113-549: Surabaya–Gempol Toll Road is a toll road in East Java , Indonesia. This 37 kilometers (23 mi) highway connects Surabaya City in the north with Porong in the south. This toll road passes Surabaya and Sidoarjo . It is part of the Trans-Java Expressway . The original length of this toll road from Surabaya to Gempol was 43 kilometers (27 mi) long, but the 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) part of this toll road
226-524: A Balinese colony in 1343. The uncle of Hayam Wuruk is mentioned in the charters of 1384–86. Mass Javanese immigration to Bali occurred in the next century when the Majapahit Empire fell in 1520. Bali's government then became an independent collection of Hindu kingdoms which led to a Balinese national identity and major enhancements in culture, arts, and economy. The nation with various kingdoms became independent for up to 386 years until 1906 when
339-485: A commuter train transportation system with Bojonegoro -Surabaya- Sidoarjo , Surabaya-Sidoarjo-Porong, Surabaya-Lamongan, Surabaya-Mojokerto, Surabaya-Malang, and Jember-Banyuwangi routes. Bali Bali ( English: / ˈ b ɑː l i / ; Balinese : ᬩᬮᬶ ) is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands . East of Java and west of Lombok , the province includes
452-609: A few places apart from the West Bali National Park . They are born an orange colour, though they would have already changed to a more blackish colouration by their first year. In Java, however, there is more of a tendency for this species to retain its juvenile orange colour into adulthood, and a mixture of black and orange monkeys can be seen together as a family. Other rarer mammals include the Sunda leopard cat , Sunda pangolin and black giant squirrel . Snakes include
565-1314: A high economic significance, which contributes over 15% to the Gross Domestic Product of Indonesia. East Java has a number of large industries, including the largest shipbuilding shipyard in Indonesia, PT PAL in Surabaya , military industrial by Pindad in Southern Malang , largest railway industry in Southeast Asia, Industri Kereta Api (INKA) in Madiun , PT Tjiwi Kimia, a paper mill company based in Sidoarjo , Kertas Leces based in Probolinggo ); cigarette factories ( Wismilak in Surabaya, Gudang Garam in Kediri , Sampoerna in Surabaya and Bentoel in Malang). In Gresik there are Semen Gresik , and Petrokimia Gresik . In Tuban there are
678-402: A massive eruption within the next 100 years. In late 2017 Mount Agung started erupting and large numbers of people were evacuated, temporarily closing the island's airport. Mountains range from centre to the eastern side, with Mount Agung the easternmost peak. Bali's volcanic nature has contributed to its exceptional fertility and its tall mountain ranges provide the high rainfall that supports
791-599: A point 36 kilometers (22 mi) from Surabaya, specifically in Siring Village, Porong Sub-district, Sidoarjo Regency. The Porong–Gempol Toll Road is basically a relocation of Porong–Gempol segment of the Surabaya–Gempol Toll Road that was drowned by mud flow; it was inaugurated on 20 December 2018. East Java East Java ( Indonesian : Jawa Timur , Javanese : ꦙꦮꦶꦮꦺꦠꦤ꧀ , romanized: Jawi Wétan , Madurese : Jhâbâ Tèmor )
904-563: A result of the terrorist bombings in 2002 and 2005 . The tourism industry has since recovered from these events. Although tourism produces the GDP's largest output, agriculture is still the island's biggest employer. Fishing also provides a significant number of jobs. Bali is also famous for its artisans who produce a vast array of handicrafts, including batik and ikat cloth and clothing , wooden carvings , stone carvings, painted art and silverware. Notably, individual villages typically adopt
1017-567: A rich variety of products from the Moluccas. At the end of the 16th century, Islam had surpassed Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion in Java. At first, the spread of Islam was very rapid and was accepted by ordinary people, until the da'wah entered and it was carried out by the rulers of the island. The relationship between the Javanese and European colonial powers began in 1522, with
1130-415: A score of 99.65, which was the highest score of Indonesia's 33 provinces. The score considers the level of total suspended solids , dissolved oxygen , and chemical oxygen demand in water. Erosion at Lebih Beach has seen seven metres (23 feet) of land lost every year. Decades ago, this beach was used for holy pilgrimages with more than 10,000 people, but they have now moved to Masceti Beach . In 2017,
1243-497: A single product, such as wind chimes or wooden furniture. The Arabica coffee production region is the highland region of Kintamani near Mount Batur . Generally, Balinese coffee is processed using the wet method. This results in a sweet, soft coffee with good consistency. Typical flavours include lemon and other citrus notes. Many coffee farmers in Kintamani are members of a traditional farming system called Subak Abian , which
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#17327811530141356-837: A specific deity as its personal Godhead. Inscriptions from 896 and 911 do not mention a king, until 914, when Sri Kesarivarma is mentioned. They also reveal an independent Bali, with a distinct dialect, where Buddhism and Shaivism were practised simultaneously. Mpu Sindok 's great-granddaughter, Mahendradatta (Gunapriyadharmapatni), married the Bali king Udayana Warmadewa (Dharmodayanavarmadeva) around 989, giving birth to Airlangga around 1001. This marriage also brought more Hinduism and Javanese culture to Bali. Princess Sakalendukirana appeared in 1098. Suradhipa reigned from 1115 to 1119, and Jayasakti from 1146 until 1150. Jayapangus appears on inscriptions between 1178 and 1181, while Adikuntiketana and his son Paramesvara in 1204. Balinese culture
1469-474: A specific geographic area. The confederation is the successor of the Bali Kingdom . The royal houses, which originated before Dutch colonisation , are not recognised by the government of Indonesia. Bali was inhabited around 2000 BC by Austronesian people who migrated originally from the island of Taiwan to Southeast Asia and Oceania through Maritime Southeast Asia . Culturally and linguistically,
1582-426: A year when Bali received nearly 5.7 million tourists, government officials declared a "garbage emergency" in response to the covering of 3.6-mile stretch of coastline in plastic waste brought in by the tide, amid concerns that the pollution could dissuade visitors from returning. Indonesia is one of the world's worst plastic polluters, with some estimates suggesting the country is the source of around 10 per cent of
