them to curses sent by their ancestors. There
5537-554: The 1970s from the Mawangdui tomb that had been sealed in 168 BCE, the Inner Canon rejected the influence of spirits and the use of magic. It was also one of the first books in which the cosmological doctrines of Yinyang and the Five Phases were brought to a mature synthesis. The Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders and Miscellaneous Illnesses (Shang Han Lun) was collated by Zhang Zhongjing sometime between 196 and 220 CE; at
5650-739: The 2 international airports. The 5 airports in operation are: Han Chinese make up the vast majority of the population. The Hui and She are the two largest minorities . Anhui has a highly unbalanced gender ratio. According to a 2009 study published in the British Medical Journal , in the 1–4 age group, there are 138 boys for every 100 girls, making it among the most unbalanced of provinces in China. Religion in Anhui The predominant religions in Anhui are Chinese folk religions , Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism . According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 4.64% of
5763-703: The China Yangtze River Delta Economic Area, which is the most developed area of China. Anhui is topographically diverse. The north is part of the North China Plain while the north-central areas are part of the Huai River watershed. Both regions are flat, and densely populated. The land becomes more uneven further south, with the Dabie Mountains occupying much of southwestern Anhui and a series of hills and ranges cutting through southeastern Anhui, between which
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#17327729130725876-460: The Chinese philosopher Zhang Gongyao triggered a national debate with an article entitled "Farewell to Traditional Chinese Medicine", arguing that TCM was a pseudoscience that should be abolished in public healthcare and academia. The Chinese government took the stance that TCM is a science and continued to encourage its development. There are concerns over a number of potentially toxic plants, animal parts, and mineral Chinese compounds, as well as
5989-568: The Five Elements, but also of the "Great Numbers" ( 大數 ; dà shū ) For example, the number of acu-points has at times been seen to be 365, corresponding with the number of days in a year; and the number of main meridians–12–has been seen as corresponding with the number of rivers flowing through the ancient Chinese empire . Anhui Anhui is an inland province located in East China . Its provincial capital and largest city
6102-576: The Five Phase theory, were used to explain health and disease in texts such as Huangdi neijing . Yin and yang are the changing factors in cosmology, with qi as the vital force or energy of life. The Five Phase theory ( Wuxing ) of the Han dynasty contains the elements wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. By understanding medicine from a cosmology perspective, historians better understand Chinese medical and social classifications such as gender, which
6215-716: The History of Medicine . Ian Johnson says, on the other hand, that the English-language term "traditional Chinese medicine" was coined by "party propagandists" in 1955. Nathan Sivin criticizes attempts to treat medicine and medical practices in traditional China as if they were a single system. Instead, he says, there were 2,000 years of "medical system in turmoil" and speaks of a "myth of an unchanging medical tradition". He urges that "Traditional medicine translated purely into terms of modern medicine becomes partly nonsensical, partly irrelevant, and partly mistaken; that
6328-824: The SWI weekly for medical checks and group playtime activities. About 400 orphans have been adopted internationally from Qichun County SWI. These children now live with families all over the world: in Canada and the US, in Australasia, and in most countries of Western Europe. Qichun County was a historical center for education and traditional Chinese medicine , as well as an economic and cultural center within eastern Hubei . The county has produced many important historical figures in this field, including herbalist Li Shizhen . Other notable figures from Qichun County during dynastic China include
6441-466: The Yangtse Delta at Wuhu . Wuhu Export Processing Zone was approved to be a national level export processing zone, with a total planned area of 2.95 km (1.14 sq mi). Historically, Anhui's transport network was hampered by the lack of bridges across the Yangtze River , which divides the province into northern and southern regions. The first bridge across the Yangtze in Anhui,
6554-769: The Yangtze River has many lakes as well. As with topography, the province differs in climate from north to south. The north is more temperate with more distinct seasons. January temperatures average at around −1 to 2 °C north of the Huai River, and 0 to 3 °C south of the Huai River; in July temperatures average 27 °C or above. Plum rains occur in June and July and may cause flooding. Anhui has 16 cities. Economically, top 3 cities are, Hefei , Wuhu and Anqing . The Anhui elm , Ulmus gaussenii W. C. Cheng ,
