The California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894, commonly referred to as the "Midwinter Exposition" or the "Midwinter Fair", was a World's Fair that officially operated from January 27 to July 5 in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park .
182-778: In 1892, U.S. President Benjamin Harrison appointed Michael H. de Young as a national commissioner to the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition held in Chicago . During the exposition in Chicago, de Young recognized an opportunity to stimulate California's economy in its time of depression. In the summer of 1893, de Young announced his plans for the California Midwinter International Exposition to be held in Golden Gate Park. One of
364-633: A $ 1 million grant from the Svane Family Foundation, in 2023 the Fine Arts Museums acquired works by 30 Bay Area artists, including Wesaam Al-Badry, Rupy C. Tut , Woody D. Othello, and Chelsea Ryoko Wong. The exhibition Crafting Radicality: Bay Area Artists from the Svane Gift, on view at the de Young museum in 2023, displays works from the gift, “captures the local moment, as reported by KQED” The de Young also organized
546-725: A 10-foot (3.0 m) housepost from the Iatmul people of the Sepik River in Papua New Guinea , a group of brightly painted carvings used in malanggan ceremonials of New Ireland , a roll of feather money from Nindu Island of Santa Cruz, a fan from the Marquesas Islands of Polynesia , a rare navigation figure from the Caroline Islands of Micronesia , and a selection of powerful wood carvings from
728-579: A California Mission style with Romanesque influence. It featured three domes to let in light for the plants. Inside, there were plants and flowers, California foliage, and statues. Fruit from the south, grain and livestock from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, and strawberries and artichokes from the Salinas Valley, as well as California's winter crops were featured. The Bonet Tower was
910-639: A Commissioner for the U.S. Court of Claims . Harrison became a founding member and first president of both the University Club, a private gentlemen's club in Indianapolis, and the Phi Delta Theta Alumni Club. Harrison and his wife became members and assumed leadership positions at Indianapolis's First Presbyterian Church. Having grown up in a Whig household, Harrison initially favored that party's politics, but joined
1092-428: A Finance Committee, which was charged with raising and maintaining the necessary funds. This committee's main strategy was to collect donations from the public. As a result, the fair was financed entirely by donations, and it did not receive any federal, state, or local bonds, loans, grants, or subsidies. In the end, the fair raised $ 344, 319.59. The fair then began and ended without any debt. The Administration Building
1274-602: A French ivory trader and labor contractor who was permitted to exhibit an African village after putting on the same exhibit for the Chicago World Fair the previous year. There were 67 individuals in the Dahomeyan village, with four deaths throughout the duration of the exhibit. Frederick Douglass both condemned and praised the Dahomeyan Village, stating on separate occasions that it was "as if to shame
1456-525: A Japanese artist named Toshio Aoki designed and maintained the village as an attraction. Inside the village in 1894, the village consisted of small man-made waterfalls, small lakes, the Taiko Bashi (drum bridge), and various Japanese-native plants and birds such as Tsurus and O'Hikis . As a part of the exhibit, there were Japanese women dressed up as the "Musumee" are in the exhibit's tea village. Common items served were Japanese tea and "sweetmeats". At
1638-489: A San Francisco local who attended the Chicago World Fair , realized that California could reap major benefits from hosting its own world fair. De Young envisioned a world fair in the middle of winter, where people from the frigid East coast and all over the world could enjoy the nice crisp weather of California, along with its bountiful opportunities. Furthermore, de Young sought to boost California's economy, which
1820-533: A brief furlough in Indianapolis", but he caught scarlet fever and was delayed for a month, and then spent "several months training replacement troops in South Carolina". On January 23, 1865, Lincoln nominated Harrison to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from that date, and the Senate confirmed the nomination on February 14, 1865. Harrison was promoted because of his success at
2002-852: A candidate, Blaine left the country and was staying with Andrew Carnegie in Scotland when the convention began. He did not return to the U.S. until August, and the delegates finally accepted his refusal to be nominated. After New York switched to Harrison's column, he gained the needed momentum for victory. The party nominated Harrison for president on the eighth ballot, 544 votes to 108. Levi P. Morton of New York—a banker, former U.S. Minister to France, and former U.S. congressman—was chosen as his running mate. At their National Convention in St. Louis , Democrats rallied behind Cleveland and his running mate, Senator Allen G. Thurman ; Vice President Hendricks had died in office on November 25, 1885. After returning to
SECTION 10
#17327753868612184-431: A case during Harrison's time in office (against a Tennessee coal company), and initiated several other cases against trusts. One of the most volatile questions of the 1880s was whether the currency should be backed by gold and silver or by gold alone . The issue cut across party lines, with western Republicans and southern Democrats joining in the call for the free coinage of silver and both parties' representatives in
2366-753: A display from University of California , Yale University , Cogswell Technical School , Mills College , and the California School for the Deaf and Dumb as well as the other private schools. There was also a display from the astronomical department of the Lick Observatory . The manufactures division featured many displays from the Columbian Exhibition in Chicago. The ethnology/archaeology division featured models, statues, inventions, and weapons from thirty-eight different locations on
2548-495: A federal appellate court judge in Chicago —also sought the delegates' support at the 1888 Republican National Convention . Harrison "marshaled his troops" to stop Gresham from gaining control of the Indiana delegation while simultaneously presenting himself "as an attractive alternative to Blaine." Blaine did not publicly endorse anyone, but on March 1, 1888, he privately wrote that "the one man remaining who in my judgment can make
2730-576: A fixed ratio to gold. This failed to facilitate a compromise between the factions. In July 1890, Senator Sherman achieved passage of a bill, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act , in both houses. Harrison thought the bill would end the controversy, and signed it into law. But the effect of the bill was increased depletion of the nation's gold supply, a problem that persisted until the second Cleveland administration resolved it . De Young (museum) The de Young Museum , formally
2912-520: A full rotation. The scenic railway, another ride of the midwinter fair, was "an early wooden roller-coaster with a dozen undulating rises and dips". The passengers could "get a view of the entire Fair and a roller coaster ride at the same time". The Haunted Swing was a notable ride during 1894 in the San Francisco Chronicle. It was said to have caused riders to pray to the biblical saint of their choosing, as most were baffled by how
3094-550: A great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison V , a Virginia planter who signed the Declaration of Independence and succeeded Thomas Nelson Jr. as governor of Virginia . Harrison was seven years old when his grandfather was elected U.S. president, but he did not attend the inauguration . His family was distinguished, but his parents were not wealthy. John Scott Harrison, a two-term U.S. congressman from Ohio , spent much of his farm income on his children's education. Despite
3276-474: A growing collection of contemporary wearable art. In August 2017, The Summer of Love Experience: Art, Fashion, and Rock & Roll marked another highlight at the de Young. The exhibition celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Summer of Love and featured fashion from the late sixties from the museum's permanent collection and on loan from Bay Area independent designers. The exhibit hosted 270,000 visitors. In
3458-445: A large new cottage at Cape May Point for Harrison's wife, Caroline . Many believed the cottage gift appeared improper and amounted to a bribe for a cabinet position. Harrison made no comment on the matter for two weeks, then said he had always intended to purchase the cottage once Caroline approved. On July 2, perhaps a little tardily to avoid suspicion, Harrison gave Wanamaker a check for $ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 339,111 in 2023) for
3640-579: A large steel tower set in the center of the Grand Court of Honor that harnessed the recent discovery of electrical lighting, designed by French architect Leopold Bonet. Standing at 266-feet, the Bonet Tower was approximately a third the size of the Eiffel Tower , after which it was modeled. The tower was adorned with 3,200 multicolored lights. The top level of the tower housed a spotlight which
3822-547: A lifelong Presbyterian. After his college graduation in 1852, Harrison studied law with Judge Bellamy Storer of Cincinnati , but before he completed his studies, he returned to Oxford, Ohio, to marry Caroline Scott on October 20, 1853. Caroline's father, a Presbyterian minister, performed the ceremony. The Harrisons had two children, Russell Benjamin Harrison and Mary "Mamie" Scott Harrison . Harrison and his wife returned to live at The Point, his father's farm in southwestern Ohio, while he finished his law studies. Harrison
SECTION 20
#17327753868614004-535: A particularly cold winter, Harrison prepared coffee and brought it to his freezing men at night; his constant catchphrase as he took lead of his men was: "Come on, boys!" Harrison earned a reputation as a strong leader and an officer who did not abandon his soldiers in battle. At the Battle of Resaca on May 15, 1864, Harrison faced Confederate Captain Max Van Den Corput's artillery battery, which occupied