1695-530: Is a province of Indonesia located in the easternmost third of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern and southern coasts, respectively, while the narrow Bali Strait to the east separates Java from Bali by around 2.29 kilometres (1.42 mi). Located in eastern Java , the province also includes
1808-580: Is a similar dialect to the one spoken in Central Java , with its hierarchy of high, medium, and low registers. In the eastern part, such as Surabaya, Malang, and others, a more egalitarian version of Javanese is spoken, with less regard of hierarchy and a richer vocabulary for vulgarity. The dialect is notable for its roughness compared to other dialects spoken elsewhere in Java (especially the Mataram dialect spoken around Surakarta and Yogyakarta , which
1921-458: Is based on the Hindu philosophy of " Tri Hita Karana ". According to this philosophy, the three causes of happiness are good relations with God , other people, and the environment. The Subak Abian system is ideally suited to the production of fair trade and organic coffee production. Arabica coffee from Kintamani is the first product in Indonesia to request a geographical indication . In 1963
2034-534: Is centered in 30 villages in the isolated Tengger mountains. When Islamic sultanates started ruling Java, cities in the northern coast started developing, becoming thriving ports. One of them was the town of Tuban , which was a wealthy and important port with many Chinese settlers. Being a port of the Majapahit and the point of departure for the Moluccas , it exported an abundant supply of foodstuffs and imported
2147-556: Is closed due to the overflow of Lapindo Mudflow that has inundated the Porong–Gempol section of the Surabaya–Gempol toll road since 2006. The toll road has been operating since 1986 and has served as the primary access for Surabaya- Malang or Surabaya- Pasuruan routes, which are among East Java's main industrial areas. Since August 2006, this toll road has been disrupted due to the mud flood event that inundated this toll road at
2260-560: Is considered Bali's cultural centre. The province is Indonesia's main tourist destination, with a significant rise in tourism since the 1980s, and becoming an Indonesian area of overtourism . Tourism-related business makes up 80% of the Bali economy. Bali is the only Hindu-majority province in Indonesia, with 86.9% of the population adhering to Balinese Hinduism . It is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking, and music. The Indonesian International Film Festival
2373-673: Is held every year in Bali. Other international events that have been held in Bali include Miss World 2013 , the 2018 Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group and the 2022 G20 summit . In March 2017, TripAdvisor named Bali as the world's top destination in its Traveller's Choice award, which it also earned in January 2021. Bali is part of the Coral Triangle ,
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#17327811530142486-463: Is in place from approximately October to April, and this can bring significant rain, particularly from December to March. During the rainy season, there are comparatively fewer tourists seen in Bali. During the Easter and Christmas holidays, the weather is very unpredictable. Outside of the monsoon period, humidity is relatively low and any rain is unlikely in lowland areas. Bali lies just to the west of
2599-534: Is quite common around human settlements and temples, where it becomes accustomed to being fed by humans, particularly in any of the three "monkey forest" temples, such as the popular one in the Ubud area. They are also quite often kept as pets by locals. The second monkey, endemic to Java and some surrounding islands such as Bali, is far rarer and more elusive and is the Javan langur , locally known as "lutung". They occur in
2712-670: Is refined in Bojonegoro . The power plant in East Java is managed by PT Pembangkit Jawa Bali (PJB), which includes hydroelectricity power plant (Ir. Sutami, Selorejo, Bening), thermal power station in Paiton, Probolinggo Regency ; which provides electricity to the Java-Bali system. Some regions develop micro hydro power plants , and solar energy . East Java is crossed by several national roads as primary arterial roads, including
2825-561: Is renowned for its smoothness) and contributes to the stereotype among Javanese people of East Javanese being "blunt" and "loud". Variants of Javanese are also used by Osing and Tengger minorities, the former utilizing a Balinese -influenced Javanese by virtue of its closeness with Bali island, and the latter speaking an archaic form of the language that retains many features now lost in other more-innovative Javanese dialects. Other than Javanese, minority language includes Madurese , spoken by around 4 million ethnic Madurese people inhabiting
2938-475: Is surrounded by coral reefs . Beaches in the south tend to have white sand while those in the north and west have black sand . Bali has no major waterways, although the Ho River is navigable by small sampan boats. Black sand beaches between Pasut and Klatingdukuh are being developed for tourism, but apart from the seaside temple of Tanah Lot , they are not yet used for significant tourism. The largest city
3051-665: Is the island's cultural centre. Three small islands lie to the immediate south-east and all are administratively part of the Klungkung regency of Bali: Nusa Penida , Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan . These islands are separated from Bali by the Badung Strait . To the east, the Lombok Strait separates Bali from Lombok and marks the biogeographical division between the fauna of the Indomalayan realm and
3164-663: Is the largest island in East Java, separated from the mainland Java by the Strait of Madura . Bawean Island is located about 150 km north of Java. In the east of Madura there are clusters of islands, the easternmost are the Kangean Islands and the northernmost are the Masalembu Islands . Off the south coast of Java there are two small islands namely Nusa Barong and Sempu Island . In physiographic of geology, East Java Province can be grouped into three zones:
