Topusko is a municipality in Sisak-Moslavina County , Croatia . Topusko is an underdeveloped municipality which is statistically classified as the First Category Area of Special State Concern by the Government of Croatia .
132-562: The population of Topusko itself is 945, with a total of 2,985 people in the municipality (census 2011). There are 1865 Croats (62.48%), 893 Serbs (22.27%) and 139 Bosniaks (4.66%). The 1991 census recorded that 63.89% of the population of Topusko settlement were ethnic Serbs (1014/1587), 26.15% were Croats (415/1587), 6.36% were Yugoslavs (101/1587) while 3.59% were of other ethnic origin (57/1587). The municipality includes 16 settlements : Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for
264-649: A Feldmarschall-Leutnant (Lieutenant Field Marshal) , and his wife, Baroness Anna Portner von Höflein , the honorific Bužimski refers to Bužim , a location in the Cazin region, that was used by the Jelačić family . Jelačić was born in the town of Petrovaradin which was a part of the Slavonian Military Frontier of the Habsburg monarchy and today it is part of Vojvodina , Serbia . Josip Jelačić
396-702: A South Slavic ethnic group native to Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina and other neighboring countries in Central and Southeastern Europe who share a common Croatian ancestry , culture , history and language . They also form a sizeable minority in a number of neighboring countries, namely Slovenia , Austria , the Czech Republic , Germany , Hungary , Italy , Montenegro , Romania , Serbia and Slovakia . Due to political, social and economic reasons, many Croats migrated to North and South America as well as New Zealand and later Australia, establishing
528-1059: A diaspora in the aftermath of World War II , with grassroots assistance from earlier communities and the Roman Catholic Church . In Croatia (the nation state ), 3.9 million people identify themselves as Croats, and constitute about 90.4% of the population. Another 553,000 live in Bosnia and Herzegovina , where they are one of the three constituent ethnic groups , predominantly living in Western Herzegovina , Central Bosnia and Bosnian Posavina . The minority in Serbia number about 70,000, mostly in Vojvodina . The ethnic Tarara people , indigenous to Te Tai Tokerau in New Zealand, are of mixed Croatian and Māori (predominantly Ngāpuhi ) descent. Tarara Day
660-554: A federation consisting of 6 republics, and Croats became one of two constituent peoples of two – Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croats in the Serbian autonomous province of Vojvodina are one of six main ethnic groups composing this region. Following the democratization of society, accompanied with ethnic tensions that emerged ten years after the death of Josip Broz Tito , the Republic of Croatia declared independence, which
792-463: A Gothic style. Its dilapidated front is being kept with all its monumentality in the park "Opatovina". This Cistercian portal today has the status of the unique symbol of Topusko. King Andrew II goes to the holy war to Jerusalem at the beginning of the 13th century, and makes a vow that in case he comes back he will build a monastery and an abbey in Topusko, in token of gratitude. In 1233 he finishes
924-514: A Slav, by contemporary sources. A closer reading of the DAI suggests that Constantine VII's consideration about the ethnic origin and identity of the population of Lower Pannonia, Pagania , Zachlumia and other principalities is based on tenth century political rule and does not indicate ethnicity, and although both Croats and Serbs could have been a small military elite which managed to organize other already settled and more numerous Slavs, it
1056-585: A body of 14,000 soldiers to move south to Styria to protect Croatia. The Viennese revolution committee called for aid from the Hungarian Government. On 10 October at Laaer Berg near Vienna, Jelačić joined Austrian troops led by Auersperg, and the army was strengthened with troops from Bratislava , a regiment of Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn and Franz Joseph I of Austria 's regiment. Jelačić's forces were soon under Field Marshal Windisch-Grätz . On 21 October, seeing trouble ahead, Móga stopped at
1188-638: A branch of the old Croatian noble Gusić family from Krbava (14th–16th centuries); Babonić who ruled from western Kupa to eastern Vrbas and Bosna rivers, and were bans of Slavonia (13th–14th centuries); Iločki family who ruled over Slavonian stronghold-cities, and in the 15th century rose to power. During this period, the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller also acquired considerable property and assets in Croatia. In
1320-525: A decree for the Croatians, where he denied accusations of separating Croatia in the name of Panslavism . In the decree he said Being a son of the [Croatian] nation, being the supporter of liberty, and being subject to Austria, I am faithfully committed to the constitutional Emperor of the Empire and its Kings, and I long for a great, free Austria His closing words were: The Hungarian Government, as it
1452-678: A medal. He was promoted to major on 20 February 1837 in the Freiherr von Gollner regiment. In May 1841 he received the rank of lieutenant colonel in the 1st Croatian Frontier Guard Regiment in Glina, Croatia . On October 18, he was promoted to colonel . On 22 March 1848, Jelačić was promoted to major-general , and simultaneously the Sabor (the National Assembly of Croatia) elected him as Ban of Croatia. The Sabor also declared that
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#17327875243151584-713: A second lieutenant in the 3rd Cavalry Regiment in Galicia . In 1822, he fell ill and stayed in his parents' house in Zagreb . In 1825 he returned to his regiment in Vienna, where he was appointed first lieutenant and aide to the brigade commander. In 1830, he became a lieutenant captain in the Ogulin regiment. On 17 October 1835, he led a military campaign against Bosnian Ottoman troops in Velika Kladuša for which he received
1716-689: A time, with the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797, its possessions in eastern Adriatic mostly came under the authority of France which passed its rights to Austria the same year. Eight years later they were restored to France as the Illyrian Provinces , but won back to the Austrian crown 1815. Though now part of the same empire, Dalmatia and Istria were part of Cisleithania while Croatia and Slavonia were in Hungarian part of
1848-464: A variant of the feudal system . Large fiefs were granted to individuals who would defend them against outside incursions thereby creating a system for the defence of the entire state. However, by enabling the nobility to seize more economic and military power, the kingdom itself lost influence to the powerful noble families. In Croatia the Šubić were one of the oldest Croatian noble families and would become particularly influential and important, ruling
1980-896: A wide secret diplomatic negotiations with a number of nations, including Louis XIV of France , the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , Sweden , the Republic of Venice and even the Ottoman Empire , to free Croatia from the Habsburg sovereignty. Imperial spies uncovered the conspiracy and on 30 April 1671 executed four esteemed Croatian and Hungarian noblemen involved in it, including Zrinski and Frankopan in Wiener Neustadt . The large estates of two most powerful Croatian noble houses were confiscated and their families relocated, soon after extinguished. Between 1670 and
