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85-544: The Zemithang Circle is the last administrative division of India on the border with the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, along the border with Bhutan in the west. It has a population of 2,498 people by the 2011 census, distributed in 18 villages. The Zemithang Circle and the Dudunghar Circle to its south, together make up a community development block . Zemithang's border with Tibet, along

170-661: A 2010 Chinese survey found a higher proportion of 0.4%. There is a Catholic church with 700 parishioners, which is located in the traditionally Catholic community of Yanjing in the east of the region. From the 1951 Seventeen Point Agreement to 2003, life expectancy in Tibet increased from thirty-six years to sixty-seven years with infant mortality and absolute poverty declining steadily. The average life expectancy in Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) reached 72.19 years by 2021, compared to 35.5 years recorded in 1951,

255-494: A decade to respond. The text from which this claim is based on also makes other anachronistic mistakes, insisting that Genghis was planning to attack Tibet prior to Doorda Darkhan's invasion, when the real campaign was against the Tangut kingdom of Western Xia. Another theory, supported by Wylie, is that the military action was a reconnaissance campaign meant to evaluate the political situation in Tibet. The Mongols hoped to find

340-510: A degree political authority, but retained control over the administration and military of the region. As efforts to rule both territories while preserving Mongol identity, Kublai Khan prohibited Mongols from marrying Chinese, but left both the Chinese and Tibetan legal and administrative systems intact. Though most government institutions established by Kublai Khan in his court resembled the ones in earlier Chinese dynasties, Tibet never adopted

425-459: A full-scale invasion of the region. Sa-skya Pandita died in 1251 and his master Godan Khan possibly died at the same time (or, according to other sources, after 1253). Möngke Khan became Khagan in the same year. Some sources say there was a Mongolian invasion in 1251, in retribution for a failure to pay tribute, or in 1251-2 'to take formal possession of the country'. In order to strengthen his control over Tibet , Möngke made Qoridai commander of

510-792: A large number of Rwa-sgreng monks were slain. The bKa’-brgyud-pa monasteries of sTag-lung and ’Bri-gung , with their old link to the Western Xia dynasty, were spared because Doorda himself was a Tangut Buddhist. The ’Bri-gung abbot or, according to Petech , the Rwa-sgreng abbot, suggested the Mongols had invited the Sakya hierarch, Sakya Pandita . After he met Godan, Sakya Pandita died there leaving his two nephews. Sakya Pandita convinced other monasteries in Central Tibet to align with

595-454: A questionable decision if their only goal was profit. Whatever the purpose of the invasion, the Mongols withdrew in 1241, as all the Mongol princes were recalled back to Mongolia in preparation for the appointment of a successor to Ogedai Khan . In 1244, the Mongols returned to Tibet. They invited Sakya Pandita to Godan's camp, where he agreed to capitulate Tibet, after the Mongols threatened

680-481: A single monarch with whom they could threaten into submission, but instead found a Tibet that was religiously and politically divided, without a central government. A third view is that the troops were sent as raids and "looting parties", and that the goal of the campaign was to pillage the "wealth amassed in the Tibetan monasteries". This is disputed, as the Mongols deliberately avoided attacking certain monasteries,

765-454: A tiny Tibetan Christian community in eastern Tibet. Smaller tribal groups such as the Monpa and Lhoba , who follow a combination of Tibetan Buddhism and spirit worship, are found mainly in the southeastern parts of the region. Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic Tibetans . According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented by

850-435: A total of 66 counties and 8 districts ( Chengguan , Doilungdêqên , Dagzê , Samzhubzê , Karub , Bayi , Nêdong , and Seni ). With an average of only two people per square kilometer, Tibet has the lowest population density among any of the Chinese province-level administrative regions, mostly due to its harsh and rugged terrain. In 2022, only 37.4 percent of Tibet's population was urban, with 63.4 being rural, amongst

935-524: Is a province-level entity of the People's Republic of China. Chinese law nominally guarantees some autonomy in the areas of education and language policy. Like other subdivisions of China, routine administration is carried out by a People's Government , headed by a chairman, who has been an ethnic Tibetan except for an interregnum during the Cultural Revolution . As with other Chinese provinces,

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1020-573: Is an autonomous region of China and is part of Southwestern China . It was formally established in 1965 to replace the Tibet Area , the former administrative division of the PRC established after the annexation of Tibet . The establishment was about five years after the 1959 Tibetan uprising and the dismissal of the Kashag , and about 13 years after the original annexation. The current borders of

