135-490: Overseas Filipino Worker ( OFW ) is a term often used to refer to Filipino migrant workers , people with Filipino citizenship who reside in another country for a limited period of employment. The number of these workers was roughly 1.77 million between April and September 2020. Of these, female workers comprised a larger portion, making up 59.6 percent, or 1.06 million. However, this number declined to 405.62 thousand between 2019 and 2020. OFW money remittances to relatives in
270-670: A 14-year period of authoritarian rule, which would include eight years of Martial Law ( de jure ending on January 17, 1981, through Proclamation No. 2045), but not de facto : followed by six more years where Marcos retained essentially all of his powers as dictator. Marcos was eventually ousted on February 25, 1986, as a result of the EDSA People Power Revolution . Numerous explanations have been put forward as reasons for Marcos to declare martial law in September 1972, some of which were presented by
405-573: A 19th century edict prohibited the use of the word "Filipino" to refer to indios. This reflected popular belief, although no such edict has been found. The idea that the term Filipino was not used to refer to indios until the 19th century has also been mentioned by historians such as Salah Jubair and Renato Constantino . However, in a 1994 publication the historian William Henry Scott identified instances in Spanish writing where "Filipino" did refer to "indio" natives. Instances of such usage include
540-498: A class called Maginoo (royals) and defended by the Maharlika (Lesser nobles, royal warriors and aristocrats). These Royals and Nobles are descended from native Filipinos with varying degrees of Indo-Aryan and Dravidian , which is evident in today's DNA analysis among South East Asian Royals. This tradition continued among the Spanish and Portuguese traders who also intermarried with the local populations. The first census in
675-588: A large rally attended by 50,000 people at Plaza Miranda denounced Oplan Sagittarius and was held by the Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties (MCCCL) , headed by Sen. Jose W. Diokno , who left the Nacionalista Party , the political party of Marcos to rally against the controversial decisions of the administration. This was the largest rally out of a series of protests from the previous year, due to many scandals by Pres. Marcos beginning with
810-776: A period of European colonization. During the period of Spanish colonialism , the Philippines was part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain , which was governed and administered from Mexico City . Early Spanish settlers were mostly explorers, soldiers, government officials and religious missionaries born in Spain and Mexico. Most Spaniards who settled were of Basque ancestry, but there were also settlers of Andalusian , Catalan , and Moorish descent. The Peninsulares (governors born in Spain), mostly of Castilian ancestry, settled in
945-417: A proportion of the provinces widely varied; with as high as 19% of the population of Tondo province (The most populous province and former name of Manila), to Pampanga 13.7%, Cavite at 13%, Laguna 2.28%, Batangas 3%, Bulacan 10.79%, Bataan 16.72%, Ilocos 1.38%, Pangasinan 3.49%, Albay 1.16%, Cebu 2.17%, Samar 3.27%, Iloilo 1%, Capiz 1%, Bicol 20%, and Zamboanga 40%. According to
1080-402: A retrospective article on Marcos' proclamation of Martial Law, comments on the differences in the accounts: "Whether they conflict or not, all accounts indicate that Marcos’ obsession with numerology (particularly the number seven) necessitated that Proclamation No. 1081 be officially signed on a date that was divisible by seven. Thus, September 21, 1972 became the official date that Martial Law
1215-824: A spike in unemployment, an urgent need for foreign exchange to resolve the country's balance of payments, and a period of social unrest that kicked off with what is now known as the First Quarter Storm . More Filipino medical workers began to search for work in Australia, Canada, and the United States. This compelled the Marcos administration to create a short-term labor policy that included overseas employment. In 1974—two years after Marcos' proclamation of martial law —the Philippine government came up with
1350-473: A whiplash effect of confusion as to the date of Marcos's television announcement, which was two days later on September 23. Martial law was ratified by 90.77% of the voters during the controversial 1973 Philippine Martial Law referendum . After the constitution was approved by 95% of the voters in the Philippine constitutional plebiscite , the 1935 Constitution was replaced with a new one that changed
