147-438: Kasaragod ( Malayalam: [kaːsɐrɡoːɖɨ̆] ( Tulu : Kāsrōḍ , Kannada : Kāsaragūḍu , Marathi : Kāsāragōḍa ; English : Kassergode ) is one of the 14 districts in the southern Indian state of Kerala . Its northern border Thalappady is located just 9 km south to Ullal , which is the southernmost portion of the major port city Mangalore , on the southwestern Malabar coast of India. Kasaragod
294-490: A 'dangerous interpretation of the script'. Varier, who discovered the inscription read it as 'Sri Vazhumi' meaning 'Sri Brahma' in Tamil and dated it to 3rd–4th century CE, whereas Vedachalam, read it as 'Vazhumi' and dated it to 5th–6th century CE. The Mooshaka kings were considered descendants of Nannan. By the 14th century, Mooshaka Kingdom was known as Kolathirinad and its rulers as Kolathiris . The Kolathunad Kingdom at
441-1715: A /ɾ/ and also /ɭ, ɖ/, e.g. Tamil ēẓu, puẓu, Tulu {ēḷŭ, ēlŭ, ēḍŭ}, puru. "to stumble" eḍaṅku - north Brahman eḍeṅku - south Brahman daṅku - north non Brahman ḍaṅku, daṅku - south non Brahman eḍagu - Kannada "to call" oḷepu - north Brahman oḷeppu - south Brahman leppu - non Brahman uḷappu - Tamil "sweet potato" keḷaṅgŭ, keḷeṅgŭ - Brahman kireṅgŭ - north non Brahman kereṅgŭ - south non Brahman kiḻaṅgu - Tamil "head’" tarε - Brahman tarε - north non Brahman sarε - south non Brahman harε - Jain carε - Harijan/Tribal talai - Tamil "leaves" sappu - Brahman tappu - north non Brahman sappu - south non Brahman cappu - Tamil Main changes include ḻ > ḷ in Brahman dialects and r in others; Tamil-Malayalam like eCa/oCa > iCa/uCa in north non Brahman; c- > t- in north non Brahman, t- > c- > s- in south non Brahman, t- > c- > s- > h- in Jain dialects and t, s > c in Harijan/Tribal dialects ; ḷ, ṇ > l, n in non Brahman dialects and sporadic deletion of initial vowel in non Brahman dialects. Tulu has five parts of speech : nouns (substantives and adjectives ), pronouns , numerals, verbs , and particles . Substantives have three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), two numbers (singular and plural), and eight cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, ablative or instrumental, communicative, and vocative). According to Bhat, Tulu has two distinct locative cases. The communicative case
588-522: A better description. /ɛ/ formed from previous ai and previous /u/ split into modern /u, ɯ/; long versions of /ɛ, ɯ/ are extremely restricted. In the Kannada script, Brigel and Männer used a virama (halant) ( ್ ) to denote /ɯ/ like in Malayalam. Bhat says a talekaṭṭu is used for this purpose, but apparently he too means a virama. Tulu is characterized by its rounding of front vowels when between
735-593: A form of temple art, as there are many Yakshagana groups that are attached to temples, for example that of Kateel Durga Parameshwari Temple as also the Udupi Krishna Temple . Presently, eight professional Yakshagana troupes perform Tulu-language Yakshagana not only during the Yakshagana season but also during the off-season in various places in Karnataka and outside. In Mumbai , Tulu Yakshagana
882-590: A gas-based powerplant at Cheemeni was taken by the second Chandy government . A government medical college was allowed for Kasaragod district, as a part of the government's new policy to establish at ensure availability of at least one Government Medical College in all the 14 districts of the state in 2013. Tulu language The Tulu language ( Tuḷu Bāse , Tigalari script : , Kannada script : ತುಳು ಬಾಸೆ , Malayalam script : തുളു ബാസെ ; pronunciation in Tulu: [t̪uɭu baːsɛ] )
1029-552: A gross storage capacity of 76.50 M Cum and live storage capacity of 72.00 M Cum. The soil and climate of Wayanad are suitable for horticulture on a commercial basis. For promoting the cultivation of vegetables and establishing orchards, the Kerala Agricultural University is running a regional Agricultural Research Station at Ambalavayal. Elephant, bear and other wild animals from the neighbouring wild life sanctuaries of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, stray into
1176-645: A labial and a retroflex consonant, e.g., PD. ∗peṇ > Tamil peṇ , Kannada heṇṇu , Tulu poṇṇu , this feature also occurs in Kodava and Spoken Tamil e.g. Kodava , Spoken Tamil poṇṇï , exceptions include {tū, sū}, buttu, pili, Tamil tī, vittu, puli. The following are consonant phonemes in Tulu: The contrast between /l/ and /ɭ/ is preserved in the South Common dialect and in the Brahmin dialect, but
1323-418: A noun in the genitive case, as in guḍḍe-da mittŭ 'on the hill'. Tulu verbs have three forms: active , causative , and reflexive (or middle voice). They conjugate for person , number, gender, tense (present, past, pluperfect , future, and future perfect ), mood (indicative, imperative, conditional, infinitive, potential, and subjunctive), and polarity (positive and negative). Each sentence
1470-577: A total of 1,846,427 native Tulu speakers in India. The 2001 census had reported a total of 1,722,768 native speakers. There is some difficulty in counting Tulu speakers who have migrated from their native region as they are often counted as Kannada speakers in Indian census reports . Separated early from Proto-South Dravidian , Tulu has several features not found in Tamil–Kannada . For example, it has
1617-802: A tributary of the Kaveri River , originates at Wayanad. Wayanad district, along with the Chaliyar valley in the neighbouring Nilambur (Eastern Eranad region) in Malappuram district , is known for natural gold fields, which are also seen in other parts of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve . The Chaliyar river, which is the fourth longest river of Kerala, originates on the Wayanad plateau. The historically important Edakkal Caves are located in Wayanad district. Wayanad district
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#17327808940681764-407: Is -rŭ , -ḷu , -kuḷu , or -āḍḷu ; as in mēji ('table'), mējiḷu ('tables'). The nominative case is unmarked, while the remaining cases are expressed by different suffixes. The following table shows the declension of a noun, based on Brigel and Bhat ( u̥ used by Brigel and ɯ used by Bhat are both shown as ŭ for clarity): when two forms are given, the one in parentheses is by Bhat, and
1911-534: Is a Dravidian language whose speakers are concentrated in Dakshina Kannada and in the southern part of Udupi of Karnataka in south-western India and also in the northern parts of the Kasaragod district of Kerala . The native speakers of Tulu are referred to as Tuluva or Tulu people and the geographical area is unofficially called Tulu Nadu . The Indian census report of 2011 reported
2058-685: Is a district in the north-east of the Indian state of Kerala , with its administrative headquarters at the municipality of Kalpetta . It is the only plateau in Kerala. The Wayanad Plateau forms a continuation of the Mysore Plateau , the southern portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is set high in the Western Ghats with altitudes ranging from 700 to 2,100 meters. Vellari Mala, a 2,240 m (7,349 ft) high peak situated on
2205-413: Is a considerable Kannada speaking population and the reminiscence of centuries old Karnataka rule is omnipresent in Wayanad. Agriculture Cultivation started broadly after 1900 A.D onwards. The British authorities opened up the plateau to cultivation of tea and other cash crops by constructing roads across the dangerous slopes of Wayanad, to Kozhikode and Thalassery . Later, they extended these new roads to
2352-582: Is a member of the Mangaluru (south) segment of the Legislative Assembly , submitted a memorandum to chief minister B. S. Yediyurappa and to the minister for tourism, Kannada and culture, C. T. Ravi, seeking official status for the Tulu language. In February 2020, another MLA from Moodbidri Umanath Kotian urged the state government to put pressure on the union government to add the Tulu language to
2499-589: Is a mention of Tulunad in its 15th poem. This indicates that the Tulu language is at least around 2,300 years old. [4] In the Kannada Halmidi inscriptions, one finds mention of the Tulu country as the kingdom of the Alupas . The region was also known to the Greeks of the 2nd century as Tolokoyra (Tulu Country). The Charition mime , a Greek play belonging to the 2nd century BC, has its plot centered around