1105-600: Is built according to both Chinese and Tibetan architecture. It was first erected in 1792 under the Qing dynasty and renovated around 2013 after decades of disrepair. Built or rebuilt between 2014 and 2015 is the Guandi Temple of Qomolangma ( Mount Everest ), on Ganggar Mount, in Tingri County . There are four mosques in the Tibet Autonomous Region with approximately 4,000 to 5,000 Muslim adherents, although

1190-550: Is called the Chang Tang (Byang sang) or 'Northern Plateau' by the people of Tibet. It is 1,100 km (680 mi) broad and covers an area about equal to that of France. Due to its great distance from the ocean it is extremely arid and possesses no river outlet. The mountain ranges are spread out, rounded, disconnected, and separated by relatively flat valleys. The Tibet AR is dotted over with large and small lakes, generally salt or alkaline , and intersected by streams. Due to

1275-560: Is formed by the Yarlung Tsangpo River during its middle reaches, where it travels from west to east. The valley is approximately 1,200 km (750 mi) long and 300 km (190 mi) wide. The valley descends from 4,500 m (14,760 ft) above sea level to 2,800 m (9,190 ft). The mountains on either side of the valley are usually around 5,000 m (16,400 ft) high. Lakes here include Lake Paiku and Lake Puma Yumco . The Tibet Autonomous Region

1360-525: Is in many areas the most important source of cash for rural households. It contributes an average of 40% to rural cash income and 8.5% to the Tibet Autonomous Region's GDP. The re-opening of the Nathu La pass (on southern Tibet's border with India) should facilitate Sino-Indian border trade and boost Tibet's economy. The China Western Development policy was adopted in 2000 by the central government to boost economic development in western China, including

1445-411: Is the alleged plot to invade Tibet by Genghis Khan in 1206, which is considered anachronistic; there is no evidence of Mongol-Tibetan encounters prior to the military campaign in 1240. The first confirmed campaign is the invasion of Tibet by the Mongol general Doorda Darkhan in 1240, a campaign of 30,000 troops that resulted in 500 casualties. The campaign was smaller than the full-scale invasions used by

1530-695: Is the least-populous autonomous region or province in China. Yarlung kings founded the Tibetan Empire in 618. By the end of the 8th century, the empire reached its greatest extent. After a civil war, the empire broke up in 842. The royal lineage fragmented and ruled over small kingdoms such as Guge and Maryul . The Mongol Empire conquered Tibet in 1244 but granted the region a degree of political autonomy. Kublai Khan later incorporated Tibetans into his Yuan empire (1271–1368). The Sakya lama Drogön Chögyal Phagpa became religious teacher to Kublai in

1615-649: Is the region of China with the largest per capita government spending on education . Foreign tourists were first permitted to visit the Tibet Autonomous Region in the 1980s. While the main attraction is the Potala Palace in Lhasa , there are many other popular tourist destinations including the Jokhang Temple , Namtso Lake , and Tashilhunpo Monastery . Nonetheless, tourism in Tibet is still restricted for non-Chinese passport holders (including citizens of

1700-798: The Altan Khans of the Khalkha ), and means, in Mongolian, "Ocean of Wisdom." Amdo, meanwhile, became home to the Khoshuts. The descendants of Güshi Khan continued to rule as Dharma kings (chogyals) of Tibet, although they were eclipsed by the Dalai Lama and his regent for long periods. In 1717, however, the Dzungars , led by Tsewang Rabtan 's brother Tsering Dondup, invaded Tibet. The invaders defeated and killed Lha-bzang Khan (the last khan of

1785-646: The British invasion until the establishment of the PRC. Only 8% of Han people have household registration in TAR, others keep their household registration in place of origin. Tibetan scholars and exiles claim that, with the 2006 completion of the Qingzang Railway connecting the Tibet Autonomous Region to Qinghai Province, there has been an "acceleration" of Han migration into the region. The Tibetan government-in-exile based in northern India asserts that

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1870-593: The Dzungar Khanate . Despite politically charged historical debate concerning the nature of Sino-Tibetan relations, some historians posit that Tibet under the Ganden Phodrang (1642–1951) was an independent state, albeit under various foreign suzerainties for much of this period, including by the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The Dzungar forces were in turn expelled by the 1720 expedition to Tibet during