4186-610: A permanent attraction in his park, so he had it dynamited and sold for scrap. However, McLaren spared some structures that can still be seen in the park today. The Fine Arts Building, which used to be the De Young Museum (removed and rebuilt after the 1989 earthquake), the Japanese Village, along with multiple statues and parts of the Court of Honor still exist in the park. Mayor Adolph Sutro saved some attractions of
4368-572: A position "some eighty yards in front of the main Confederate lines". Sherman, renewing his assault on the center of the Confederate lines begun the previous day, was halted by Corput's four-gun, parapet-protected artillery battery; the battery was well placed to bedevil the Union ranks, and became "the center of a furious struggle". Corput's artillery redoubt was highly fortified "with three infantry regiments in...rifle pits and four more regiments in
4550-532: A problem exacerbated by Pension Bureau commissioner James R. Tanner 's expansive interpretation of the pension laws. An investigation into the Pension Bureau by Secretary of Interior John Willock Noble found evidence of lavish and illegal handouts under Tanner. Harrison, who privately believed that appointing Tanner had been a mistake, due to his apparent loose management style and tongue, asked Tanner to resign and replaced him with Green B. Raum . Raum
4732-457: A regiment, although he would not ask him to serve. Harrison recruited throughout northern Indiana to raise a regiment. Morton offered him the command, but Harrison declined, as he had no military experience. He was initially commissioned as a captain and company commander on July 22, 1862. Morton commissioned Harrison as a colonel on August 7, 1862, and the newly formed 70th Indiana was mustered into federal service on August 12, 1862. Once mustered,
4914-455: A sale. This song was heard so frequently that it was whistled by people all over the park. Throughout their time at the fair, the gum girls were often subjected to danger and unwanted attention. The girls would travel in pairs in order to keep men from getting too touchy or aggressive. In one case, a gum girl by the name of Violet Eilids had the necktie of her dress grabbed by a man. As a reaction to this unwanted advancement, Eilids punched him in
5096-455: A series of meetings in Chicago, and declared that he had raised $ 41,500 in just two weeks since announcing his intentions. In a short amount of time, 4,400 exhibitors committed to move from Chicago to San Francisco in support of the fair. Mayor Levi Richard Ellert of San Francisco and Governor Henry Markham of California both expressed support for the plan. The public also showed their support by donating various amounts. Mayor Ellert established
5278-600: A six-year term in the Senate, where he served from 1881 to 1887. A Republican , Harrison was elected to the presidency in 1888 , defeating the Democratic incumbent Grover Cleveland in the Electoral College while losing the popular vote. Hallmarks of Harrison's administration were unprecedented economic legislation, including the McKinley Tariff , which imposed historic protective trade rates, and
5460-472: A system of ball-bearing sliding plates and viscous fluid dampers that absorb kinetic energy and convert it to heat”. A new museum structure located in the middle of an urban park was initially controversial. San Francisco voters twice defeated bond measures that were to fund the new museum project. After the second defeat, the museum itself planned to relocate to a location in the financial district . However, an effort led by generous supporters arose and kept
5642-561: A time when camera film could make only black and white images, their colorful paintings of famous early California subjects are visual memories of important local history." The Moorish-style Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building was located on the east end of the concourse, closest to the Panhandle . It was designed by Arthur Page Brown, and cost $ 113,000 to build. Divided into three sections, it featured manufactures, liberal arts, and ethnology/archaeology. The liberal arts division featured
California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 - Misplaced Pages Continue
5824-611: A two cent per pound subsidy on their production. Even with the reductions and reciprocity, the McKinley Tariff enacted the highest average rate in American history, and the spending associated with it contributed to the reputation of the Billion-Dollar Congress . Members of both parties were concerned with the growth of the power of trusts and monopolies , and one of the first acts of the 51st Congress
6006-544: A west wing, was completed in 1925, the year de Young died. In 1929 the original Egyptian-style building was declared unsafe and demolished. By 1949, the elaborate cast concrete ornamentation of the original de Young was determined to be a hazard and removed because the salt air from the Pacific had rusted the supporting steel. As part of the agreement that created the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco in 1972,
6188-669: Is an 11-foot bronze sculpture that speaks to the valued process of winemaking. The Apple Cider Press, a monument created by American artist Thomas Shields Clarke , was said to be a working cider fountain during the fair. Both the Doré Vase and the Apple Cider Press can be seen in front of the De Young museum today. The third sculpture was traditionally called Roman Gladiator. This bronze sculpture, created by George Geefs in 1884, has been identified as Leonidas, King of Sparta. It
6370-628: Is clad with variably perforated and dimpled copper plates, whose patina will slowly change through exposure to the elements. This exterior facade was developed and fabricated by engineers at Zahner. A 144 ft. (44 m) observation tower allows visitors to see much of Golden Gate Park's Music Concourse (see below) and rises above the Park's treetops, providing a view of the Golden Gate and Marin Headlands . The twisting 144 foot (44 m) tall tower
6552-617: Is located about 0.5 miles from the De Young. The 44 O'Shaughnessy Muni bus and the Golden Gate Park Free Shuttle stop at the museum's entrance. The museum received 797,444 visitors in 2022, up 102 percent from 2021. In 2022 it ranked sixteenth in the List of most-visited museums in the United States , and was 68th in the List of most-visited art museums in the world. The museum opened in 1895 in one of
6734-435: Is produced through techniques such as beading and embroidery . The de Young has exhibited fashion since the 1930s, with pieces by Dior , Balenciaga , Madame Grès , Yves Saint Laurent , Chanel , Ralph Rucci , and Kaisik Wong . There are equally compelling collections of 18th and 19th-century European fans , an excellent lace collection, a spectacular group of European ecclesiastical vestments and furnishings, and
6916-583: The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 , which his party supported, because he thought it violated existing treaties with China . In 1884, Harrison and Gresham competed for influence at the 1884 Republican National Convention ; the delegation ended up supporting Senator James G. Blaine , the eventual nominee. During the Mugwump rebellion led by reform Republicans against Blaine's candidacy, Harrison at first stood aloof, "refusing to put his hat in
7098-565: The Columbian Exposition in Chicago. For example, Evelyn McCormick and Clara McChesney had work featured in both expositions. Some of the other female artists featured in the Fine Arts Building included Alice Brown Chittenden , Helen Hyde , Matilda Lotz , Dora Norton Williams, Eva Almond Withrow, and several more. The artwork produced by these women consisted of various oil paintings, many focusing on California. "At
7280-841: The Hudson River School , Barbizon , and Tonalism ; Impressionism and the Ashcan School ; Arts and Crafts ; Modernism ; Social Realism and American Scene; Surrealism and Abstraction ; Beat , Pop , and Figurative; and Contemporary. Although the permanent collection is national in scope, art made in California from the Gold Rush era to the present day is also on display in the de Young. Important California collections with national significance include examples of Spanish colonial, Arts and Crafts, and Bay Area Figurative and Assemblage art . Important among them are
7462-614: The M. H. de Young Memorial Museum , is a fine arts museum located in San Francisco , California . Located in Golden Gate Park , it is a component of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco , along with the Legion of Honor . The de Young is named for early San Francisco newspaperman M. H. de Young . The museum is accessible via public transit on the N Judah Metro line. The westbound 9th Avenue and Irving station
California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 - Misplaced Pages Continue
7644-517: The Maori peoples of New Zealand. The Art of the Americas collections are of national significance to art history , anthropology , and world history , and they have helped establish the de Young as a primary source for cultural research and study. The extensive collection of ancient American and Native American art comprises nearly 2,000 works of art from Meso-America, Central and South America, and
7826-557: The Panic of 1873 , was financially successful enough to build a grand new home in Indianapolis in 1874. He continued to make speeches on behalf of Republican candidates and policies. In 1876, when a scandal forced the original Republican nominee, Godlove Stein Orth , to drop out of the gubernatorial race, Harrison accepted the party's invitation to take his place on the ticket. He centered his campaign on economic policy and favored deflating
8008-481: The Republican Party shortly after its formation in 1856 and campaigned on behalf of Republican presidential candidate John C. Frémont . In 1857 Harrison was elected Indianapolis city attorney, a position that paid an annual salary of $ 400 (equivalent to $ 13,080 in 2023). In 1858, Harrison entered into a law partnership with William Wallace to form the law office of Wallace and Harrison. In 1860, he