2646-474: Is a present danger for the Tulu language. Today, it is spoken by nearly 1.8 million people around the globe. Large parts of the language are altered and changed constantly because it is commonly passed down through oral tradition. Oral traditions within Tulu have meant that certain phrases have not always maintained the same meaning or importance. According to Malayalam works like the Keralolpathi ,
2793-533: Is also the largest fort in Kerala. The historic hill of Ezhimala is located on the southern portion of Kavvayi Backwaters of Nileshwaram . Talakaveri , which is home to Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary where the 805 km long Kaveri River originates, is located closer to Ranipuram in Kerala- Karnataka border. Robert Caldwell describes the extent of Malayalam in the late 19th century as extending from Chandragiri fort and Chandragiri river in
2940-664: Is around 1460 km and it accounts for around 11.2 km of MDR for every 10,000 people in the district. The Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) has stations to operate its service in the district. The railway goes through coastal area. Kasaragod railway station lies in Palakkad railway division of southern zone on Mangalore - Shoranur line. Kasaragod district is home to 3 out of 13 minor ports in Kerala - Manjeshwar , Kasaragod, and Nileshwaram . The nearest international airports are situated at Mangalore (65 km away) and Kannur (110 km away). According to
3087-777: Is based in Hosangadi, Manjeshwar in Kasaragod. Tulu is also taught as a language at the post-graduate level in Mangalore University , and there is a dedicated department for Tulu studies, translation and research at Dravidian University in Kuppam Andhra Pradesh .The Government Degree College at Kasaragod in Kerala also introduced a certificate course in Tulu for the academic year 2009–2010. It has also introduced Tulu as an optional subject in its Kannada post-graduation course. It has adopted syllabi from
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#17327808940683234-459: Is believed that Manikyapuri was at the present day Manichira. The location of Ksheerapuri is not yet identified. Kalpathi may be Kalpetta, the present day Wayanad district headquarters, Anjukunnu was then Hanjugondu, etc. When Wayanad was under Hyder Ali 's rule, the ghat road from Vythiri to Thamarassery was constructed. Then the British rulers developed this route to Carter road. When Wayanad
3381-428: Is bordered by Karnataka ( Kodagu , Chamarajanagar and Mysore districts) to the north and north-east, Tamil Nadu ( Nilgiris district ) to the south-east (it is the only district that shares border with both the neighbouring states of Kerala), Malappuram to the south, Kozhikode to the south-west and Kannur to the north-west. Pulpally in Wayanad boasts the only Lava - Kusha temple in Kerala and Vythiri has
3528-550: Is built on its bank. The river originates at Pattimala in Kodagu (Coorg). The smallest river of Kerala is also in the district. Kasargod district consists of two revenue subdivisions- Kasargod and Kanhangad. For sake of rural administration, 38 Gram Panchayats are combined in 6 Blocks, which together form the Kasargod District Panchayat. For the sake of urban administration, 3 municipal towns are there. For
3675-411: Is characterized by its r/l and s/c/t alternation, for e.g. sarɛ, tarɛ across Tulu dialects compare with Kannada tale . The alveolar ṯ, ṯṯ, nṯ became post alveolar or dental, the singular ones usually becomes a trill in other Dravidian languages, e.g. Tamil oṉṟu, āṟu, nāṟu, nāṟṟam, muṟi, kīṟu; Tulu oñji, āji, nāduni, nāta, {mudipuni, muyipuni}, {kīruni, gīcuni}. The retroflex approximant mostly became
3822-399: Is composed of a subject and a predicate and every sentence is a full speech or thought in words. There is both singular and plural while being expressed in first through third person. There are several exceptions to each of these depending on the instance. For example: the verb has to be in a plural style if there are numerous nominatives within a sentence or of different genders that agree with
3969-581: Is ideally placed in the foothills of Banasura hills, which got its name from 'Banasura', the son of King Mahabali, the famous ruler of Kerala. The dam here was constructed on behalf of the Banasurasagar project in 1979, to support the Kakkayam Hydroelectric power project and to meet the water demand for irrigation and drinking purposes. The dam, located around 21 km away from Kalpetta is a tourist destination in Wayanad. Banasura dam
4116-589: Is lost in several dialects. Additionally, the Brahmin dialect has /ʂ/ and /ɦ/ . Aspirated consonants are sometimes used in the Brahmin dialect, but are not phonemic. In the Koraga and Holeya dialects, s /s/ and ś /ʃ/ merge with c /t͡ʃ/ (the Koraga dialect of the Tulu language is different from the Koraga language). Word-initial consonant clusters are rare and occur mainly in Sanskrit loanwords. Tulu
4263-596: Is made up of massive stacks of stones and boulders. Karapuzha Dam is considered to be one of the biggest earth dams in India, which has been constructed on the Karapuzha River, a tributary of the Kabini River. Vazhavatta in Vythiri taluk of Wynad district for providing irrigation to an area of 5580 ha (CCA) say 5600 hectare in Vythiri and Sultan Bathery taluks of Wynad district of Kerala. The reservoir has
4410-563: Is not an official language of India or any other country. Efforts are being made to include Tulu in the 8th Schedule of the Constitution. In December 2009, during the First Vishwa Tulu Sammelan organized at Ujire-Dharmastala, then Karnataka Chief Minister B. S. Yediyurappa promised to send a fresh proposal on including the Tulu language in the eighth schedule of the constitution. In August 2017, an online campaign
4557-519: Is part of Kolathunadu (south of Chandragiri river) and Kasargod and Manjeshwaram is in the Tulu Nadu region (north of Chandragiri river). On 19 January 1801, Francis speaks of visiting a Siva temple at Pulla (Pallikere), beyond which, the country rises into open rising lands, all the way to Chandragiri river and Chandragiri fort, which he describes as the northern border of the Malayala. He says that
Kasaragod district - Misplaced Pages Continue
4704-402: Is situated in the midway between Kasaragod and Kanhangad , and is also largest fort in Kerala, was built in 1650 by Shivappa Nayaka of Keladi . Francis Buchanan, the family doctor of Arthur Wellesley , visited Kasaragod in 1800. In his travelogue, he recorded information on places like Athiraparambu, Kavvai, Nileshwaram , Bekal , Chandragiri and Manjeshwar . Hosdurg and Vellarikundu
4851-459: Is spoken primarily within the Indian state. Dating back several hundred years, the language has developed numerous defining qualities. The Tulu people follow a saying which promotes leaving negative situations and finding newer, more positive ones. The language, however, is not as popular as others which means it could become endangered and extinct very soon. The influence of other mainstream languages
4998-456: Is the Tulu translation of the great Sanskrit epic of Mahabharata called Mahabharato ( ಮಹಾಭಾರತೊ ). It was written by Arunabja (1657 AD), a poet who lived in Kodavur near Udupi around the late 14th to early 15th century AD. Other important literary works in Tulu are: This script was mainly used to write religious and literary works in Sanskrit. Even today the official script of
5145-644: Is the highest peak in the Kasargod district of Kerala, located in the Ranipuram Wildlife Sanctuary. Kasaragod has a tropical climate . Kasaragod district has the largest number of rivers in Kerala - 12. All of them are west-flowing rivers. The longest of them is Chandragiri River (105 km long). Kasaragod town is located on the estuary of Chandragiri river. It empties into the Arabian Sea at Thalangara . The Chandragiri Fort
5292-475: Is the northernmost district of Kerala and is also known as Saptha Bhasha Sangama Bhoomi (The place where Seven languages meets) The district is situated on the rich biodiversity of the Western Ghats . It was a part of the Kannur district of Kerala until 24 May 1984. It also remains the last formed district of kerala to date. The district is bounded by Dakshina Kannada district to the north, Western Ghats to