6667-673: The Yangtze river. Dialects to the north (e.g. Bengbu dialect ) are classified as Zhongyuan Mandarin , together with dialects in provinces such as Henan and Shandong; dialects in the central parts (e.g. Hefei dialect ) are classified as Jianghuai Mandarin , together with dialects in the central parts of neighboring Jiangsu province. Non-Mandarin dialects are spoken to the south of the Yangzi: dialects of Wu are spoken in Xuancheng prefecture-level city , though these are rapidly being replaced by Jianghuai Mandarin; dialects of Gan are spoken in
6780-416: The area was reorganized as a fu . Qichun would later be reverted to a county . During the Song dynasty , Qichun County was home to an extraordinarily large market for traditional Chinese medicine , which poet Lu You described as 40 li long. Prince Jing's Mansion ( Chinese : 荆王府 ; pinyin : Jīng Wángfǔ ) was constructed in Qichun County during the Ming dynasty . In 1949, Qichun County
6893-419: The area. The area of present-day Qichun County has been inhabited since the Neolithic age . In 224 BCE, Qin forces pursued the beaten and retreating Chu forces to Qinan (蕲南; northwest of present-day Qichun in Hubei ) and general Xiang Yan, grandfather of future hegemonic king Xiang Yu , was either killed in the action or committed suicide following his defeat. Qichun County was first established during
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#17327729130727006-487: The basic tenets of TCM is that the body's qi (sometimes translated as vital energy ) is circulating through channels called meridians having branches connected to bodily organs and functions. The concept of vital energy is pseudoscientific. Concepts of the body and of disease used in TCM reflect its ancient origins and its emphasis on dynamic processes over material structure, similar to Classical humoral theory . TCM has also been controversial within China. In 2006,
7119-470: The center of Huanggang , and 157 kilometres (98 mi) from the center of Wuhan . The total geographic area of Qichun County is 2,397.6 square kilometres (925.7 sq mi). Of this, 560 kilometres (350 mi) are arable. Water covers 310 kilometres (190 mi) (there are hundreds of lakes in Qichun County, almost all used for aquaculture). Forested areas cover 1,040 kilometres (650 mi). (Note: While not stated in government data, unless there
7232-409: The circulation of "Qi". The earliest evidence for acupuncture in this sense dates to the second or first century BCE. The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon ( Huangdi Neijing ) , the oldest received work of Chinese medical theory, was compiled during the Han dynasty around the first century BCE on the basis of shorter texts from different medical lineages. Written in the form of dialogues between
7345-730: The colonial and feudal past. The government established a grassroots health care system as a step in the search for a new national identity and tried to revitalize traditional medicine and made large investments in traditional medicine to try to develop affordable medical care and public health facilities. The Ministry of Health directed health care throughout China and established primary care units. Chinese physicians trained in Western medicine were required to learn traditional medicine, while traditional healers received training in modern methods. This strategy aimed to integrate modern medical concepts and methods and revitalize appropriate aspects of traditional medicine. Therefore, traditional Chinese medicine
7458-532: The communications routes along the Yangtze and across that river to the south. There is evidence that the Qichun commandery had been established a few years earlier, evidently on the basis of the county of that name in Jiangxia Commandery of Later Han , but the territory had been abandoned by Cao Cao at the time of his withdrawal in 213 CE. From this time, after the defeat of Jin Zong's infiltration,
7571-453: The county government, there is more than 200,000 mu of cropland devoted to growing medicinal ingredients. The herbal industry, centered on Qizhou, is the biggest component of the Qichun County economy. Some 200,000 herb farmers live in Qichun County. They produce more than 700 varieties. The local herb wholesale market is the third largest in China, with more than 800 million yuan (US$ 100 million, as of 2006) of annual trading volume. There
7684-532: The deaths of between 500,000 and 900,000 Chinese people, as well as an unknown number of Japanese soldiers. Following the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945, the capital city of Anhui moved to Hefei , then a small town. The provincial government made significant investments for its development. After 1949, the government launched projects to repair the damages suffered during World War II. The province underwent significant development via
7797-433: The east, Zhejiang and Jiangsu , Anhui has lagged markedly behind in economic development, with a GDP per capita around half of those two provinces in 2017 rapidly improved from 1/3 of those two provinces in 2010. However, the provincial GDP per capita is based on the population registered in the province (that is, with local Hukou ), but not necessarily residing there. There is significant regional disparity, where much of