1955-684: The Dzungar–Qing Wars . This began a period of direct Qing rule over Tibet. From the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 until 1950, the State of Tibet was de facto independent, as were other regions claimed by the successor Republic of China . The Republican regime, preoccupied with warlordism (1916–1928), civil war (1927–1949) and Japanese invasion (1937–1945), did not exert authority in Tibet. Other regions of ethno-cultural Tibet in eastern Kham and Amdo had been under de jure administration of

2040-611: The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition published between 1910 and 1911, the total population of the Tibetan capital of Lhasa, including the lamas in the city and vicinity, was about 30,000, and the permanent population also included Chinese families (about 2,000). Most Han people in the Tibet Autonomous Region (12.2% of the total population) are recent migrants, because all of the Han were expelled from "Outer Tibet" ( Central Tibet ) following

2125-810: The Karma-pa suborder and the ’Bri-gung Monastery, while Hulagu , khan of the Mongols in the Middle East, sent lavish gifts to both ’Bri-gung and the Phag-mo-gru-pa suborder's gDan-sa-thel monastery. Later William Rubruck reports that he saw Chinese, Tibetan, and Indian Buddhist monks at the capital city, Karakorum , of the Mongol Empire. Although, Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school politely refused to stay with him, preferring his brother

2210-604: The Khoshut Khanate ), a great-grandson of Güshi Khan and the fifth Dharma king of Tibet. The Dzungars deposed a pretender to the position of the Dalai Lama who had previously been promoted by Lha-bzang Khan. The 5th Dalai Lama had encouraged Mongolian lamas to prevent any non-dGe-lugs-pa teaching among the Mongols . The Dzungars soon began to loot Lhasa , thus losing initial Tibetan goodwill towards them. Many Nyingmapa and Bonpos were executed and Tibetans visiting Dzungar officials were forced to stick their tongues out so

2295-702: The Line of Actual Control in a bilateral agreement signed on 7 September 1993 . Physically, the Tibet AR may be divided into two parts: the lakes region in the west and north-west and the river region, which spreads out on three sides of the former on the east, south and west. Both regions receive limited amounts of rainfall as they lie in the rain shadow of the Himalayas ; however, the region names are useful in contrasting their hydrological structures, and also in contrasting their different cultural uses: nomadic in

2380-524: The Mongol Empire under Mongolian administrative rule, but the region was granted with a degree of political autonomy. Kublai Khan would later include Tibet into his Yuan dynasty , and the region remained administratively separate from the conquered provinces of Song dynasty China. According to the Tibetan traditional view, the khan and the lama established " priest-patron " relations. This meant administrative management and military assistance from

2465-673: The Namka Chu and Sumdorong Chu valleys, is disputed with China. Zemithang was the first point in India that the 14th Dalai Lama arrived in India as he fled China for India in 1959 following the Chinese occupation of Tibet . He settled at the Tawang Monastery ; 70 km southeast, on 30 March before moving on a month later to Uttarakhand to meet then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru . The Dalai Lama has reportedly recalled

2550-841: The Nyang River , the Salween , the Yangtze , the Mekong , and the Yellow River . The Yarlung Tsangpo Canyon , formed by a horseshoe bend in the river where it flows around Namcha Barwa , is the deepest and possibly longest canyon in the world. Among the mountains there are many narrow valleys. The valleys of Lhasa , Xigazê , Gyantse and the Brahmaputra are free from permafrost, covered with good soil and groves of trees, well irrigated, and richly cultivated. The South Tibet Valley

2635-695: The Qing dynasty . The Emperor retaliated in 1718, but his military expedition suffered inadequate logistics and was annihilated by the Dzungars at the Battle of the Salween River not far from Lhasa. A second and larger expedition was dispatched by the Emperor and met with rapid success. The Manchus expelled Tsewang Rabtan's force from Tibet in 1720 and the troops were hailed as liberators. They brought Kälzang Gyatso with them from Kumbum to Lhasa and he

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2720-539: The Tangut kingdom of Western Xia , not Tibet, and there was certainly no tribute being paid to the Mongols prior to 1240. There is no evidence of interaction between the two nations prior to Doorda Darkhan's invasion in 1240. The earliest real Mongol contact with the ethnic Tibetan people came in 1236, when a Tibetan chief near Wenxian submitted to the Mongols campaigning against the Jin dynasty in Sichuan . In 1240,

2805-598: The Tsang army. He met the fifth Dalai Lama and paid homage to Gelukpa monasteries instead of destroying them. Arslan was eventually assassinated by Choghtu's order. The Geluk sect asked for help Törü Bayikhu (Güshi Khan), the leader of the Khoshut tribe of the Oirat confederation. In 1636 Törö Bayikhu led the Khoshuts and the Dzungars to Tibet. In the next year a decisive war between Tsogtu Khuntaiji and Törü Bayikhu ended in