8190-666: The Sherman Antitrust Act . Harrison also facilitated the creation of the national forest reserves through an amendment to the Land Revision Act of 1891. During his administration six western states were admitted to the Union. In addition, Harrison substantially strengthened and modernized the U.S. Navy and conducted an active foreign policy, but his proposals to secure federal education funding as well as voting rights enforcement for African Americans were unsuccessful. Due in large part to surplus revenues from
8372-711: The "present Administration and the Democratic majority in Congress owe their existence to the suppression of the ballot by a criminal nullification of the Constitution." Anticipating a principal part of Harrison's campaign, the convention also declared itself "uncompromisingly in favor of the American system of protection " and protested "against its destruction as proposed by the President and his party." The tariff
8554-484: The 1888 election. High tariff rates had created a surplus of money in the Treasury, which led many Democrats (as well as the growing Populist movement) to call for lowering them. Most Republicans preferred to maintain the rates, spend the surplus on internal improvements , and eliminate some internal taxes. Representative William McKinley and Senator Nelson W. Aldrich framed the McKinley Tariff , which would raise
8736-636: The 1st Brigade of the 1st Division of the XX Corps . He commanded the brigade at the battles of Resaca , Cassville , New Hope Church , Lost Mountain, Kennesaw Mountain , Marietta , Peachtree Creek , and Atlanta . When Sherman's main force began its March to the Sea , Harrison's brigade was transferred to the District of Etowah and participated in the Battle of Nashville . While encamped near Nashville, during
8918-617: The Agriculture and Horticulture Building, the Mechanical Arts Building, and the Manufacturers and Liberal Arts building. The Fine Arts building has become the M.H. de Young Memorial Museum (and has been rebuilt in a much different design). Other major attractions include the park's famed Japanese Tea Garden , Bonet's Tower, the amusement attractions, and the many cultural exhibits. In 1893, M. H. de Young ,
9100-511: The Americas, Oceania, and Africa. Collections on view at the de Young Museum include: American Art , African Art , Oceanic Art , Arts of the Americas , Costume and Textile arts , Graphic arts , Photography and Sculpture . Some of the collection is accessible online on the museum website and Google Arts and Culture . The American art collection consists of over 5,000 objects including 1,000 paintings, 800 sculptures, and 3,000 decorative arts objects. It includes works ranging from 1670 to
9282-405: The Battle of Peachtree Creek, on July 20, 1864, Harrison commanded his brigade against General W. S. Featherston's Mississippi Brigade, stopping the latter's "fierce assault" over Collier Road. At Peachtree Creek, Harrison's brigade comprised the 102nd , 105th , and 129th Illinois Infantry Regiments , the 79th Ohio Infantry Regiment , and his 70th Indiana Regiment; his brigade deployed in about
SECTION 50
#17327753868619464-920: The Bothin Library and department research files, the American Art Study Center is the most important research center for American art on the West Coast . In 1988, the Fine Arts Museums made a commitment to collect international contemporary art. In addition to works in traditional media, this commitment has expanded the museums’ holdings of works in new or multiple media––including installation and conceptual works, video and other time-based media, and photography and other lens-based media––to more accurately reflect contemporary art practice. Contemporary acquisitions include Wall of Light Horizon (2005), by Sean Scully and signature sculptures by Zhan Wang and Cornelia Parker . The strength of
9646-410: The California Midwinter International Exposition. Much of what is known about the fair, especially visually, comes from Taber's photographs. The fair encompassed 200 acres centered on the park's current Music Concourse. 120 structures were constructed for the exposition, and more than 2 million people visited. The fair was to feature four major buildings. These buildings included the Fine Arts Building,
9828-512: The Civil War, Indiana citizenship and membership in the Presbyterian Church. Nevertheless, Harrison had alienated pivotal Republican operatives from New York to Pennsylvania to Iowa with these choices and prematurely compromised his political power and future. His normal schedule provided for two full cabinet meetings per week, as well as separate weekly one-on-one meetings with each cabinet member. In June 1890, Harrison's Postmaster General John Wanamaker and several Philadelphia friends purchased
10010-428: The Democrats redistricted the Indiana state legislature, which resulted in an increased Democratic majority in 1886, despite a statewide Republican majority. In 1887, largely as a result of the Democratic gerrymandering of Indiana's legislative districts, Harrison was defeated for reelection. After a deadlock in the state senate , the state legislature eventually chose Democrat David Turpie as Harrison's successor in
10192-406: The Elders ), Pat Steir , David Park , Betye Saar , Kiki Smith , Richard Diebenkorn , Mel Ramos , Beth Lipman , Wayne Thiebaud , and Mary Lovelace O'Neal . In January 2017, the institution announced a significant new addition to its collection of American Art through the acquisition of 62 works by 22 contemporary African American Arts, including Thornton Dial 's Blood And Meat: Survival For
10374-415: The Fine Arts Museums announced the promised gift by Bernard and Barbro Osher of 61 works of American Art to the museums’ collection. ARTnews reported that the gift included works by well-known American artists like Georgia O’Keeffe, Winslow Homer , John Singer Sargent , Charles Sheeler , and Alexander Calder . They figure alongside lesser-known ones like Boston School painter William McGregor Paxton ,
10556-404: The Fine Arts building which later became the deYoung museum, are the only remnants of the Midwinter Fair that remain in Golden Gate Park. Today it is officially known as the Japanese Tea Garden . George Turner Marsh, an Australian businessman interested in Japanese culture, organized and funded the Japanese Village and Tea Garden for the Midwinter Fair of 1894. During the time of the fair, Marsh and
10738-432: The Firth Wheel, and at the base of Bonet's Tower among other places. There were additional kiosks and vendors from which fair attendees could buy food. The cultural exhibits provided exotic meals that were exceptionally popular among fair goers. It was also quite common to bring food from home and picnic in the park. Upon the conclusion of the Midwinter Exposition, Park Superintendent John McLaren took his revenge for what
10920-430: The Hawaiian Village was a cyclorama painted to look like an erupting Mount Kilauea where performers danced, chanted, and performed religious rituals daily for the visitors. Also included in the exhibit were grass-covered bamboo huts, the Hawaiian Palace, coffee trees, hula dancers, and a display depicting the history of the Hawaiian Kamehameha dynasty as well as showcasing various weapons of war. A rectangular artificial lake
11102-405: The Hawaiian village, the Dahomeyan African village, various Japanese cultural exhibits, the Vienna Prater, the Arizona Indian Village, the Sioux Indian Village, the Oriental Village, a German Village, a Samoan Village, and the Eskimo/Inuit Village. The ethnological exhibits sparked controversy, particularly from the racial communities that identified with the ethnic groups on display. Many argued that
SECTION 60
#173277538686111284-423: The Inaugural Ball inside the Pension Building with a large crowd attending. After moving into the White House, Harrison noted, quite prophetically, "There is only a door—one that is never locked—between the president's office and what are not very accurately called his private apartments. There should be an executive office building, not too far away, but wholly distinct from the dwelling house. For everyone else in
11466-423: The Japanese community were extremely offended, claiming that "it was acceptable for Japanese to pull people around in Japan, but in America such a job was suitable only for horses and was an insult to the emperor." Those upset with Marsh decided to form an Anti-Jinrikishaw Society, announcing that any Japanese who decided to pull a rickshaw would be killed. Marsh avoided the problem completely by hiring Germans to pull
11648-403: The Midwinter Exposition was established in connection with the police station at the heart of Golden Gate Park in an oval of land known as the Grand Court of Honor. The plot was located between the North and South drives of the park and consisted of five major buildings. One major structure was the Administration Building, next to which stood the emergency hospital. It attracted much attention at
11830-417: The Negro [that] the Dahomians are also here to exhibit the Negro as a repulsive savage" and that "the Africans' dance and ceremonies which were all on the same principle, if not quite so well developed, as those of people living nearer to civilization." Douglass's remarks directed public attention towards the negative inner-workings of the cultural exhibits. Marsh's Japanese Village & Tea Garden, along with
12012-434: The Republican Party and an "immortal champion of liberty and the rights of the people." Republican presidents Grant, Garfield, and Arthur were likewise acknowledged with "remembrance and gratitude". The "fundamental idea of the Republican party" was declared to be "hostility to all forms of despotism and oppression", and the Brazilian people were congratulated for their recent abolition of slavery . The convention alleged that
12194-504: The Republican nomination was the previous nominee, James G. Blaine of Maine . After his narrow loss to Cleveland in 1884, Blaine became the front-runner for 1888, but removed his name from contention. After he wrote several letters denying any interest in the nomination, his supporters divided among other candidates, Senator John Sherman of Ohio foremost among them. Others, including Chauncey Depew of New York , Russell Alger of Michigan , and Harrison's old nemesis Walter Q. Gresham—now