1485-481: Is a slang word formed by taking the last four letters of " Filipino " and adding the diminutive suffix " -y ". Or the non-gender or gender fluid form Pinxy. In 2020, the neologism Filipinx appeared; a demonym applied only to those of Filipino heritage in the diaspora and specifically referring to and coined by Filipino Americans imitating Latinx , itself a recently coined gender-inclusive alternative to Latino or Latina . An online dictionary made an entry of
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#17327919956581620-588: Is currently based upon the principle of jus sanguinis and, therefore, descent from a parent who is a citizen of the Republic of the Philippines is the primary method of acquiring national citizenship. Birth in the Philippines to foreign parents does not in itself confer Philippine citizenship, although RA9139, the Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000, does provide a path for administrative naturalization of certain aliens born in
1755-412: Is slated to be operational by 2023. The Migrante Partylist has cited two reasons that the Philippine government created a more systemic labor export policy during the administration of Ferdinand Marcos : To quell dissent brought about by massive domestic unemployment and the political crisis, and to consolidate foreign exchange from remittances. The Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA)
1890-885: The Batasang Pambansa . In an effort to isolate the local communist movement, President Marcos went to China in 1975 to normalize diplomatic relations. In return for recognizing the People's Republic of China as the legitimate government of China, and that Taiwan is part of Chinese territory, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai pledged to stop supporting the Philippine communist rebels. The government subsequently captured NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno in 1976 and Jose Maria Sison in 1977. The Washington Post , in an interview with former Philippine Communist Party officials, revealed that, "they (local communist party officials) wound up languishing in China for 10 years as unwilling 'guests' of
2025-769: The Aeta (including the Agta, Arta, Dumagat, etc.) of Luzon, the Ati of Western Visayas , the Batak of Palawan , and the Mamanwa of Mindanao . Today they comprise just 0.03% of the total Philippine population. After the Negritos, were two early Paleolithic migrations from East Asian (basal Austric , an ethnic group which includes Austroasiatics ) people, they entered the Philippines at around 15,000 and 12,000 years ago, respectively. Like
2160-547: The Chinese communist victory in 1949, and saw the People's Republic of China as a security threat due to its financial and military support of communist rebels in the country. Citing an intensifying communist insurgency , a series of bombings, and the staged fake assassination attempt on then- Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile , President Marcos enacted the proclamation which enabled him to rule by military power . It
2295-524: The East Indies "). Filipinos of mixed ethnic origins are still referred today as mestizos . However, in common popular parlance, mestizos usually refer to Filipinos mixed with Spanish or any other European ancestry. Filipinos mixed with any other foreign ethnicities are named depending on the non-Filipino part. Historically though, it was the Mestizo de Sangley ( Chinese Mestizo ) that numbered
2430-469: The Jabidah Massacre in 1968 and the 1969 elections, considered by experts to be the "dirtiest election in (Philippine) history." Proclamation No. 1081 was formally dated September 21 according to historians because of these events as well as Marcos's superstition and numerological belief concerning multiples of the lucky number seven. The Official Gazette of the republic of the Philippines, in
2565-628: The Late Pleistocene , c. 67,000 years old. The remains were initially identified as modern human, but after the discovery of more specimens in 2019, they have been reclassified as being members of a new species – Homo luzonensis . The oldest indisputable modern human ( Homo sapiens ) remains in the Philippines are the " Tabon Man " fossils discovered in the Tabon Caves in the 1960s by Robert B. Fox , an anthropologist from
2700-693: The Mainland United States to work in hotels, restaurants, and sawmills, as well as getting involved in railroad construction. They also worked in plantations in California and the canning industry of the then- American territory of Alaska . Some Filipinos also served in the U.S. Army during World War II . Following the end of World War II, some Filipinos who served in the U.S. Army became American citizens. The United States also saw increased immigration of Filipino medical professionals, accountants, engineers, and other technical workers after
2835-487: The Malay Srivijaya , Javanese Majapahit , Brunei , Malacca , Tamil Chola , Champa and Khmer empires , although de facto had established their own independent system of rule. Trading links with Sumatra , Borneo , Java , Cambodia , Malay Peninsula , Indochina , China , Japan , India and Arabia . A thalassocracy had thus emerged based on international trade. Even scattered barangays, through