2890-713: The imperial examinations or Neo-Confucian policies. Buddhist monks from Tibet were popular and well respected in Mongol-ruled Iran (the Ilkhanate), Mongolia, China (the Yuan) and Central Asia (the Chagatai Khanate). Towards the end of the Yuan dynasty in the mid-14th century, Tibet regained its independence from the Mongols. by support The Oirats converted to Tibetan Buddhism around 1615, and it

2975-494: The 1250s, and was made the head of the Tibetan region administration c.  1264 . From 1354 to 1642, Central Tibet ( Ü-Tsang ) was ruled by a succession of dynasties from Nêdong , Shigatse and Lhasa . In 1642, the Ganden Phodrang court of the 5th Dalai Lama was established by Güshi Khan of the Khoshut Khanate , who was enthroned as King of Tibet. The Khoshuts ruled until 1717, when they were overthrown by

3060-509: The 1980s, however, other jobs such as taxi-driving and hotel retail work have become available in the wake of Chinese economic reform . In 2011, Tibet's GDP topped 60.5 billion yuan (US$ 9.60 billion), nearly more than seven times as big as the 11.78 billion yuan (US$ 1.47 billion) in 2000. Economic growth since the beginning of the 21st century has averaged over 10 percent a year. By 2023, its gross domestic product (GDP) stood at nearly 239.3 billion yuan (about 33.6 billion U.S. dollars), adding that

3145-512: The CCP's official aim to eliminate "the three evils of separatism, terrorism and religious extremism" is used as a pretext for human rights abuses. A 1992 Amnesty International report stated that judicial standards in the Tibet Autonomous Region were not up to "international standards". The report charged the CCP government with keeping political prisoners and prisoners of conscience ; ill-treatment of detainees, including torture , and inaction in

3230-671: The China’s national average. By 2022, the GDP of the region surpassed 213 billion yuan (US$ 31.7 billion in nominal), while GDP per capita reached CN¥58,438 ( US$ 8,688 in nominal). In 2022, Tibet's GDP per capita ranked 25th highest in China, as well as higher than any South Asian country except Maldives . In 2008, Chinese news media reported that the per capita disposable incomes of urban and rural residents in Tibet averaged (CN¥12,482 ( US$ 1,798 ) and CN¥3,176 ( US$ 457 ) respectively. While traditional agriculture and animal husbandry continue to lead

3315-559: The Chinese dynastic government since the mid-18th century; they form parts of the provinces of Qinghai , Gansu , Sichuan and Yunnan . In 1950, following the proclamation of the People's Republic of China the year before, the People's Liberation Army entered Tibet and defeated the Tibetan army in a battle fought near the city of Chamdo . In 1951, Tibetan representatives signed the Seventeen Point Agreement for

3400-577: The Dzungars could tell if the person recited constant mantras (which was said to make the tongue black or brown). This allowed them to pick the Nyingmapa and Bonpos, who recited many magic-mantras. This habit of sticking one's tongue out as a mark of respect on greeting someone has remained a Tibetan custom until recent times. The Dzungar invasion was a challenge to the imperial policy of the Kangxi Emperor , since Lha-bzang Khan had been allied to

3485-624: The Himalaya and 34° N, but are most numerous to the west of Tengri Nor (north-west of Lhasa). So intense is the cold in this part of Tibet that these springs are sometimes represented by columns of ice, the nearly boiling water having frozen in the act of ejection. The river region is characterized by fertile mountain valleys and includes the Yarlung Tsangpo River (the upper courses of the Brahmaputra ) and its major tributary,

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3570-532: The Ilkhans had had possessions in Tibet. In 1265 Qongridar ravaged the Tufan/mDo-smad area, and from 1264 to 1275 several campaigns pacified the Tibetan and Yi peoples of Xifan around modern Xichang. By 1278 Mongol myriarchies: tumens and postroads reached through Dokham  [ zh ; fr ] ( Tibetan : མདོ་ཁམས , Wylie : mdo khams , THL : dokham ) as far west as Litang. Tibet was subdued to

3655-585: The International Religious Freedom Report of 2012, most Tibetans (who comprise 91% of the population of the Tibet Autonomous Region) are adherents of Tibetan Buddhism, while a minority of 400,000 people are followers the native Bon or folk religions which share the image of Confucius ( Tibetan : Kongtse Trulgyi Gyalpo ) with Chinese folk religion , though in a different light. According to some reports,