12376-405: The Santa Barbara channel their home. The interior contained a large tank in a L-shaped fashion that contained 40,000 gallons of sea water to emulate the natural environment of the animals. Behind the tank there were rookeries and grottos terraced like the Channel Islands; the sea lions, sea tigers, and sea-otters natural habitat . However, not all the marine animals were alive. Most notably on display
12558-411: The Senate. Harrison served in the Senate from March 4, 1881, to March 3, 1887, and chaired the U.S. Senate Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard ( 47th Congress ) and the U.S. Senate Committee on Territories ( 48th and 49th Congresses ). In 1881, the major issue confronting Senator Harrison was the budget surplus. Democrats wanted to reduce the tariff and limit the amount of money
12740-454: The Senate. Harrison returned to Indianapolis and resumed his law practice, but stayed active in state and national politics. A year after his senatorial defeat, Harrison declared his candidacy for the Republican nomination; he dubbed himself a "living and rejuvenated Republican", a reference to his lack of a power base. Thereafter, the phrase "'Rejuvenated Republicanism' became the slogan of his presidential campaign." The initial favorite for
12922-474: The U.S., Blaine visited Harrison at his home in October. Harrison reprised the traditional front-porch campaign abandoned by his immediate predecessors; he received visiting delegations to Indianapolis and made over 90 pronouncements from his hometown. Republicans campaigned heavily in favor of protective tariffs , turning out protectionist voters in the important industrial states of the North. The election took place on Tuesday, November 6, 1888; it focused on
13104-663: The US. The exhibition will travel to Museum Angewandte Kunst in Frankfurt in the spring of 2019. More than 1,400 stellar examples from the eastern Sudan, the Guinea coast, west and central Africa, eastern and southern Africa, and elsewhere on the continent are included in the Fine Arts Museums’ African art collection at the de Young. The African art collection is presented thematically rather than geographically, emphasizing
13286-410: The Union." The convention insisted that "The pending bills in the Senate to enable the people of Washington, North Dakota and Montana Territories to...establish State governments, should be passed without unnecessary delay." The convention began with 17 candidates for the nomination. Harrison placed fifth on the first ballot, with Sherman in the lead, and the next few ballots showed little change. As
13468-560: The West Coast of North America. Art from cultures indigenous to the American continents was a defining feature of the museum's charter collection and continues to be an area of significant growth. Special galleries are devoted to ancient objects from Mexico, including an outstanding grouping of Teotihuacan murals. The current building was completed by architects Jacques Herzog , Pierre de Meuron and Fong + Chan and opened on October 15, 2005. Structural, civil and geotechnical engineering
13650-777: The World (1992) and Lost Cows (2000-1), Joe Light's Dawn (1988), Jessie T. Pettway 's Bars and String-Pierced Columns (1950s), Lonnie Holley 's Him and Her Hold the Root (1994) and Joe Minter 's Camel at the Watering Hole (1995) The works were first exhibited in Revelations: Art from the African American South in 2018 and subsequently in the museum's permanent collection galleries dedicated to Modern and Contemporary American Art. In July 2023,
13832-414: The aesthetic and expressive qualities of the art. The Oceanic collections were charter collections of the de Young, their nucleus formed in 1894 at the California Midwinter International Exposition in Golden Gate Park. Additional Oceanic works of sculpture , basketry , tapa , ceramics , and lithics have since been acquired, bringing the holdings to more than 3,000. Highlights of the collection include
14014-421: The afternoon. Harrison's unit, now exposed, found itself immediately subject to intense gunfire from the main Confederate ranks and was forced to take cover. Although no longer in Confederate hands, Corput's four 121-pound Napoleon Cannons sat in a "no man's land" until nightfall, when Union soldiers "dug through the parapet, slipped ropes around the four cannons, and dragged them back to [their] lines". During
14196-526: The ambulance to the city and it gave rise to the first and oldest continuously operating municipal ambulance service in the United States. Nearly 2000 cases were treated during the Fair, ranging from small cuts and burns to life-threatening injuries. There were a number of large accidents at the Fair that required the use of the emergency hospital. One of the most famous tales is of an overloaded stagecoach of dancers that overturned and injured thirteen people. There
14378-652: The amount the federal government had to award Milligan to five dollars plus court costs. Given his rising reputation, local Republicans urged Harrison to run for Congress. He initially confined his political activities to speaking on behalf of other Republican candidates, a task for which he received high praise from his colleagues. In 1872, Harrison campaigned for the Republican nomination for governor of Indiana . Former governor Oliver Morton favored his opponent, Thomas M. Browne , and Harrison lost his bid for statewide office. He returned to his law practice and, despite
14560-604: The appointment from the outset, gaining the reputation for "decapitating a fourth class postmaster every three minutes". Clarkson himself said, "I am simply on detail from the Republican Committee ;... I am most anxious to get through this task and leave." He resigned in September 1890. Tariff levels had been a major political issue since before the Civil War, and became the most dominant matter of
14742-566: The artist. Inclusion in the exhibition is decided on merit alone…Artworks chosen for this year’s de Young Open will be displayed from floor-to-ceiling, “salon-style,” in the museum's Herbst Exhibition Galleries from Sept. 30, 2023, to Jan. 21, 2024.” Since 1991, the American Art Department has housed a set of the Smithsonian Institution ’s Archives of American Art microfilm collection. In conjunction with
14924-498: The artwork of sixty-eight artists, twenty-eight of whom were female. Many of these female artists received their education at the California School of Design , which eventually became today's San Francisco Art Institute . At the time, the California School of Design accepted women as students, and hired females as instructors. Many of the women showcased at the Midwinter Fair came to San Francisco after showing in exhibits at
15106-716: The battles of Resaca and Peachtree Creek. He finally returned to his old regiment the same day that news of Lincoln's assassination was received. He rode in the Grand Review in Washington, D.C. before mustering out with the 70th Indiana on June 8, 1865. While serving in the Union Army in October 1864, Harrison was once again elected reporter of the Indiana Supreme Court , although he did not seek
15288-543: The best one is Benjamin Harrison." At the convention, which took place in June, Blaine "threw his support to Harrison in the hope of uniting the party" against Cleveland, but the nomination fight was "hotly contested". The convention opened on June 19 at the Auditorium Building in Chicago, Illinois. Proceedings began with an announcement of the party platform; Lincoln was extolled as the "first great leader" of
15470-586: The buildings originally constructed for the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 (a fair modeled on the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition of the previous year). It was housed in an Egyptian revival structure which had been the Fine Arts Building at the fair. The building was badly damaged in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , and was closed for a year and a half for repairs. Before long,
15652-637: The camp. Some people argue that the Mining Camp whitewashed the history of the Gold Rush by not including people of color and made people long for the days before where minorities did not have many privileges. One controversial feature of the Midwinter Exhibition were the gum girls. These young women would walk around selling chewing gum to the attendees of the fair. They wore blue dresses, black stockings, and coordinating caps. To many at
15834-541: The center of the Union line, engaging Major General William Wing Loring's Mississippi division and Alabama troops from General Alexander Stewart 's corps. In his report after the battle, Harrison wrote that "at one time during the fight", with his ammunition dangerously depleted, he sent his acting assistant inspector-general Captain Scott and others to cut "cartridge-boxes from the rebel dead within our lines" and distribute them to his soldiers. According to Harrison's report,
16016-412: The chorus of "the days of old, the days of gold, the days of '49." The Mining Camp also housed replica cabins of famous California figures, such as American industrialist John W. Mackay, California senator George C. Perkins , and writer Mark Twain . The exhibit cost visitors an extra 25 cents to see, almost half of the 55-cent entry fee to the fair. The '49 Dance Hall and the '49 Theatre were extensions of
16198-740: The collection lies in artists associated with California, including Piotr Abraszewski , Christopher Brown , Squeak Carnwath , Jim Christensen, Robert Colescott , Hung Liu , Bruce Nauman , Rachel Neubauer , Ed Ruscha and Masami Teraoka . Lens-based and time-based media works include those by Nigel Poor , Catherine Wagner , Rebeca Bollinger , Alan Rath , the Propeller Group , Firelei Baez , Carrie Mae Weems , and Lisa Reihana . The museums have also acquired works by artists such as Anish Kapoor , Odd Nerdrum , Gottfried Helnwein , Doris Salcedo , David Nash , Rose B. Simpson , Barbara Hepworth , Richard Deacon , and Frank Bowling . With
16380-532: The college for two years and while there met his future wife, Caroline "Carrie" Lavinia Scott . She was a daughter of John Witherspoon Scott , who was the school's science professor and also a Presbyterian minister. Harrison transferred to Miami University in Oxford, Ohio , in 1850, and graduated in 1852. He joined the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, which he used as a network for much of his life. He