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#17327919956582970-531: The National Museum . These were dated to the Paleolithic , at around 26,000 to 24,000 years ago. The Tabon Cave complex also indicates that the caves were inhabited by humans continuously from at least 47,000 ± 11,000 years ago to around 9,000 years ago. The caves were also later used as a burial site by unrelated Neolithic and Metal Age cultures in the area. The Tabon Cave remains (along with
3105-579: The Negrito people , although they are highly genetically divergent from each other. Philippine Negritos show a high degree of Denisovan Admixture , similar to Papuans and Indigenous Australians , in contrast to Malaysian and Andamanese Negritos (the Orang Asli ). This indicates that Philippine Negritos, Papuans, and Indigenous Australians share a common ancestor that admixed with Denisovans at around 44,000 years ago. Negritos include ethnic groups like
3240-770: The Neolithic at around 4,500 to 3,500 years ago, when a branch of Austronesians from Taiwan (the ancestral Malayo-Polynesian -speakers) migrated to the Batanes Islands and Luzon . They spread quickly throughout the rest of the islands of the Philippines and became the dominant ethnolinguistic group. They admixed with the earlier settlers, resulting in the modern Filipinos – which though predominantly genetically Austronesian still show varying genetic admixture with Negritos (and vice versa for Negrito ethnic groups which show significant Austronesian admixture). Austronesians possessed advanced sailing technologies and colonized
3375-540: The Niah Cave remains of Borneo and the Tam Pa Ling remains of Laos ) are part of the "First Sundaland People", the earliest branch of anatomically modern humans to reach Island Southeast Asia at the time of lowered sea levels of Sundaland , with only one 3km sea crossing. They entered the Philippines from Borneo via Palawan at around 50,000 to 40,000 years ago. Their descendants are collectively known as
3510-557: The Pacific and Southeast Asia, namely Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and the US territories of Guam and Wake Island . Overseas employment first became the subject of Philippine government policy in the early 1970s, in response to a series of crises brought about by heavy government spending linked to Ferdinand Marcos' 1969 campaign for his second presidential term . Beginning with the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis , these resulted in
3645-488: The Philippine nationality law . However, the term has been rejected as an identification in some instances by minorities who did not come under Spanish control, such as the Igorot and Muslim Moros . The lack of the letter " F " in the 1940–1987 standardized Tagalog alphabet ( Abakada ) caused the letter " P " to be substituted for " F ", though the alphabets or writing scripts of some non-Tagalog ethnic groups included
3780-604: The Relación de las Islas Filipinas (1604) of Pedro Chirino , in which he wrote chapters entitled "Of the civilities, terms of courtesy, and good breeding among the Filipinos" (Chapter XVI), "Of the Letters of the Filipinos" (Chapter XVII), "Concerning the false heathen religion, idolatries, and superstitions of the Filipinos" (Chapter XXI), "Of marriages, dowries, and divorces among the Filipinos" (Chapter XXX), while also using
3915-713: The Spanish Empire . Many Indian Sepoy troops and their British captains mutinied and were left in Manila and some parts of the Ilocos and Cagayan . The Indian Filipinos in Manila settled at Cainta, Rizal and the ones in the north settled in Isabela . Most were assimilated into the local population. Even before the British invasion, there were already also a large but unknown number of Indian Filipinos as majority of
4050-726: The Spanish Navy . There were also significant numbers of Manilamen in Northern Australia and the Torres Strait Islands in the late 1800s who were employed in the pearl hunting industries. In Mexico (especially in the Mexican states of Guerrero and Colima ), Filipino immigrants arriving to New Spain during the 16th and 17th centuries via the Manila galleons were called chino , which led to
4185-561: The (Chinese) government, feuding bitterly among themselves and with the party leadership in the Philippines". President Marcos formally lifted Martial Law on January 17, 1981, several weeks before the first pastoral visit of Pope John Paul II to the Philippines for the beatification of Lorenzo Ruiz . After the termination of Martial Law, the CPP-NPA was able to return to urban areas and form relationships with legal opposition organizations, and began increasingly successful attacks against