2112-732: Is celebrated every 15 March to commemorate their "highly regarded place in present-day Māoridom ". Croats are mostly Catholics . The Croatian language is official in Croatia , the European Union and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Croatian is a recognized minority language within Croatian autochthonous communities and minorities in Montenegro, Austria ( Burgenland ), Italy ( Molise ), Romania ( Carașova , Lupac ) and Serbia ( Vojvodina ). The foreign ethnonym variation "Croats" of
2244-469: Is disputed. Unlike Petar Krešimir IV, he was also an ally of the Normans , with whom he joined in wars against Byzantium. He married in 1063 Helen of Hungary , the daughter of King Bela I of the Hungarian Árpád dynasty , and the sister of the future King Ladislaus I . As King Zvonimir died in 1089 in unknown circumstances, with no direct heir to succeed him, Stjepan II ( r. 1089–1091) last of
2376-534: Is evident, would not like to agree on this; they insist on their separatist moves, which means they struggle to dismantle our Empire. It is the command of our duty and honour to go till the ultimate and to call for arms against them. And we, not sparing our wealth, blood and life, will stand for our rightful demands and sacred deeds. Jelačić felt disorder growing in the Austrian Empire, and decided on immediate action. On 11 September at Varaždin he crossed
2508-783: Is possible evidence of population continuity between Gothic and Croatian times in parts of Dalmatia, the idea of a Gothic origin of Croats was more rooted in 20th century Ustaše political aspirations than historical reality. Other, distinct polities and ethno-political groups existed around the Croat duchy. These included the Guduscans (based in Liburnia), Pagania (between the Cetina and Neretva River), Zachlumia (between Neretva and Dubrovnik ), Bosnia , and Serbia in other eastern parts of ex-Roman province of "Dalmatia". Also prominent in
2640-467: Is possible that Narentines, Zachlumians and others also arrived as Croats or with Croatian tribal alliance. The Croats became the dominant local power in northern Dalmatia, absorbing Liburnia and expanding their name by conquest and prestige. In the south, while having periods of independence, the Naretines merged with Croats later under control of Croatian Kings. With such expansion, Croatia became
2772-745: The Arpads , expelled them over the Sava River , and united (western) Pannonian and Dalmatian Croats into one state. Tomislav (910–928) became king of Croatia by 925. The chief piece of evidence that Tomislav was crowned king comes in the form of a letter dated 925, surviving only in 16th-century copies, from Pope John X calling Tomislav rex Chroatorum . According to De Administrando Imperio , Tomislav's army and navy could have consisted approximately 100,000 infantry units, 60,000 cavaliers, and 80 larger ( sagina ) and 100 smaller warships ( condura ), but generally isn't taken as credible. According to
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#17327875243152904-636: The Battle of Szigetvar in 1566. During the Ottoman conquest tens of thousands of Croats were taken in Turkey, where they became slaves. The Battle of Mohács (1526) and the death of King Louis II ended the Hungarian-Croatian union. In 1526, the Hungarian parliament elected two separate kings János Szapolyai and Ferdinand I Habsburg , but the choice of the Croatian sabor at Cetin prevailed on
3036-501: The Croatian War of Independence , Topusko was occupied by the unrecognized breakaway Republic of Serbian Krajina . It was returned to Croatian control during Operation Storm . HQ Sector North UNPROFOR was located in Topusko in the period 1992 - 1995. Croats North America South America Oceania The Croats ( / ˈ k r oʊ æ t s / ; Croatian : Hrvati , pronounced [xr̩ʋǎːti] ) are
3168-558: The Dinaric hinterland and appears to have been depopulated, as virtually all hilltop settlements, from Noricum to Dardania , were abandoned and few appear destroyed in the early 7th century. Although the dating of the earliest Slavic settlements was disputed, recent archaeological data established that the migration and settlement of the Slavs/Croats have been in late 6th and early 7th century. Much uncertainty revolves around
3300-686: The Duchy of Croatia and Principality of Lower Pannonia . Having been under Avar control, lower Pannonia became a march of the Carolingian Empire around 800. Aided by Vojnomir in 796, the first named Slavic Duke of Pannonia, the Franks wrested control of the region from the Avars before totally destroying the Avar realm in 803. After the death of Charlemagne in 814, Frankish influence decreased on
3432-593: The First World War and dissolution of Austria-Hungary , most Croats were united within the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , created by unification of the short-lived State of SHS with the Kingdom of Serbia . Croats became one of the constituent nations of the new kingdom. The state was transformed into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 and the Croats were united in the new nation with their neighbors –
3564-652: The Honvédség (Hungarian Army). The Hungarians occupied and fortified Petrovaradin, where the troops received supplies because the population supported the Hungarian revolution. In April, Mór Perczel occupied Srbobran and broke up the encirclement of Petrovaradin , defeated Todorović so he could occupy Pančevo and finally, together with Józef Bem , occupied Temes County (now Timiș County , Romania). Jelačić, cut off from all supplies, fortified his armies for defence and fought small battles in Slavonia. The supplies from
3696-643: The Josif Rajačić , the Orthodox Archbishop of Karlovci and Serbian Patriarch . Jelačić, now Ban, supported the Croatian aim to maintain autonomy from the Kingdom of Hungary. Jelačić proceeded to sever all official ties of Croatia from Hungary. The Austrian Imperial Court initially opposed this act as one of disobedience and separatism, declaring him to be a rebel and the Sabor to be illegitimate. But
3828-911: The Neolithic (8-5 ct. BC). The line of the monuments built in the honour of the Illyrian divinities Vidas and Thiana (Thana), points to the presence of the Illyrians (tribes the Japodes and the Kolapijans, 3,000 years BC). In the area of Topusko we can also find traces of some other peoples, for example the Celts, the Goths , the French , the Hungarians etc. The real development of Topusko begins after
3960-502: The Országos Honvédelmi Bizottmány (National Homeguarding Committee) was given the power of execution. Lamberg, trying to take over the command of the Hungarian troops was identified and killed. Jelačić advanced onward, reached Lake Velence on 29 September, where he met Hungarian troops. After the first strikes, lieutenant-general János Móga withdrew to north to Sukoró . Jelačić demanded Móga stand against
4092-719: The Turkish incursion into Europe started, Croatia once again became a border area between two major forces in the Balkans . Croatian military troops fought in many battles under command of Italian Franciscan priest fra John Capistrano , the Hungarian Generalissimo John Hunyadi , and Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus , like in the Hunyadi's long campaign (1443–1444), battle of Varna (1444), second battle of Kosovo (1448) , and contributed to