5439-451: Is the northernmost district of Kerala, which is far away from Thiruvananthapuram , the state headquarters, which is located in the southernmost tip of state. Manjeshwaram town is located about 600 km north of the state headquarters Thiruvananthapuram , about 30 km south of Mangalore , about 350 km west of Bangalore , the headquarters of the neighbouring state Karnataka , and about 950 km south of Mumbai city. In 2012,
5586-529: Is used with verbs like tell , speak , ask , beseech , inquire , and denotes at whom a message, an inquiry, or a request is aimed, as in "I told him ." or "I speak to them ." It is also used to denote the relationship with whom it is about, in a context like "I am on good terms with him ." or "I have nothing against him ." Bhat calls it the sociative case . It is somewhat similar to the comitative case , but different in that it denotes communication or relationship, not physical companionship. The plural suffix
5733-527: Is very popular among the Tulu audiences. More than 2,000 Yakshagana artistes take part in the performance in various places in Mumbai annually. Notable performers include Kalladi Koraga Shetty, Pundur Venkataraja Puninchathaya, Guru Bannanje Sanjiva Suvarna and Pathala Venkatramana Bhat. Tulu plays are among the major entertainment for admirers of art and culture in Tulu Nadu. Tulu plays, generally centered on
5880-651: The Badami Chalukyas under their founding emperor Pulakeshin I (reign c. 540-567 CE), claim to have defeated the Cheras and the Ezhil Malai rulers, which could be a Pandya dynasty reference, and also annexed the entire Malabar region to their empire. The Pandya , Chera and Chola powers strategised and combinedly attacked the Chalukyas as an alliance in order to avoid repeated reversals. However,
6027-540: The Bayalu Seeme region (highland) of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve . Geographically it is similar to the neighbouring districts of Kodagu and Mysore of Karnataka , and Nilgiris of Tamil Nadu . Wayanad plateau forms a continuation of the Mysore Plateau . During the British Raj , Wayanad was a taluk in the erstwhile Malabar District . The regions included in the taluks of Gudalur and Pandalur in
Kasaragod district - Misplaced Pages Continue
6174-541: The British . The British occupied Kanara only after the death of Tippu Sultan. it is said that Kinavoor Molom (Sree Dharma Shashtha Temple) is belonging to Karinthalam (one of 64 Brahmin villages in old Kerala). Before the formation of Kerala, Kasargod was a part of South Canara district of erstwhile Madras Presidency . Initially South Canara was included in the Bombay presidency . Later on 16 April 1862, South Canara
6321-655: The Kavvayi river in the south, as the region between the Chandragiri and Kavai (Kavvayi) rivers presents the characteristics of a twilight zone between the Malayalam and Tulu speaking areas. Kasargod is also the first district in India to have official symbols-official tree, flower, bird, species. Until the 16th century CE, Kasaragod town was known by the name Kāññirakkōṭŭ (meaning, 'The land of kāññira Trees'). The Ancient Tamil Works of Sangam Age records that
6468-772: The Kolathunadu kingdom of North Malabar , before the Carnatic conquests of Vijayanagara Empire . The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of Malayali Nairs and Tuluva Brahmins . They also claimed their origin from Cheraman Perumals of Kerala. Francis Buchanan-Hamilton states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary Malayali kings. The Kolathiri Dominion emerged into independent 10 principalities i.e., Kadathanadu ( Vadakara ), Randathara or Poyanad ( Dharmadom ), Kottayam ( Thalassery ), Nileshwaram , Iruvazhinadu ( Panoor ), Kurumbranad etc., under separate royal chieftains due to
6615-629: The Proto-Dravidian language . This dating of Tulu is also based on the fact that the region where Tulu is natively spoken was known to the ancient Tamils as Tulu Nadu. Also, the Tamil poet Mamular who belongs to the Sangam Age (200 BCE) describes Tulu Nadu and its dancing beauties in one of his poems. In the poetical work "Akananuru," belonging to the Sangam literature (circa 300 BCE), there
6762-497: The Second Oommen Chandy ministry appointed a commission under the leadership of the former Chief Secretary P. Prabhakaran to study about the backwardness and issues faced by this northernmost district of Kerala and to draw up a special package for the district. In 2013, two more taluks, namely Manjeshwaram and Vellarikundu were formed in the district. Before it the district had only two Taluks. The decision to implement
6909-635: The Vijayanagar period. Another group of inscriptions is found in the Ullur Subrahmanya Temple near Kundapura . Many linguists like S.U. Panniyadi and L. V. Ramaswami Iyer as well as P.S. Subrahmanya suggested that Tulu is among the oldest languages in the Dravidian family which branched independently from its Proto-Dravidian roots nearly 2500 years ago. This assertion is based on the fact that Tulu still preserves many aspects of
7056-452: The natural resources point towards an imminent environmental crisis. There are a lot of trekking points in this district. Chembra Peak (2,100m) is the highest peak in the Wayanad district. Banasura Hill (2,079m) is also similar to height of Chembra Hill . Brahmagiri Hill is also another trekking point in Wayanad. Wayanad district is bounded by protected area network of different biological reserves such as Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary in
7203-602: The pluperfect and the future perfect , like French or Spanish , but formed without an auxiliary verb . Tulu is the primary spoken language in Tulu Nadu, consisting of the Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts in the western part of Karnataka and the northern part of Kasaragod district of Kerala . A significant number of native Tulu speakers are found in Kalasa and Mudigere taluks of Chikkamagaluru district and Tirthahalli, Hosanagar of Shimoga district. Non-native speakers of Tulu include those who are residents in
7350-729: The 16th century. In 1610 CE, Udaiyar Raja Wadiyar of Mysore drove out Vijayanagara General and became the ruler of Bayalnad and the Nilgiris. This Bayalnad is the native Kannada name from which Wayanad, its Malayali version, the present name of the district, is derived. Historian Sanu Kainikara states that with the end of the Sangam period , the 4th and 5th centuries brought trouble for the Cheras (who ruled entire Kerala and Kanyakumari District and adjoining areas), in that they lost control over some parts of Kerala which included Wayanad District due to
7497-475: The 17th century were also written in the same script. The Tulu language is known for its oral literature in the form of epic poems called pardana . The Epic of Siri and the legend of Koti and Chennayya belong to this category of Tulu literature. Tulu belongs to the southern branch of the family of Dravidian languages . It was the first branch to split from Proto-South Dravidian, which in turn descends from Proto-Dravidian . Tulu shares many features with
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#17327808940687644-546: The 2018 Vital Statistics published by the Government of Kerala , Kasargod district has a population of 1,390,894, roughly equal to the nation of Trinidad and Tobago or the US state of New Hampshire . The 2011 Census of India , gives the district a ranking of 375th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 654 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,690/sq mi). Its population growth rate over
7791-398: The 2018 movie Umil became the first Tulu movie to achieve the feat. Ashwini Kotiyan (Chaya Harsha) became the first female director in the Tulu industry after directing and releasing her first movie Namma Kudla . Brahmashree Narayana Guruswamy released on 2 May 2014 was the 50th Tulu film. Panoda Bodcha marked the 75th release anniversary of a Tulu film. The 100th Tulu movie Karne
7938-519: The Begur forest range and the forests around Muthanga, which is 20 kilometres away from the town of Sultan Bathery. Franky's narrow-mouthed frog was recently discovered in Wayanad district. The Wayanad laughingthrush is named after this region, but unlike other South Indian laughingthrushes, has a wide distribution through the Western Ghats. It is the least populous district in Kerala. Unlike