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4320-492: The 15th century, Arab and Indian missionaries and traders from Malaysia and Indonesia brought Islam to the Philippines, where it both replaced and was practiced together with indigenous religions. Before that, indigenous tribes of the Philippines practiced a mixture of Animism , Hinduism and Buddhism . Native villages, called barangays were populated by locals called Timawa (Middle Class/freemen) and Alipin (servants and slaves). They were ruled by Rajahs , Datus and Sultans ,
4455-557: The 1960s, when the United States government, contractors of the US Armed Forces , and civilian agencies began recruiting Filipinos to work in jobs in the construction and service sector. This was encouraged by the passage in the US of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 , which ended national immigration quotas and provided an unlimited number of visas for family reunification . Filipinos also worked in select areas in
4590-443: The 19th century. However, they eventually spread all over the islands and became traders, landowners and moneylenders. Today, their descendants still comprise a significant part of the Philippine population especially its bourgeois , who during the late Spanish Colonial Era in the late 19th century, produced a major part of the ilustrado intelligentsia of the late Spanish Colonial Philippines , that were very influential with
4725-436: The 20th century, now later came to compose the modern Spanish Filipino community and Chinese Filipino community respectively, where families of such background contribute a significant share of the Philippine economy today, where most in the current list of the Philippines' richest each year comprise billionaires of either Chinese Filipino background or the old elite families of Spanish Filipino background. After
4860-785: The 20th century, that preserved at least some of their Chinese culture , integrated together with mainstream Filipino culture , are now in the form of the modern Chinese Filipino community, who currently play a leading role in the Philippine business sector and contribute a significant share of the Philippine economy today, where most in the current list of the Philippines' richest each year comprise Taipan billionaires of Chinese Filipino background, mostly of Hokkien descent, where most still trace their roots back to mostly Jinjiang or Nan'an within Quanzhou or sometimes Xiamen (Amoy) or Zhangzhou , all within Southern Fujian ,
4995-801: The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines . General Order № 2 – The President directed the Minister of National Defense to arrest or cause the arrest and take into his custody the individuals named in the attached list and to hold them until otherwise so ordered by the President or by his duly designated representative, as well as to arrest or cause the arrest and take into his custody and to hold them otherwise ordered released by him or by his duly authorized representative such persons who may have committed crimes described in
5130-538: The Defense Secretary portfolio for himself in an effort to curry the loyalty of the armed forces hierarchy, the preparation for the actual document which became Proclamation 1081 began in December 1969, in the wake of Marcos' expensive 1969 presidential reelection bid . Marcos approached at least two different factions within his cabinet to study how the implementation of martial law should be structured in
5265-1034: The Judiciary should continue to function in accordance with its present organization and personnel, and should try to decide in accordance with existing laws all criminal and civil cases, except certain cases enumerated in the Order. General Order № 4 – The President ordered that a curfew be maintained and enforced throughout the Philippines from twelve o’clock midnight until four o’clock in the morning. General Order № 5 – All rallies, demonstrations and other forms of group actions including strikes and picketing in vital industries such as in companies engaged in manufacture or processing as well as in production or processing of essential commodities or products for exports, and in companies engaged in banking of any kind, as well as in hospitals and in schools and colleges are prohibited. General Order № 6 – No person shall keep, possess or carry outside of his residence any firearm unless such person
5400-834: The Kingdom of Sanfotsi situated in Pangasinan , the Kingdom of Luzon now known as Pampanga which specialized in trade with most of what is now known as Southeast Asia and with China, Japan and the Kingdom of Ryukyu in Okinawa . From the 9th century onwards, a large number of Arab traders from the Middle East settled in the Malay Archipelago and intermarried with the local Malay , Bruneian, Malaysian, Indonesian and Luzon and Visayas indigenous populations. In