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4224-631: The battle of Sisak in 1593, 100 years after the defeat at Krbava field, and the short Long Turkish War ended with the Peace of Zsitvatorok in 1606, after which Croatian classes tried unsuccessfully to have their territory on the Military Frontier restored to rule by the Croatian Ban, managing only to restore a small area of lost territory but failed to regain large parts of Croatian Kingdom (present-day western Bosnia and Herzegovina ), as
4356-554: The native name "Hrvati" derives from Medieval Latin Croāt , itself a derivation of North-West Slavic * Xərwate , by liquid metathesis from Common Slavic period *Xorvat , from proposed Proto-Slavic *Xъrvátъ which possibly comes from the 3rd-century Scytho-Sarmatian form attested in the Tanais Tablets as Χοροάθος ( Khoroáthos , alternate forms comprise Khoróatos and Khoroúathos ). The origin of
4488-429: The palaeographic analysis of the original manuscript of De Administrando Imperio , an estimation of the number of inhabitants in medieval Croatia between 440 and 880 thousand people, and military numbers of Franks and Byzantines – the Croatian military force was most probably composed of 20,000–100,000 infantrymen, and 3,000–24,000 horsemen organized in 60 allagions . The Croatian Kingdom as an ally of Byzantine Empire
4620-685: The revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire , the Croatian Ban Jelačić cooperated with the Austrians in quenching the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 by leading a military campaign into Hungary, successful until the Battle of Pákozd . Croatia was later subject to Hungarian hegemony under ban Levin Rauch when the Empire was transformed into a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867. Nevertheless, Ban Jelačić had succeeded in
4752-426: The 11th and 12th centuries "the Croats were never unified under a strong central government. They lived in different areas - Pannonian Croatia, Dalmatian Croatia, Bosnia - which were at times ruled by indigenous kings but more frequently controlled by agents of Byzantium, Venice and Hungary. Even during periods of relatively strong centralized government, local lords frequently enjoyed an almost autonomous status". In
4884-467: The Austrian Empire were stuck at Stari Slankamen . In June he decided to break out and advance to Sombor – Dunaföldvár . During his march, on 6 June, Perczel attacked him near Kać and Žabalj . He defeated Perczel, and marched forward, but could not occupy Novi Sad . On 24 June he successfully occupied Óbecse, but was retaken by Hungarians on 28th. This way Jelačić could not dislodge the Hungarian forces from Bačka . On 6 July Richard Guyon drove out
5016-499: The Austrian border, and the revolution in Vienna was suppressed. Jelačić's forces were fighting in the Landstrasse, Erdberg and Weissgerber suburbs. On 21 October – too late – Lajos Kossuth ordered Móga to turn back to Vienna, they met forces of Jelačić at Schwechat on 30 October. A day of artillery fighting broke out, and Jelačić initiated a counterattack in the evening. Led by General Karl von Zeisberg [ de ] ,
5148-595: The Austrian throne by supporting Austrian interests in putting down revolutionary movements in northern Italy in 1848 and in opposing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848–1849. Consequently, Jelačić's reputation differs in Austria where he was looked upon as a rebel seeking to break up the Austrian Empire, while in Croatia he is deemed a national hero. He travelled to Vienna to take oaths to become counsel of Austrian Emperor, Ferdinand I , but refused to take
5280-540: The Bulgarian army led by military commander Alogobotur , and stopped Simeon's extension westwards. The central town in the Duvno field was named Tomislavgrad ("Tomislav's town") in his honour in the 20th century. Tomislav was succeeded by Trpimir II (928–935), and Krešimir I (935–945), this period, on the whole, however, is obscure. Miroslav (945–949) was killed by his ban Pribina during an internal power struggle, losing part of islands and coastal cities. Krešimir II (949–969) kept particularly good relations with
5412-412: The Carinthian Duke Arnulf , the future East Frankish King and Emperor. However, Frankish control was far from smooth. The Royal Frankish Annals mention several Bulgar raids, driving up the Sava and Drava rivers, as a result of a border dispute with the Franks, from 827. By a peace treaty in 845, the Franks were confirmed as rulers over Slavonia , whilst Srijem remained under Bulgarian clientage. Later,
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5544-450: The Christian victories over the Ottomans in the siege of Belgrade (1456) and Siege of Jajce (1463). At the time they suffered a major defeat in the battle of Krbava field ( Lika , Croatia) in 1493 and gradually lost increasing amounts of territory to the Ottoman Empire. Pope Leo X called Croatia the forefront of Christianity ( Antemurale Christianitatis ) in 1519, given that several Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to
5676-433: The Croatian troops at Mali Iđoš . On 14 July Hungarians took control over Feketić and Lovćenac , defeating Jelačić in the Battle of Hegyes and forcing him to retreat. This was the last battle in the region. After Timișoara fell, Jelačić joined Haynau's troops, and after the end of the revolution, he travelled to Vienna to take part in discussions of reorganising Croatia, Slavonia and the frontier regions. When peace
5808-429: The Croatian troops grew when at Siófok the Ban received a letter from Ferdinand I cancelling the decree removing him from all positions, also promoting him to be general commander of all troops in Hungary. During his march toward Pest and Buda (now conjoined as the towns of Budapest ), Jelačić got a message from Archduke Stephen , situated in Veszprém , to inform him of the decision of the Emperor that Lajos Batthyány
5940-453: The Croatians were possibly a Sarmatian tribe from the Pontic region who were part of a larger movement at the same time that the Slavs were moving toward the Adriatic . The major basis for this connection was the perceived similarity between Hrvat and inscriptions from the Tanais dated to the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, mentioning the name Khoro(u)athos . Similar arguments have been made for an alleged Gothic -Croat link. Whilst there
6072-522: The Dalmatian cities, while his son Stjepan Držislav (969–997) established better relations with the Byzantine Empire and received a formal authority over Dalmatian cities. His three sons, Svetoslav (997–1000), Krešimir III (1000–1030) and Gojslav (1000–1020), opened a violent contest for the throne, weakening the state and further losing control. Krešimir III and his brother Gojslav co-ruled from 1000 until 1020, and attempted to restore control over lost Dalmatian cities now under Venetian control. Krešimir
6204-508: The Emperor's, so it was put to defensive fights. In May, 1849 Jelačić moved from Osijek to Vukovar , Ilok , Sremski Karlovci , Tovarnik and Irig . He set up base at Ruma . He was in a bad situation, as the Austrians were calling for the help of Russian Empire to suppress the Hungarians and the support from Vienna dissolved. Jelačić was lacking proper materiel , and many of his troops died of cholera . The Serbian troops, led by Kuzman Todorović , had to surrender strategic points to
6336-440: The Great (1342–1382), relying on the lower nobility and towns. Both kings ruled without the Parliament, and inner nobility struggles only helped them in their intentions. This led to Mladen's defeat at the battle of Bliska in 1322 by a coalition of several Croatian noblemen and Dalmatian coastal towns with support of the King himself, in exchange of Šubić's castle of Ostrovica for Zrin Castle in Central Croatia (thus this branch