8085-399: The Dravidian languages like "kha" "gha" "dha" and "jha". These are derived from the Tulu alphabet. Tulu language has four dialects: Five short and five long vowels ( a , ā , e , ē , u , ū , i , ī , o , ō ) are common in Dravidian languages. Like Kodava Takk (and also like Konkani and Sinhala ), Tulu also has an [ɛ~æ] like vowel, generally occurring word-finally which is from
8232-516: The East India Company by the treaty of 1792. Consequently, the British troops withdrew from Wayanad conceding to Tipu's rule. When Wayanad was under Hyder Ali 's rule, the ghat road from Vythiri to Thamarassery was invented. Then the British rulers developed this route to Carter road. After Hyder Ali, his son Tipu Sultan took control over the territory. Initially the British had to suffer local resistance against their rule under
8379-611: The Edakal Male (hill) caves, Kannada inscriptions belonging to Canarese chieftain Vishnu Varma of Kutumbiya (Kudumbiya) clan of Mysore dating to c. 5th century CE were discovered which read – Palapulitaanamtakaari (or Pala pulinânam ta-kâri ), Sri Vishnu Varma Kutumbiya Kulavardhanasya li..it..a.. As per Hultzch, a Chennai epigraphist, it speaks of the glorious descendant of Kutumbiya clan, Kannada chieftain, Vishnu Varma, as one who killed many tigers. The inscriptions of
8526-539: The Indian state of Karnataka and the northern part of Kasaragod district of Kerala up to the river Payaswani, also known as Chandragiri. The cities of Mangalore , Udupi and Kasaragod are the centres of Tulu culture. Even today Tulu is widely spoken in the Dakshina Kannada, partially in Udupi district of Karnataka state and to some extent in Kasaragod of Kerala. Efforts are also being made to include Tulu in
8673-606: The Iruvazhinadu Nambiars and were in possession of North Wayanad and the small Village of Thamarassery which formed the Eastern portion of the present Vadakara, Quilandy and Thamarassery taluks. Thamarassery pass which connects Wayanad with the city of Kozhikode was laid in the 18th century by Tipu Sultan , the ruler of Mysore . In 930 AD, emperor Erayappa of Ganga dynasty led his troops to south west of Mysore and after conquering, called it Bayalnad meaning
8820-405: The Kannada script. The Tulu characterset is approved by Central Institute of Indian Languages in 2021. The Tulu alphabet resembles the Malayalam script. They are from the same region in the state of Karnataka. The Tulu and Kannada alphabets include a stress on vowels with "a" and "o" sounds. Other vowels include sounds such as "au" "am" and "ah". Numerous consonants have their own origin from
8967-418: The Mysore inscriptions (alluding perhaps to the treacherous beauty of the country, which attracted the stranger and then laid him low with malaria) says "an adulteress with black waving curls, as adulteress with full-moon face, an adulteress with endless side-glances, an adulteress with adorned slim figure was this storeyed mansion, the double Bayalnad" . Kadamba Bayalnad rule emerged in the 11th century under
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#17327808940689114-414: The Raja of Kottayam set up a semi-independent principality of his own at the expense of Kolathiris. In the 10th century CE, the region comprised erstwhile Taluks of Kottayam, Wayanad and Gudallur was called Puraikizhanad and its feudal lord Puraikizhars . The Thirunelly inscriptions refer to the division of Puraikizhar family into two branches viz., Elder ( Muthukur ) and Younger ( Elamkur ) in
9261-420: The States Reorganisation of 1956 after the independence of India, the Mysore state (present-day Karnataka ) claimed Wayanad due to its historical and geographical peculiarities. However the linguistic survey of the 1951 census of India found that 87.5% of the total population of Wayanad were native speakers of Malayalam at that time, while just 6.2% of the total population spoke Kannada . On 1 January 1957,
9408-492: The Tigalari script to write Vedas and other Sanskrit works. The Tulu script is descended from the Brahmi through the Grantha script . It is a sister script of the Malayalam script . However, very few works written in vernacular languages like Kannada and Tulu are available. Hence, the Tulu script was employed by Tulu Brahmins to write Tulu and Kannada languages apart from the Kannada script. The National Mission for Manuscripts has conducted several workshops on this script with
9555-470: The Tulunadu region but who speak the Beary language , the Havyaka language and also Konkani and Koraga as their mother tongues. Apart from Tulu Nadu , a significant emigrant population of Tulu speakers are found in Maharashtra , Bangalore , Chennai , the English-speaking world , and the Gulf countries . The various medieval inscriptions of Tulu from the 15th century are in the Tulu script . Two Tulu epics named Sri Bhagavato and Kaveri from
9702-404: The Wayanad hills in the 5th century CE when he was lost to Cheras , just before his death in battle, according to the Sangam works . Wayanad was part of the Karkanad, which included the eastern regions of the Ezhimala kingdom (Wayanad- Gudalur areas including part of Kodagu (Coorg)). Karkanad along with Poozhinadu, which contained much of the coastal belt wedged between Mangalore and Kozhikode
9849-404: The West, Mudumalai National Park in the South, Bandipur National Park in the East, Nagarhole National Park in the North East, Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary in the North and Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary in North West which is linked with Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary . The district has rich water resources. There are east flowing and west flowing rivers in the region. One of the major rivers in
9996-464: The administration of this area was vested with Ikkeri Nayakas . At the onset of collapse of the Vijayanagara empire, Venkappa Nayaka declared independence to Ikkery. Kumbla, Chandragiri, and Bekal are considered to be the chain of forts constructed or renovated by Shivappa Nayaka . The Chandragiri Fort is built on the southern bank of the estuary of Chandragiri River , just opposite to Kasaragod town. The Bekal Fort at Bekal , Pallikkara , which
10143-403: The area covering the district was part of Puzhinadu, which consists of the coastal belt from Kozhikode to Mangalore . Politically the area was part of the Ezhimala Kingdom with its Capital at Ezhimala in present day Kannur district. The most famous King of Ezhimala was Nannan whose kingdom extended up to Gudalur and northern parts of Coimbatore. Poozhinad, along with Karkanad which included
10290-426: The beginning of the 11th century. In the 17th century Kottayam-Malabar was the capital of Puraikizhanad (Puranattukara) Rajas. It was divided into three branches i.e., Eastern, Western and Southern under separate dignitaries known as Mootha, Elaya and Munnarkur Rajas. The Kottayam Rajas extended their influence up to the border of Kodagu . By the end of the 17th century, they shared the area of Thalassery taluk with
10437-406: The best access from all corners of Wayanad, while Tavinjal Panchayath is on the northeast border with Kannur district. The edicts found in the caves of Ambukuthi Mala are evidence that occupation dates from the beginning of the New Age Civilisation. The name 'Wayanad' is derived from 'vayal nāḍŭ' ( Malayalam ) which translates to 'the land of paddy fields ' in English. Wayanad district lies in
10584-483: The books published by the Tulu Sahitya Academy. German missionaries Kammerer and Männer were the first people to conduct research on the language. Kammerer collected about 3,000 words and their meanings before his death. Later his work was carried on by Männer, who completed the research and published the first dictionary of the Tulu language in 1886 with the help of the then-Madras government. The effort
10731-426: The central Dravidian languages. Therefore, in earlier branchings, Tulu was sometimes grouped with them; later, it was confirmed that it is from South Dravidian and that it was the first to split from it. The etymology of the word Tulu remains uncertain. Linguist P. Gururaja Bhat mentions in the book Tulunadu , that tuluva originated from the word turuva ( ತುರುವ ), where turu means 'cow' and refers to
10878-456: The chief Raviyammarasa with Kirttipura, Punnad, as its capital. Kanthirava (1090 CE) was described as ruling Chagi-Bayalnad. Iravi-Challamma (1108 CE) was the ruler of Bira-Bayalnad. Under emperor Tailapa II (973–997 CE) many Jain Basthis were built in south India. The Jain centres and agricultural villages of Wayanad came in to existence during this time. There are many proofs, which justify
