135-687: One of the major facilities built in the Manila campus of Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas , the Buenaventura Garcia Paredes, O.P. Building , colloquially known as BGPOP , is poised to serve as the meeting place of all members of the alumni in the Philippines and abroad. The building houses both the UST Faculty of Arts and Letters and UST College of Tourism and Hospitality Management. Previously, it served as
270-531: A "Golden Age", regaining its pre-war moniker "Pearl of the Orient". After Lacson's term in the 1950s, Manila was led by Antonio Villegas for most of the 1960s. Ramon Bagatsing was mayor from 1972 until the 1986 People Power Revolution . During the administration of Ferdinand Marcos , Metro Manila was created as an integrated unit with the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 824 on November 7, 1975. The area encompassed four cities and thirteen adjoining towns as
405-516: A built-up area that extends well beyond its administrative limits and includes some 24 million people. Manila was the first chartered city in the country, designated by Philippine Commission Act No. 183 on July 31, 1901. It became autonomous with the passage of Republic Act No. 409, "The Revised Charter of the City of Manila", on June 18, 1949. Manila is considered to be part of the world's original set of global cities because its commercial networks were
540-680: A chance to flee into exile. Shortly after midnight on February 26, 1986, the Marcos Family fled Malacañang and were taken to Clark Airbase , after which they went into exile in Honolulu along with some select followers including Fabian Ver and Danding Cojuangco . Because the victory had been won by the civilians on the streets rather than the military, the event was dubbed the People Power revolution . Ferdinand Marcos' 21 years as President - and his 14 years as authoritarian leader - of
675-551: A final /d/. This documentation shows that the may-nilad etymology is spurious. Originally, the mistaken identification of nilad as the source of the toponym probably originated in an 1887 essay by Trinidad Pardo de Tavera , in which he mistakenly used the word nila to refer both to Indigofera tinctoria (true indigo) and to Ixora manila , which is actually nilád in Tagalog. ). Early 20th century writings, such as those of Julio Nakpil , and Blair and Robertson, repeated
810-594: A government center occupying all of Wallace Field, which extends from Rizal Park to the present Taft Avenue . The Philippine capitol was to rise at the Taft Avenue end of the field, facing the sea. Along with buildings for government bureaus and departments, it would form a quadrangle with a central lagoon and a monument to José Rizal at the other end of the field. Of Burnham's proposed government center, only three units—the Legislative Building, and
945-653: A later date. The city attained great wealth due to its location at the confluence of the Silk Road , the Spice Route , and the Silver Way . Significant is the role of Armenians , who acted as merchant intermediaries that made trade between Europe and Asia possible in this area. France was the first nation to try financing its Asian trade with a partnership in Manila through Armenian khojas. The largest trade volume
1080-568: A linguistic perspective, it is unlikely for native Tagalog speakers to completely drop the final consonant /d/ in nilad to achieve the present form Maynilà . Historian Ambeth Ocampo also states that in all early documents the place had always been called " Maynilà " (eventually adopted into Spanish as Manila ) — and never referred to with the final /d/ . Despite the may-nilad etymology being erroneous, it continues to be perpetuated through uncritical repetition in both literature and popular imagination. Portuguese and Spanish records in
1215-769: A more complex social structure than the Visayans (except for lowland Panay), directly participating in commerce elsewhere with the rest of Southeast and East Asia through their Bornean political contacts and proximity to the South China Sea tradewinds, and engaging in widespread wet rice agriculture provided by the tropical savanna landscape. The Tagalogs were thus described by the Spanish Augustinian friar Martin de Rada as more traders than warriors. In his seminal 1994 work " Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society " (further simplified in
1350-418: A new, civilian-oriented Insular Government headed by Governor-General William Howard Taft invited city planner Daniel Burnham to adapt Manila to modern needs. The Burnham Plan included the development of a road system, the use of waterways for transportation, and the beautification of Manila with waterfront improvements and construction of parks, parkways, and buildings. The planned buildings included
1485-634: A position as commander of his naval force. Pigaffetta noted that Ache was " much feared in these parts ", but especially the non-Muslim locals, who considered the Sultan of Brunei an enemy. In 1521, Ache was coming fresh from a military victory at the helm of the Bruneian navy as he just razed the Buddhist city of Laoue in Southwest Borneo to the ground, under orders from his grandfather,
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#17327719394591620-614: A sensationalized heritage issue . In 2017, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines erected a " comfort woman " statue on Roxas Boulevard , causing Japan to express regret about the statue's erection despite the healthy relationship between Japan and the Philippines. In the 2013 election , former President Joseph Estrada succeeded Lim as the city's mayor. During his term, Estrada allegedly paid ₱ 5 billion in city debts and increased
1755-486: A separate regional unit of government. On June 24, 1976, the 405th anniversary of the city's founding, President Marcos reinstated Manila as the capital of the Philippines for its historical significance as the seat of government since the Spanish Period. At the same time, Marcos designated his wife Imelda Marcos as the first governor of Metro Manila. She started the rejuvenation of the city and re-branded Manila
1890-444: A settlement that trades in indigo dye, since the settlement was founded several hundred years before indigo dye extraction became an important economic activity in the area in the 18th century. The native Tagalog name for the indigo plant, tayum (or variations thereof) actually finds use in another toponym within the Manila area: Tayuman , "where the indigo (plant) is." An inaccurate but nevertheless persistent etymology asserts
2025-416: Is the capital and second-most populous city of the Philippines , after Quezon City . Located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay on the island of Luzon , it is classified as a highly urbanized city . Manila is the world's most densely populated city proper , with 43,611.5 inhabitants per square kilometer (112,953/sq mi) and a population of 1,846,513 people in 2020; it is also the historic core of
2160-402: Is an average tree, very rare straight, leafy wood, and compact like Molavin, where Mangle abounds, the place is called Manglar, so where nilad (abounds), Maynilad, whence the corruption Manila) , making this an earlier account of the change in this name. The earliest evidence of human life around present-day Manila is the nearby Angono Petroglyphs , which are dated to around 3000 BC. Negritos ,