3740-661: The Karma sect and built monasteries and castles. He submitted himself to Ligdan Khan , last grand khan of the Mongols. He took part in Ligdan's campaign to Tibet to help the Karma sect although Ligdan Khan died in 1634 before they joined. But Tsogtu pursued the campaign. In the same year he conquered the Tümed around Kokonor (Qinghai Lake) and moved his base there. By request from Shamar Rabjampa he sent an army under his son Arslan to central Tibet in 1635. However, Arslan attacked his ally,

3825-441: The Kathmandu original owing to the radish miniature that had shrivelled. The stupa is roughly 28 m high and is the site of annual Gorsam Kora festival where reportedly thousands of Buddhists attend. This Indian location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tibet Autonomous Region The Tibet Autonomous Region , officially the Xizang Autonomous Region , often shortened to Tibet or Xizang ,

3910-807: The Khagan, in 1253 Prince Kubilai summoned to his court the Sa-skya-pa hierarch's two nephews, Blo-gros rGyal-mtshan, known as ’Phags-Pa lama (1235–80), and Phyag-na rDo-rje (1239–67) from the late Godan's ordo in Liangzhou. Khubilai Khan first met 'Phags-pa lama in 1253, presumably to bring the Sa-skya lama who resided in Köden's domain, and who was a symbol of Tibetan surrender, to his own camp. At first Kublai remained shamanist , but his chief khatun, Chabui (Chabi), converted to Buddhism and influenced Kublai's religious view. During Kublai's expedition into Yunnan, his number two, Uriyangkhadai, had to station in Tibet in 1254–55 possibly to suppress war-like tribes in Tibet. Hulegu appointed his representative, Kokochu, in Tibet in mid-1250s while marching towards Iran. Since then,

3995-404: The Mongol Yuan dynasty and granted authority over whole Tibet to Drogon Chogyal Phagpa , nephew of Sakya Pandita. The Sakya-Mongol administrative system and Yuan administrative rule over the region lasted until the mid-14th century, when the Yuan dynasty began to crumble. In the early 17th century, the Oirat Mongols again conquered the region and established the Khoshut Khanate . Since then

4080-466: The Mongol Prince Godan , Ögedei 's son and Güyük 's younger brother, "delegated the command of the Tibetan invasion to the Tangut general, Doorda Darqan (Dor-ta)". The expedition was "the first instance of military conflict between the two nations". The attack consisted of 30,000 men (possibly much smaller than that) and resulted in 500 casualties, along with the burning of the Kadampa monasteries of Rwa-sgreṅ and Rgyal-lha-khang. The campaign

4165-407: The Mongol and Han troops in Turpan in 1251. Two attacks are mentioned, one led by Dörbetei, the other by Qoridai, and the double campaign struck fear into the Tibetans. Tibetan sources however only mention an attack on a place called Bod kyi-mon-mkhar-mgpon-po-gdong . Wyle is sceptical however of all of these sources, arguing that the lack of substantive evidence for an invasion raises doubts about

4250-512: The Mongols against large empires. The purpose of this attack is unclear, and is still in debate among Tibetologists. Then in the late 1240s Mongol prince Godan invited Sakya lama Sakya Pandita , who urged other leading Tibetan figures to submit to Mongol authority. This is generally considered to have marked the beginning of Mongol rule over Tibet, as well as the establishment of patron and priest relationship between Mongols and Tibetans. These relations were continued by Kublai Khan , who founded

4335-408: The Mongols had intervened in Tibetan politics until the Qing conquest of Mongolia and Dzungaria . According to one traditional Tibetan account, the Mongol emperor Genghis Khan plotted to invade Tibet in 1206, but was dissuaded when the Tibetans promised to pay tribute to the Mongols. Modern scholars consider the account to be anachronistic and factually wrong. Genghis' campaign was targeted at

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4420-414: The Mongols. The Mongols kept them as hostages referring symbolic surrender of Tibet. One view, considered the most traditional, is that the attack was a retaliation on Tibet caused by the Tibetan refusal to pay tribute. Wylie points out that the Tibetans stopped paying tribute in 1227, while Doorda Darkhan's invasion was in 1240, suggesting that the Mongols, not known for their empathy, would not wait over