11025-578: The cities of Mysore and Ooty through Gudalur. Settlers emigrated from all parts of Kerala and the fecund lands proved a veritable goldmine with incredible yields of cash crops. When the State of Kerala came into being in November 1956, Wayanad was part of Kannur district. Later, south Wayanad was added to Kozhikode district. To fulfil the aspirations of the people of Wayanad for development, North Wayanad and South Wayanad were carved out and joined to form
11172-461: The coastal Karnataka, where Tulu is mainly spoken. The play is mostly in Greek, but the Indian characters in the play are seen speaking a language different from Greek. There is considerable ambiguity regarding the Indian language in the play, though all scholars agree the Indian language is Dravidian, there is considerable dispute over which form of it. Noted German Indologist E. Hultzsch (1857–1927)
11319-623: The comic genre, are very popular in Mumbai and Bangalore outside Tulu Nadu. The Tulu cinema industry is fairly small; it produces around five films annually. The first film, Enna Thangadi , was released in 1971. Usually these films are released in theatres across the Tulu Nadu region and on DVD. The critically acclaimed film Suddha won the award for Best Indian Film at the Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema in New Delhi in 2006. As of 2015, Oriyardori Asal (2011) has been
11466-533: The confederacy was defeated and the Chera king was forced to pay a heavier price, in tribute and indemnity, than his two allies for their misadventure as the Chalukyas had gotten to know the identities of the persons responsible for forming the confederacy. The recorded history of the Wayanad district exists only from the 10th century onward. In 930 CE, emperor Erayappa of Ganga dynasty led his troops to south west of Mysore and after conquering, called it Bayalnad meaning
11613-403: The country on the north of the Chandragiri fort and river is called by Hindus as Tuluva, the Tulu country. According to Stuart (1895) “The Kasargod taluk originally formed the southern portion of the ancient Tulua kingdom and was separated from the kingdom of Kerala by the Chandragiri river which was formerly called “Perumpula”; the river on which the fort stands is shallow but very wide and formed
11760-505: The dangerous slopes of Wayanad, to Kozhikode and Thalassery . Later, they extended these new roads to the cities of Mysore and Ooty through Gudalur. Settlers emigrated from all parts of Kerala and the fecund lands proved a veritable goldmine with incredible yields of cash crops. Agriculture Cultivation started broadly after 1900 A.D onwards. Wayanad eventually became part of Kerala despite its geographical delimitations and political descent in 1956 on State's reorganisation. Even now there
11907-462: The decade 2001–2011 was 8.18%. Kasaragod has a sex ratio of 1080 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 90.09%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 4.08% and 3.74% of the population respectively. The Kerala Tulu Academy , which promotes Tulu language and literature, is functioned at Hosangadi in district. Languages of Kasaragod district (2011) Kasaragod district majorly consists of Malayalam speakers who form 82.69% of
12054-484: The district is Kabini River , a tributary of River Kaveri ; it is also one of the only three east flowing rivers in Kerala. Kabani has many tributaries including Thirunelli River, Panamaram River and Mananthavady River. All these rivulets help form a rich water resource as well as a distinct landscape for the district. Various streams flow into the Panamaram rivulet while it passes through the mountain gorges and finally
12201-490: The eastern regions of Ezhimala dynasty ( Wayanad - Gudalur region with some portions of Kodagu ), had its capital at Ezhimala . The Mooshaka Kings were considered descendants of Nannan. By the 14th century, Mooshaka Kingdom was known as Kolathirinad and the Rulers as Kolathiris. The Kolathunad Kingdom at the peak of its power reportedly extended from Netravati River ( Mangalore ) in the north to Korapuzha ( Kozhikode ) in
12348-690: The eight Tulu monasteries ( Ashta Mathas of Udupi ) founded by Madhvacharya in Udupi is Tulu. The pontiffs of the monasteries write their names using this script when they are appointed. Modern-day Tulu literature is written using the Kannada script. Mandara Ramayana is the most notable piece of modern Tulu literature. Written by Mandara Keshava Bhatt, it received the Sahitya Akademi Award for best poetry. Madipu , Mogaveera , Saphala and Samparka are popular Tulu periodicals published from Mangalore. The Tulu Sahitya Academy, established by
12495-422: The eighth schedule during the assembly session. In July 2021, members of the three main parties in Karnataka politics: BJP, Congress and Janata Dal (Secular), lent their support to the idea. The oldest available inscriptions in Tulu are from the period between 7th and 8th century AD. These inscriptions are in the Tulu script and are found in areas in and around Barkur which was the capital of Tulu Nadu during
12642-467: The erstwhile Malabar District was divided into three: Kannur, Kozhikode, and Palakkad. On the same day Wayanad taluk was split up into North Wayanad and South Wayanad. Initially both of the taluks of Wayanad were included in newly formed Kannur district. However, two months later on 15 March 1957, South Wayanad taluk was transferred into Kozhikode district . The North Wayanad Taluk was transferred to Kozhikode district on 1 January 1979. Wayanad district
12789-483: The existence of Jainism in Wayanad. In 1104 CE Vishnuvardhana of Hoysala invaded Bayalnad and Nilgiris and annexed them followed by Vijayanagara dynasty in the 14th century. A Kadamba king, Mukkanna-Kadamba ruled Bayal-nad in and around 1138 CE. A feudatory chieftain of Sangama dynasty of Vijaynagar, Immadi Kadamba Raya Vodeyayya of Bayalnad Kadambas, is said to have ruled Bayalnad. In 1610 CE Udaiyar Raja Wadiyar of Mysore drove out Vijayanagara General and became
12936-609: The first remake in Tulu cinema. Eregla Panodchi is the second remake in Tulu cinemas. A suit for damages of Rs. 25 lakh was filed against the makers of the Telugu film Brahmotsavam for copying the first 36 seconds of the song A...lele...yereg madme by Dr. Vamana Nandaavara found in the Deepanalike CD composed for the Siri channel. Prajavani reported that with its dubbing rights sold to Hindi for Rs. 21 lakh,
13083-726: The growing Kadamba power and superiority. This is indicated by the Kadamba inscriptions in Edakal caves of Wayanad. A contemporary Buddhist work claims that the Kalabhra king Achuta Vikkanta defeated the 3 traditional southern dynasties – Pandya, Chera, and Chola, and even held all their three kings captive. For nearly five centuries, from 5th–10th century CE, the Cheras were reduced to the status of insignificant rulers due to their inability to avoid foreign invasions. They barely clung on to power with very minimal territory and had to survive at
13230-517: The help of a scholar, Keladi Gunda Jois. In the 18th century, the use of the Kannada script for writing Tulu and non-availability of print in the Tulu script contributed to the marginalization of the Ruling Tulu script. The script is studied by few scholars and manuscriptologists for research and religious purposes. The Kannada script has become the contemporary script for the Tulu language gradually. All contemporary works and literature are done in
13377-560: The hills throughout the present-day Wayanad district. The Edakkal Caves have 6000-year-old rock engravings from the Neolithic age. The recorded history of this district is available only from the 18th century. In ancient times, this land was ruled by the Rajas of the Veda tribe. In the earliest part of the recorded history of Wayanad District, Kasaragod-Kannur-Wayanad-Kozhikode Districts in
13524-571: The inscription are Arepathra, Bennegodu, Palagondu, Hanneradubeedhi, Puthangadi (Muthangadi) and Hosangadi. The Arepathra Chaityalaya is not yet identified. It is believed that it was at the hilltop near to the Panamaram river. The other Kannada touch place names are identified with their present Malayalam version names as Venniyode, Palukunnu, Sultan Batheri, Puthangadi and Mananthavady respectively. Raghava Varriar says that there were seven Jain centres in Wayanad viz. Manikyapuri, Ksheerapuri, Kalpathi, Vennayode, Palagondu, Hosangadi and Hanneradubeedhi. It