2295-490: Is from Spain. Finally, of the mestizos , the mixed-race people here, I cannot even write because in Manila there is no limit to combinations of peoples with peoples. This is in the city where all the buzz is. (Remesal, 1629: 680–1) After Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, the Spanish crown began to directly govern Manila. Under direct Spanish rule, banking, industry, and education flourished more than they had in
2430-525: Is on the second floor. The third floor is the location of the Office for Alumni Affairs and the offices of each faculty/college-based alumni association. The center has hostel facilities for accommodation services for traveling and returning alumni. Manila Manila ( / m ə ˈ n ɪ l ə / mə- NIL -ə ; Filipino : Maynila ), officially the City of Manila (Filipino: Lungsod ng Maynila ),
2565-523: Is the most populous region in the country, one of the most populous urban areas in the world, and one of the wealthiest regions in Southeast Asia . The Pasig River flows through the middle of Manila, dividing it into northern and southern sections. The city comprises 16 administrative districts and is divided into six political districts for the purposes of representation in the Congress of
2700-522: Is why they were called detainees rather than prisoners. At least 11,103 of them have since been officially recognized by the Philippine government as having been extensively tortured and abused . and in April 1973 Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila student journalist Liliosa Hilao became the first of these detainees to be killed while in prison - one of 3,257 known extrajudicial killings during
2835-409: The 2010 city elections , which Lim won. Lim was sued by councilor Dennis Alcoreza on 2008 over human rights , he was charged with graft over the rehabilitation of public schools. In 2012, DMCI Homes began constructing Torre de Manila , which became controversial for ruining the sight line of Rizal Park. The tower became known as "Terror de Manila" and the "national photobomber", and became
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#17327719394592970-597: The Battle of Bangkusay , Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi began constructing the walled fortification of Intramuros on the ruins of an older settlement from whose name the Spanish and English name Manila derives. Manila was used as the capital of the captaincy general of the Spanish East Indies , which included the Marianas , Guam , and other islands, and was controlled and administered for
3105-589: The Bruneian Sultanate ; but Southeast Asian scholars believe this refers to a settlement Mount Selurong in Indonesia. For political reasons, the historical rulers of Maynila maintained close cognatic ties through intermarriage with the ruling houses of the Sultanate of Brunei, but Brunei's political influence over Maynila is not considered to have extended to military or political rule. Intermarriage
3240-757: The Pacific Islands to Southeast Asia, and vice versa . Silver that was mined in Mexico and Peru was exchanged for Chinese silk, Indian gems, and spices from Indonesia and Malaysia. Wine and olives grown in Europe and North Africa were shipped via Mexico to Manila. Because of the Ming ban on trade leveled against the Ashikaga shogunate in 1549, this resulted in the ban of all Japanese people from entering China and of Chinese ships from sailing to Japan. Manila became
3375-598: The Propaganda Movement , the Philippine revolution began; Manila was among the first eight provinces to rebel and their role was commemorated on the Philippine Flag , on which Manila was represented by one of the eight rays of the symbolic sun. After the 1898 Battle of Manila , Spain ceded the city to the United States. The First Philippine Republic based in nearby Bulacan fought against
3510-541: The Tagalog phrase may-nilà , which translates to "where indigo is found." Nilà is derived from the Sanskrit word nīla ( नील ) which refers to indigo , and, by extension, to several plant species from which this natural dye can be extracted. The Maynilà name is more likely in reference to the presence of indigo-yielding plants growing in the area surrounding the settlement, rather than Maynilà being known as
3645-539: The Umayyad Caliphate , he took advantage of a territorial conflict between Hindu Tondo and Islamic Manila to justify expelling or converting Bruneian Muslim colonists who supported their Manila vassals while his Mexican grandson Juan de Salcedo had a romantic relationship with Kandarapa , a princess of Tondo. López de Legazpi had the local royalty executed or exiled after the failure of the Conspiracy of
3780-715: The " City of Man ". Many of the key events of the historical period from the first major protests against the administration of Ferdinand Marcos in January 1970 until his ouster in February 1986 took place within the city of Manila. The first, the January 26, 1970, State of the Nation Address Protest which kicked off the " First Quarter Storm ", took place at the Legislative Building (now the National Museum of Fine Arts ) on Padre Burgos Avenue , and
3915-433: The "Tagumpay ng Bayan" (People's Victory) rally at Luneta Park , announcing a civil disobedience campaign and calling for her supporters to boycott publications and companies which were associated with Marcos or any of his cronies. The event was attended by a crowd of about two million people. Aquino's camp began making preparations for more rallies, and Aquino herself went to Cebu to rally more people to their cause. In
4050-625: The 13th century, Manila consisted of a fortified settlement and trading quarter on the shore of the Pasig River. It was then conquered by the Indianized empire of Majapahit , according to the epic eulogy poem Nagarakretagama , which described the area's conquest by Maharaja Hayam Wuruk . Selurong (षेलुरोङ्), a historical name for Manila, is listed in Canto 14 alongside Sulot – which is now Sulu – and Kalka . Selurong, together with Sulot,
4185-519: The 1500s state that Maynila was the same as the kingdom that was referred to as the Kingdom of Luzon ( Portuguese : Luçon , possibly from the name " Lusong "), and whose citizens had been called " Luções ". Magellan expedition member Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz's account of the events of 1521 specifically describes how the Magellan expedition, then under the command of Sebastian Elcano after
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4320-410: The 1571 Battle of Bangkusay Channel . The name Luzon , which French linguist Jean-Paul Potet explains was the name given to the Pasig River delta area, is thought to derive from the Tagalog word lusong , which is a large wooden mortar used in dehusking rice. A 2008 PIDS research paper by Eulito Bautista and Evelyn Javier provides an image of a Lusong, and explains that, " Traditional milling
4455-935: The Americans for control of the city. The Americans defeated the First Philippine Republic and captured its president Emilio Aguinaldo , who pledged allegiance to the U.S. on April 1, 1901. Upon drafting a new charter for Manila in June 1901, the U.S. officially recognized the city of Manila consisted of Intramuros and the surrounding areas. The new charter proclaimed Manila was composed of eleven municipal districts: Binondo, Ermita , Intramuros, Malate , Paco , Pandacan , Sampaloc , San Miguel , Santa Ana , Santa Cruz , and Tondo . The Catholic Church recognized five parishes as parts of Manila; Gagalangin, Trozo, Balic-Balic, Santa Mesa , and Singalong; and Balut and San Andres were later added. Under U.S. control,