7910-505: The efficacy of any Traditional Medicine intervention." A 2012 review of cost-effectiveness research for TCM found that studies had low levels of evidence , with no beneficial outcomes. Pharmaceutical research on the potential for creating new drugs from traditional remedies has few successful results. Proponents suggest that research has so far missed key features of the art of TCM, such as unknown interactions between various ingredients and complex interactive biological systems. One of
8023-450: The end of the Han dynasty. Focusing on drug prescriptions rather than acupuncture, it was the first medical work to combine Yinyang and the Five Phases with drug therapy. This formulary was also the earliest public Chinese medical text to group symptoms into clinically useful "patterns" ( zheng 證 ) that could serve as targets for therapy. Having gone through numerous changes over time, the formulary now circulates as two distinct books:
8136-466: The facilitation of disease. Trafficked and farm-raised animals used in TCM are a source of several fatal zoonotic diseases . There are additional concerns over the illegal trade and transport of endangered species including rhinoceroses and tigers, and the welfare of specially farmed animals, including bears. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a broad range of medicine practices sharing common concepts which have been developed in China and are based on
8249-433: The first to develop a form of vaccination, known as variolation or inoculation , to prevent smallpox . Chinese physicians had realised that when healthy people were exposed to smallpox scab tissue, they had a smaller chance of being infected by the disease later on. The common methods of inoculation at the time was through crushing smallpox scabs into powder and breathing it through the nose. Prominent medical scholars of
8362-727: The following 13 towns , 1 township , and 5 other township-level divisions : The county's government is seated in the town of Caohe [ zh ] . The government buildings for the County and the Town are adjacent to each other. The 2020 Chinese census put Qichun County's population at 792,101. The 2010 Chinese census put Qichun County's population at 727,805. A 2004 estimate approximated Qichun County's population at 951,391. The 2000 Chinese census put Qichun County's population at 949,479. A 1996 estimate put Qichun County's population at about 921,000. Qichun Town's population
8475-465: The following: More-recent famous people from Qichun include: Traditional Chinese medicine Model humanity: Main philosophical traditions: Ritual traditions: Devotional traditions: Salvation churches and sects : Confucian churches and sects: Traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM ) is an alternative medical practice drawn from traditional medicine in China. A large share of its claims are pseudoscientific , with
8588-479: The healing strategies of the practitioner was unique every time to the specific diagnosis of the patient. Medical case studies existed throughout Chinese history, but "individually authored and published case history" was a prominent creation of the Ming dynasty. An example such case studies would be the literati physician, Cheng Congzhou, collection of 93 cases published in 1644. Historians of science have developed
8701-474: The history of medicine in China distinguish its doctrines and practice from those of present-day TCM. J. A. Jewell and S. M. Hillier state that the term "Traditional Chinese Medicine" became an established term due to the work of Dr. Kan-Wen Ma, a Western-trained medical doctor who was persecuted during the Cultural Revolution and immigrated to Britain, joining the University of London's Wellcome Institute for
8814-470: The human body is opposed to the European duality of a separate mind and body. It is critical for scholars to understand the fundamental differences in concepts of the body in order to connect the medical theory of the classics to the "human organism" it is explaining. Chinese scholars established a correlation between the cosmos and the "human organism". The basic components of cosmology, qi, yin yang and
8927-538: The integration of TCM and Western medicine, and in the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s, promoted TCM as inexpensive and popular. The creation of modern TCM was largely spearheaded by Mao Zedong , despite the fact that, according to The Private Life of Chairman Mao , he did not believe in its effectiveness. After the opening of relations between the United States and China after 1972, there
9040-454: The journal Nature wrote that TCM "remains poorly researched and supported, and most of its treatments have no logical mechanism of action ." It also described TCM as "fraught with pseudoscience ". A review of the literature in 2008 found that scientists are "still unable to find a shred of evidence" according to standards of science-based medicine for traditional Chinese concepts such as qi , meridians, and acupuncture points, and that