16562-404: The concession to be the official photographer of the fair. Taber documented the fair from when the grading of the land began, and continued photographing the fair throughout its entirety. He sold his photos in a striking, multi-story pavilion during the exposition, on the fair grounds. At the end of the fair, he compiled about 130 of his original photographs into a souvenir book entitled Souvenir of
16744-463: The congressional elections, Republicans increased their membership in the House of Representatives by 19 seats. Harrison was sworn into office on Monday, March 4, 1889, by Chief Justice Melville Fuller . His speech was brief—half as long as that of his grandfather, William Henry Harrison, whose speech remains the longest inaugural address of a U.S. president. In his speech, Benjamin Harrison credited
16926-424: The convention proceeded, Harrison became "everyone's second choice in a field of seven candidates". Then, after Sherman "faltered in the balloting", Harrison gained support. Blaine supporters shifted their support among candidates they found acceptable, and when they shifted to Harrison, they found a candidate who could attract the votes of many other delegations. Intending to make it undeniably clear he would not be
17108-479: The cottage. Civil service reform was a prominent issue following Harrison's election. Harrison had campaigned as a supporter of the merit system , as opposed to the spoils system . Although some of the civil service had been classified under the Pendleton Act by previous administrations, Harrison spent much of his first months in office deciding on political appointments. Congress was widely divided on
17290-458: The court in Paris as part of the case and after a brief stay returned to Indianapolis. He died at his home in Indianapolis in 1901 of complications from influenza . Many have praised Harrison's commitment to African Americans' voting rights, his work ethic, and his integrity, but scholars and historians generally rank him as an average president, due to the uneventful nature of his term. Harrison
17472-411: The de Young's collection of European art was sent to the Legion of Honor . In compensation, the de Young received the right to display the bulk of the organization's anthropological holdings. These include significant pre-Hispanic works from Teotihuacan and Peru, as well as indigenous tribal art from sub-Saharan Africa . The building was severely damaged by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake . It in turn
17654-423: The delectation of sightseers. The Daniel Boone's Wild Animal Show was a popular show that had a "collection of trained and wild animals is simply wonderful and delights both young and old." It was centered around the lion trainer that it was named after. This show was also the site of one of the most violent events to occur at the fair. Carlo Thieman was an attendant at the lion exhibit at the show. In February, he
17836-428: The details of how the biggest of the lions named Farnell had been the first to attack, and then the other two had followed suit. Thieman had 18 years of experience and the lions themselves were considered to be trained animals. After the attack, the performance was discontinued. Thieman died on February 14, 1894, due to his injuries. The Midwinter fair included amusement rides as part of the entertainment. Dante's Inferno
18018-467: The door was stuck, delaying him several precious seconds. He finally entered the cage, hit the lions with metal bars, and shouted to get them to leave Thieman alone. Eventually, someone lit lanterns and the grisly scene was lit up for the onlookers to observe. Thieman had been scalped and scratched all over the body, the lions had tried to reach his vitals but narrowly missed. He was brought to Receiving Hospital, still alive, and regained consciousness. He told
18200-452: The draws, according to de Young, was California's weather, which would allow for a fair in the middle of winter. Golden Gate Park Superintendent John McLaren fought against holding the exposition in the park claiming,"the damage to the natural setting would take decades to reverse." In August 1893, the U.S. Congress approved for the fair to be held in Golden Gate Park. Prior to the Midwinter Fair's opening day, in 1893, Isaiah West Taber won
18382-557: The enactment of the Dependent and Disability Pension Act , a cause he had championed in Congress. In addition to providing pensions to disabled Civil War veterans (regardless of the cause of their disability), the Act depleted some of the troublesome federal budget surplus. Pension expenditures reached $ 135 million under Harrison (equivalent to $ 4.6 billion in 2023), the largest expenditure of its kind to that point in American history,
18564-569: The exhibit was Cairo street, based on an Egyptian market street. The street was lined by storefronts and inhabited by shopkeepers and people paid to enact daily street life, including a fortune-teller. Beyond the Egyptian-inspired Cairo street was the "Persian Palace Theater" and dance hall, which featured performances by Turkish dancers. Outside the front of the building, a small bazaar-style marketplace where Turkish, Greek, and Algerian vendors sold various wares. The centerpiece of
18746-495: The exhibit. Each cost an additional 25 cents to enter. The Camp even had its own newspaper called the Weekly Midwinter Appeal which was edited by Sam Davis. The dance hall was one of the most popular attraction within the Mining Camp. One reason for the popularity and appeal of the dance hall is the charming Spanish dancers. Exhibits like the dance hall allowed men to indulge in their fantasies. The Mining Camp
18928-475: The face and broke his nose. In the late 1800s, ethnological exhibitions began to develop as a form of public entertainment and cultural education on non-Western lifestyles. These exhibits showcased groups of individuals from various places all over the world in exhibits designed to mimic their homes. The inhabitants of many of the exhibits would remain in the exhibit until the end of the fair. The Midwinter Exposition of 1894 featured several ethnological expositions:
19110-758: The fair before McLaren's destruction. Sutro purchased the Camera Obscura, the Firth Wheel, Dante's Inferno, the Mirror Maze, along with multiple other Midway attractions and had them relocated to the Sutro Baths which opened in 1896. Many works of art from the Midwinter Fair can still be seen at Golden Gate Park today. Some of the sculptures remaining include the Apple Cider Press, Roman Gladiator , Prayer Book Cross , Doré Vase, and two sphinxes. The Doré Vase, created by French sculptor Gustave Doré ,
19292-658: The fair due to its unusual cross-shaped structure and large red, painted crosses. The building was officially named Lengfeld's Pharmacy after Dr. A. L. Lengfeld who established the College of Pharmacy at the University of California . Lengfeld's Pharmacy in itself became an unintentional exhibit of modern, clean and efficient medicine at the Midwinter Exposition during a time that medical procedures were gaining significant societal interest. The emergency hospital
19474-478: The fall of 2018, the de Young organized Contemporary Muslim Fashions . The exhibition explored Muslim female dress codes from multiple communities, cultures and religious interpretations, starting at the turn of the millennium. It was the first large scale exploration of the topic at an art institution, and included emerging and established designers and artists from Europe, the Middle East, South East Asia and
19656-459: The family's modest resources, Harrison's boyhood was enjoyable, much of it spent outdoors fishing or hunting. Harrison's early schooling took place in a log cabin near his home, but his parents later arranged for a tutor to help him with college preparatory studies. Fourteen-year-old Benjamin and his older brother, Irwin, enrolled in Farmer's College near Cincinnati , Ohio, in 1847. He attended
19838-527: The federal government in a civil suit filed by Lambdin P. Milligan , whose controversial wartime conviction for treason in 1864 led to the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Ex parte Milligan . The civil case was referred to the U.S. Circuit Court for Indiana at Indianapolis, where it evolved into Milligan v. Hovey . Although the jury found in Milligan's favor and he had sought hundreds of thousands of dollars in damages, state and federal statutes limited
20020-513: The few hundred submissions curators expected. Instead, some 6,000 artists sent in 11,500 works. 877 works were selected and although the museum did not act as an intermediary, all of the works were available for sale.[23] In 2023, the de Young announced that the de Young Open would become a triennial. “The works included in the exhibition will be selected by an anonymous jury of Bay Area artists and curators. Jurors review submissions exclusively from digital files without any identifying information about
20202-582: The first-ever retrospective of Feminist Art pioneer Judy Chicago in 2020, forty years after her landmark installation The Dinner Party (1974–79) made its debut in San Francisco. Uncanny Valley: Being Human in the Age of AI organized at the de Young in 2021 was the “first major exhibition to unpack this question through a lens of contemporary art and propose new ways of thinking about intelligence, nature, and artifice.” FRIEZE magazine named it one of
20384-485: The globe. It was used as a store for commercial goods, with imports from across the globe. The building was the largest building in the fair, and considered the largest building in California at the time. The Mechanical Arts Building was designed by Edward Swain. It occupied "an acre space of (300' x 160')" right where the California Academy of Sciences stands today. The building both displayed and conducted
20566-478: The government took in; Republicans instead wanted to spend the money on internal improvements and pensions for Civil War veterans. Harrison took his party's side and advocated for generous pensions for veterans and their widows. He also unsuccessfully supported aid for the education of Southerners, especially children of the freedmen; he believed education was necessary to help the black population rise to political and economic equality with whites. Harrison opposed