5535-481: The Labor Code of the Philippines (Presidential Decree 442, series 1974), which included Filipino migrant workers in its scope. The decree formally established a recruitment and placement program "to ensure the careful selection of Filipino workers for the overseas labor market to protect the good name of the Philippines abroad". Three government agencies were created to tend to the needs of Filipino migrant workers:
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5670-537: The Magna Carta of Filipino Seafarers" (and the House of Representatives' version, House Bill 7325, approved on March 6, 2024) "seeks to provide seafarers with the right to humane working conditions and just compensation by ensuring that recruitment agencies provide them with adequate information about onboard conditions and laws that apply to Filipino seafarers; it also aims to address the lack of domestic laws vis-à-vis
5805-641: The Malayan empires of Srivijaya , Majapahit and Brunei . Datu – The Tagalog maginoo , the Kapampangan ginu and the Visayan tumao were the nobility social class among various cultures of the pre-colonial Philippines. Among the Visayans, the tumao were further distinguished from the immediate royal families or a ruling class. Timawa – The timawa class were free commoners of Luzon and
5940-569: The Marcos administration as official justifications, and some of which were dissenting perspectives put forward by either the mainstream political opposition or by analysts studying the political economy of the decision. In his 1987 treatise, " Dictatorship & Martial Law: Philippine Authoritarianism in 1972 ", University of the Philippines Public Administration Professor Alex Brillantes Jr. identifies three reasons expressed by
6075-433: The Marcos administration, saying that martial law: The first two justifications were explicitly stated in the proclamation, which cited two explicit justifications: "to save the republic" (from various plots); and "to reform society" (after the failure of American-style democracy). The third rationalization arose from the administration's propaganda, which portrayed Ferdinand Marcos as a hypermasculine figure able to compel
6210-646: The National Seamen Board, Overseas Employment Development Board, and the Bureau of Employment Services, which were later merged in 1978 to create the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration . The Marcos administration continued to expand the policy, since it served a double function: it helped relieve economic pressure by bringing in dollar revenues, and it also relieved social pressure, because many of
6345-638: The Negritos, they entered the Philippines during the lowered sea levels during the last ice age , when the only water crossings required were less than 3km wide (such as the Sibutu strait ). They retain partial genetic signals among the Manobo people and the Sama-Bajau people of Mindanao . The last wave of prehistoric migrations to reach the Philippines was the Austronesian expansion which started in
6480-558: The Order. General Order № 3 – The President ordered that all executive departments, bureaus, offices, agencies and instrumentalities of the National Government, government owned or controlled corporations, as well all governments of all the provinces , cities , municipalities and barrios should continue to function under their present officers and employees, until otherwise ordered by the President or by his duly designated representatives. The President further ordered that
6615-537: The Philippine Revolution to modern times, the term "Filipino" was expanded to include everyone born in the Philippines coming from any race, as per the Philippine nationality law . That would explain the abrupt drop of otherwise high Chinese, Spanish and mestizo, percentages across the country by the time of the first American census in 1903. By the 20th century, the remaining ethnic Spaniards and ethnic Chinese, replenished by further Chinese migrants in
6750-486: The Philippine government, which has no jurisdiction over foreign remittance . However, a value-added tax is imposed on transfer fees charged by the remittance companies. Under Presidential Decree No. 1183 and Republic Act No.8042, or the Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipino Act of 1995, Overseas Filipino Workers are exempt from travel tax and airport terminal fees when traveling out of the Philippines from within
6885-656: The Philippine islands were usually known in the Philippines itself by the generic terms indio ("Indian (native of the East Indies )") or indigena ' indigenous ' , while the generic term chino ("Chinese"), short for indio chino was used in Spanish America to differentiate from the Native American indios of the Spanish colonies in the Americas and the West Indies . The term Filipino