6468-406: The Holocaust . The NDH forces killed in a cruel way more than 600 Serbs in Staro Selo Topusko , while and the largest massacre occurred between 28 July and 3 August 1941 when 250 villagers were executed. Topusko hosted 3rd session of ZAVNOH , the highest governing organ of the anti-fascist movement in Croatia, during which, on May 9, 1944, the Federal State of Croatia was formally founded. During
6600-409: The Hungarian twelve points , and were already enacted by the Batthyány Government. The Sabor strongly opposed the "massive nationalist Magyarization politics of the Kingdom of Hungary from the Carpathians to Adria , which the newly formed government represents, especially Lajos Kossuth ." On 8 April Jelačić took his oath as ban and was appointed a field-marshal-lieutenant and made commander of
6732-428: The Hungarian Government. After this fiasco, Palatine Stephen resigned and left Hungary, under the Emperor's orders. Jelačić's army occupied Székesfehérvár on 26 September 1848. The same day the Emperor appointed lieutenant-general Count Franz Philipp von Lamberg as general commanding all troops in Hungary, but this was annulled by the Hungarian Parliament . Lajos Kossuth called the Hungarians for resistance, and
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#17327875243156864-401: The Italian provinces to remain calm and to stay put. The Austrian court did not grant the separation of Croatia from Hungary. During his travels back to Zagreb, Jelačić read in the Lienz railway station that on 10 June the Emperor had relieved him of all his positions. But Jelačić was still loyal to the Emperor, and kept relations with the Imperial Court, especially with Archduchess Sophia ,
6996-409: The King of Hungary. After his death in 1312, his son Mladen II Šubić was the Ban of Bosnia (1304–1322) and Ban of Croatia (1312–1322). The kings from House of Anjou intended to strengthen the kingdom by uniting their power and control, but to do so they had to diminish the power of the higher nobility. Charles I had already tried to crash the aristocratic privileges, intention finished by his son Louis
7128-652: The Kingdom of Croatia in force, and negotiated with the Croatian feudal lords resulting in joining of Hungarian and Croatian crowns (with the crown of Dalmatia held separate from that of Croatia). According to The New Cambridge Medieval History , "at the beginning of the eleventh century the Croats lived in two more or less clearly defined regions" of the "Croatian lands" which "were now divided into three districts" including Slavonia/Pannonian Croatia (between rivers Sava and Drava) on one side and Croatia/Dalmatian littoral (between Gulf of Kvarner and rivers Vrbas and Neretva) and Bosnia (around river Bosna ) on other side. In
7260-430: The Kingdom of Italy under Lothair I , since 828. The Croatian Prince Mislav (835–845) built up a formidable navy, and in 839 signed a peace treaty with Pietro Tradonico , doge of Venice . The Venetians soon proceeded to battle with the independent Slavic pirates of the Pagania region, but failed to defeat them. The Bulgarian king Boris I (called by the Byzantine Empire Archont of Bulgaria after he made Christianity
7392-507: The Magyars. The subsequent history of Savia again becomes murky, and historians are not sure who controlled Savia during much of the 10th century. However, it is likely that the ruler Tomislav , the first crowned King, was able to exert much control over Savia and adjacent areas during his reign. It is at this time that sources first refer to a "Pannonian Croatia", appearing in the 10th century Byzantine work De Administrando Imperio . The Dalmatian Croats were recorded to have been subject to
7524-437: The Military Frontier. On 19 April 1848 Jelačić proclaimed the union of Croatian provinces, and the separation from the Kingdom of Hungary. At the same time, he proclaimed unconditional loyalty to the Habsburg monarchy . The Croatian Constitution of 24 April 1848 declared "languages of all ethnicities should be inviolable". On serfdom, it was apparent that changing the status of the Croatian peasantry would have to wait until
7656-405: The Monarchy. In the 19th century Croatian romantic nationalism emerged to counteract the non-violent but apparent Germanization and Magyarization . The Croatian national revival began in the 1830s with the Illyrian movement . The movement attracted a number of influential figures and produced some important advances in the Croatian language and culture. The champion of the Illyrian movement
7788-420: The Ottoman Empire. This caused unrest among the Croatian and Hungarian nobility which plotted against the emperor. Nikola Zrinski participated in launching the conspiracy which later came to be known as the Magnate conspiracy , but he soon died, and the rebellion was continued by his brother, Croatian ban Petar Zrinski , Fran Krsto Frankopan and Ferenc Wesselényi . Petar Zrinski, along the conspirators, went on
7920-416: The River Drava . His fighting force was limited, due to many of his soldiers fighting in Northern Italy. Jelačić occupied Međimurje ( Hungarian : Muraköz ), which was mostly Croatian. The two forces were poorly armed because of the rapid engagement. Materiel was not well organised, so the advance into Hungarian territory was difficult. Supplies were taken from the local population. The enthusiasm of
8052-422: The Roman and domestic divinities, the grave-monuments, tools, ornaments, money (which was thrown into the thermal springs) are very valuable artifacts that tell us about the persistence of the colony through the whole antiquity. Topusko flourishes again in 1192 as a thermal resort in the time of Andrew II of Hungary , who in the time of his reign built a magnificent chapel of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Pohod in
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#17327875243158184-500: The South Slavs- Yugoslavs . In 1939, the Croats received a high degree of autonomy when the Banovina of Croatia was created, which united almost all ethnic Croatian territories within the Kingdom. In the Second World War , the Axis forces created the Independent State of Croatia led by the Ustaše movement which sought to create an ethnically pure Croatian state on the territory corresponding to present-day countries of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Post-WWII Yugoslavia became
8316-419: The Topusko area were found around 2,500 B.C. Numerous idols, fragments of ceramic dishes were found. Through the millennia, the Illyrians , the Celts , and most of all, the Romans testified to their existence and their fascination with this area of impulsive vivacity, and they made a statio , called Ad Fines. The excavation of pre-historical artifacts shows that Topusko and its surroundings were inhabited in
8448-534: The Venetian navy. Their ground forces defeated the Pannonian duke Kocelj (861–874) who was suzerain to the Franks, and thereby shed the Frankish vassal status. Wars of Domagoj and his son liberated Dalmatian Croats from supreme Franks rule. Zdeslav deposed him in 878 with the help of the Byzantines. He acknowledged the supreme rule of Byzantine Emperor Basil I . In 879, the Pope asked for help from prince Zdeslav for an armed escort for his delegates across southern Dalmatia and Zahumlje , but on early May 879, Zdeslav
8580-410: The abbey in 1558. Only the front of that monumental edifice remained. In the year 1784 Topusko and the abbey belong to the Croatian Military Border and remains under its conduct for about a hundred years. The real development of Topusko we can follow in a well-documented manner begins only after the arrival of colonel Ivan Nestor . Colonel Nestor started the development of Topusko, but the turning point