9153-404: The legendary Yellow Emperor and his ministers, it offers explanations on the relation between humans, their environment, and the cosmos , on the contents of the body, on human vitality and pathology, on the symptoms of illness, and on how to make diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in light of all these factors. Unlike earlier texts like Recipes for Fifty-Two Ailments , which was excavated in
9266-412: The majority of treatments having no robust evidence of effectiveness or logical mechanism of action . Medicine in traditional China encompassed a range of sometimes competing health and healing practices, folk beliefs , literati theory and Confucian philosophy , herbal remedies , food , diet, exercise, medical specializations, and schools of thought. TCM as it exists today has been described as
9379-573: The new commandery territory of Qichun, on the southern slopes of the Dabie Shan mountains. But for the next twelve months the northern front remained quiet. The Grand Administrator of Qichun was Jin Zong , a former officer of Sun Quan who had deserted and joined Cao Wei. It appears he was given the commandery appointment at this time, in the hill country of the Dabie Shan on the border region between Lujiang and Jiangxia, so that he could disturb
9492-525: The north of the Huai River , wheat and sweet potatoes are grown, while to the south it is rice and wheat instead. As of 2022 , Anhui's nominal GDP was US$ 670 billion ( CN¥ 4.51 trilion), about 3.72% of the country's GDP and ranked 10th among province-level administrative units ; the province's primary, secondary and tertiary industries were worth CN¥351.37 billion (US$ 52.24 billion), CN¥1.8588 trillion (US$ 276.36 billion) and CN¥2.29433 trillion (US$ 341.1 billion) respectively. Its nominal GDP per capita
9605-483: The organization of society, the universe, and the human body and other forms of life into an "all-embracing order of things". Each of these traditional systems was organized with such qualities as heat and cold, wet and dry, light and darkness, qualities that also align the seasons, compass directions, and the human cycle of birth, growth, and death. They provided, Leslie continued, a "comprehensive way of conceiving patterns that ran through all of nature," and they "served as
9718-507: The population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration , while 5.30% of the population identifies as Christian. According to a 2010 survey, Muslims constitute 0.58% of the population of Anhui. The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 89.48% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities , Buddhism, Confucianism , Taoism and folk religious sects . Anhui spans many geographical and cultural regions. The northern, flatter parts of
9831-486: The post-Han period included Tao Hongjing (456–536), Sun Simiao of the Sui and Tang dynasties, Zhang Jiegu ( c. 1151 –1234), and Li Shizhen (1518–1593). Chinese communities living in colonial port cities were influenced by the diverse cultures they encountered, which also led to evolving understandings of medical practices where Chinese forms of medicine were combined with Western medical knowledge. For example,
9944-407: The pre-imperial period. The culture of northern Anhui was associated with that of the North China Plain , together with what is now Henan, northern Jiangsu, and southern Shandong. Central Anhui was densely populated, and consisted of the fertile Huai River watershed. Contrastingly, southern Anhui was closer to Jiangxi and southern Jiangsu ; the hills in the southeastern part of the province formed
10057-579: The president of the Chinese Medical Association said that, "This One Medicine, will possess a basis in modern natural sciences, will have absorbed the ancient and the new, the Chinese and the foreign, all medical achievements – and will be China's New Medicine!" During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) the CCP and the government emphasized modernity, cultural identity and China's social and economic reconstruction and contrasted them to
10170-626: The proposed "seven emotions and harmony" principle have played a role in the practice of medicine for thousands of years. Therefore, it has been a textbook for medical workers in modern China. The full text of Shennong Ben Cao Jing in English can be found online. In the centuries that followed, several shorter books tried to summarize or systematize the contents of the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon . The Canon of Problems (probably second century CE) tried to reconcile divergent doctrines from
10283-400: The province, along the Huai River and further north, are most akin to neighboring provinces like Henan , Shandong and northern Jiangsu . In contrast, the southern, hilly parts of the province are more similar in culture and dialect to other southern, hilly provinces, like Zhejiang and Jiangxi . Mandarin dialects are spoken over the northern and central parts of the province, north of