3277-403: Is the largest regency in East Java and the largest on the island of Java. The province covers an area of 48,036.84 square kilometres (18,547.13 sq mi), and according to the 2010 Census , there were 37,476,757 people residing there, making it Indonesia 's second-most-populous province; the 2020 Census showed an increase to 40,665,696 people, while the official estimate for mid 2023
3390-417: Is the provincial capital, Denpasar , near the southern coast. Its population is around 748,400 (mid 2023). Bali's second-largest city is the old colonial capital, Singaraja , which is located on the north coast and is home to around 150,000 people in 2020. Other important cities include the beach resort, Kuta , which is practically part of Denpasar's urban area, and Ubud , situated at the north of Denpasar,
3503-408: Is used for irrigation, fish farming and tourism. East Java has a tropical monsoon and savanna climate at lower elevation and subtropical at higher elevation . Compared with the western part of Java Island, East Java in general has less rainfall. Average rainfall is 1,900 mm per year, with a rainy season during the 100 days. The average temperature ranges between 19–34 °C. Temperatures in
Surabaya–Gempol Toll Road - Misplaced Pages Continue
3616-791: The 2022 G20 Bali summit , the seventeenth meeting of the Group of Twenty (G20) was held in Nusa Dua . The island of Bali lies 3.2 km (2.0 mi) east of Java , and is approximately 8 degrees south of the equator . Bali and Java are separated by the Bali Strait . East to west, the island is approximately 153 km (95 mi) wide and spans approximately 112 km (70 mi) north to south; administratively it covers 5,590.15 km (2,158.37 sq mi), or 5,387.31 km (2,080.05 sq mi) excluding offshore Nusa Penida District, which comprises three small islands off
3729-737: The Dutch intervention in Bali , a similar mass suicide occurred in the face of a Dutch assault in Klungkung . Afterwards, the Dutch governours exercised administrative control over the island, but local control over religion and culture generally remained intact. Dutch rule over Bali came later and was never as well established as in other parts of Indonesia such as Java and Maluku . In the 1930s, anthropologists Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson , artists Miguel Covarrubias and Walter Spies , and musicologist Colin McPhee all spent time here. Their accounts of
3842-890: The Ijen volcano in Banyuwangi , Baluran National Park in Situbondo , and Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in Malang , Pasuruan , Lumajang , and Probolinggo . East Java has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times. This was proven by the discovery of fossils remains of the Pithecanthropus mojokertensis in Kepuhlagen, Mojokerto ; Pithecanthropus erectus on Trinil , Ngawi ; and Homo wajakensis in Wajak, Tulungagung . The Dinoyo inscriptions found near
3955-653: The Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , there was persistent resistance against the Japanese rule. In Blitar , an uprising by Pembela Tanah Air (PETA) led by Supriyadi , Moeradi, Halir Mangkudijoyo, and Soemarto occurred in early 1945, but it was crushed by the Japanese. Two weeks after the proclamation of independence , Surabaya established its own government under, Raden Sudirman . The formation of government in Surabaya caused disputes between
4068-484: The Lesser Sunda archipelago isolated. Being just 8 degrees south of the equator, Bali has a fairly even climate all year round. Average year-round temperature stands at around 30 °C (86 °F) with a humidity level of about 85%. Daytime temperatures at low elevations vary between 20 and 33 °C (68 and 91 °F), but the temperatures decrease significantly with increasing elevation. The west monsoon
4181-595: The Madura Islands ; though they live practically next door with the Javanese, the language is actually more closer genetically to Balinese, and Sundanese . A long time ago, Hinduism and Buddhism dominated the island until Islam gradually supplanted Hinduism in the 14th and 15th century . The last nobles and people of the fallen Majapahit fled to Bali . Islam spread from northern cities in Java where many Muslim traders from Gujarat , India stopped by. The eastern part of East Java, from Surabaya to Pasuruan, and
4294-670: The Tengger people in the Mount Bromo region, and the Samin and the Osing people in Banyuwangi . East Java also hosts a significant population of foreign ethnic groups, such as Chinese , Indians, and Arabs. Besides the national language ( Indonesian ), the people of East Java predominantly use the Javanese in daily life. Javanese as spoken in the western part of East Java ( Kulonan )
4407-602: The Tenggerese people in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park and the Balinese people inhabiting the easternmost part of the province bordering Bali as well as the dominant minority Indian Indonesians in Surabaya city. The Indonesian language is the official language of the province as well as the whole nation , but Javanese and Madurese are most frequently used, especially
4520-762: The Wallace Line ), and rhinoceros . Squirrels are quite commonly encountered, less often is the Asian palm civet , which is also kept in coffee farms to produce kopi luwak . Bats are well represented, perhaps the most famous place to encounter them remaining is the Goa Lawah (Temple of the Bats) where they are worshipped by the locals and also constitute a tourist attraction. They also occur in other cave temples, for instance at Gangga Beach. Two species of monkey occur. The crab-eating macaque , known locally as "kera",
4633-765: The Wallace Line , and thus has a fauna that is Asian in character, with very little Australasian influence, and has more in common with Java than with Lombok. An exception is the yellow-crested cockatoo , a member of a primarily Australasian family. There are around 280 species of birds, including the critically endangered Bali myna , which is endemic . Others include barn swallow , black-naped oriole , black racket-tailed treepie , crested serpent-eagle , crested treeswift , dollarbird , Java sparrow , lesser adjutant , long-tailed shrike , milky stork , Pacific swallow , red-rumped swallow , sacred kingfisher , sea eagle , woodswallow , savanna nightjar , stork-billed kingfisher , yellow-vented bulbul and great egret . Until
Surabaya–Gempol Toll Road - Misplaced Pages Continue
4746-399: The colonial era of the Dutch East Indies . The railway line in East Java consists of the northern line ( Surabaya Pasar Turi - Semarang - Cirebon - Jakarta ), the middle lane ( Surabaya Gubeng - Yogyakarta - Bandung -Jakarta), the southern ring railway line (Surabaya Gubeng- Malang - Blitar -Kertosono-Surabaya), and east line (Surabaya Gubeng-Probolinggo- Jember - Ketapang ). East Java also has