20748-513: The historical connections between works in the collection. Painters with paintings in this art museum include; Mary Cassatt , John Singleton Copley , John Vanderlyn , Thomas Cole ( Prometheus Bound ), Thomas Hill , Thomas Wood ( Newspaper Vendor ), Samuel Brookes, John Peto , Childe Hassam , Edmund C. Tarbell ( The Blue Veil ), George Hitchcock , Louise Nevelson , Maynard Dixon , Otis Oldfield , Georgia O'Keeffe , Granville Redmond , Elizabeth Catlett Thomas Hart Benton ( Susannah and
20930-697: The influential artist-teacher Frank Vincent DuMond , and the American Impressionists Edward Henry Potthast , Frederick Carl Frieseke , and Richard Edward Miller . The de Young Open In March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, director CEO Thomas Campbell announced that the de Young Museum would host an open-call exhibition for “all Bay Area artists.” Alta magazine called it “an exhibition of immense scale, inherent complexity, and straightforward generosity.”[22] The response to The de Young Open went well beyond
21112-582: The investment and ultimate capture of Atlanta are certainly worthy of commemoration and I should be glad to see the project succeed." After the conclusion of the Atlanta Campaign on September 2, 1864, Harrison was among the initial Union forces to enter the surrendered city of Atlanta; General Sherman opined that Harrison served with "foresight, discipline and a fighting spirit". After the Atlanta Campaign, Harrison reported to Governor Morton in Indiana for special duty, and while there he campaigned for
21294-513: The issue and Harrison was reluctant to address it in hope of preventing the alienation of either side. The issue became a political football and was immortalized in a cartoon captioned "What can I do when both parties insist on kicking?" Harrison appointed Theodore Roosevelt and Hugh Smith Thompson , both reformers, to the Civil Service Commission , but otherwise did little to further the reform cause. In 1890 Harrison saw
21476-493: The losses from his brigade were "very slight" compared with those of Confederate forces. He thought this was because of battlefield topography, writing: "I believe, that the enemy, having the higher ground, fired too high." Harrison later supported the creation of an Atlanta National Military Park, which would have included "substantial portions" of the Peachtree battlefield, writing in 1900: "The military incidents connected with
21658-401: The machinery needed to run the electricity throughout the park. It also displayed the "latest in mechanical engineering science". The center of the building held a gilded globe representing California's total reported yield of gold to date. In 1894, this gilded globe weighed over 2,000 tons and was worth "$ 1.3 billion, or over $ 32 billion converted to current values". The emergency hospital of
21840-473: The main trenches". Leading the 70th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Harrison massed his troops in a ravine opposite Corput's position, along with the rest of Brigadier General William Thomas Ward's brigade. Harrison and his regiment, leading the assault, then emerged from the ravine, advanced over the artillery parapet, overcame the Confederate gunners, and eliminated the threat. The battery was captured by hand-to-hand combat, and intense combat continued throughout
22022-422: The most significant museum collections of works by Bay Area painter Chiura Obata and sculptor Ruth Asawa . The permanent collection galleries integrate decorative arts objects with paintings and sculptures, emphasizing the artistic, social, and political context for the works on display. While essentially chronological, the installation also juxtaposes works from different cultures and time periods to emphasize
22204-456: The museum in the Golden Gate Park. The designers were sensitive to the appearance of the building in its natural setting. Walter Hood , a landscape architect based in Oakland , designed the museum's new gardens. The entire exterior is clad in 163,118 sq ft (15,154.2 m ) of copper, which is expected to eventually oxidize and take on a greenish tone and a distinct texture to echo
22386-492: The museum's steady development called for a new space to better serve its growing audiences. Michael de Young responded by planning the building that would serve as the core of the de Young facility through the 20th century. Louis Christian Mullgardt , the coordinator for architecture for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition , designed the Spanish-Plateresque-style building. The new structure
22568-479: The nation's growth to the influences of education and religion, urged the cotton states and mining territories to attain the industrial proportions of the eastern states, and promised a protective tariff. Of commerce, he said, "If our great corporations would more scrupulously observe their legal obligations and duties, they would have less call to complain of the limitations of their rights or of interference with their operations." Harrison also urged early statehood for
22750-480: The national currency. He was defeated in a plurality by James D. Williams , losing by 5,084 votes out 434,457 cast, but Harrison built on his new prominence in state politics. When the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 reached Indianapolis, he gathered a citizen militia to make a show of support for owners and management, and helped mediate an agreement between the workers and management and to prevent
22932-413: The nearby eucalyptus trees . In order to further harmonize with the surroundings, shapes were cut into the top to reveal gardens and courtyards where 48 trees had been planted, the giant tree-ferns that form a backdrop for the museum entrance are particularly dramatic. 5.12 acres (20,700 square meters) of new landscaping were planted as well, with 344 transplanted trees and 69 historic boulders. The building
23114-453: The northeast holding firm for the gold standard. Because silver was worth less than its legal equivalent in gold, taxpayers paid their government bills in silver, while international creditors demanded payment in gold, resulting in a depletion of the nation's gold supply. Owing to worldwide deflation in the late 19th century, a strict gold standard had resulted in reduction of incomes without the equivalent reduction in debts, pushing debtors and
23296-467: The only Republican boss initially nominated was Redfield Proctor, as secretary of war. Senator Shelby Cullom's comment symbolizes Harrison's steadfast aversion to use federal positions for patronage: "I suppose Harrison treated me as well as he did any other Senator; but whenever he did anything for me, it was done so ungraciously that the concession tended to anger rather than please." Harrison's selections shared particular alliances, such as their service in
23478-401: The party. When Republicans retook the majority in the state legislature , Harrison's election to a six-year term in the U.S. Senate was threatened by Judge Walter Q. Gresham , his intraparty rival, but Harrison was ultimately chosen. After Garfield's election as president in 1880, his administration offered Harrison a cabinet position, but Harrison declined in favor of continuing his service in
23660-451: The poor to call for silver coinage as an inflationary measure. The silver coinage issue had not been much discussed in the 1888 campaign, and Harrison is said to have favored a bimetallist position. But his appointment of a silverite Treasury Secretary, William Windom , encouraged the free silver supporters. Harrison attempted to steer a middle course between the two positions, advocating free coinage of silver, but at its own value, not at
23842-473: The portrayal of these people groups were stereotypical, reductive, and racist, drawing criticism from Frederick Douglass and San Francisco's Japanese population. Furthermore, treatment of the people living in the exhibitions was criticized, though little action could be taken as the people living there were there of their own accord. The Dahomeyan Village showcased Africans from French Congo, French Guinea, and Benin. These individuals were recruited by Xavier Pené,
24024-538: The position of Indiana's Supreme Court Reporter and for President Lincoln's reelection; after the election he left for Georgia to join Sherman's March to the Sea , but instead was "given command of the 1st Brigade at Nashville". Harrison led the brigade at the Battle of Nashville in December, in a "decisive" action against the forces of General John Bell Hood . Notwithstanding his memorable military achievements and
24206-465: The position, and served as the Court's reporter for four more years. The position was not a politically powerful one, but it provided Harrison with a steady income for his work preparing and publishing court opinions, which he sold to the legal profession. Harrison also resumed his law practice in Indianapolis. He became a skilled orator and known as "one of the state's leading lawyers". In 1869 President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Harrison to represent
24388-441: The praise he received for them, Harrison held a dim view of war. According to historian Allan B. Spetter, he thought "war was a dirty business that no decent man would find pleasurable". In 1888, the year he won the presidency, Harrison declared: "We Americans have no commission from God to police the world." Several weeks after the Battle of Nashville, Harrison "received orders to rejoin the 70th Indiana at Savannah, Georgia, after
24570-551: The present day. In 1978, the American art collections were transformed by the decision of John D. Rockefeller III and Blanchette Hooker Rockefeller to donate their renowned collection of 110 paintings, 29 drawings, and 2 sculptures to the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. The de Young's chronological survey of American art includes galleries devoted to art in the following areas: Native American and Spanish Colonial; Anglo-Colonial; Federal era art and Neoclassical ; Victorian genre and realism ; trompe-l'œil still life ;
24752-413: The presidential ring", but after walking the middle ground he eventually supported Blaine "with energy and enthusiasm". In the Senate, Harrison achieved passage of his Dependent Pension Bill, only to see it vetoed by President Grover Cleveland . His efforts to further the admission of new western states were stymied by Democrats, who feared that the new states would elect Republicans to Congress. In 1885