4505-455: The PRC is promoting the migration of Han workers and soldiers to Tibet to marginalize and assimilate the locals. The main religion in Tibet has been Buddhism since its outspread in the 8th century AD. Before the arrival of Buddhism, the main religion among Tibetans was an indigenous shamanic and animistic religion, Bon , which now comprises a sizeable minority and influenced the formation of Tibetan Buddhism . According to estimates from

4590-529: The Peaceful Liberation of Tibet with the Central People's Government affirming China's sovereignty over Tibet and the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China . The 14th Dalai Lama ratified the agreement in October 1951. After the failure of a violent uprising in 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India and renounced the Seventeen Point Agreement. During the 1950s and 1960s, Western-dispatched insurgents were parachuted into Tibet, almost all of whom were captured and killed. The establishment of

4675-496: The Republic of China from Taiwan), and foreigners must apply for a Tibet Entry Permit to enter the region. A 2019 white paper from The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China reported Tibet's road system has achieved a total of 118,800 km. The civil airports in Tibet are Lhasa Gonggar Airport , Qamdo Bangda Airport , Nyingchi Airport , and the Gunsa Airport . Gunsa Airport in Ngari Prefecture began operations on 1 July 2010, to become

4760-403: The Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965 made Tibet a provincial-level division of China. The Tibet Autonomous Region is located on the Tibetan Plateau , the highest region on Earth. In northern Tibet elevations reach an average of over 4,572 metres (15,000 ft). Mount Everest is located on Tibet's border with Nepal . China's provincial-level areas of Xinjiang , Qinghai and Sichuan lie to

4845-472: The Tibet Autonomous Region were generally established in the 18th century and include about half of historical Tibet. The Tibet Autonomous Region spans over 1,200,000 km (460,000 sq mi), and is the second-largest province-level division of China by area, after Xinjiang . Due to its harsh and rugged terrain, it is sparsely populated at just over 3.6 million people with a population density of 3 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.8/sq mi), and

4930-517: The Tibet Autonomous Region. Because the central government permits Tibet to have a preferentially low corporate income tax rate, many corporations have registered in Tibet. There are 4 universities and 3 special colleges in Tibet, including Tibet University , Tibet University for Nationalities , Tibet Tibetan Medical University , Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College , Lhasa Teachers College , Tibet Police College and Tibet Vocational and Technical College . As of at least 2019, Tibet

5015-478: The area "emotionally" as "a place where I had enjoyed freedom for the first time." Gorsam Chorten ( Tibetan : གོར་ཟམ་མཆོད་རྟེན། ) is a Buddhist stupa ( chorten ) in Gorsam, 3 km southwest of the Zemithang village. The history of the stupa remained unknown as the only written records of it were either lost or destroyed. Legend has it that it was built sometime between 12-14th century by a local Buddhist monk named Lama Sangye Pradhar to ward off evil spirits in

5100-549: The area's economy, in 2005 the tertiary sector contributed more than half of its GDP growth, the first time it surpassed the area's primary industry. Rich reserves of natural resources and raw materials have yet to lead to the creation of a strong secondary sector, due in large part to the province's inhospitable terrain, low population density, an underdeveloped infrastructure and the high cost of extraction. The collection of caterpillar fungus ( Cordyceps sinensis , known in Tibetan as Yartsa Gunbu ) in late spring / early summer

5185-486: The chairman carries out work under the direction of the regional secretary of the Chinese Communist Party . The standing committee of the regional Communist Party Committee serves as the top rung of political power in the region. The current chairman is Yan Jinhai and the current party secretary is Wang Junzheng . The Autonomous Region is divided into seven prefecture-level divisions : six prefecture-level cities and one prefecture . These in turn are subdivided into

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5270-449: The death rate of women in childbirth dropped to 38.63 per 100,000 in 2023 from 5,000 per 100,000 in 1951, the infant mortality rate fell to 5.37 per 1,000 from 430 per 1,000. Before the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China in 1951, Tibet was ruled by a theocracy and had a caste-like social hierarchy. Human rights in Tibet prior to its incorporation into the People's Republic of China differed considerably from those in

5355-525: The expense was borne by the residents themselves, often through bank loans. The population transfer program, which was first implemented in Qinghai where 300,000 nomads were resettled, is called "Comfortable Housing", which is part of the "Build a New Socialist Countryside" program. Its effect on Tibetan culture has been criticized by exiles and human rights groups. Finding employment is difficult for relocated persons who have only agrarian skills. Income shortfalls are offset by government support programs. It