13671-449: The land of swamps. After Erayappa, his sons Rachamalla and Battunga fought each other for the new kingdom of their father's legacy. Rachamalla was killed and Battunga became the undisputed ruler of Bayalnad. In the 11th century AD, Gangas were dethroned from Bayalnad by Kadamba dynasty of North Canara. Wayanad, called Bayalnad (Kannada) since beginning, was at that time divided into two portions – Bira Bayalnad and Chagi Bayalnad. One of
13818-403: The land of swamps. After Erayappa, his sons Rachamalla and Battunga fought each other for the new kingdom of their father's legacy. Rachamalla was killed and Battunga became the undisputed ruler of Bayalnad. In the 12th century CE, Gangas were dethroned from Bayalnad by Kadamba dynasty of North Canara. In 1104 CE, Vishnuvardhana of Hoysala invaded Bayalnad followed by Vijayanagara dynasty in
13965-493: The language is now taught in over 33 schools, of which 30 are in Dakshina Kannada district. More than 1500 students have opted to study this language. The Government of Kerala established the Kerala Tulu Academy in 2007. The academy focuses on the retrieval and propagation of Tulu language and culture in Kerala through various activities such as organising seminars and publishing Tulu periodicals, etc. The academy
14112-494: The latter like ‘e’ in ‘men’ ( ಮಲ್ಪುವೆ maḷpuve /maɭpuve/ , "he makes"). In his grammar of 1932, S. U. Paniyadi used a special vowel sign to denote Tulu /ɛ/ in the Kannada script: according to Bhat, he used two talekaṭṭu s for this purpose (usually, a talekaṭṭu means the crest that a Kannada character like ಕ, ತ, ನ has), and the same convention was adopted by Upadhyaya in his 1988 Tulu Lexicon. The long counterpart of this vowel occurs in some words. In all dialects,
14259-566: The leadership of Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja , who had popular support in Thalassery -Wayanad region. In the end, the British could get only the dead body of the Rajah, who killed himself somewhere in the interior of the forest. Thus, Wayanad fell into the hands of the British and with it came a new turn in the home of this area. The British authorities opened up the plateau to the cultivation of tea and other cash crops by constructing roads across
14406-573: The leadership the former Chief Secretary P. Prabhakaran to study about the backwardness and issues faced by this northernmost district of Kerala and to draw up special package for the district. In 2013, two more Taluks, namely Manjeshwaram and Vellarikundu were formed in the district. The district is the northernmost district of the State of Kerala. Kasargod is located at 12°30′N 75°00′E / 12.5°N 75.0°E / 12.5; 75.0 . It has an average elevation of 19 metres (62 feet). Ranipuram or Madathumala (1016m) peak
14553-513: The list of official languages of India . As a whole, Tulu is largely contained to the southern part of India. The Indian state of Karnataka is where the language seems to thrive in the present day. Some of the major cities within the Tulu culture include Mangalore and Kasaragod. The various historical inscriptions of Tulu found around Barkur and Kundapura are in the Tigalari script . Historically, Brahmins of Tulu Nadu and Havyaka Brahmins used
14700-467: The major traditions that greatly show the finer aspects of the language. The following are various forms of Tulu oral tradition and literature. Theatre in the form of the traditional Yakshagana , prevalent in coastal Karnataka and northern Kerala has greatly preserved the finer aspects of the Tulu language. Yakshagana which is conducted in Tulu is very popular among the Tuluva people. It can also be seen as
14847-654: The mercy of their northern powerful imperial empires from Karnataka like the Kadambas , the Badami Chalukyas , the Rashtrakutas and the Kalyani Chalukyas , who invaded and moved through their realm as and when they pleased. The two caves of Ampukuthimala (Edakal Caves) in Sulthan Bathery , with pictures on their walls and pictorial writings, speak volumes of a bygone civilisation. At the foot of
14994-511: The most commercially successful Tulu film. Chaali Polilu is the longest-running film in Tulu film history, as well as the highest-grossing film in the Tulu film industry. It has successfully completed 470 days at PVR Cinemas in Mangalore. The 2014 film Madime was reported to be remade in Marathi, thereby becoming the first Tulu film to be remade in another language. Shutterdulai was
15141-657: The music were used in Rangitaranga , a Kannada movie. Tulu as a language continues to thrive in coastal Karnataka and Kasaragod in Kerala . Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy , an institute established by the state government of Karnataka in 1994, has introduced Tulu as a language in schools around coastal Karnataka, including Alva's High School, Moodbidri ; Dattanjaneya High School, Odiyoor; Ramakunjeshwara English-medium High School, Ramakunja; and Vani Composite Pre-University College, Belthangady. Initially started in 16 schools,
15288-473: The north to Neyyar river beyond Thiruvananthapuram in the south. Tulunad, where Tulu is traditionally spoken, is said to be bound on the south by the Chandragiri river and fort, thus including Kasaragod city within the Tulunad region. Historian N. Shyam Bhat states that at present, the Tulu nadu can linguistically be said to extend to the south up to the river Chandragiri or Payaswini, and culturally up to
15435-536: The northeast, Kodagu district to the southeast, Kannur district to the south, and the Arabian Sea to the west. Kasaragod district has the maximum number of rivers in Kerala - 12. Kasaragod town is located on the estuary where the Chandragiri River , which is also the longest river in the district, empties into Arabian Sea . Kasaragod is home to several forts which include Arikady fort , Bekal Fort , Chandragiri Fort , and Hosdurg Fort . Bekal Fort
15582-599: The northern part of present-day Kerala were ruled by the Nannans ( Mushika dynasty ) who later came to be known as the Kolathiris . Politically the area was part of the Ezhimala Kingdom, with its capital at Ezhimala in present-day Kannur district. The most famous king of Ezhimala was Nannan, whose kingdom extended up to Gudalur, Nilgiris and northern parts of Coimbatore . It is said that Nannan took refuge in
15729-518: The old ai. The Kannada script does not have a symbol to specifically represent this vowel, which is often written as a normal e . For example, the first person singular form and the third person singular masculine of a verb are spelled identically in all tenses, both ending in e , but are pronounced differently: the terminating e in the former sounds nearly like ‘a’ in the English word ‘man’ ( ಮಲ್ಪುವೆ maḷpuve /maɭpuvæ/ , "I make"), while that in
15876-423: The oldest Masjid s in the Indian subcontinent . It is believed that Malik Dinar died at Thalangara in Kasaragod town. Many Arab travelers visiting Kerala between the 9th and the 14th centuries visited Kasaragod, being an important trade centre then. Duarte Barbosa, a Portuguese traveler who visited Kumbla , near Kasargod in 1514 recorded that rice being exported for coir to Maldives . According to Barbosa,
16023-581: The only mirror temple in Kerala, which is a Jain temple. Varambetta mosque is the oldest Muslim mosque of Wayanad. Wayanad is famous for its role in the Cotiote War , where Pazhassi Raja with the help of the Kurichya tribe in association with Hindus and Muslims of the Malabar region launched a revolt against the British. Kaniyambetta and Muttil Panchayaths are the centrally located Panchayaths with
16170-477: The other districts of Kerala, in Wayanad district, there is no town or village named same as the district (i.e., there is no "Wayanad town"). According to the 2018 Statistics Report , Wayanad district had a population of 846,637, roughly equal to the nation of Comoros . 2011 Census of India gives district a ranking of 482nd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 397 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,030/sq mi). 3.86% of