4859-440: The first free elections in 1999 . The province is divided into eight regencies ( kabupaten ) and one city ( kota ); all the regencies were originally inaugurated on 9 August 1958, while the city of Denpasar were created from part of Badung Regency on 15 January 1992. They are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023 and
4972-570: The king cobra and reticulated python . The water monitor can grow to at least 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in length and 50 kg (110 lb) and can move quickly. The rich coral reefs around the coast, particularly around popular diving spots such as Tulamben , Amed , Menjangan or neighbouring Nusa Penida , host a wide range of marine life, for instance hawksbill turtle , giant sunfish , giant manta ray , giant moray eel, bumphead parrotfish , hammerhead shark , reef shark , barracuda , and sea snakes . Dolphins are commonly encountered on
5085-531: The tourist industry has led to 200 out of 400 rivers on the island drying up. Research suggests that the southern part of Bali would face a water shortage. To ease the shortage, the central government plans to build a water catchment and processing facility at Petanu River in Gianyar. The 300 litres capacity of water per second will be channelled to Denpasar, Badung and Gianyar in 2013. A 2010 Environment Ministry report on its environmental quality index gave Bali
5198-642: The 11th century, the North coast of Java had been frequented by Arab traders from the Middle East. In addition, several Islamic tombs were discovered in Trowulan , located in what is now part of the Mojokerto Regency , near the site of the former Majapahit palace. In the 15th century, a Chinese Hui voyager named Ma Huan visited East Java. He then wrote the book Yingya Shenglan , which tells
5311-430: The 13th until the 15th century. In 1227, Anusapati killed Ken Arok, and later became king of Singhasari. Anusapati's power only lasted 20 years, before he was killed by Tohjaya. Three years later, Tohjaya was killed in an uprising led by Jaya Wisnuwardhana, son of Anusapati. In 1268, Wisnuwardhana died, and he was succeeded by Kertanegara (1268–1292). In 1292 Kertanegara was defeated by a rebel named Jayakatwang, ending
5424-794: The 18th century, the Dutch had succeeded in expanding their influence on the Islamic sultanates in the interior of the island of Java. At the onset of the Napoleonic Wars , the British conquered Java in 1811. Java briefly became part of the British Empire , with Sir Stamford Raffles as its Governor-General. In 1814, Britain returned Java to the Netherlands as stipulated in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 . During
5537-486: The 2000 population of Batu City is included in the total for Malang Regency, from which it was separated on 21 June 2001. The province comprises eleven of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council . The province's 87 elected members are comprised as follows: According to the 2000 census , East Java had 34,765,993 people, which increased to 37,476,757 people at
5650-513: The 2000, 2010 and 2020 Censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023, are listed below, grouped geographically into five (unofficial) sub-regions entirely for convenience of access. The sub-regions have no official status. These regencies and cities are divided as at 2023 into 666 districts ( kecamatan ) which are in turn composed of 8,494 administrative villages (rural desa and urban kelurahan ): (km ) 2000 Census 2010 Census 2020 Census mid 2023 Estimate Note: (a)
5763-408: The 2010 Census, and to 40,665,595 at the 2020 Census, making it the second most populous Indonesian province after West Java . The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 41,527,930. Akin to Central Java , the region's birth rates are not necessarily any lower than the rest of Java, however due to net population outflows, especially in times of calamity, not limited to volcanic eruptions or droughts,
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#17327811530145876-611: The Bali Beach Hotel in Sanur was built by Sukarno and boosted tourism in Bali. Before the Bali Beach Hotel construction, there were only three significant tourist-class hotels on the island. Construction of hotels and restaurants began to spread throughout Bali. Tourism further increased in Bali after the Ngurah Rai International Airport opened in 1970. The Buleleng regency government encouraged
5989-630: The Balinese are closely related to the people of the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia , Brunei , the Philippines , and Oceania . Stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west. In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects existed, the Pasupata , Bhairawa , Siwa Shidanta, Vaishnava , Bodha , Brahma , Resi, Sora and Ganapatya . Each sect revered
6102-412: The Dutch subjugated and repulsed the natives for economic control and took it over. The first known European contact with Bali is thought to have been made in 1512, when a Portuguese expedition led by Antonio Abreu and Francisco Serrão sighted its northern shores. It was the first expedition of a series of bi-annual fleets to the Moluccas, that throughout the 16th century travelled along the coasts of
6215-402: The Human Development Index for each regency and city. The province forms one of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council . The Bali Electoral District consists of all of the 8 regencies in the province, together with the city of Denpasar, and elects 9 members to the People's Representative Council. In the 1970s, the Balinese economy
6328-504: The Indonesian archipelago during the second half of the 19th century. Dutch political and economic control over Bali began in the 1840s on the island's north coast when the Dutch pitted various competing Balinese realms against each other. In the late 1890s, struggles between Balinese kingdoms on the island's south were exploited by the Dutch to increase their control. In June 1860, the famous Welsh naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace , travelled to Bali from Singapore , landing at Buleleng on