5440-413: The extent of Mongol movements in Tibet proper.' He concludes:- "Excluding the 1252 attack against the unidentified Mon-mkmar-mgon-po-gdong mentioned earlier, there seems to be no evidence to prove the presence of Mongol troops in central Tibet during the two decades that 'Phags-pa Lama was away from Sa-skya (1244–65). During those years, external campaigns of conquest and internal feuds between scions of

5525-524: The face of ill-treatment; the use of the death penalty; extrajudicial executions ; and forced abortion and sterilization . Beginning in 2006, 280,000 Tibetans who lived in traditional villages and as nomadic herdsmen have been forcefully relocated into villages and towns. In those areas, new housing was built and existing houses were remodelled to serve a total of 2 million people. Those living in substandard housing were required to dismantle their houses and remodel them to government standards. Much of

5610-486: The fourth civil airport in China's Tibet Autonomous Region. The Peace Airport for Xigazê was opened for civilian use on 30 October 2010. Announced in 2010, Nagqu Dagring Airport was expected to become the world's highest altitude airport, at 4,436 meters above sea level. However, in 2015 it was reported that construction of the airport has been delayed due to the necessity to develop higher technological standards. The Qinghai–Tibet Railway from Golmud to Lhasa

5695-417: The government of China has been promoting the Bon religion, linking it with Confucianism . Most of the Han Chinese who reside in Tibet practice their native Chinese folk religion ( 神道 ; shén dào ; 'Way of the Gods'). There is a Guandi Temple of Lhasa ( 拉萨关帝庙 ) where the Chinese god of war Guandi is identified with the cross-ethnic Chinese, Tibetan, Mongol and Manchu deity Gesar . The temple

5780-606: The growth rates of the region's major economic indicators, including per capita disposable income, fixed asset investment, and total retail sales of consumer goods, all ranked first in China. The added value of the service sector accounted for 54.1 percent and contributed a 57.6 percent share to economic growth. Investment in fixed assets also grew rapidly last year, with investment in infrastructure up by 34.8 percent and investment in areas related to people's livelihoods up by 31.8 percent. Its GDP grew by an annual average of 9.5 percent from 2012 to 2023, about 3 percentage points higher than

5865-515: The highest amount of funding from the central government to the local government as of at least 2019. As of at least 2019, Tibet has the highest total per capita government expenditure of any region in China, including the highest per capita government expenditure on health care , the highest per capita government expenditure on education, and the second highest per capita government expenditure on social security and employment. The Tibetans traditionally depended upon agriculture for survival. Since

5950-455: The indigenous Tsangpa dynasty. After his victory he was proclaimed ( chogyal ), i.e. the King of Dharma, or Teaching, by the Fifth Dalai Lama . With these events the establishment of a Khoshut Khanate was confirmed. Gushi khan granted to the Dalai Lama authority over Tibet from Dartsedo to Ladakh. The title " Dalai Lama " itself had previously been bestowed upon the third lama of the Gelug tulku lineage by Altan Khan (not to be confused with

6035-406: The khan and assistance from the lama in spiritual issues. Tibet was conquered by the Mongols before the Mongol invasion of South China. After the conquest of the Song dynasty, Kublai Khan consolidated Tibet into the new Yuan dynasty, but Tibet was administrated under the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (Xuanzheng Yuan), separate from the Chinese provinces. The Mongols granted the Sakya lama

6120-583: The lake region and agricultural in the river region. On the south the Tibet AR is bounded by the Himalayas, and on the north by a broad mountain system. The system at no point narrows to a single range; generally there are three or four across its breadth. As a whole the system forms the watershed between rivers flowing to the Indian Ocean — the Indus , Brahmaputra and Salween and its tributaries — and

6205-516: The latter's victory and Tsoghtu was killed. He has traditionally been portrayed as evil by the Geluk sect. On the other hand, the Mongolian movie "Tsogt taij" (1945) treated him as a national hero. It reflected the communist regime's attitude toward Tibetan Buddhism. With his crushing victory over Tsogtu, Güshi Khan conquered Amdo (present-day Qinghai ). The unification of Tibet followed in 1641–42, when Güshi Khan invaded Central Tibet and defeated

6290-498: The lowest in China, though this is significantly up from 22.6 percent in 2011. In 2020 the Tibetan population was three million. The ethnic Tibetans , comprising 86.0% of the population, mainly adhere to Tibetan Buddhism and Bön , although there is an ethnic Tibetan Muslim community . Other Muslim ethnic groups such as the Hui and the Salar have inhabited the region. There is also