10396-490: The relationships between the Five Phases in terms of sequence, of acting on each other, of counteraction, etc. All these aspects of Five Phases theory constitute the basis of the zàng-fǔ concept, and thus have great influence regarding the TCM model of the body. Five Phase theory is also applied in diagnosis and therapy. Correspondences between the body and the universe have historically not only been seen in terms of
10509-433: The study of medicine in traditional China into a field with its own scholarly associations, journals, graduate programs, and debates with each other. Many distinguish "medicine in traditional China" from the recent traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which took elements from traditional texts and practices to construct a systematic body. Paul Unschuld, for instance, sees a "departure of TCM from its historical origins." What
10622-429: The term 身 , and observing the history from the perspective of cosmology rather than biology. In Chinese classical texts, the term 身 is the closest historical translation to the English word "body" because it sometimes refers to the physical human body in terms of being weighed or measured, but the term is to be understood as an "ensemble of functions" encompassing both the human psyche and emotions. This concept of
10735-638: The territory was held by Wu. One of the subordinate commanders in He Qi's attack on Qichun was Mi Fang , the erstwhile officer of Guan Yu who had surrendered Jiangling to Lü Meng in 219 AD. Qichun also was evidently a proving ground for renegades. During the Southern and Northern dynasties , the area became administered under the Qichang Commandery [ zh ] . During the Tang dynasty ,
10848-511: The traditional principles of acupuncture are deeply flawed. "Acupuncture points and meridians are not a reality", the review continued, but "merely the product of an ancient Chinese philosophy". In June 2019, the World Health Organization included traditional Chinese medicine in a global diagnostic compendium, but a spokesman said this was "not an endorsement of the scientific validity of any Traditional Medicine practice or
10961-410: The universe can be divided into. Primordial analogies for these aspects are the sun-facing (yang) and the shady (yin) side of a hill. Two other commonly used representational allegories of yin and yang are water and fire. In the yin–yang theory , detailed attributions are made regarding the yin or yang character of things: The concept of yin and yang is also applicable to the human body; for example,
11074-633: The upper part of the body and the back are assigned to yang, while the lower part of the body is believed to have the yin character. Yin and yang characterization also extends to the various body functions, and – more importantly – to disease symptoms (e.g., cold and heat sensations are assumed to be yin and yang symptoms, respectively). Thus, yin and yang of the body are seen as phenomena whose lack (or over-abundance) comes with characteristic symptom combinations: TCM also identifies drugs believed to treat these specific symptom combinations, i.e., to reinforce yin and yang. Strict rules are identified to apply to
11187-470: The wealth is concentrated in industrial regions close to the Yangtze River , such as Hefei , Wuhu, and Ma'anshan. The province is home to a large cluster of white goods manufacture such as Haier, Hisense, Whirlpool, Gree, Royalstar, and Meling. Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone is located in the southwest of Hefei and was established in 1993. It is located close to Hefei Luogang International Airport. Hefei Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
11300-410: The zone. Industries encouraged in the zone include chemical production and processing, electronics assembly & manufacturing, instruments & industrial equipment, medical Equipment and telecommunications. Established in 1993, Wuhu Economic and Technological Development Zone was the first state-level development zone approved by central government in Anhui, utilising the transportation advantage of
11413-465: Was 162,000, of whom 71,000 were engaged in agriculture (fisheries, crops, and herbs are the main agricultural sectors) and the remainder non-agriculture (which includes minerals and manufacturing of various kinds). About 40% of all the farmers of Qichun County are engaged in growing herbs. Qichun County is the birthplace of famous herbalist Li Shizhen , who was born and lived in Qizhou town, and has been
11526-625: Was US$ 10,943 (CN¥73,603) and ranked the 14th in the country. Natural resources of Anhui include iron in Ma'anshan , coal in Huainan , and copper in Tongling . There are industries related to these natural resources (e.g. steel industry at Ma'anshan). One of the famous Anhui-based corporations is the automobile company Chery , which is based in Wuhu . Compared to its more prosperous neighbours to
11639-633: Was defined by a domination or remission of yang in terms of yin. These two distinctions are imperative when analyzing the history of traditional Chinese medical science. A majority of Chinese medical history written after the classical canons comes in the form of primary source case studies where academic physicians record the illness of a particular person and the healing techniques used, as well as their effectiveness. Historians have noted that Chinese scholars wrote these studies instead of "books of prescriptions or advice manuals;" in their historical and environmental understanding, no two illnesses were alike so