6441-477: The Madura Strait. Solo River has headwaters on the slopes of Mount Lawu which lies on the border of East Java and Central Java, and flows through a portion of the eastern part of Central Java and East Java, which eventually empties in Gresik. Brantas River and Bengawan Solo are managed by Perum Jasa Tirta I. On the slopes of Mount Lawu near the border with Central Java are Sarangan, a natural lake. The main dam in East Java, among others Ir. Sutami and Selorejo Dam, which
6554-485: The Majapahit Empire went into decline in the late 1300s, Islam moved to fill the vacuum. The precise date when Islam entered Java remains unclear. This is due to the absence of a definite source regarding the arrival of Islam in Java. However, according to some experts , it is estimated that Islam entered Java around the 11th century, with the tomb of Fatimah Binti Maimun in the village of Leran in Gresik Regency which dates from 475 AH (1085 AD). The tomb also shows that by
6667-436: The Mojokerto Regency, Jabon Industrial Zone in Sidoarjo Regency, and Lamongan Integrated Shorebase (LIS) in Lamongan Regency . Small industrial centers are spread throughout the districts / cities, and some of them have penetrated exports; The leather craft industry in the form of bags and shoes at Tanggulangin, Sidoarjo is one of the very famous small industries . The Cepu Block, one of the largest oil producers in Indonesia,
6780-412: The Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia , the Dutch withdrew its troops from East Java. East Java changed its status from a province into a state. However, on 25 February 1950, this was dissolved and became part of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia . The State of Madura also decided to join Indonesia. Along with rapid growth of urbanization in East Java,
6893-429: The Probolinggo-Banyuwangi Toll Road will be realized, which is the final segment of the Trans Java Toll Road , the Krian-Legundi-Bunder-Manyar Toll Road that connects the industrial estates in the city of Surabaya; Sidoarjo Regency ; and Gresik Regency , as well as plans for the Gresik-Tuban Toll Road that connects East Java with cities on the northern coast of Java. The railway system in East Java has been built since
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#17327811530147006-418: The Singhasari. In 1293, Kublai Khan , founder of the Yuan dynasty , sent a large invasion fleet to Java with 20,000 to 30,000 soldiers, beginning the Mongol invasion of Java . This was a punitive expedition against King Kertanegara of Singhasari, who had refused to pay tribute to the Yuan and maimed one of its ministers. However, it ended with failure for the Mongols . In 1294, the Kingdom of Majapahit
7119-407: The Sunda Islands. Bali was also mapped in 1512, in the chart of Francisco Rodrigues, aboard the expedition. In 1585, a ship foundered off the Bukit Peninsula and left a few Portuguese in the service of Dewa Agung . In 1597, the Dutch merchant-explorer Cornelis de Houtman arrived at Bali, and the Dutch East India Company was established in 1602. The Dutch government expanded its control across
7232-472: The Surabaya dialect ( Javanese : Suroboyoan or Surabayaan — the Javanese dialect of Surabaya ) used mainly in the capital Surabaya . Indonesian is only used for inter-ethnic communication and official purposes. East Java offers different types of tourist attractions. There are a variety of natural attractions, including mountains, beaches, caves, and waterfalls. Almost every regency or city in East Java has its own unique tourist destinations, such as
7345-449: The area with the highest biodiversity of marine species, especially fish and turtles. In this area alone, over 500 reef-building coral species can be found. For comparison, this is about seven times as many as in the entire Caribbean . Bali is the home of the Subak irrigation system , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . It is also home to a unified confederation of kingdoms composed of 10 traditional royal Balinese houses, each house ruling
7458-477: The border with Central Java is Mount Lawu (3,265 metres). Southeast from Madiun is Mount Wilis (2,169 metres), and Mount Liman (2,563 metres). In the middle of the corridor lies the Anjasmoro mountains with peaks Mount Arjuno (3,339 metres), Mount Welirang (3,156 metres), Mount Anjasmoro (2,277 metres), Mount Kawi (2,551 metres), and Mount Kelud (1,731 metres); The mountains are located in most Kediri, Blitar, Malang, Pasuruan, Mojokerto and Jombang. The group has
7571-402: The cities along the coast, and back to Banyuwangi to Jember, are known as the eastern salient , or " Kawasan Tapal Kuda " (the Horseshoe Region). A remnant of Hindu tradition and syncretic abangan exists because of Islamic and Hinduism acculturation in Java. East Java GDP share by sector (2022) East Java is known as the hub and center economy of Central and Eastern Indonesia , and has
7684-577: The city of Malang are the oldest written sources in East Java, dating from 760 CE. It tells of many political and cultural events in the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan. The name Malang is thought to come from the name of a sacred building called Malangkuseswara. This name is contained in the Mantyasih inscription written in 907 CE. In 1222, Ken Arok founded the Kingdom of Singhasari , which he ruled until 1292. Before coming to power, Ken Arok seized power in Tumapel ( Kediri ) from Tungul Ametung. Ken Arok's descendants became kings of Singhasari and Majapahit from
7797-406: The command of KNIL Lieutenant Colonel W.P. Roodenburg. On 19 February 1942, the Japanese forces landed near the town of Sanoer (Sanur). The island was quickly captured. During the Japanese occupation, a Balinese military officer, I Gusti Ngurah Rai , formed a Balinese 'freedom army'. The harshness of Japanese occupation forces made them more resented than the Dutch colonial rulers. In 1945, Bali
7910-474: The country. A bombing in 2002 by militant Islamists in the tourist area of Kuta killed 202 people, mostly foreigners. This attack, and another in 2005 , severely reduced tourism, producing much economic hardship on the island. On 27 November 2017, Mount Agung erupted five times, causing the evacuation of thousands, disrupting air travel and causing much environmental damage. Further eruptions also occurred between 2018 and 2019. On 15–16 November 2022,
8023-401: The desire of king Hayam Wuruk to take a Sundanese princess. Dyah Pitaloka as queen. However, because of a misunderstanding about the procedure of marriage, leading to a battle in Bubat. Majapahit troops, under the command of Gajah Mada capturud Pajajaran . In 1389, Hayam Wuruk died, and was succeeded by Wikramawardhana . This resulted in the beginning of the decline of the Majapahit Empire. As