16317-447: The other is by Brigel. Some of these differences may be dialectal variations. The personal pronouns are irregularly inflected: yānŭ 'I' becomes yen- in oblique cases . Tulu makes the distinction between the inclusive and exclusive we (see Clusivity: Dravidian languages ): nama 'we (including you)' as opposed to yenkuḷu 'we (not including you)'. For verbs, this distinction does not exist. The personal pronouns of
16464-549: The outcome of internal dissensions. The Nileshwaram dynasty on the northernmost part of Kolathiri dominion, were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as Zamorin of Calicut , in the early medieval period. The origin of Kottayam royal family (the Kottayam referred here is Kottayam-Malabar near Thalassery , not to be confused with Kottayam in Southern Kerala) is lost in obscurity. It has been stated that
16611-593: The outcome of internal dissensions. Many portions of the present-day Hosdurg taluk (Kanhangad) and Vellarikundu were parts of the Nileshwaram dynasty, who were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as Zamorin of Calicut , in the early medieval period. The areas north to the Chandragiri river (present-day Taluks of Manjeshwaram and Kasaragod) were ruled by the Kumbala dynasty. According to local legends,
16758-497: The pair /e/ and /ɛ/ contrasts. Additionally, like Kodava Takk and Toda , and like Malayalam saṁvr̥tōkāram and Tamil kuṟṟiyalugaram , Tulu has an [ɯ] -like vowel (or schwa /ə/ ) as a phoneme , which is romanized as ŭ (ISO), ɯ , or u̥ . Both J. Brigel and A. Männer say that it is pronounced like e in the French je . Bhat describes this phoneme as /ɯ/. However, if it is like Malayalam "half-u", [ə] or [ɨ] may be
16905-678: The peak of its power reportedly extended from the Netravati River (Mangalore) in the north to Korapuzha (Kozhikode) in the south with Arabian Sea on the west and Kodagu hills on the eastern boundary, also including the isolated islands of Lakshadweep in Arabian Sea. The Kolathiri Dominion emerged into independent 10 principalities i.e., Kadathanadu ( Vadakara ), Randathara or Poyanad ( Dharmadom ), Kottayam ( Thalassery ), Nileshwaram , Iruvazhinadu ( Panoor ), Kurumbranad etc., under separate royal chieftains due to
17052-587: The people in the southwestern Malabar coast of India from Chandragiri in the north to Kanyakumari in the south spoke a unique language, which they called as "Maliama" ( Malayalam ). Until the 16th century CE, Kasargod town was known by the name Kanhirakode (may be by the meaning, 'The land of Kanhira Trees') in Malayalam . The Kumbla dynasty, who swayed over the land of southern Tulu Nadu wedged between Chandragiri River and Netravati River (including present-day Taluks of Manjeshwar and Kasaragod ) from Maipady Palace at Kumbla , had also been vassals to
17199-593: The place dominated by the yadava or cowherd turugaḷē pradhānavāda nāḍu tuḷunāḍu ( ತುರುಗಳೇ ಪ್ರಧಾನವಾದ ನಾಡು ತುಳುನಾಡು ) . Linguist Purushottama Bilimale [ kn ] ( ಪುರುಷೋತ್ತಮ ಬಿಳಿಮಲೆ ) has suggested that the word tulu means 'that which is connected with water'. Tulave ( jackfruit ) means 'watery' in Tulu. Other water-related words in Tulu include talipu , teli , teḷi , teḷpu , tuḷipu , tulavu and tamel . In Kannada, there are words such as tuḷuku meaning 'that which has characteristics of water' and toḷe . Tulu
17346-429: The population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 3.87% and 18.86% of the population respectively. This is the highest SC/ST percentage in all of Kerala. Paniyas , Uraali Kurumas, and Kurichiyans comprise the tribes in Wayanad. Badagas are present in 21 hamlets spread across Wayanad. The entire Wayanad plateau and all the hilly regions above the plains (above 500m MSL altitude) above
17493-469: The population. Tulu and Kannada speakers concentrated in the Northern parts of the district like Manjeshwar , Uppala , Enmakaje , Badiyadka , Kumbla and Seethangoli form a significant linguistic minority with 8.77% and 4.23% each. Other languages spoken here include Marathi (1.76%) and Konkani (1.29%) Kasargod district comes under the jurisdiction of Kannur University . Kasaragod district
17640-408: The present district of Wayanad. This district came into being on 1 November 1980 as one of the twelve districts of Kerala, consisting of three taluks ; Vythiri , Mananthavady , and Sulthan Bathery . In 2024, landslides in Wayanad killed at least 336 people and 78 are missing. Many of the people killed were workers in the farms, or were members of their families. Wayanad district stands on
17787-477: The present-day Nilgiris district , also known as Southeast Wayanad, formed part of the erstwhile Wayanad taluk. Southeast Wayanad was part of Malabar District until 31 March 1877, when it was transferred to the neighbouring Nilgiris district due to the heavy population of Malabar and the small area of Nilgiris. Wayanad was a separate revenue division within the Malabar District until 1924. During
17934-456: The previous sentence. The verb may also be omitted in some sentences. Present tense and past tense may change and their perception. The written literature of Tulu is not as large as the literature of other literary Dravidian languages such as Tamil. Nevertheless, Tulu is one of only five literary Dravidian languages, the other four being Tamil , Telugu , Kannada and Malayalam . The earliest available Tulu literature that survives to this date
18081-533: The region between Talapadi and Kavvayi rivers which constituted the erstwhile Kasaragod taluk, consisted of 32 Tulu and 32 Malayalam villages. Kannada kingdoms focused on Kasaragod in the 16th century CE. The Vijayanagara empire attacked and annexed Kasaragod from the Kolathiri Raja with Nileshwaram as one of the capital in the 16th century. During the decline of the Vijayanagara empire,
18228-564: The region stretching from the Chandragiri river , now part of the Kasaragod district , Kerala, to Gokarna , now part of Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, was ruled by the Alupas and was known as Alva Kheda. This kingdom was the homeland of the Tulu-speaking people. However, the present-day Tulu linguistic majority area is confined to the region of Tulu Nadu , which comprises the districts of part of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi in
18375-609: The remaining two Taluks are included in the Kanhangad subdivision. The National Highway 66 which connects the western coast of India from Mumbai to Kanyakumari passes through coastal area of the district connecting the major coastal towns of Manjeshwar , Uppala , Kumbla , Kasaragod , Udma , Bekal , Kanhangad , Nileshwaram , and Thrikaripur . It enters the district at Thalappady and goes out through Payyanur . There are State highways starting/ending at Kasaragod and Kanhangad . Total length of Major District Road (MDR)
18522-491: The representation of Kasargod in Kerala Legislative Assembly , there are 5 assembly constituencies. These are included in the Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency) . The district is further divided into 128 villages which together form 4 subdistricts. The major towns of the district include: Manjeshwaram and Kasargod subdistricts (Taluks) are included in the Kasaragod revenue subdivision whereas
18669-585: The river falls down into Panamaram Valley. After flowing through the district for a certain distance, River Panamaram joins Mananthavady River, which originates from the lower regions of the peak called 'Thondarmudi'. Banasura Sagar Dam across the Karamanathodu River, a tributary of River Kabini, in Kalpetta, is considered to be the largest earth dam in India and the second largest in Asia. The dam
18816-507: The ruler of Bayalnad and the Nilgiris. Bayalnad is the present Wayanad. An inscription discovered from a Jain Basti at Varadur near Panamaram dated to Saka era 1606 which is 1684 CE, shows that Jainism was still very powerful even in the 17th century. The inscription which was noticed by noted epigraphist and historian M. R. Raghava Varriar, has reference about the earliest Jain settlements and temples in Wayanad. The copper plate inscription which
18963-428: The second person are ī (oblique: nin- ) 'you (singular)' and nikuḷu 'you (plural)'. Three genders are distinguished in the third person, as well as proximate and remote forms. For example, imbe 'he (proximate)', āye 'he (remote)'. The suffix -rŭ makes a polite form of personal pronouns, as in īrŭ 'you (respectfully)', ārŭ 'he (remote; respectfully)'. Postpositions are used usually with