4590-483: The Bruneian Sultan, and was supposedly on his way to Maynila with the intent of confronting his cousin when he came upon and attacked the remnants of the Magellan expedition, then under the command of Sebastian Elcano . Some historians suggest that Ache's decision to attack must have been influenced by a desire to expand his fleet even further as he made his way back to Lusong and Maynila, where he could use
4725-542: The City Government approved five reclamation projects; the New Manila Bay–City of Pearl (New Manila Bay International Community) (407.43 hectares (1,006.8 acres)), Solar City (148 hectares (370 acres)), Manila Harbour Center expansion (50 hectares (120 acres)), Manila Waterfront City (318 hectares (790 acres)), and Horizon Manila (419 hectares (1,040 acres)). Of the five planned projects, only Horizon Manila
4860-519: The City of Manila. The first one was Ninoy Aquino who was arrested just before midnight on September 22 while at a hotel on UN Avenue preparing for a senate committee session the following morning. About 400 prominent critics of the Marcos administration were jailed in the first few hours of September 23 alone, and eventually about 70,000 individuals became Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship - most of them arrested without warrants, which
4995-500: The Italian scholar Antonio Pigafetta who served as the expedition's primary scribe, and published his account in 1524. According to the account of Rajah Matanda as recalled by Magellan expedition members Gines de Mafra, Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz, and expedition scribe Antonio Pigafetta, Rajah Matanda's father (whose name was not mentioned in the accounts) died when he was still very young. Rajah Matanda's mother (also unnamed in
5130-634: The Maharlikas , a plot in which an alliance of datus , rajahs , Japanese merchants, and the Sultanate of Brunei would band together to execute the Spaniards, along with their Latin American recruits and Visayan allies. The victorious Spaniards made Manila the capital of the Spanish East Indies and of the Philippines, which their empire would control for the next three centuries. In 1574, Manila
5265-531: The Marcos dictatorship which paved the way for similar protest actions elsewhere in the country. From then, Manila continued to be a center of resistance activity; youth and student demonstrators repeatedly clashed with the police and military. Another major protest was the September 1984 Welcome Rotonda protest dispersal at the border of Manila and Quezon City, which came in the wake of the Aquino assassination
5400-673: The Marcos government. Marcos' declaration of martial law in September 1972 saw the immediate shutdown of all media not approved by Marcos, including Quezon City media outlets, including the Manila-based Manila Times , Philippines Free Press , The Manila Tribune and the Philippines Herald . At the same time, it saw the arrest of many students, journalists, academics, and politicians who were considered political threats to Marcos, many of them residents of
5535-560: The Nation Address at the legislative building on January 26. The protesters were initially bickering amongst themselves because both moderate reformist and radical activist groups were present and fighting to gain control of the stage. But all of them, regardless of advocacy, were violently dispersed by the Philippine Constabulary . This was followed by six more major protests which were violently dispersed, from
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5670-439: The Philippine archipelago, the general consensus among scholars is that they settled on what is now the island of Luzon during the earliest stages of their migratory dispersal no later than about 3,500 years ago, and later waves of migration spread from the Philippine archipelago to reach as far east as Easter Island, and as far west as Madagascar. Not much is known about when the Tagalog and Kapampangan peoples came to occupy
5805-549: The Philippine flora that appeared in 1704 as an Appendix to Ray's Historia Plantarum which is the Herbarium aliarumque Stirpium in Insula Luzone Philippinarum primaria nascentium... by Fr. Georg Josef Kamel , he mentioned that, Nilad arbor mediocris, rarissimi recta, ligno folido, et compacto ut Molavin, ubi abundant Mangle, locum vocant Manglar, ita ubi nilad, Maynilad, unde corrupte Manila (Nilad
5940-556: The Philippines and the election of city council members. In 2018, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as an "Alpha-" global city , and ranked it seventh in economic performance globally and second regionally, while the Global Financial Centres Index ranks Manila 79th in the world. Manila is also the world's second most natural disaster-exposed city, yet is also among
6075-478: The Philippines to Quezon City , a new capital in the suburbs and fields northeast of Manila, which was created in 1939 during the administration of President Manuel L. Quezon . The move ended any implementation of the Burnham Plan's intent for the government center to be at Luneta. When Arsenio Lacson became the first elected Mayor of Manila in 1952, before which all mayors were appointed, Manila underwent
6210-442: The Philippines was over. From 1986 to 1992, Mel Lopez was mayor of Manila, first due to presidential designation, before being elected in 1988. In 1992, Alfredo Lim was elected mayor, the first Chinese-Filipino to hold the office. He was known for his anti-crime crusades. Lim was succeeded by Lito Atienza , who served as his vice mayor, and was known for his campaign and slogun "Buhayin ang Maynila" (Revive Manila), which saw
6345-479: The Sanskrit language. In popular literature, Maynila is often referred to as a "kingdom", and its Rajas as "kings," even if they did not exercise sovereignty in the technical sense of achieving a "monopoly on the legitimate use of force" . Because population density throughout the archipelago was very low and agricultural practices involved regularly changing planting locations every season and year to maximize
6480-514: The Spaniards [Through America], and others brought by the Portuguese [Through India]. There is an African Moor with his turban here. There are Javanese from Java, Japanese and Bengalese from Bengal. Among all these people are the Chinese whose numbers here are untold and who outnumber everyone else. From China there are peoples so different from each other, and from provinces as distant, as Italy
6615-459: The Spanish accounts) then became the paramount ruler of the Maynila polity. In the meantime, Rajah Matanda, then simply known as the "Young Prince" Ache, was raised alongside his cousin, who was ruler of Tondo - presumed by some to be a young Bunao Lakandula, although not specifically named in the Spanish accounts. During this time, Ache realized that his cousin, who was ruler of Tondo,
6750-559: The Spanish crown by Mexico City in the Viceroyalty of New Spain . In modern times, the name "Manila" is commonly used to refer to the entire metropolitan area, the greater metropolitan area , and the city proper . Metro Manila , the officially defined metropolitan area, is the capital region of the Philippines, and includes the much larger Quezon City and the Makati Central Business District . It
6885-404: The Sultanate of Brunei and extensive trade relations with traders from the Ming dynasty . With Tondo, the polity on the northern part of the Pasig River delta, it established a duopoly on the intraarchipelagic trade of Chinese goods. Maynila and Luzon are sometimes associated with the Bruneian legends which describe a settlement called " Seludong " or "Saludong" which was said to be a vassal to