8136-608: The distinctly different fauna of Australasia . The transition is known as the Wallace Line , named after Alfred Russel Wallace , who first proposed a transition zone between these two major biomes . When sea levels dropped during the Pleistocene ice age , Bali was connected to Java and Sumatra and to the mainland of Asia and shared the Asian fauna, but the deep water of the Lombok Strait continued to keep Lombok Island and
8249-533: The early 20th century, Bali was possibly home to several large mammals : banteng , leopard and the endemic Bali tiger . The banteng still occurs in its domestic form, whereas leopards are found only in neighbouring Java, and the Bali tiger is extinct. The last definite record of a tiger on Bali dates from 1937 when one was shot, though the subspecies may have survived until the 1940s or 1950s. Pleistocene and Holocene megafaunas include banteng and giant tapir (based on speculations that they might have reached up to
8362-429: The exile of many Majapahit aristocrats to the neighbouring island of Bali . Those who remained in Java were forced to convert to Islam, while a small pocket of isolated people living in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park spread around Pasuruan , Probolinggo , Malang , and Lumajang Regencies remains adhered to Hinduism to this day. They are known as the Tenggerese people . Their population of roughly 100,000
8475-421: The extermination of PKI members. As a result of the 1965–66 upheavals, Suharto was able to manoeuvre Sukarno out of the presidency . His "New Order" government re-established relations with Western countries. The pre-War Bali as "paradise" was revived in a modern form. The resulting large growth in tourism has led to a dramatic increase in Balinese standards of living and significant foreign exchange earned for
8588-493: The governments could not satisfy the population's needs for affordable housing, which led to the building of shanty towns along the rivers and rail tracks. Today, the shanty towns still exist; although some have been transformed into "better" housing. East Java has twice hosted the Indonesian National Games ( Indonesian : Pekan Olahraga Nasional ) (PON), the 7th (1969) and 15th PONs (2000), and became
8701-586: The governor, Suryo, on the advice of People's Security Army (TKR), to move the seat of the government to Mojokerto . A week later, the government retreated again to a more secure location in Kediri. However, security situation Kediri worsen until finally, in February 1947, the East Java provincial government fled to Malang. While the administration was based in Malang, Governor Soerjo was replaced by R.P. Suroso, who
8814-431: The highly productive agriculture sector. South of the mountains is a broad, steadily descending area where most of Bali's large rice crop is grown. The northern side of the mountains slopes more steeply to the sea and is the main coffee-producing area of the island, along with rice, vegetables, and cattle. The longest river, Ayung River , flows approximately 75 km (47 mi) (see List of rivers of Bali ). The island
8927-514: The island and its peoples created a western image of Bali as "an enchanted land of aesthetes at peace with themselves and nature". Western tourists began to visit the island. The sensuous image of Bali was enhanced in the West by a quasi-pornographic 1932 documentary Virgins of Bali about a day in the lives of two teenage Balinese girls whom the film's narrator Deane Dickason notes in the first scene "bathe their shamelessly nude bronze bodies". Under
9040-584: The island of Madura (which is connected to Java by the longest bridge in Indonesia, the Suramadu Bridge ), as well as the Kangean islands and other smaller island groups located further east (in the northern Bali Sea ) and the Masalembu archipelago to the north. Its capital is Surabaya , the second largest city in Indonesia , a major industrial center and also a major business center. Banyuwangi
9153-626: The island of Bali and a few smaller offshore islands, notably Nusa Penida , Nusa Lembongan , and Nusa Ceningan to the southeast. The provincial capital, Denpasar , is the most populous city in the Lesser Sunda Islands and the second-largest, after Makassar , in Eastern Indonesia . Denpasar metropolitan area is the extended metropolitan area around Denpasar . The upland town of Ubud in Greater Denpasar
9266-613: The largest cement factories in Indonesia, namely Semen Indonesia (ex-Semen Gresik), and Semen Holcim and the Petrochemical Refinery Area. The government has established 12 industrial estate companies, including Surabaya Industrial Estate Rungkut (SIER) in Surabaya, Pasuruan Industrial Estate Rembang (PIER) in Pasuruan Regency, Madiun Industrial Estate Balerejo (MIEB) in Madiun, Ngoro Industrial Park (NIP) in
9379-533: The looser version of the Hays code that existed up to 1934, nudity involving "civilised" (i.e. white) women was banned, but permitted with "uncivilised" (i.e. all non-white women), a loophole that was exploited by the producers of Virgins of Bali . The film, which mostly consisted of scenes of topless Balinese women was a great success in 1932, and almost single-handedly made Bali into a popular spot for tourists. Imperial Japan occupied Bali during World War II. It
9492-484: The lower mountain areas, and even in areas Ranu Pani (slopes of Mount Semeru), temperatures can reach –4 °C, causing a frost and fall of light snow. East Java is divided into 29 kabupaten (or regencies), and 9 kotamadya (or cities). This division has remained unchanged since the creation of the province, except for the creation of the new city of Batu on 21 June 2001 (by separation from Malang Regency). These regencies and cities with their areas and populations at
9605-422: The north coast near Singaraja and Lovina . A team of scientists surveyed from 29 April 2011, to 11 May 2011, at 33 sea sites around Bali. They discovered 952 species of reef fish of which 8 were new discoveries at Pemuteran, Gilimanuk, Nusa Dua , Tulamben and Candidasa , and 393 coral species, including two new ones at Padangbai and between Padangbai and Amed . The average coverage level of healthy coral
9718-412: The north coast of the island. Wallace's trip to Bali was instrumental in helping him devise his Wallace Line theory. The Wallace Line is a faunal boundary that runs through the strait between Bali and Lombok . It is a boundary between species. In his travel memoir The Malay Archipelago , Wallace wrote of his experience in Bali, which has a strong mention of the unique Balinese irrigation methods : I