24934-466: The public service, there is an unroofed space between the bedroom and the desk." Harrison acted quite independently in selecting his cabinet, much to Republican bosses' dismay. He began by delaying the presumed nomination of James G. Blaine as secretary of state so as to preclude Blaine's involvement in the formation of the administration, as had occurred in Garfield's term. In fact, other than Blaine,
25116-586: The regiment left Indiana to join the Union Army at Louisville, Kentucky. For much of its first two years, the 70th Indiana performed reconnaissance duty and guarded railroads in Kentucky and Tennessee . In May 1864, Harrison and his regiment joined General William T. Sherman 's Atlanta Campaign in the Army of the Cumberland and moved to the front lines. On January 2, 1864, Harrison was promoted to command
25298-584: The ride managed to appear to make the room spin 360-degrees vertically. Although the room surrounding the riders caused the riders to feel as though they were spinning, they actually never left a stationary position; the room in which the riders sat spun on an axis, creating the illusion. The Mining Camp was one of the most unique and popular exhibits in the fair. It was located on the North slope of Strawberry Hill and cost around $ 2,500 to construct. The Mining Camp provided food, games, and an interpretation of what life
25480-423: The river. As a delegate to the 1880 Republican National Convention , he was instrumental in breaking a deadlock on candidates, and James A. Garfield won the nomination. After Harrison led Indiana's delegation at the 1880 Republican National Convention, he was considered the state's presumptive candidate for U.S. Senate. He gave speeches in favor of Garfield in Indiana and New York, further raising his profile in
25662-521: The start of the American Civil War . In 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issued a call for more recruits for the Union Army; Harrison wanted to enlist, but worried about how to support his young family. While visiting Governor Oliver Morton , Harrison found him distressed over the shortage of men answering the latest call. Harrison told the governor, "If I can be of any service, I will go." Morton asked Harrison if he could help recruit
25844-580: The strike from widening. When U.S. Senator Morton died in 1877, the Republicans nominated Harrison to run for the seat, but the party failed to gain a majority in the state legislature, which at that time elected senators; the Democratic majority elected Daniel W. Voorhees instead. In 1879, President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed Harrison to the Mississippi River Commission , which worked to develop internal improvements on
26026-485: The swing states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Harrison's home state of Indiana. Harrison and Cleveland split the four, with Harrison winning New York and Indiana. Voter turnout was 79.3%, reflecting large interest in the campaign; nearly eleven million votes were cast. Harrison received 90,000 fewer votes than Cleveland, but carried the Electoral College , 233 to 168. Allegations were made against Republicans for engaging in irregular ballot practices; an example
26208-407: The tariff even higher, making some rates intentionally prohibitive. At Secretary of State Blaine's urging, Harrison attempted to make the tariff more acceptable by urging Congress to add reciprocity provisions, which would allow the president to reduce rates when other countries reduced their rates on American exports. The tariff was removed from imported raw sugar, and U.S. sugar growers were given
26390-505: The tariffs, federal spending reached one billion dollars for the first time during his term. The spending issue in part led to the Republicans' defeat in the 1890 midterm elections . Cleveland defeated Harrison for reelection in 1892 , due to the growing unpopularity of high tariffs and high federal spending. Harrison returned to private life and his law practice in Indianapolis. In 1899, he represented Venezuela in its British Guiana boundary dispute with Great Britain . Harrison traveled to
26572-532: The territories and advocated pensions for veterans, a call that met with enthusiastic applause. In foreign affairs, he reaffirmed the Monroe Doctrine as a mainstay of foreign policy, while urging modernization of the Navy and a merchant marine force. He gave his commitment to international peace through noninterference in the affairs of foreign governments. John Philip Sousa 's Marine Corps band played at
26754-463: The time of the Gold Rush. The ending of the song goes as follows: "Since that time how things have changed. In this land of liberty. Darkies didn't vote nor plead in court. Nor rule this country; But the Chinese question, the worst of all, In those days did not shine, For the country was right and the boys all white. In the days of '49." These last lines of the song represent some of the controversy with
26936-501: The time, the exhibit accepted entry for 25 cents an adult and 10 cents for children, tea and treats included. Marsh also envisioned a Japanese form of transportation in the fair to the village, and hired workers to roll Jinrickshas. During the Midwinter Fair, there was controversy surrounding the Japanese Village and Tea Garden. The main issue was the use of rickshaws in the attraction, specifically, George Marsh hiring Japanese men to pull American fair-goers around in rickshaws . Members of
27118-484: The time, their dresses were considered short for revealing their ankles. The gum girls were known to flirt with men all around the fairgrounds as a way to sell their gum. An article from The Examiner even advised men that the gum girls would provide them with enjoyable flirtations while they are at the fair. The girls had a song they all whistled that was called "Two Little Girls in Blue," and they whistled it whenever they made
27300-587: The top 10 exhibitions of the year. In 2021, the de Young organized artist Hung Liu's solo show, Golden Gate (金門), an exhibition that centered on the immigrant and migrant experience in California. Kehinde Wiley: An Archaeology of Silence, which was first seen at the 2022 Venice Biennale, opened in February 2023 at the de Young. The US debut of the exhibition was notable for its inclusive, sensitive interpretative approach, spearheaded by FAMSF's Director of Interpretation Jackson Abrams. A particularly notable aspect
27482-491: The tourists around, he also "darkened their faces and dressed them in oriental garb." The Eskimo Village (or Eskimaux Village), was three acres large and featured Inuit from Labrador , Canada. The Inuit villagers in the exhibit lived in huts designed to look like igloos and seal-skin tents. Visitors to the exhibit could ride on a dog-drawn sled around a circular track. The Oriental Village featured Turkish, Greek, Algerian, Persian, and Egyptian cultures. The central axis of
27664-443: Was a mistake in the hustle of the incident, and an onlooker accidentally pulled the fire alarm instead of contacting the hospital. The mishap was eventually sorted and the single ambulance of the emergency hospital then made thirteen trips between the hospital and the location of the accident in the ’49 Mining Camp. The Santa Barbara Amphibia was an exhibit encompassing 76' by 56' feet, which held many species of marine life that made
27846-488: Was a pickled Basking shark adjacent to the tank of water. The Mayor of Santa Barbara, Edward W. Gaty, spent months carefully preparing what was to be a demonstration of Santa Barbara’s channel. Along with sea-lions, sea-otters, and leopard sharks, he also sent Mexican leather work, seashells, and an array of mosses. As a last-minute decision Mayor Gaty added the El Montecito Spanish band to play string music for
28028-472: Was admitted to the Ohio bar in early 1854, the same year he sold property he had inherited after the death of an aunt for $ 800 (equivalent to $ 27,129 in 2023), and used the funds to move with Caroline to Indianapolis , Indiana . Harrison began practicing law in the office of John H. Ray in 1854 and became a crier for the federal court in Indianapolis, for which he was paid $ 2.50 per day. He also served as
28210-435: Was also a member of Delta Chi , a law fraternity that permitted dual membership. Classmates included John Alexander Anderson , who became a six-term U.S. congressman, and Whitelaw Reid , Harrison's vice presidential running mate in 1892. At Miami, Harrison was strongly influenced by history and political economy professor Robert Hamilton Bishop . He also joined a Presbyterian church at college and, like his mother, became
28392-401: Was also accused of accepting loan payments in return for expediting pension cases. Harrison, having accepted a dissenting congressional Republican investigation report that exonerated Raum, kept him in office. One of the first appointments Harrison was forced to reverse was that of James S. Clarkson as an assistant postmaster. Clarkson, who had expected a full cabinet position, began sabotaging
28574-447: Was among the four amusement rides the fair offered. This scare exhibit had passengers enter through the mouth of a gold dragon head. The Firth Wheel, named after its designer and first referred to as the vertical merry-go-round , was a replication of the first ferris wheel built for the Chicago World Fair. The Firth wheel, standing at 120 feet above the ground and able to carry ten people per carriage, took up to twenty minutes to complete
28756-405: Was attending to the lions while in the cage with them, when the electric lights went out. The show usually kept lanterns lit nearby to deter lions from attacking in the dark, but for some unknown reason the lanterns were not there. The audience was present and heard the man's screams and calls for help, but they were too busy panicking at the horrific ordeal to help. Boone tried to enter the cage, but
28938-563: Was born on August 20, 1833, in North Bend, Ohio , the second of Elizabeth Ramsey (Irwin) and John Scott Harrison 's ten children. His ancestors included immigrant Benjamin Harrison, who arrived in Jamestown, Virginia , circa 1630 from England . Harrison was of entirely English ancestry, all of his ancestors having emigrated to America during the early colonial period. Harrison was a grandson of U.S. President William Henry Harrison and