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#17327719394597020-618: The Sultanate of Brunei. This is narrated through Tausug and Malay royal histories, where the names Seludong , Saludong or Selurong are used to denote Manila prior to colonisation. The traditional rajahs of Tondo, the Lakandula , retained their titles and property but the real political power came to reside in the House of Soliman, the rajahs of Maynila. During the early 16th century, Portuguese sailors in Malaysia referred to
7155-510: The Sulus, but Pon-i was left weaker after the attack. According to Bruneian oral tradition, a city with the Malay name of Selurong , which would later become the city of Maynila ) was formed around the year 1500. This oral tradition claims that Sultan Bolkiah (1485–1521) of the Sultanate of Brunei attacked Tondo and established the polity of Seludong (Maynila) as a satellite state of
7290-557: The Tagalog people who lived in Manila Bay (" Lusong ", Portuguese : Luçon ) using the demonym Luções ( Portuguese pronunciation: [luˈsõjʃ] , Spanish : Luzones ). Surviving primary documents referring to these Luções include the accounts of Fernão Mendes Pinto (1614); Tomé Pires (whose written documents were published in 1944); and the survivors of Ferdinand Magellan 's expedition, including expedition members Gines de Mafra and Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz and
7425-680: The Thomasian alumni based in the United States. He addressed the members of the alumni in the U.S. particularly the Thomasian medical practitioners to invite them to come home and join the festivities for UST's quadricentennial anniversary. This happened during the 18th Annual Grand Reunion and Medical Convention of the UST Medical Alumni Association in America or USTMAAA. During the event, the UST Rector acknowledged
7560-402: The aboriginal inhabitants of the Philippines, lived across the island of Luzon , where Manila is located, before Malayo-Polynesians arrived and assimilated them. Manila was an active trade partner with the Song and Yuan dynasties of China. The polity of Tondo flourished during the latter half of the Ming dynasty as a result of direct trade relations with China. Tondo district was
7695-620: The aftermath of the election and the revelations of irregularities, Juan Ponce Enrile and the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) - a cabal of disgruntled officers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) - set into motion a coup attempt against Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. Enrile and RAM's coup was quickly uncovered, which prompted Enrile to ask for the support of Philippine Constabulary chief Fidel Ramos . Ramos agreed to join Enrile but even so, their combined forces were trapped in Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo , and were about to be overrun by Marcos loyalist forces. Discovering what
7830-401: The arrival of Muslim traders from the Middle East and Southeast Asia. On June 24, 1571, conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in Manila and declared it a territory of New Spain (Mexico), establishing a city council in what is now Intramuros district. Inspired by the Reconquista , a war in mainland Spain to re-Christianize and reclaim parts of the country that had been ruled by
7965-441: The association's pledge of US$ 1 million for the construction of the Thomasian Alumni Center. The demolition of the original UST gymnasium started on April 6, 2011. The construction of the alumni center will commence once the original gymnasium had been demolished. The alumni center has twelve floors and a mezzanine. The ground floor features a grand lobby that serves as the center's main converging point. The center's grand ballroom
8100-415: The briefer by the Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office in 2015), historian William Henry Scott delineates the three classes of Tagalog society during the 1500s: One of the most cosmopolitan of the early historic settlements on the Philippine archipelago, Maynila was led by paramount rulers who were referred to using the Malay title of "Raja," which is in turn derived from
8235-434: The buildings of the Finance and Agricultural Departments—were completed before World War II began. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines , American soldiers were ordered to withdraw from Manila and all military installations were removed by December 24, 1941. Two days later, General Douglas MacArthur declared Manila an open city to prevent further death and destruction but Japanese warplanes continued bombing
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#17327719394598370-423: The city's name originated from the word may-nilad (meaning "where nilad is found"). There are two versions of this false etymology. One popular incorrect notion is that the old word nilad refers to the water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ) that grows on the banks of the Pasig River . This plant species, however, was only recently introduced into the Philippines from South America and therefore could not be
8505-500: The city's revenues. In 2015, in line with President Noynoy Aquino 's administration progress, the city became the most-competitive city in the Philippines. In the 2016 elections , Estrada narrowly won over Lim. Throughout Estrada's term, numerous Filipino heritage sites were demolished, gutted, or approved for demolition; these include the post-war Santa Cruz Building, Capitol Theater , El Hogar, Magnolia Ice Cream Plant, and Rizal Memorial Stadium . Some of these sites were saved after
8640-400: The city, including students of Universidad de Manila and the University of the City of Manila . In 2022, Time Out ranked Manila in 34th position in its list of the 53 best cities in the world, citing it as "an underrated hub for art and culture, with unique customs and cuisine to boot". Manila was also voted the third-most-resilient and least-rude city for the year's index. In 2023,
8775-451: The city. Japanese forces occupied Manila on January 2, 1942. From February 3 to March 3, 1945, Manila was the site of one of the bloodiest battles in the Pacific theater of World War II. Under orders of Japanese Rear Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi , retreating Japanese forces killed about 100,000 Filipino civilians and perpetrated the mass rape of women in February. At the end of the war, Manila had suffered from heavy bombardment and became
8910-422: The claim. Today, this erroneous etymology continues to be perpetuated through casual repetition in literature and in popular use. Examples of popular adoption of this mistaken etymology include the name of a local utility company Maynilad Water Services and the name of an underpass close to Manila City Hall , Lagusnilad (meaning "Nilad Pass"). On the other hand, in a rather first account of importance on
9045-406: The classrooms for UST Senior High School before they relocated to Blessed Pier Giorgio Frassati Building in 2019. In addition, the center is conceived to house the individual alumni chapters of each faculty and college. The structure honors the name of Blessed Buenaventura García de Paredes , who was a law professor of the University and a Master of the Order of Preachers martyred in 1936 during