8712-442: The abolition of serfdom in Croatia, which eventually brought about massive changes in society: the power of the major landowners was reduced and arable land became increasingly subdivided, to the extent of risking famine. Many Croatians began emigrating to the New World countries in this period, a trend that would continue over the next century, creating a large Croatian diaspora . From 1804 to 1918, as many as 395 Croats received
8844-550: The aftermath of the Great Schism of 1054 . He was succeeded by Dmitar Zvonimir , who was of the Svetoslavić branch of the House of Trpimirović , and a Ban of Slavonia (1064–1075). He was crowned on 8 October 1076 at Solin in the Basilica of Saint Peter and Moses (known today as Hollow Church ) by a representative of Pope Gregory VII . He was in conflict with dukes of Istria , while historical records Annales Carinthiæ and Chronica Hungarorum note he invaded Carinthia to aid Hungary in war during 1079/83, but this
8976-593: The area between Zrmanja and the Krka rivers. The local noble family from Krk island (who later took the surname Frankopan ) is often considered the second most important medieval family, as ruled over northern Adriatic and is responsible for the adoption of one of oldest European statutes , Law codex of Vinodol (1288). Both families gave many native bans of Croatia. Other powerful families were Nelipić from Dalmatian Zagora (14th–15th centuries); Kačić who ruled over Pagania and were famous for piracy and wars against Venice (12th–13th centuries); Kurjaković family,
9108-411: The arrival of the Romans. The most crucial event in the history of Topusko would be the building of the Roman road Via Eksecirtualis, which in turn sparked the creation of the Roman colony Ad Fines, which ultimately turned into modern day Topusko. The remnants of the luxurious architecture, the devices for heating the houses with hot water, the painted walls of the houses, the discovered altars dedicated to
9240-527: The attack pushed back the Hungarian forces and defeated them. After this defeat, Móga stepped down as general commander, and Kossuth nominated general Artúr Görgey in his place. On 2 December 1848 Ferdinand I of Austria abdicated, and Franz Joseph I of Austria was installed as Emperor. On 13 December Windisch-Grätz crossed the Hungarian border. On 16 December, Jelačić also crossed the border and defeated Hungarian troops at Parndorf , later occupying Mosonmagyaróvár and Győr . Being informed that Mór Perczel
9372-404: The bayonets of Jelačić pushed them back. On 5 March Damjanich reoccupied Szolnok. Jelačić now got a new order to turn from Jászfényszaru and head to Gödöllő . On 4 April Jelačić met János Damjanich at Tápióbicske and was defeated. On 6 April Windisch-Grätz and Jelačić, were defeated in the Battle of Isaszeg and retreated. After the defeat, Windisch-Grätz was relieved of general command, and
9504-581: The chancellor Metternich , the use of the Illyrian name and insignia in public was forbidden. This deterred the movement's progress but it couldn't stop the changes in the society that had already started. On 25 March 1848, was conducted a political petition " Zahtijevanja naroda ", which program included thirty national, social and liberal principles, like Croatian national independence, annexation of Dalmatia and Military Frontier, independence from Hungary as far as finance, language, education, freedom of speech and writing, religion, nullification of serfdom etc. In
9636-693: The chapel and monastery and gives them to the Cistercians. This is their first monastery in Croatia, and the edifice itself is the first one built in Gothic style in the area south from France. The three hundred year dominance of the Cistercians began to weaken in wars with the Turks , who broke towards Vienna through these areas. Under the leadership of the Bosnian pasha Makoc beg, the Turkish troops destroyed
9768-633: The common bathing resort and becomes a fashionable bathing-place. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Topusko was a district capital in the Zagreb County of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . During World War II , the town was occupied by Axis troops and was included into the Pavelić's Independent State of Croatia (NDH). The fascist Ustashe regime committed the Genocide of the Serbs and
9900-595: The control of Croatian kings". The lands which constitute modern Croatia fell under three major geographic-politic zones during the Middle Ages, which were influenced by powerful neighbor Empires – notably the Byzantines, the Avars and later Magyars , Franks and Bulgars . Each vied for control of the Northwest Balkan regions. Two independent Slavic dukedoms emerged sometime during the 9th century:
10032-494: The court soon realized Jelačić and his Croatian army were an ally against the newly formed Batthyány Government . Travelling back to Zagreb in April, Jelačić refused to cede to this new government, refused any cooperation, and called for elections to the Sabor on 25 March 1848. The Sabor – now acting as the National Assembly – declared the following demands to the Habsburg emperor: Many of his points about civil rights were part of
10164-504: The discussions, saying that "civil war is the worst that could happen" – but that he "would not be intimidated by this, however shocking it might be to hear". Negotiations were closed with Batthyány saying "see you (on the river) Drava" and with Jelačić responding "say rather on the Danube." Jelačić returned to Croatia. Hungarian troops had gathered on the border and hostile proclamations were made against him. In August, Jelačić proclaimed
10296-576: The dominant power and absorbed other polities between Frankish, Bulgarian and Byzantine empire. Although the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja has been dismissed as an unreliable record, the mentioned "Red Croatia" suggests that Croatian clans and families might have settled as far south as Duklja / Zeta . According to Martin Dimnik writing for The New Cambridge Medieval History , "at the beginning of
10428-497: The early 7th century, primarily on the basis of the later Byzantine document De Administrando Imperio . As such, the arrival of the Croats was seen as part of main wave or a second wave of Slavic migrations, which took over Dalmatia from Avar hegemony . However, as early as the 1970s, scholars questioned the reliability of Porphyrogenitus ' work, written as it was in the 10th century. Rather than being an accurate historical account, De Administrando Imperio more accurately reflects
10560-505: The eleventh century the Croats lived in two more or less clearly defined regions" of the "Croatian lands" which "were now divided into three districs" including Slavonia/Pannonian Croatia (between rivers Sava and Drava) on one side and Croatia/Dalmatian littoral (between Gulf of Kvarner and rivers Vrbas and Neretva) and Bosnia (around river Bosna ) on other side, and that "Croats, along with Serbs, also lived in Bosnia which at times came under
10692-607: The end of the revolution. Jelačić kept up the institution of the Military Frontier so he could draft more soldiers. The people in the region protested to this, but Ban Jelačić quashed the dissent by summary courts martial and by executing many dissenters. In May, Jelačić established the Bansko Vijeće ("Ban Council"). Its scope of authority covered ministerial tasks including Internal Affairs, Justice, Schools and Education, Religion, Finance, and Defense, so this council