19110-443: The second-largest Taluk. Kasargod became a part of Kannur district of Kerala following the reorganization of states and the formation of Kerala on 1 November 1956. Later Kasargod was divided into two Taluks for the ease of administration - Kasargod and Hosdurg. Kasargod was declared a district in 1984. The inclusion of Kasaragod with Kerala has been a contentious issue as there is a sizeable population that speaks Tulu and Kannada. At
19257-584: The south with Arabian Sea on the west and Kodagu hills on the eastern boundary, also including the isolated islands of Lakshadweep in Arabian Sea. Ramacharitam , probably the oldest literary work written in Old Malayalam , which dates back to the 12th century CE, is thought to have been written in Kasargod district as its manuscripts were discovered from Nileshwaram and the poem mentions about Ananthapura Lake Temple in Kumbla in detail. Kasaragod
19404-514: The southern boundary of the ancient Tulva kingdom. The nayars and the other females of the Kasargod taluk of south Canara, are prohibited from crossing the river.” In 1763, Hyder Ali raided Bedanoor (Bidnur), the capital of the Ikkery Naiks. His son Tippu Sultan raided much of Malabar region in Kerala. As per the Treaty of Seringapatam of 1792, Tippu surrendered Malabar, except Kanara to
19551-456: The southern tip of the Deccan plateau and includes part of the Western Ghats . The western parts of the district bordering Kozhikode district consists of the Western Ghats covered with dense forest. The district forms a part of the south western Deccan plateau , and is sloped to the east. Quite a large area of the district is covered by forest but the continued and indiscriminate exploitation of
19698-916: The state government of Karnataka in 1994, as also the Kerala Tulu Academy established by the Indian State Government of Kerala in Manjeshwaram in 2007, are important governmental organisations that promote Tulu literature. Nevertheless, there are numerous organisations spread all over the world with significant Tulu-migrated populations that contribute to Tulu literature. Some notable contributors to Tulu literature are Kayyar Kinhanna Rai , M. K. Seetharam Kulal , Amruta Someshwara, B. A. Viveka Rai, Kedambadi Jattappa Rai, Venkataraja Puninchathaya , Paltadi Ramakrishna Achar, Dr. Sunitha M. Shetty, Dr. Vamana Nandavara, Sri. Balakrishna Shetty Polali. The oral traditions of Tulu are one of
19845-402: The time of 1951 Census of India, only 72.0% of the district's population chose their mother tongue as Malayalam . 14.2% chose Tulu and 6.3% chose Kannada. But it is noted that as per the 2011 census report only 8.8% and 4.2% of the total population in the district speak Tulu and Kannada respectively as their mother tongue. In 2012, the Second Oommen Chandy ministry appointed a commission under
19992-462: The trijunction of Wayanad, Malappuram , and Kozhikode districts, is the highest point in Wayanad district. The district was formed on 1 November 1980 as the 12th district in Kerala, by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts. An area of 885.92 km in the district is forested. Wayanad has three municipal towns — Kalpetta , Mananthavady and Sulthan Bathery . There are many indigenous tribes in this area. The Kabini River ,
20139-549: Was awarded the Gundert Award for the best dictionary in the country in 1996. In September 2011, the Academic Council of Mangalore University accepted a proposal, to allow the university and the colleges affiliated to it to offer certificates, diplomas and postgraduate diploma courses in Tulu, both in regular and correspondence modes. Wayanad district Wayanad ( Malayalam: [ʋɐjɐnaːɖɨ̆] )
20286-568: Was formed by incorporating the taluks of North Wayanad and South Wayanad on 1 November 1980 as the 12th district of Kerala . On the same date, North Wayanad Taluk was renamed as Mananthavady , and South Wayanad was split to form the taluks of Sultan Bathery and Vythiri . Kalpetta in Vythiri taluk became the headquarters of the new district. Historians believe that human settlements have existed in these parts from at least 1,000 BCE. Much evidence of New Stone Age civilisation can be seen in
20433-476: Was incomplete, as it did not cover all aspects of the language. The Govinda Pai Research Centre at MGM College, Udupi started an 18-year Tulu lexicon project in the year 1979. Different dialects , special vocabularies used for different occupational activities, rituals, and folk literature in the forms of Paād-danāas were included in this project. The Centre has also released a six-volume, trilingual, modestly priced Tulu-Kannada-English lexicon. The Tulu lexicon
20580-503: Was known to the Arabs by the name Harkwillia . Malik Dinar Mosque at Kasaragod town is one of the oldest mosques in the Indian subcontinent . According to Qissat Shakarwati Farmad , the Masjids at Kodungallur , Kollam , Madayi , Barkur , Mangalore , Kasaragod, Kannur , Dharmadam , Panthalayini , and Chaliyam , were built during the era of Malik Dinar , and they are among
20727-487: Was organized to include Tulu in 8th schedule of constitution In October 2017, when prime minister Narendra Modi , visited Dharmasthala Temple the same demand was presented in front of him. Similarly, in 2018, a Member of Parliament from the Kasargod constituency, P. Karunakaran , also raised the same demand for inclusion of Tulu language in the 8th schedule of the constitution. On 19 February 2020, Vedavyas Kamath who
20874-723: Was placed under a water fountain at Varadur Ananthanatha Swami temple deals with the grant of various ritual materials to the Jain Basathis of Wayanad by Lalithappa, the younger son of Bommarasa of the Karkala Aremane Basathi. The Kannada inscription dated Sakavarsha 1606 (i.e., 1684 CE) Rakthakshi Samvatsara Jeshtabahula Shukravara reads:Karkala aremane basthiya bommarasanu mommaga lalithappanu devapooje chinna belli thamra kanchu upakaranagalu madisi kotta bibara. The Jain Chaithyalayas or temples referred in
21021-425: Was released on 16 November 2018. Guddada Bhootha , a television series aired in 1990, was one of the successful ventures of Tulu entertainment. This mini-series has a suspense storyline based on a Tulu drama, showing the country life of Tulu Nadu region of India. It was one of the popular TV series of that time. This series has a very famous title song Dennana Dennana sung by B. R. Chaya . This song along with
21168-449: Was the first to suggest that the language was Dravidian. The dispute regarding the language in the play is yet to be settled, but scholars agree that the dispute arises from the fact that Old Kannada, Old Tamil, and Tulu during the time when the play was written were perhaps dialectical variations of the same proto-language , and that over the years they evolved into their present forms as separate languages. Found largely in Karnataka, it
21315-560: Was transferred to Madras Presidency and Kasaragod taluk was formed by replacing the erstwhile Bekal taluk. However, in the 19th century CE, Kasargod Taluk witnessed many struggles to separate the region from South Canara and to merge it with the Malabar District as it was the only Malayalam-majority region in South Canara. Kasaragod was the second-most populated Taluk in South Canara only after to Mangalore taluk , and also
21462-542: Was under Ezhimala kingdom with a headquarters at Ezhimala. Some linguists say that an inscription found in the Edakkal Caves in Wayanad, from the 3rd century CE (approximately 1,800 years old), is the oldest known inscription in Malayalam , as it contains two modern Malayalam words, Ee (this) and pazhama (old). Historian M. R. Raghava Varier , a specialist in Edakkal cave inscriptions, stated that this would be
21609-495: Was under Tipu Sultan's rule British invasion started. Tussle and turbulent times followed. The British claimed Wayanad under the 1792 treaty of Srirangapatna citing it was part of Malabar. Tipu Sultan went in appeal before the governor general . Considering his arguments, relying on the successive Karnataka rule for centuries in Wayanad and its geographical detachment from Malabar, in 1798, Governor General Lord Mornington declared by proclamation that Wayanad had not been ceded to
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