9180-578: The confluence of many foreign languages in Manila, the confessional in Manila was "the most difficult in the world". Juan de Cobo, another Spanish missionary of the 1600s, was so astonished by the commerce, cultural complexity, and ethnic diversity in Manila he wrote to his brethren in Mexico: The diversity here is immense such that I could go on forever trying to differentiate lands and peoples. There are Castilians from all provinces. There are Portuguese and Italians; Dutch, Greeks and Canary Islanders, and Mexican Indians. There are slaves from Africa brought by
9315-453: The death of Magellan, captured of one of the Luções : Prince Ache, who would later be known as Rajah Matanda , who was then serving as a commander of the Naval forces of Brunei. Aganduru Moriz described the "young prince" as being " the Prince of Luzon - or Manila, which is the same. ” corroborated by fellow expedition member Gines de Mafra and the account of expedition scribe Antonio Pigaffetta. This description of Ache as "King of Luzon"
9450-506: The end of January until March 17, 1970. Instability continued the following year, with the most significant incident being the August 1971 Plaza Miranda bombing caused nine deaths and injured 95 others, including many prominent Liberal Party politicians including incumbent Senators Jovito Salonga , Eddie Ilarde , Eva Estrada-Kalaw , and Liberal Party president Gerardo Roxas , Sergio Osmeña Jr. , Manila 2nd District Councilor Ambrosio "King" Lorenzo Jr., and Congressman Ramon Bagatsing who
9585-405: The entire Philippines, alongside the word bansa (or bangsa , meaning "nation"). There is some debate about whether the Austronesian culture first came to the island of Luzon from continental Asia as proposed by Peter Bellwood and Robert Blust , or from Maritime Southeast Asia as proposed by Wilhelm Solheim and William Meacham . But whichever route these Austronesians first used to get to
9720-469: The establishment of several parks, and the repair and rehabilitation of the city's deteriorating facilities. He was the city's mayor for nine years before being termed out of office. Lim once again ran for mayor and defeated Atienza's son Ali in the 2007 city election, and immediately reversed all of Atienza's projects, which he said made little contribution to the improvements of the city. The relationship of both parties turned bitter, with them both contesting
9855-520: The fastest-developing cities in Southeast Asia. Maynilà , the Filipino name for the city, comes from the phrase may-nilà , meaning "where indigo is found". Nilà is derived from the Sanskrit word nīla ( नील ), which refers to indigo dye and, by extension, to several plant species from which this natural dye can be extracted. The name Maynilà was probably bestowed because of
9990-497: The fertility value of the soil, rulership was based on interpersonal loyalty structures and social obligations rather than clearly defined territorial dominion. These leaders butressed their right to rule by gaining prestige, notably by establishing trade and family relations with other regional powers. This was manifested in these leaders taking on foreign symbols of prestige such as the sanskrit title raja and nominaly claiming Islamic beliefs, although early chroniclers noted that
10125-418: The final consonant /d/ in nilad to arrive at the present form Maynilà . As an example, nearby Bacoor retains the final consonant of the old Tagalog word bakoód ("elevated piece of land"), even in old Spanish renderings of the placename (e.g., Vacol , Bacor ). Historians Ambeth Ocampo and Joseph Baumgartner have shown, in every early document, that the place name Maynilà was always written without
10260-549: The first to extend across the Pacific Ocean and connect Asia with the Spanish Americas through the galleon trade . This marked the first time an uninterrupted chain of trade routes circling the planet had been established. By 1258, a Tagalog -fortified polity called Maynila existed on the site of modern Manila. On June 24, 1571, after the defeat of the polity's last indigenous ruler, Rajah Sulayman , in
10395-585: The history of Rajah Kalamayin's Namayan , further upriver, include artifacts dug up from archaeological digs (the earliest of which was Robert Fox ’s work for the National Museum in 1977) and Spanish colonial records (most notably those compiled by the 19th century Franciscan Historian Fray Felix Huerta ). Junker noted the inherent biases of each of the written sources, emphasizing the need to counter-check their narratives with one another, and with empirical archeological evidence. Maynilà comes from
10530-619: The ideological foundations of the Philippine Revolution , which sought independence from Spain. A revolt by Andres Novales was inspired by the Latin American wars of independence but the revolt itself was led by demoted Latin-American military officers stationed in the city from the newly independent nations of Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Costa Rica. Following the Cavite Mutiny and
10665-505: The indigo-yielding plants that grew in the area surrounding the settlement rather than because it was known as a settlement that traded in indigo dye. Indigo dye extraction only became an important economic activity in the area in the 18th century, several hundred years after Maynila settlement was founded and named. Maynilà eventually underwent a process of Hispanicization and adopted the Spanish name Manila . According to an antiquated, inaccurate, and now debunked etymological theory,
10800-495: The intervention of governmental cultural agencies and heritage advocate groups. In May 2019, Estrada said Manila was debt-free; two months later, however, the Commission on Audit said Manila was ₱4.4 billion in debt. Estrada, who was seeking for re-election for his third and final term, lost to Isko Moreno in the 2019 local elections . Moreno has served as the vice mayor under both Lim and Estrada. Estrada's defeat
10935-460: The kota to the ground, they built up the Christian walled city of Intramuros on the ruins of Islamic Manila. Like the majority of peoples of Maritime Southeast Asia , the Tagalog people who established the fortified polity of Maynila were Austronesians . They had a rich, complex culture, with its own expressions of language and writing, religion, art, and music. This Austronesian culture
11070-609: The lands surrounding Manila Bay, but linguists such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups originated in Northeastern Mindanao or the Eastern Visayas . The Tagalog language is believed to have branched out from a hypothesized "proto-language" which linguists have dubbed "Proto-Philippine language," another branch of which
11205-467: The last 14 years of Marcos' presidency. In 1975, Marcos formalized the creation of a region called Metropolitan Manila, incorporating the four cities of Manila, Quezon City , Caloocan , Pasay , and the thirteen municipalities of Las Piñas , Makati , Malabon , Mandaluyong , Marikina , Muntinlupa , Navotas , Parañaque , Pasig , Pateros , San Juan , Taguig , and Valenzuela . And then he appointed his wife Imelda Marcos , who had been angered by
11340-516: The mid 14th century, the Majapahit empire mentioned in its manuscript Nagarakretagama Canto 14, written by Prapanca in 1365, that the area of Saludung (Selurong) and Solot ( Sulu ) were parts of the empire. Nagarakretagama was composed as a eulogy for their emperor Hayam Wuruk . Chinese source mentioned that in 1369, the pirates of Sulu attacked Pon-i (Brunei), looting it of treasure and gold. A fleet from Majapahit succeeded in driving away