10824-492: The ethnonym is uncertain, but most probably is from Proto-Ossetian / Alanian * xurvæt- or * xurvāt- , in the meaning of "one who guards" ("guardian, protector"). Early Slavs , especially Sclaveni and Antae , including the White Croats , invaded and settled Southeastern Europe in the 6th and 7th century. Archaeological evidence shows population continuity in coastal Dalmatia and Istria . In contrast, much of
10956-522: The exact circumstances of their appearance given the scarcity of literary sources during the 7th and 8th century Middle Ages . The ethnonym "Croat" is first attested during the 9th century AD, in the charter of Duke Trpimir ; and begins to be widely attested throughout central and eastern Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries. Traditionally, scholarship has placed the arrival of the White Croats from Great/White Croatia in Eastern Europe in
11088-544: The expanding power of Great Moravia also threatened Frankish control of the region. In an effort to halt their influence, the Franks sought alliance with the Magyars, and elevated the local Slavic leader Braslav in 892, as a more independent Duke over lower Pannonia. In 896, his rule stretched from Vienna and Budapest to the southern Croat duchies, and included almost the whole of ex-Roman Pannonian provinces. He probably died c. 900 fighting against his former allies,
11220-726: The expense of domestic element. Because of this the Croatian Sabor was losing its significance, and the nobility less attended it, yet went only to the one in Hungary. In the 18th century, Croatia was one of the crown lands that supported Emperor Charles 's Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and supported Empress Maria Theresa in the War of the Austrian Succession of 1741–48. Subsequently, the empress made significant contributions to Croatian matters, by making several changes in
11352-447: The feudal and tax system, administrative control of the Military Frontier, in 1745 administratively united Slavonia with Croatia and in 1767 organized Croatian royal council with the ban on head, however, she ignored and eventually disbanded it in 1779, and Croatia was relegated to just one seat in the governing council of Hungary, held by the ban of Croatia. To fight the Austrian centralization and absolutism, Croats passed their rights to
11484-547: The first elections or representatives to the assembly would be held in May 1848. Shortly after, he was promoted to lieutenant field-marshal, becoming the commander of all Habsburg troops in Croatia. During this time, Jelačić was a proponent of the Illyrian movement . Jelačić supported independence for Croatia from the Austrian throne. However, in pursuit of this goal Jelačić sought to support this goal by ingratiating himself with
11616-515: The inland regions towards Pannonia , while instituting counties as a way of controlling his subordinates (an idea he picked up from the Franks). The first known written mention of the Croats, dates from 4 March 852, in statute by Trpimir. Trpimir is remembered as the initiator of the Trpimirović dynasty , that ruled in Croatia, with interruptions, from 845 until 1091. After his death, an uprising
11748-472: The local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in the management of local affairs. At the 2023 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections Serbs of Croatia fulfilled legal requirements to elect 10 members minority council of the Municipality of Topusko. The first traces of humans in
11880-561: The main Trpimirović line came to the throne but reigned for two years. After his death civil war and unrest broke out shortly afterward as northern nobles decided Ladislaus I for the Croatian King. In 1093, southern nobles elected a new ruler, King Petar Snačić ( r. 1093–1097), who managed to unify the Kingdom around his capital of Knin . His army resisted repelling Hungarian assaults, and restored Croatian rule up to
12012-660: The mother of Franz Joseph I of Austria . Immediately after arriving at Zagreb, Jelačić got the order to join the discussions with the Hungarian government in Vienna . During these, Jelačić stated that his position was derived from the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 , while Lajos Batthyány called him "a separatist" seeking to break away from the Habsburg Monarchy. Jelačić called this a "rebellion". Batthyány warned Jelačić that this could mean war. Jelačić stopped
12144-461: The new king. This resulted in the Bloody Sabor of Križevci in 1397, loss of interest in the crown by Ladislaus and selling of Dalmatia to Venice in 1403, and spreading of Croatian names to the north, with those of Slavonia to the east. The dynastic struggle didn't end, and with the Ottoman invasion on Bosnia the first short raids began in Croatian territory, defended only by local nobles. As
12276-470: The oath as Ban of Croatia, because it was a Hungarian dependent territory . The relations between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Austrian government deteriorated after the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution on 15 March 1848. But Jelačić later took the oath as Ban of Croatia on 5 June 1848. Because of the absence of Juraj Haulik , the Catholic Archbishop of Zagreb , he took the oath before
12408-513: The occupation of Pest and Buda the larger campaigns were over. Windisch-Grätz declared a military dictatorship, caught the Hungarian leader Lajos Batthyány and asked for surrender. He moved to Debrecen but was stopped by Perczel at Szolnok and Abony . Kossuth nominated Henryk Dembiński to replace Artúr Görgey, and started a strategic counterattack but was defeated near Kápolna. Windisch-Grätz ordered Jelačić to quick march to Jászfényszaru . On 4 April Klapka attacked him but at Tápióbicske
12540-622: The official religion of Bulgaria) also waged a lengthy war against the Dalmatian Croats, trying to expand his state to the Adriatic . The Croatian Prince Trpimir I (845–864) succeeded Mislav. In 854, there was a great battle between Trpimir's forces and the Bulgars. Neither side emerged victorious, and the outcome was the exchange of gifts and the establishment of peace. Trpimir I managed to consolidate power over Dalmatia and much of
12672-399: The peasants in northern Croatia and Slovenia rebelled against their feudal lords due to various injustices. After the fall of Bihać fort in 1592, only small areas of Croatia remained unrecovered. The remaining 16,800 square kilometres (6,487 sq mi) were referred to as the reliquiae reliquiarum of the once great Croatian kingdom . Croats stopped the Ottoman advance in Croatia at
12804-468: The political situation during the 10th century. It mainly served as Byzantine propaganda praising Emperor Heraclius for repopulating the Balkans (previously devastated by the Avars , Sclaveni and Antes ) with Croats, who were seen by the Byzantines as tributary peoples living on what had always been 'Roman land'. Scholars have hypothesized the name Croat ( Hrvat ) may be Iranian , thus suggesting that
12936-471: The present-day border between the two countries is a remnant of this outcome. In the first half of the 17th century, Croats fought in the Thirty Years' War on the side of Holy Roman Empire , mostly as light cavalry under command of imperial generalissimo Albrecht von Wallenstein . Croatian Ban, Juraj V Zrinski , also fought in the war, but died in a military camp near Bratislava , Slovakia , as he