11752-679: Was established 1667, during the reign of the Qing dynasty 's Kangxi Emperor . The province's nickname, "Wan", is taken from the name of a small state that existed in the region during the Spring and Autumn period (722–481 BC). The name "Wan" also corresponds to the province's Mount Tianzhu and state of Wan [ zh ] . Evidence of human beings inhabiting what is now Anhui 20,000 years before present has been attested by archaeological findings in Fanchang County , related to he cultural domains of Yangshao and Longshan , dated to
11865-580: Was established for similar reasons and also provided both Western and Chinese medical care. By 1935, English-language newspapers in Colonial Singapore already used the term "Traditional Chinese Medicine" to label Chinese ethnic medical practices. In 1950, Chinese Communist Party (CCP) chairman Mao Zedong announced support of traditional Chinese medicine; this was despite the fact that Mao did not personally believe in and did not use TCM, according to his personal physician Li Zhisui . In 1952,
11978-779: Was founded in October 1990 and approved by the State Council as a state-level Development Zone in March 1991. In 1997, the Development Zone was ratified as an APEC Science and Technology Industrial Park, with special open policies to APEC and EU members. Hefei High Tech Park was also approved as a National High Tech Export Base in 2000 and obtained the award of an Advanced High Tech Zone under the Torch Program in 2003. So far, more than 100 hi-tech enterprises have entered
12091-519: Was great interest in the West for what is now called traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). TCM is said to be based on such texts as Huangdi Neijing (The Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor), and Compendium of Materia Medica , a sixteenth-century encyclopedic work, and includes various forms of herbal medicine , acupuncture , cupping therapy , gua sha , massage (tui na) , bonesetter (die-da) , exercise (qigong) , and dietary therapy. TCM
12204-638: Was historically home to large markets for medicinal ingredients. Medicinal markets remain central to Qichun County, which hosts the Hubei Lishizhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Professional Market ( Chinese : 李时珍中药材专业市场 ; pinyin : Lǐ Shízhēn Zhōngyàocái Zhuānyè Shìchǎng ). The majority of the entries in the Bencao Gangmu , an encyclopedia of traditional Chinese medicine ingredients, can be found in Qichun County. According to
12317-435: Was later absorbed by Daoism . Philosophical texts influenced TCM, mostly by being grounded in the same theories of qi , yin-yang and wuxing and microcosm-macrocosm analogies. Yin and yang are ancient Chinese deductive reasoning concepts used within Chinese medical diagnosis which can be traced back to the Shang dynasty (1600–1100 BCE). They represent two abstract and complementary aspects that every phenomenon in
12430-617: Was not regulated. The establishment in 1870 of the Tung Wah Hospital was the first use of Chinese medicine for the treatment in Chinese hospitals providing free medical services. As the promotion of Western medicine by the British government started from 1940, Western medicine started being popular among Hong Kong population. In 1959, Hong Kong had researched the use of traditional Chinese medicine to replace Western medicine. Historians have noted two key aspects of Chinese medical history: understanding conceptual differences when translating
12543-437: Was not yet popular, and Western medicine doctors were mostly foreigners; local residents mostly relied on Chinese medicine practitioners. In 1841, the British government of Hong Kong issued an announcement pledging to govern Hong Kong residents in accordance with all the original rituals, customs and private legal property rights. As traditional Chinese medicine had always been used in China, the use of traditional Chinese medicine
12656-429: Was placed under Huanggang Prefecture . In 1995, Huanggang was changed from a prefecture to a prefecture-level city . Qichun County is located in the east of Hubei , along the northern banks of the Yangtze , and at the southern foot of the Dabie Mountains . To its east is the province of Anhui . The county's government, seated in the town of Caohe [ zh ] , is located 96 kilometres (60 mi) from
12769-478: Was re-created in response to Western medicine. In 1968, the CCP supported a new system of health care delivery for rural areas. Villages were assigned a barefoot doctor (a medical staff with basic medical skills and knowledge to deal with minor illnesses) responsible for basic medical care. The medical staff combined the values of traditional China with modern methods to provide health and medical care to poor farmers in remote rural areas. The barefoot doctors became
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