11475-473: The new Spanish city of Manila on June 24, 1571, effectively ending Maynila's history as an independent polity. Laura Lee Junker, in her 1998 review of primary sources regarding archaic Philippine polities, lists the primary sources of information regarding the river delta polities of Maynila and Tondo as " Malay texts, Philippine oral traditions, Chinese tributary records and geographies, early Spanish writings, and archaeological evidence ." Primary sources for
11610-621: The only place where the Japanese and Chinese could openly trade. In 1606, upon the Spanish conquest of the Sultanate of Ternate , one of monopolizers of the growing of spice, the Spanish deported the ruler Sultan Said Din Burkat of Ternate, along with his clan and his entourage to Manila, where they were initially enslaved and eventually converted to Christianity. About 200 families of mixed Spanish-Mexican-Filipino and Moluccan-Indonesian-Portuguese descent from Ternate and Tidor followed him there at
11745-428: The opposition together and referred to them as communists, and many former moderates fled to the mountain encampments of the radical opposition to avoid being arrested by Marcos' forces. Those who became disenchanted with the excesses of the Marcos administration and wanted to join the opposition after 1971 often joined the ranks of the radicals, simply because they represented the only group vocally offering opposition to
11880-509: The origin of the placename as may-nilad ("where nilad is found"). Here, nilad refers to either: (incorrectly) the water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ), which is a colonial introduction to the Philippines from South America and therefore could not have been the plant species referred to in the toponym; or (correctly) a shrub-like tree ( Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea , formerly Ixora manila Blanco ) found in or near mangrove swamps, and known as nilád or nilár in Tagalog . From
12015-516: The palace"). The Emperor of China considered the lakans —the rulers of ancient Manila—"王" (kings). During the 12th century, then-Hindu Brunei called "Pon-i", as reported in the Chinese annals Nanhai zhi , invaded Malilu 麻裏蘆 (present-day Manila) as it also administered Sarawak and Sabah , as well as the Philippine kingdoms of: Butuan , Sulu , Ma-i (Mindoro), Shahuchong 沙胡重 (present-day Zamboanga ), Yachen 啞陳 ( Oton ), and 文杜陵 Wenduling (present-day Mindanao ). Manila regained independence. In
12150-462: The population at large did not seem to hold on to Islamic beliefs and practices and continued, for example, to retain pork as an important part of their diet. Early Spanish accounts describe the Tagalogs as using local plants to dye their cotton clothing. This included tayum or tagum , which produced a blue dye, and dilao , which produced a yellow dye. Unlike the Bicolanos and Visayans to
12285-424: The possible dominion of the kingdom. The earliest oral traditions suggest that Maynila was founded as a Muslim settlement as early as the 1250s, supposedly supplanting an even older pre-Islamic settlement. However, the earliest archeological findings for organized human settlements in the area dates to around 1500s. By the 16th century, it was already an important trading center, with extensive political ties with
12420-463: The previous two centuries. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 facilitated direct trade and communications with Spain. The city's growing wealth and education attracted indigenous peoples, Negritos, Malays, Africans, Chinese, Indians, Arabs, Europeans, Latinos and Papuans from the surrounding provinces, and facilitated the rise of an ilustrado class who espoused liberal ideas, which became
12555-458: The ready availability of land, and seasonally migratory agricultural practices meant that their authority was based on interpersonal loyalty structures and social obligations vis a vis clearly defined territorial dominion. Maynila is sometimes interpreted to be the Kingdom of Luzon , although some historians suggest that this might rather refer to the Manila Bay region as a whole, expanding
12690-455: The region and established the rajahnate of Maynilà (كوتا سلودوڠ; Kota Seludong ). The rajahnate was ruled under Brunei and gave yearly tribute as a satellite state . It created a new dynasty under the local leader, who accepted Islam and became Rajah Salalila or Sulaiman I . He established a trading challenge to the already rich House of Lakan Dula in Tondo. Islam was further strengthened by
12825-481: The religious persecution in Spain. The site is the current location of UST's original gymnasium , which was the largest in the Philippines when it was built. Given its historic importance to UST, the gym's front and rear façade are kept and the entrance of the alumni center is along Tamayo Drive. The adjacent Olympic-sized swimming pool has remained, yet refurbished. In June 2010, UST Rector Rolando dela Rosa. visited
12960-619: The rest of the archipelago, the British withdrew in accordance with the Treaty of Paris signed in 1763, which brought an end to the war. An unknown number of Indian soldiers known as sepoys , who came with the British, deserted and settled in nearby Cainta, Rizal . The Chinese minority were punished for supporting the British, and the fortress city Intramuros, which was initially populated by 1,200 pure Spanish families and garrisoned by 400 Spanish troops, kept its cannons pointed at Binondo ,
13095-487: The revelation of his dalliances during the Dovie Beams scandal , Governor of Metro Manila . Despite Marcos' declaration of martial law, poverty and other social issues persisted, so even with the military in his control, Marcos could not hold back the unrest. A major turning point was reached in Tondo in the form of the 1975 La Tondeña Distillery strike which was one of the first major open acts of resistance against
13230-414: The scorched earth tactics typically used in the archipelago during that era. Maynila had been partially rebuilt by the following year, 1571, when the full forces of de Goiti's superior, Miguel López de Legazpi , arrived in the city to claim it as a territory of New Spain . After extensive negotiations with the leaders of Maynila and those of the neighbouring settlement in Tondo, Maynila was declared as
13365-434: The search site Crossword Solm utilizing internet geotagging, showed that Manila is the world's most loving capital city. In August 2023, President Bongbong Marcos suspended all reclamation projects in Manila Bay , including those in the City of Manila. However, the city has no objections and is willing to pursue the suspended reclamation projects. The City of Manila is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay , on
13500-416: The second-most-destroyed city of World War II. Manila was recaptured by American and Philippine troops. After the war, reconstruction efforts started. Buildings like Manila City Hall , the Legislative Building (now the National Museum of Fine Arts ), and Manila Post Office were rebuilt, and roads and other infrastructures were repaired. In 1948, President Elpidio Quirino moved the seat of government of
13635-453: The size of his fleet as leverage against his cousin, the ruler of Tondo. Ache was eventually released, supposedly after the payment of a large ransom. One of Ache's slaves, who was not included in the ransom payment, then became a translator for the Elcano expedition. In the mid-16th century, the areas of present-day Manila were governed by native rajahs. Rajah Matanda (whose real name