9831-484: The northern coastal national road or locally known as pantura road ( Anyer - Jakarta - Surabaya - Banyuwangi ), and inland national roads (Jakarta- Bandung - Yogyakarta -Surabaya). The expressway network in East Java covers the Surabaya-Gempol Toll Road ; Gempol-Pandaan ; Pandaan-Malang ; Gempol-Pasuruan ; and Pasuruan-Probolinggo which connects the northern and middle East Java regions with
9944-477: The overall champions in 2000 and 2008. East Java province borders the Java Sea in the north, the Strait of Bali in the east, and the Indian Ocean in the south, as well as the Central Java province in the west. The length of the east–west stretch of about 400 km. The width of the stretch of the north–south in the west about 200 km, but in the eastern part of narrower by about 60 km. Madura
10057-527: The peak of Mount Bromo Tengger (2,329 metres), and Mount Semeru (3,676 metres). Mount Semeru , which is also called Mahameru is the highest mountain in the island of Java. In the easternmost part if the province, there are two groups of mountains: the Iyang mountains with the peak Mount Argopuro (3,088 metres), the Ijen mountains with the peak Mount Raung (3344 metres) In the south there is a series of hills, that of
10170-502: The pride of the best-cultivated parts of Europe. The Dutch mounted large naval and ground assaults at the Sanur region in 1906 and were met by the thousands of members of the royal family and their followers who rather than yield to the superior Dutch force committed ritual suicide ( puputan ) to avoid the humiliation of surrender. Despite Dutch demands for surrender, an estimated 200 Balinese killed themselves rather than surrender. In
10283-519: The region has varying rates of population growth that are generally lower than national average. Ethnic Javanese dominate the Java mainland as well as the total population of the province overall, while ethnic Madurese inhabit Madura and the Kangean and Masalembu archipelagos, though centuries of migrations have led the Java mainland to have a larger proportion of Madurese people than Madura itself. Minorities include distinct Javanese ethnicities such as
10396-520: The republican forces and Japanese troops, resulting in various skirmishes across the city. This was because when the Japanese surrendered, they were obliged to remain in power until the allied forces arrived. The arrival of allied forces in Surabaya created tensions with the newly established government of Indonesia, reaching peak on 10 November 1945 where a major battle between the Surabayan residents led by Sutomo and allied forces. The battle forced
10509-778: The signing of a treaty between the Sunda Kingdom and the Portuguese Empire in Malacca . After the failure of the treaty, the Portuguese presence was then limited to Malacca in the Malay Peninsula and the Maluku Islands . An expedition under the leadership of the Dutch explorer Cornelis de Houtman consisting of four ships in 1596 became the beginning of Dutch presence in the island. At the end of
10622-855: The south coast of Pacitan, Trenggalek, Tulungagung, Blitar, Malang. the Kapur Selatan mountains is a continuation of a series of the Sewu mountains in Yogyakarta. Two of the most important rivers in East Java is the Brantas River (290 kilometres), and the Solo River (548 kilometers). Brantas River has headwaters on the slopes Mount Arjuno near Batu, and flows through most areas in East Java, like Malang, Blitar, Tulungagung, Kediri, Jombang and Mojokerto. In Mojokerto, Brantas River split into two: Kali Mas , and Porong; both empties into
10735-425: The southeast coast of Bali. Its population density was roughly 788 people/km (2,040 people/sq mi) in mid 2023. Bali's central mountains include several peaks over 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) in elevation and active volcanoes such as Mount Batur . The highest is Mount Agung (3,031 m; 9,944 ft), known as the "mother mountain", which is an active volcano rated as one of the world's most likely sites for
10848-634: The southern and eastern salient ( tapal kuda ) , the Surabaya-Gresik Toll Road that connects the middle and southern East Java to the north, and the Surabaya-Mojokerto Toll Road ; Mojokerto-Kertosono ; Ngawi-Kertosono; and Solo-Ngawi which connects East Java with Central Java. Suramadu Bridge that crosses the Madura Strait connects Surabaya and Madura Island . In the near future, the construction of
10961-533: The southern zone (plato), the middle zone (volcanic), and the northern zone (folds). Lowlands and highlands in the middle (of Ngawi, Blitar, Malang, to Bondowoso) has a fairly fertile soil. In the northern part ( Bojonegoro, Tuban, Gresik, to Madura Island) lies the Kapur Utara mountains and the Kendeng mountains which are relatively barren. In the middle of the province stretch mountain ranges and volcanoes: On
11074-502: The story of the countries he visited over the course of the Ming treasure voyages . He mentioned that at that time, there were three different peoples inhabiting Eastern Java: Arabs from the Middle East, the ancestor of the modern Arab Indonesians ; Chinese Muslims originating from modern-day Guangdong province, and the native Javanese people . By the 16th century, the Majapahit Empire was defeated by Islamic kingdoms in Java, resulting in
11187-481: The territory controlled by the East Java provincial government. The Netherlands then turned the areas under its control into new federal states, the State of Madura and the State of East Java . Amid the difficulties faced by the government of Indonesia, a left-wing opposition group, Front Demokrasi Rakyat (FDR, People's Democratic Front) launched rebellion in Madiun on 18 September 1948. However, eventually this revolt
11300-719: The widening of social divisions across Indonesia in the 1950s and early 1960s, Bali saw conflict between supporters of the traditional caste system , and those rejecting this system. Politically, the opposition was represented by supporters of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI), with tensions and ill-feeling further increased by the PKI's land reform programmes. A purported coup attempt in Jakarta
11413-518: The world's plastic waste. In the national legislature , Bali is represented by nine members, with a single electoral district covering the whole province. The Bali Regional People's Representative Council, the provincial legislature, has 55 members. The province's politics has historically been dominated by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), which has won by far the most votes in every election in Bali since