29120-697: Was born on a farm by the Ohio River and graduated from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio . After moving to Indianapolis , he established himself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader, and politician in Indiana . During the American Civil War , he served in the Union Army as a colonel , and was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as a brevet brigadier general of volunteers in 1865. Harrison unsuccessfully ran for governor of Indiana in 1876. The Indiana General Assembly elected Harrison to
29302-526: Was built at the western end of the Grand Court, where the current Spreckels Temple of Music is today. The main purpose of the building was for offices of the fairs department chiefs and other general administrators of the fair. The architecture of the Administration Building was decided by Arthur Page Brown . His design featured Arabic, Byzantine, Gothic and Islamic styles. It featured a 135-foot-tall dome with figures in relief. The building
29484-473: Was built in Golden Gate Park to hold the pieces of art that were commissioned for the Midwinter Exposition. The building was designed in a "pseudo–Egyptian Revival style and decoratively adorned with images of Hathor , the Egyptian cow goddess." The building itself was a brick structure built 50 feet high with a skylit roof supported by iron trusses. After the Midwinter Exposition ended, the Fine Arts Building
29666-419: Was completed in 1919 and formally transferred by de Young to the city's park commissioners. In 1921, de Young added a central section, together with a tower that would become the museum's signature feature, and the museum began to assume the basic configuration that it retained until 2000. De Young's efforts were honored with the changing of the museum's name to the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum. Another addition,
29848-469: Was demolished and replaced by a new building, which opened in 2005. The only remaining original elements of the old de Young are the vases and sphinxes located near the Pool of Enchantment. The palm trees in front of the building are also original to the site. The de Young showcases American art from the 17th through the 21st centuries, international contemporary art , textiles , and costumes , and art from
30030-625: Was described as Blocks of Five . On October 31 the Indiana Sentinel published a letter allegedly by Harrison's friend and supporter, William Wade Dudley , offering to bribe voters in "blocks of five" to ensure Harrison's election. Harrison neither defended nor repudiated Dudley, but allowed him to remain on the campaign for the remaining few days. After the election, Harrison never spoke to Dudley again. Harrison had made no political bargains, but his supporters had made many pledges on his behalf. When Boss Matthew Quay of Pennsylvania, who
30212-442: Was designed to let visitors experience what life was like in San Francisco before industrialization and immigrants started moving into the city. It was meant for people to reminisce on the "good old days" and let go of the anxieties of increasing job competition. "The days of old, the days of gold, the days of '49" was a slogan for the Mining Camp. It came from the popular song "The Days of '49," written by Tom Moore, which reminisced on
30394-450: Was done to his park. McLaren had created Golden Gate Park with the intention of making it a natural escape within the city, and to him, the development of the fair ruined its natural scenery. Although the management of the fair agreed to restore the park grounds, they didn't follow through with this promise. McLaren himself had most of the one hundred buildings torn down and the concrete foundations dug up. He feared Bonet's Tower would become
30576-465: Was dug out in the southern corner of the exhibit, providing an area for the exhibit's inhabitants to showcase canoe maneuvers to visitors. The Hawaiian Palace was furnished with imported Hawaiian furniture and wares. The cuisine of the Midwinter Exposition was as diverse as the rest of the world fair. Restaurants operated in the Chinese, Japanese, and Oriental Villages, in the Old Heidelberg, at
30758-467: Was elected reporter of the Indiana Supreme Court . Harrison was an active supporter of the Republican Party's platform and served as Republican State Committee's secretary. After Wallace, his law partner, was elected county clerk in 1860, Harrison established a new firm with William Fishback, Fishback and Harrison. The new partners worked together until Harrison entered the Union Army after
30940-529: Was equipped with a team of physicians and an ambulance service. Initially, Martin Regensberger, the resident physician of the medical facility, was unable to find a local ambulance for his use. De Young obtained an ambulance built for the Columbian Exposition in Chicago the year before and brought it to San Francisco. Following the exposition, the ambulance was purchased by Theresa Fair , the future owner of San Francisco's Fairmont Hotel. Theresa Fair donated
31122-606: Was exhibited at the 1894 Midwinter Fair, and then moved to the spot where Michael de Young turned the first spade of dirt to begin construction of the fair. The Prayer Book Cross, created by Ernest Coxhead , is a 57-foot sandstone Celtic cross that was a gift from the Church of England to commemorate the first Anglican service held in the English language in California. Benjamin Harrison [REDACTED] Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901)
31304-471: Was faltering and weakening. During this time period, California and the rest of the country was struggling during one of the 19th century's worst depressions. De Young and other leaders believed that a world fair in San Francisco would create jobs and stimulate the local economy. However, their grander vision was to promote California as a land of endless opportunities, with good weather and arable lands. Support for de Young's plan came immediately. De Young held
31486-417: Was later to become the "main issue of the campaign" in 1888. The admission of six new states during Harrison's term, between 1889 and 1890, was anticipated with the declaration: "whenever the conditions of population, material resources...and morality are such as to insure a stable local government," the people "should be permitted...to form for themselves constitutions and State government, and be admitted into
31668-415: Was like for California miners in 1849. Complete with a painted backdrop of Mount Shasta, the camp and many attractions such as a stagecoach which was held up daily by bandits, gambling tables, a dance hall, saloon, and gold-panning sluices. A man with a banjo sat on top of the stagecoach top. When the coach would stop, he would start to play "The Days of '49" and workers in the Mining Camp would join in during
31850-457: Was made into a free and public museum, having most of the art from the Expo donated by the artists. The Fine Arts Building lasted for 11 years before an earthquake in 1906 ruined the integrity of the original building, which led to a year and a half closure for repairs. In 1929, four years after de Young's death, the original Fine Arts building was finally torn down. The Fine Arts Building featured
32032-550: Was provided by Rutherford & Chekene ; Arup provided mechanical and electrical engineering. Herzog & de Meuron won the competition in January 1999 beating out other short-listed architects Tadao Ando and Antoine Predock . The terrain and seismic activity in San Francisco posed a challenge for the designers Herzog & de Meuron and principal architects Fong & Chan. To help withstand future earthquakes, “[the building] can move up to three feet (91 centimeters) due to
32214-526: Was rebuffed for a Cabinet position for his political support during the convention, heard that Harrison ascribed his narrow victory to Providence , Quay exclaimed that Harrison would never know "how close a number of men were compelled to approach...the penitentiary to make him president". Harrison was known as the Centennial President because his inauguration celebrated the centenary of the first inauguration of George Washington in 1789. In
32396-556: Was the 23rd president of the United States , serving from 1889 to 1893. He was a member of the Harrison family of Virginia —a grandson of the ninth president, William Henry Harrison , and a great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison ;V , a Founding Father . A Union Army veteran and a Republican, he defeated incumbent Grover Cleveland to win the presidency in 1888 and was defeated for a second term by Cleveland in 1892. Harrison
32578-534: Was the creation of a “respite room” where visitors could pause after visiting the exhibition. The presentation also included special programming with community partners, such as workshops on grief. The Fine Arts Museums’ textiles collection boasts more than 13,000 textiles and costumes from around the world. It is one of the largest and most comprehensive collections of its type in the United States. It comprises costume and costume accessories; loom-woven textiles; non-woven fabrics; and objects whose primary decoration
32760-528: Was three stories and was illuminated almost entirely by natural light. During the night, the building could be seen from miles away because it was lit up entirely by incandescent lamps. The Agriculture and Horticulture Building was located just west of the Fine Arts building, and is part of where the DeYoung Museum stands today. It was designed by Samuel Newsom. It cost $ 58,000, and was designed in
32942-411: Was to pass the Sherman Antitrust Act , sponsored by Senator John Sherman . The Act passed by wide margins in both houses, and Harrison signed it into law. The Sherman Act was the first federal act of its kind, and marked a new use of federal government power. Harrison approved of the law and its intent, but his administration did not enforce it vigorously. However, the government successfully concluded
33124-420: Was used to illuminate popular locations in the park, as well as the nearby Lone Mountain . The tower proved to be the largest source of income for the fair, as elevator rides to the top cost $ 0.25, and rides to the first level cost $ 0.10. Bonet's Tower remained standing for 2 years until John McLaren called for it to be destroyed with high-powered explosives. The Fine Arts Building , now the de Young Museum ,
#860139