13770-437: The source of the toponym for old Manila. Another incorrect etymology arose from the observation that, in Tagalog , nilád or nilár refers to a shrub-like tree ( Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea ; formerly Ixora manila Blanco) that grows in or near mangrove swamps. Linguistic analysis, however, shows the word Maynilà is unlikely to have developed from this term. It is unlikely native Tagalog speakers would completely drop
13905-450: The syncretic forms of folk Catholicism and folk Islam. These Austronesian cultures are defined by their languages, and by a number of key technologies including the cultural prominence of boats, the construction of thatched houses on piles, the cultivation of tubers and rice, and a characteristic social organization typically led by a “big man” or “man of power”. The precolonial Tagalog barangays of Manila , Pampanga and Laguna had
14040-502: The traditional capital of the empire and its rulers were sovereign kings rather than chieftains. Tondo was named using traditional Chinese characters in the Hokkien reading, Chinese : 東都 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tong-to͘ ; lit. 'Eastern Capital', due to its chief position southeast of China. The kings of Tondo were addressed as panginoón in Tagalog ("lords"); anák banwa ("son of heaven"); or lakandula ("lord of
14175-489: The upcoming reclamation projects, the Philippines and the Netherlands agreed to a cooperation on the ₱250 million Manila Bay Sustainable Development Master Plan to oversee future decisions on projects on Manila Bay. Maynila (historical polity) Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts In Philippine history , the Tagalog bayan ("country" or "city-state") of Maynila
14310-500: The very last saw the Marcos family flee Malacañang Palace into exile in the United States. The beginning weeks of Ferdinand Marcos' second term as president was marked by the 1969 balance of payments crisis , which economists trace to his first term tactic of using foreign loans to fund massive government projects in an effort to curry votes. In protest, protest groups led mostly by students decided to picket Marcos' 1970 State of
14445-420: The waters of the Pasig River and on land reclaimed from Manila Bay . Manila's land has been substantially altered by human intervention; there has been considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since the early-to-mid twentieth century. Some of the city's natural variations in topography have been leveled. As of 2013 , Manila had a total area of 42.88 square kilometres (16.56 sq mi). In 2017,
14580-557: The western coast of Luzon , 1,300 km (810 mi) from mainland Asia. The protected harbor on which Manila lies is regarded as the finest in Asia. The Pasig River flows through the middle of city, dividing it into north and south. The overall grade of the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of the natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation. Almost all of Manila sits on top prehistoric alluvial deposits built by
14715-428: The world's oldest Chinatown . The population of native Spaniards was concentrated in the southern part of Manila and in 1787, La Pérouse recorded one regiment of 1,300 Mexicans garrisoned at Manila, and they were also at Cavite , where ships from Spain's American colonies docked at, and at Ermita , which was thus-named because of a Mexican hermit who lived there. The Hermit-Priest's name was Juan Fernandez de Leon who
14850-405: The year 1258. This settlement was ruled by "Rajah Avirjirkaya" whom Henson described as a "Majapahit Suzerain". According to Henson, this settlement was attacked by a Bruneian commander named Rajah Ahmad, who defeated Avirjirkaya and established Maynila as a "Muslim principality". The Chinese History Annals, Nanhai Zhi, corroborate the claim that then (Hindu) Brunei had invaded Maynila as Maynila
14985-529: The year before in 1983. International pressure had forced Marcos to give the press more freedom, so coverage exposed Filipinos to how opposition figures including 80-year-old former Senator Lorenzo Tañada and 71-year old Manila Times founder Chino Roces were waterhosed despite their frailty and how student leader Fidel Nemenzo (later Chancellor of the University of the Philippines Diliman)
15120-462: The younger Rajah Sulayman ), who in turn had several lower-ranked rulers (" Datu ") under them. This was the political situation encountered by Martin de Goiti when he attacked Maynila in May of that year. This "Battle of Maynila" ended with a fire that destroyed the fortified settlement of Maynila, although it is not clear whether the fire was set by Goiti or by the inhabitants themselves as part of
15255-444: Was "slyly" taking advantage of Ache's mother, by taking over territory belonging to Maynila. When Ache asked his mother for permission to address the matter, his mother refused, encouraging the young prince to keep his peace instead. Prince Ache could not accept this and thus left Maynila with some of his father's trusted men, to go to his "grandfather", the Sultan of Brunei, to ask for assistance. The Sultan responded by giving Ache
15390-533: Was a Hermit in Mexico before relocating to Manila. Priests weren't usually alone too since they often brought along Lay Brothers and Sisters. The years: 1603, 1636, 1644, 1654, 1655, 1670, and 1672; saw the deployment of 900, 446, 407, 821, 799, 708, and 667 Latin-American soldiers from Mexico at Manila . The Philippines hosts the only Latin-American-established districts in Asia. The Spanish evacuated Ternate and settled Papuan refugees in Ternate, Cavite , which
15525-448: Was a common strategy for large thassalocratic states such as Brunei to extend their influence, and for local rulers such as those of Maynila to help strengthen their family claims to nobility. Actual political and military rule over the large distances characteristic of Maritime Southeast Asia was not possible until relatively modern times. By 1570, Maynila was under the rule of two paramount rulers (the more senior Rajah Matanda and
15660-530: Was able to regain independence afterward, and Sulu attacked and looted the then-Majapahit-invaded province Po-ni (Brunei) in retribution. During the reign of the Arab emir, Sultan Bolkiah – Sharif Ali 's descendant – from 1485 to 1521, the Sultanate of Brunei which had seceded from Hindu Majapahit and converted to Islam, had invaded the area. The Bruneians wanted to take advantage of Tondo's strategic position in direct trade with China and subsequently attacked
15795-477: Was accomplished in the 1900s by pounding the palay with a wooden pestle in a stone or wooden mortar called lusong . The first pounding takes off the hull and further pounding removes the bran but also breaks most grains. Further winnowing with a bamboo tray (bilao) separates the hull from the rice grains. This traditional hand-pounding chore, although very laborious and resulted in a lot of broken rice, required two to three skilled men and women to work harmoniously and
15930-419: Was actually a form of socializing among young folks in the villages. " According to the earliest Tagalog dictionaries, large coastal settlements like Tondo and Maynila, which were ultimately led by a lakan or rajah, were called bayan in the Tagalog language. This term (which is translated today as "town") was common among the various languages of the Philippine archipelago, and eventually came to refer to
16065-485: Was already in place before the cultural influences of China, the southern thassalocracatic mandalas of Srivijaya and Majapahit, and Brunei, and eventually, the western colonial powers. The core elements of this Austronesian culture also persisted despite the introductions of Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and, later, Christianity. Elements of these belief systems were syncretized by the Tagalogs to enrich their already-existing worldviews, elements of which still persist today in