13068-664: The rank of general or admiral , of which 379 in the army of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy , 8 in the Russian Empire , two each in the French and Hungarian armies, and one each in the armies of the Ottoman Empire , the Republic of Venice , Portuguese Empire and Serbia. By rank, 173 were brigadier generals , 142 major generals , 55 lieutenant generals , two generals, three staff generals , 17 rear admirals , one viceadmiral and two admirals. After
13200-424: The rebels, and "get back to the road of honour and duty", but Móga refused, and his army attacked Jelačić between his position and Pákozd . After his defeat at the Battle of Pákozd , on 30 September Jelačić asked for a three-day ceasefire; he wanted to use these days to wait for Roth's army. He assessed the greater numbers of the Hungarian troops and the poor armaments and tiredness of his own troops. On 1 October
13332-542: The region, allowing Prince Ljudevit Posavski to raise a rebellion in 819. The Frankish margraves sent armies in 820, 821 and 822, but each time they failed to crush the rebels. Aided by Borna the Guduscan, the Franks eventually defeated Ljudevit, who withdrew his forces to the Serbs and conquered them, according to the Frankish Annals. For much of the subsequent period, Savia was probably directly ruled by
13464-399: The revolution of 1848, there would be only 2 bans of Croatian nationality. The period from 1670 to the Croatian cultural revival in the 19th century was Croatia's political Dark Age. Meanwhile, with the victories over Turks, Habsburgs all the more insistent they spent centralization and germanization, new regained lands in liberated Slavonia started giving to foreign families as feudal goods, at
13596-445: The river Sava . He reassembled his forces in Croatia and advanced on Gvozd Mountain , where he met the main Hungarian army led by King Coloman I of Hungary . In 1097, in the Battle of Gvozd Mountain , the last native king Peter was killed and the Croats were decisively defeated (because of this, the mountain was this time renamed to Petrova Gora , "Peter's Mountain", but identified with the wrong mountain). In 1102, Coloman returned to
13728-555: The sake of stopping the Ottoman conquering and possible assault on the capital of Vienna, the large areas of Croatia and Slavonia (even Hungary and Romania) bordering the Ottoman Empire were organized as a Military Frontier which was ruled directly from Vienna military headquarters. The invasion caused migration of Croats, and the area which became deserted was subsequently settled by Serbs , Vlachs , Germans and others. The negative effects of feudalism escalated in 1573 when
13860-401: The second half of the 13th century, during the Árpád and Anjou dynasty struggle, the Šubić family became hugely powerful under Paul I Šubić of Bribir , who was the longest Croatian Ban (1274–1312), conquering Bosnia and declaring himself "Lord of all of Bosnia" (1299–1312). He appointed his brother Mladen I Šubić as Ban of Bosnia (1299–1304), and helped Charles I from House of Anjou to be
13992-515: The side of Ferdinand I, as they elected him as the new king of Croatia on 1 January 1527, uniting both lands under Habsburg rule. In return they were promised the historic rights, freedoms, laws and defence of Croatian Kingdom. However, the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom was not enough well prepared and organized and the Ottoman Empire expanded further in the 16th century to include most of Slavonia, western Bosnia and Lika . For
14124-960: The solemn divine service in St. Peter's church in Rome in 879, John VIII] gave his blessing to the duke and the Croatian people, about which he informed Branimir in his letters, in which Branimir was recognized as the Duke of the Croats ( Dux Chroatorum ). During his reign, Croatia retained its sovereignty from both the Holy Roman Empire and Byzantine rule, and became a fully recognized state. After Branimir's death, Prince Muncimir (892–910), Zdeslav's brother, took control of Dalmatia and ruled it independently of both Rome and Byzantium as divino munere Croatorum dux (with God's help, duke of Croats). In Dalmatia, duke Tomislav (910–928) succeeded Muncimir. Tomislav successfully repelled Magyar mounted invasions of
14256-680: The struggle against the Ottoman Turks . Among them there were ban Petar Berislavić who won a victory at Dubica on the Una river in 1513, the captain of Senj and prince of Klis Petar Kružić , who defended the Klis Fortress for almost 25 years, captain Nikola Jurišić who deterred by a magnitude larger Turkish force on their way to Vienna in 1532, or ban Nikola IV Zrinski who helped save Pest from occupation in 1542 and fought in
14388-465: The supply routes to Croatia were cut by rebels, so he advanced toward Vienna. On 3 October Móga was pursuing after Jelačić, but did not want to make an attack. On 4 October, Ferdinand I of Austria reappointed Jelačić as the general commander of all troops in Hungary, and dissolved the Hungarian Diet . Austrian Minister of War Theodor Baillet von Latour called the guards in Vienna to join
14520-452: The territory of future Croatia was the polity of Prince Ljudevit who ruled the territories between the Drava and Sava rivers (" Pannonia Inferior "), centred from his fort at Sisak . Although Duke Liutevid and his people are commonly seen as a "Pannonian Croats", he is, due to the lack of "evidence that they had a sense of Croat identity" referred to as dux Pannoniae Inferioris , or simply
14652-460: The time of internal unrest. Besides King Louis's daughter Mary , Charles III of Naples was the closest king male relative with claims to the throne. In February 1386, two months after his coronation, he was assassinated by order of the queen Elizabeth of Bosnia . His supporters, bans John of Palisna , John Horvat and Stjepan Lacković planned a rebellion, and managed to capture and imprison Elizabeth and Mary. By orders of John of Palisna, Elizabeth
14784-485: The troops of Jelačić, but this caused an uprising in Vienna on 6 October in which Latour was killed. On 7 October Hungarian General Mór Perczel defeated the armies of General Roth and Josip Filipović , and took them prisoner. The Hungarian Parliament annulled the Emperor's decree of October 4. Jelačić moved onward to Vienna to join the troops around the city. Under Lieutenant-General Kuzman Todorović , he organised
14916-517: The union with Hungary, institutions of separate Croatian statehood were maintained through the Sabor (an assembly of Croatian nobles) and the ban (viceroy). In addition, the Croatian nobles retained their lands and titles. Coloman retained the institution of the Sabor and relieved the Croatians of taxes on their land. Coloman's successors continued to crown themselves as Kings of Croatia separately in Biograd na Moru . The Hungarian king also introduced
15048-555: The united government in Hungary, thus to together resist the intentions from Vienna. But the connection with Hungary soon adversely affected the position of Croats, because Magyars in the spring of their nationalism tried to Magyarize Croats, and make Croatia a part of a united Hungary. Because of this pretensions, the constant struggles between Croats and Magyars emerged, and lasted until 1918. Croats were fighting in unfavorable conditions, against both Vienna and Budapest, while divided on Banska Hrvatska, Dalmatia and Military Frontier. In such