11526-1120: Was 36% (better than in Raja Ampat and Halmahera by 29% or in Fakfak and Kaimana by 25%) with the highest coverage found in Gili Selang and Gili Mimpang in Candidasa , Karangasem Regency . Among the larger trees the most common are: banyan trees, jackfruit , coconuts , bamboo species, acacia trees and also endless rows of coconuts and banana species. Numerous flowers can be seen: hibiscus , frangipani , bougainvillea , poinsettia , oleander , jasmine , water lily , lotus , roses , begonias , orchids and hydrangeas exist. On higher grounds that receive more moisture, for instance, around Kintamani , certain species of fern trees, mushrooms and even pine trees thrive well. Rice comes in many varieties. Other plants with agricultural value include: salak , mangosteen , corn , Kintamani orange, coffee and water spinach . Over-exploitation by
11639-600: Was 41,527,930 (comprising 20,711,680 males and 20,816,260 females). Almost a quarter of the population lives inside greater Surabaya metropolitan area. East Java is inhabited by many different ethnic groups, such as the Javanese , Madurese and Chinese . Most of the people in East Java adheres to Islam , forming around 94% of the total population. Other religions are also practiced, such as Christianity , Buddhism and Confucianism which are mostly practised by Tionghoa people and immigrants from Eastern Indonesia and North Sumatra , and also Hinduism which are practised by
11752-575: Was astonished and delighted; as my visit to Java was some years later, I had never beheld so beautiful and well-cultivated a district out of Europe. A slightly undulating plain extends from the seacoast about ten or twelve miles (16 or 19 kilometres) inland, where it is bounded by a fine range of wooded and cultivated hills. Houses and villages, marked out by dense clumps of coconut palms , tamarind and other fruit trees, are dotted about in every direction; while between them extend luxurious rice grounds, watered by an elaborate system of irrigation that would be
11865-437: Was averted by forces led by General Suharto. The army became the dominant power as it instigated a violent anti-communist purge , in which the army blamed the PKI for the coup. Most estimates suggest that at least 500,000 people were killed across Indonesia, with an estimated 80,000 killed in Bali, equivalent to 5% of the island's population. With no Islamic forces involved as in Java and Sumatra, upper-caste PNI landlords led
11978-646: Was defeated by the Indonesian Army . On 19 December 1948, the Dutch launched Operation Kraai . Blitar, the seat of the East Java provincial government was attacked by the Dutch. Governor Moerdjani and his staff were forced to flee and joined the guerrillas on the slopes of Mount Wilis . Operation Kraai ended after the Roem–Van Roijen Agreement on 7 May 1949. Following the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference , at which
12091-612: Was founded by Raden Wijaya . The Majapahit reached its peak during the reign of Hayam Wuruk . He was accompanied by the Mahapatih Gajah Mada . Together they managed to unite the archipelago under the name Dwipantara. Majapahit developed to become one of the strongest empires in Southeast Asia. In 1357, the Battle of Bubat occurred, starting a war between the Sunda Kingdom and the Majapahit. The event stemei from
12204-579: Was in turn replaced again by Dr. Moerdjani. On 21 July 1947, although still bound by the Linggadjati Agreement , a ceasefire agreement in effect since 14 October 1946, the Dutch commenced a military action, Operation Product , which led to deteriorating security conditions in Malang. The East Java provincial government moved again to Blitar. This military action ended after the Renville Agreement . However, this agreement reduced
12317-491: Was largely agriculture-based in terms of both output and employment. Tourism is now the largest single industry in terms of income, and as a result, Bali is one of Indonesia's wealthiest regions. In 2003, around 80% of Bali's economy was tourism related. By the end of June 2011, the rate of non-performing loans of all banks in Bali were 2.23%, lower than the average of Indonesian banking industry non-performing loan rates (about 5%). The economy, however, suffered significantly as
12430-532: Was liberated by the British 5th infantry Division under the command of Major-General Robert Mansergh who took the Japanese surrender. Once Japanese forces had been repatriated the island was handed over to the Dutch the following year. In 1946, the Dutch constituted Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of the newly proclaimed State of East Indonesia , a rival state to the Republic of Indonesia, which
12543-535: Was not originally a target in their Netherlands East Indies Campaign, but as the airfields on Borneo were inoperative due to heavy rains, the Imperial Japanese Army decided to occupy Bali, which did not suffer from comparable weather. The island had no regular Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) troops. There was only a Native Auxiliary Corps Prajoda (Korps Prajoda) consisting of about 600 native soldiers and several Dutch KNIL officers under
12656-568: Was proclaimed and headed by Sukarno and Hatta . Bali was included in the " Republic of the United States of Indonesia " when the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on 29 December 1949. The first governor of Bali, Anak Agung Bagus Suteja , was appointed by President Sukarno in 1958, when Bali became a province. The 1963 eruption of Mount Agung killed thousands, created economic havoc, and forced many displaced Balinese to be transmigrated to other parts of Indonesia. Mirroring
12769-674: Was strongly influenced by Indian, Chinese, and particularly Hindu culture, beginning around the 1st century AD. The name Bali dwipa ("Bali island") has been discovered from various inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 914 AD and mentioning Walidwipa . It was during this time that the people developed their complex irrigation system subak to grow rice in wet-field cultivation . Some religious and cultural traditions still practised today can be traced to this period. The Hindu-Buddhist Majapahit Empire (1293–1520 AD) on eastern Java founded
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