16200-622: Was approved by the Philippine Reclamation Authority in December 2019 and was scheduled for construction in 2021. Another reclamation project is possible and when built, it will include in-city housing relocation projects. Environmental activists and the Catholic Church have criticized the land reclamation projects, saying they are not sustainable and would put communities at risk of flooding. In line of
16335-639: Was besieged by the Chinese pirate Lim Hong , who was thwarted by local inhabitants. Upon Spanish settlement, Manila was immediately made, by papal decree, a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Mexico . By royal decree of Philip II of Spain , Manila was put under the spiritual patronage of Saint Pudentiana and Our Lady of Guidance . Manila became famous for its role in the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade, which lasted for more than two centuries and brought goods from Europe, Africa, and Hispanic America across
16470-458: Was centered on a fortress ( kota ) along the Pasig delta. When the Spanish came and invaded Manila they described the bayan as Kota Selurong, or "The City of Selurong" of Maynila, as a settlement with a fortress of rammed earth with stockades lined with cannons ( lantaka ) between battlements . The cannons were locally manufactured and forged by Panday Piray. When the Spanish invaded and burned
16605-501: Was further confirmed by the Visayan allies of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, who, learning that he wanted to "befriend" the ruler of Luzon, led him to write a letter to Ache, whom he addressed as the "King of Luzon". Kapampangan researcher Ian Christopher Alfonso, however, notes that the demonym Luções was probably expansive enough to include even Kapampangan sailors, such as the sailors from Hagonoy and Macabebe who would later be involved in
16740-462: Was happening, multiple units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines defected Marcos, with air units under the command of General Antonio Sotelo and Colonel Charles Hotchkiss, even performed calculated operations which included strafing the grounds of Malacañang palace with bullets and disabling gunships at nearby Villamor Airbase . The Reagan administration eventually decided to offer Marcos
16875-446: Was happening, the forces which had been organizing Aquino's civil disobedience campaign went to the stretch of Efipanio De Los Santos Avenue (EDSA) between the two camps, beginning to form a human barricade to keep Marcos loyalist forces from attacking. The crowd grew even larger when Ramos telephoned Manila Cardinal Jaime Sin for help, and Sin went on Radyo Veritas to invite Catholics to join in protecting Enrile and Ramos. Seeing what
17010-475: Was in iron, and 1,000 iron bars were traded in 1721. In 1762, the city was captured by Great Britain as part of the Seven Years' War , in which Spain had recently become involved. The British occupied the city for twenty months from 1762 to 1764 in their attempt to capture the Spanish East Indies but they were unable to extend their occupation past Manila proper. Frustrated by their inability to take
17145-458: Was led by paramount rulers who were referred to using the Malay title of "Raja". In popular literature and in history texts from the first few decades after Philippine independence , precolonial Maynila is often referred to as the " Kingdom of Maynila" , and its Rajas portrayed as "kings," even if they did not exercise sovereignty in the technical sense of achieving a " monopoly on the legitimate use of force ". Instead, limited population sizes,
17280-577: Was mentioned as one of the polities being ruled over by Brunei (Malilu 麻裏蘆 as mentioned in Yuan records), this Malilu being Maynila, was ruled from Brunei which was then labelled as "Poni" and Maynila was subjugated alongsides other Philippine kingdoms such as: May-i (in Mindoro), Meikun 美昆 (present-day Manukan), Puduan (Butuan), Sulu, Shahuchong 沙胡重 (present-day Siocon), Yachen 啞陳 (present-day Oton), Manaluonu 麻拿囉奴, and Wenduling 文杜陵 (present-day Mindanao). In
17415-465: Was named after their former homeland. In 1603, Manila was also home to 25,000 Chinese and housed 14,437 native (Malay-Filipino) families, as well as 3,528 mixed Spanish-Filipino families. The rise of Spanish Manila marked the first time all hemispheres and continents were interconnected in a worldwide trade network, making Manila, alongside Mexico City and Madrid , the world's original set of global cities . A Spanish Jesuit priest commented due to
17550-521: Was one of the most cosmopolitan of the early historic settlements on the Philippine archipelago . Fortified with a wooden palisade which was appropriate for the predominant battle tactics of its time , it lay on the southern part of the Pasig River delta , where the district of Intramuros in Manila currently stands, and across the river from the separately-led Tondo polity . Maynila
17685-555: Was recorded by the Legaspi expedition as Ache) and his nephew, Rajah Sulayman "Rajah Mura" or "Rajah Muda" (a Sanskrit title for a Prince), ruled the Muslim communities south of the Pasig River , including Maynila while Lakan Dula ruled non-Muslim Tondo north of the river. These settlements held ties with the sultanates of Brunei , Sulu , and Ternate , Indonesia (not to be confused with Ternate in present-day Cavite ). Maynila
17820-514: Was seen as the end of their reign as a political clan, whose other family members run for national and local positions. After assuming office, Moreno initiated a city-wide cleanup of illegal vendors, signed an executive order promoting open governance, and vowed to stop bribery and corruption in the city. Under his administration, several ordinances were signed, giving additional perks and privileges to Manila's elderly people, and monthly allowances for Grade 12 Manileño students in all public schools in
17955-541: Was shot nearly to death. In late 1985, in the face of escalating public discontent and under pressure from foreign allies, Marcos called a snap election with more than a year left in his term, selecting Arturo Tolentino as his running mate. The opposition to Marcos united behind Ninoy's widow Corazon Aquino and her running mate, Salvador Laurel . The elections were held on February 7, 1986, an exercise marred by widespread reports of violence and tampering of election results. On February 16, 1986, Corazon Aquino held
18090-622: Was the Visayan languages . Some Filipino historians such as Jaime Tiongson have asserted that some of the words used in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription came from Old Tagalog , although the text itself used the Javanese Kawi script . According to Mariano A. Henson's genealogical research (later brought up by Majul in 1973, and by Santiago in 1990) a settlement in the Maynila area already existed by
18225-399: Was the party's mayoral candidate for Manila. Marcos reacted to the bombing by blaming the still nascent Communist Party of the Philippines and then suspending of the writ of Habeas Corpus. The suspension is noted for forcing many members of the moderate opposition, including figures like Edgar Jopson , to join the ranks of the radicals. In the aftermath of the bombing, Marcos lumped all of
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