15180-446: Was Ljudevit Gaj who also reformed and standardized Croatian. The official language in Croatia had been Latin until 1847, when it became Croatian. The movement relied on a South Slavic and Panslavistic conception, and its national, political and social ideas were advanced at the time. By the 1840s, the movement had moved from cultural goals to resisting Hungarian political demands. By the royal order of 11 January 1843, originating from
15312-711: Was a Croatian lieutenant field marshal in the Imperial Austrian Army and politician. He was the Ban of Croatia between 23 March 1848 and 19 April 1859. He was a member of the House of Jelačić and a noted army general, remembered for his military campaigns during the Revolutions of 1848 and for his abolition of serfdom in Croatia . The son of Croatian Baron Franjo Jelačić Bužimski (or in other documents, Franz Freiherr Jelačić von Bužim ) (1746–1810),
15444-520: Was a common practice, and he forced the Venetians to start paying tribute for sailing near the eastern Adriatic coast. After Domagoj's death, Venetian chronicles named him "The worst duke of Slavs", while Pope John VIII referred to Domagoj in letters as "Famous duke". Domagoj's son, of unknown name, ruled shortly between 876 and 878 with his brothers. They continued the rebellion, attacked the western Istrian towns in 876, but were subsequently defeated by
15576-577: Was acting as a governing body in Croatia. The new Sabor was summoned on 5 June. The Austrian emperor called Jelačić to Innsbruck , to which the Imperial Court had fled, and the Emperor there told him that the Croatian and Slavonian troops in the Italian provinces wanted to join forces with those in Croatia, but that this would weaken the forces in Italy. So Jelačić called on all troops stationed in
15708-417: Was approved to set up a new government, and calling him to stop the troops, and to discuss further actions at his office. Jelačić replied he could not stop his army then, but was prepared for discussions with the archduke at the port of Balatonszemes . The meeting did not take place. According to Austrian sources, advisors to Jelačić persuaded him not to attend, because of a threat of assassination by agents of
15840-515: Was composed of twelve counties and was slightly larger than in Tomislav's time, and included the closest southern Dalmatian duchy of Pagania. From the outset, he continued the policies of his father, but was immediately commanded by Pope Nicholas II first in 1059 and then in 1060 to further reform the Croatian church in accordance with the Roman rite . This was especially significant to the papacy in
15972-592: Was educated in Vienna at the Theresian Military Academy , where he received a versatile education, showing particular interest in history and foreign languages. He was fluent in all South-Slavic languages, as well as German , Italian , French , and Hungarian . On the 11th of March 1819 Jelačić joined the Austrian army with the rank of lieutenant in the Vinko Freiherr von Knežević Regiment, named for his uncle. In 1819, he served as
16104-559: Was followed by war . In the first years of the war, over 200,000 Croats were displaced from their homes as a result of the military actions. In the peak of the fighting, around 550,000 ethnic Croats were displaced altogether during the Yugoslav wars. Josip Jela%C4%8Di%C4%87 Count Josip Jelačić von Bužim (16 October 1801 – 20 May 1859; also spelled Jellachich , Jellačić or Jellasics ; Croatian : Josip grof Jelačić Bužimski ; Hungarian : Jelasics József )
16236-646: Was in conflict with the rising Bulgarian Empire ruled by Tsar Simeon I . In 923, due to a deal of Pope John X and a Patriarch of Constantinopole, the sovereignty of Byzantine coastal cities in Dalmatia came under Tomislav's Governancy. The war escalated on 27 May 927, in the battle of the Bosnian Highlands , after Serbs were conquered and some fled to the Croatian Kingdom. There Croats under leadership of their king Tomislav completely defeated
16368-570: Was killed near Knin in an uprising led by Branimir , a relative of Domagoj, instigated by the Pope, fearing Byzantine power. Branimir's (879–892) own actions were approved from the Holy See to bring the Croats further away from the influence of Byzantium and closer to Rome. Duke Branimir wrote to Pope John VIII affirming this split from Byzantine and commitment to the Roman Papacy . During
16500-511: Was named Zrinski ) in 1347. Eventually, the Babonić and Nelipić families also succumbed to the king's offensive against nobility, but with the increasing process of power centralization, Louis managed to force Venice by the Treaty of Zadar in 1358 to give up their possessions in Dalmatia. When King Louis died without successor, the question of succession remained open. The kingdom once again entered
16632-469: Was poisoned by von Wallenstein after a verbal duel. His son, future ban and captain-general of Croatia, Nikola Zrinski , participated during the closing stages of the war. In 1664, the Austrian imperial army was victorious against the Turks, but Emperor Leopold failed to capitalize on the success when he signed the Peace of Vasvár in which Croatia and Hungary were prevented from regaining territory lost to
16764-550: Was raised by a powerful nobleman from Knin – Domagoj , and his son Zdeslav was exiled with his brothers, Petar and Muncimir to Constantinople . Facing a number of naval threats by Saracens and Byzantine Empire, the Croatian Prince Domagoj (864–876) built up the Croatian navy again and helped the coalition of emperor Louis II and the Byzantine to conquer Bari in 871. During Domagoj's reign piracy
16896-467: Was replaced by General Welden and later Julius Jacob von Haynau . Jelačić was ordered to gather the scattered troops in southern Hungary and to organise an army. This consisted of 15,800 infantry, 5,100 cavalry and 74 cannon, and moved to Osijek immediately. During his march south, Jelačić had to suppress rebellions, especially in Pécs . After a series of wrong decisions, Jelačić's army could not join up with
17028-404: Was stationed at Mór , Jelačić made a detour toward this city and defeated the Hungarian troops there, taking into custody 23 officers and 2,000 honvéd . With this battle, Pest-Buda became vulnerable, so the Hungarian government fled to Debrecen . Görgey could resist the march of Jelačić at Tétény for some time, but on 5 January Windisch-Grätz, together with Jelačić occupied Pest-Buda. After
17160-488: Was strangled. In retaliation, Magyars crowned Mary's husband Sigismund of Luxembourg . King Sigismund's army was catastrophically defeated at the Battle of Nicopolis (1396) as the Ottoman invasion was getting closer to the borders of the Hungarian-Croatian kingdom. Without news about the king after the battle, the then ruling Croatian ban Stjepan Lacković and nobles invited Charles III's son Ladislaus of Naples to be
17292-568: Was succeeded by his son Stjepan I (1030–1058), who continued his ambitions of spreading rule over the coastal cities, and during whose rule was established the diocese of Knin between 1040 and 1050 which bishop had the nominal title of "Croatian bishop" (Latin: episcopus Chroatensis ). Krešimir IV (1058–1074) managed to get the Byzantine Empire to confirm him as the supreme ruler of the Dalmatian cities. Croatia under Krešimir IV
17424-408: Was the arrival of the king Francis II in 1818, and the repeated donation of money for the construction. Therefore, Ivan Nestor is with good reason considered to be "the real father of Topusko". The next stronger phase in the development followed the arrival of ban Josip Jelačić (later the count and the governor of Croatia). At that time also the capital objects are built and Topusko stands out from
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