6375-508: The modern era. Due to tight control of press in mainland China , including the Tibet Autonomous Region, it is difficult to accurately determine the scope of human rights abuses. When General Secretary Hu Yaobang visited Tibet in 1980 and 1982, he disagreed with what he viewed as heavy-handedness. Hu reduced the number of Han party cadre, and relaxed social controls. Critics of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) say

6460-562: The north, northeast and east, respectively, of the Tibet AR. There is also a short border with Yunnan Province to the southeast. The countries to the south and southwest are Myanmar , India , Bhutan , and Nepal . China claims Arunachal Pradesh administered by India as part of the Tibet Autonomous Region. It also claims some areas adjoining the Chumbi Valley that are recognised as Bhutan's territory, and some areas of eastern Ladakh claimed by India. India and China agreed to respect

6545-556: The presence of discontinuous permafrost over the Chang Tang, the soil is boggy and covered with tussocks of grass, thus resembling the Siberian tundra . Salt and fresh-water lakes are intermingled. The lakes are generally without outlet, or have only a small effluent . The deposits consist of soda , potash , borax and common salt . The lake region is noted for a vast number of hot springs , which are widely distributed between

6630-490: The six red bands in the Tibetan flag, are: the Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra. Other traditional ethnic groups with significant population or with the majority of the ethnic group reside in Tibet include Bai people , Blang , Bonan , Dongxiang , Han , Hui people , Lhoba , Lisu people , Miao , Mongols , Monguor (Tu people) , Menba (Monpa) , Mosuo , Nakhi , Qiang , Nu people , Pumi , Salar , and Yi people . According to

6715-637: The sons of Chinggis Khan occupied the attention of the Mongols. Tibet, whose formidable terrain was politically fragmented by local lords and lamas, posed no military threat to the Mongols, and it was all but ignored by them." In 1252–53 Qoridai invaded Tibet, reaching as far as Damxung . The Central Tibetan monasteries submitted to the Mongols. Möngke divided the lands of Tibet between his relatives as their appanages in accordance with Great Jasag of Genghis Khan. Many Mongol aristocrats including Khagan himself seem to have sought blessings of prominent Tibetan lamas. Möngke Khan patronized Karma Baqshi (1204–83) of

6800-588: The streams flowing into the undrained salt lakes to the north. The lake region extends from the Pangong Tso Lake in Ladakh , Lake Rakshastal , Yamdrok Lake and Lake Manasarovar near the source of the Indus River , to the sources of the Salween , the Mekong and the Yangtze . Other lakes include Dagze Co , Namtso , and Pagsum Co . The lake region is a wind-swept Alpine grassland. This region

6885-607: The village. As he travelled to Bhutan and subsequently Kathmandu , Nepal to raise funds for the stupa, he was fascinated by the Boudhanath Stupa (some sources cited the Swayambhunath Stupa ) and carved a miniature of it out of a radish. He brought the radish sculpture back to Zemithang, where Gorsam Chorten was built as a replica stupa based on it. It was said that the Zemithang stupa is different from

6970-420: Was announced that in 2011 that 20,000 Communist Party cadres will be placed in the new towns. In general, China's minority regions have some of the highest per capita government spending public goods and services. Providing public goods and services in these areas is part of a government effort to reduce regional inequalities, reduce the risk of separatism, and stimulate economic development. Tibet has

7055-529: Was completed on 12 October 2005. It opened to regular trial service on 1 July 2006. Five pairs of passenger trains run between Golmud and Lhasa, with connections onward to Beijing, Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Xining and Lanzhou. The line includes the Tanggula Pass , which, at 5,072 m (16,640 ft) above sea level, is the world's highest railway. Mongol conquest of Tibet There were several Mongol invasions of Tibet . The earliest

7140-732: Was not long before they became involved in the conflict between the Gelug and Karma Kagyu schools. At the request of the Gelug school, in 1637, Güshi Khan , the leader of the Khoshuts in Koko Nor , defeated Choghtu Khong Tayiji (1581–1637), the Khalkha prince who supported the Karma Kagyu school. Tsogtu Khuntaiji had established a base on the Tuul river . Known as an intellectual, he embraced

7225-437: Was smaller than the full-scale invasions used by the Mongols against large empires. According to Turrell V. Wylie , that much is in agreement among Tibetologists. However, the purpose of invasion is disputed among Tibetan scholars, partly because of the abundance of anachronistic and factually erroneous sources. However, modern studies find that the oldest sources credit the Mongol scouts with burning Rgyal-lha-khang only, while

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