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#17327919956587020-626: The Philippine-born Spaniards during the 19th century began to be called españoles filipinos , logically contracted to just Filipino , to distinguish them from the Spaniards born in Spain, they themselves resented the term, preferring to identify themselves as "hijo/s del país" ("sons of the country"). In the latter half of the 19th century, ilustrados , an educated class of mestizos (both Spanish mestizos and Sangley Chinese mestizos , especially Chinese mestizos) and indios arose whose writings are credited with building Philippine nationalism . These writings are also credited with transforming
7155-416: The Philippines (Spanish Filipinos) in Spanish : " Filipino/s " (m) or " Filipina/s " (f) in relation to those born in Hispanic America called in Spanish : " Americano/s " (m) / " Americana/s " (f) or " Criollo/s " , whereas the Spaniards born in the Philippines themselves called the Spaniards from Spain as " Peninsular/es " with themselves also referred to as " Insular/es ". Meanwhile,
7290-414: The Philippines and during the Spanish period they were referred to as guachinangos and they readily intermarried and mixed with native Filipinos. Bernal, the author of the book "Mexico en Filipinas" contends, that they were middlemen, the guachinangos in contrast to the Spanish and criollos, known as Castila, that had positions in power and were isolated, the guachinangos in the meantime, had interacted with
7425-520: The Philippines and the economy benefiting from remittances. A study conducted by Veronica Ramirez of the Center for Research and Communication has found that because they are afraid of losing employment and since most clinics are closed on Sundays, which is the typical OFW's day off, a majority of female OFWs find it difficult to obtain medical treatment, resorting to self-medication instead. Despite financial benefits from working overseas, separation from family and cultural ties have proved detrimental to
7560-409: The Philippines are a major contributor to the Philippine economy, reaching a total of P1.9 trillion in 2022, which represented some 8.9% of the Philippines' Gross Domestic Product. The term "Overseas Filipino Worker" (OFW) was used as early as the 1990s to refer to Filipino migrant workers, when Republic Act 8042, also known as the Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 was enacted. The term
7695-421: The Philippines each with its own language , identity, culture, tradition, and history. The name Filipino , as a demonym , was derived from the term las Islas Filipinas ' the Philippine Islands ' , the name given to the archipelago in 1543 by the Spanish explorer and Dominican priest Ruy López de Villalobos , in honor of Philip II of Spain . During the Spanish colonial period , natives of
7830-478: The Philippines via sea-borne migration, in contrast to earlier groups. Austronesians from the Philippines also later settled Guam and the other islands of Maritime Southeast Asia , and parts of Mainland Southeast Asia . From there, they colonized the rest of Austronesia , which in modern times include Micronesia , coastal New Guinea , Island Melanesia , Polynesia , and Madagascar , in addition to Maritime Southeast Asia and Taiwan. The connections between
7965-453: The Philippines was in 1591, based on tributes collected. The tributes counted the total founding population of the Spanish Philippines as 667,612 people. 20,000 were Chinese migrant traders, at different times: around 15,600 individuals were Latino soldier-colonists who were cumulatively sent from Peru and Mexico and they were shipped to the Philippines annually, 3,000 were Japanese residents, and 600 were pure Spaniards from Europe. There
8100-402: The Philippines without distinction of origin or race. American authorities during the American colonial era also started to colloquially use the term Filipino to refer to the native inhabitants of the archipelago, but despite this, it became the official term for all citizens of the sovereign independent Republic of the Philippines , including non-native inhabitants of the country as per
8235-447: The Philippines would limit the annual number of health professionals (including nurses) it sends abroad to 5,000, from about 13,000 that currently leave every year. Department of Foreign Affairs undersecretary Eduardo De Vega has put forward the so-called "Magna Carta for Seafarers", a bill that was to be signed by President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. in February 2024 but was put on hold for review. Senate Bill No. 2221, "An Act Providing for
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#17327919956588370-416: The Philippines' historical trade partner with Mainland China . In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of Japanese traders also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population. Many were assimilated throughout the centuries, especially through the tumultuous period of World War II . Today, there is a small growing Nikkei community of Japanese Filipinos in Davao with roots to
8505-451: The Philippines. Several conflicting accounts exist regarding the exact date on which Marcos signed the physical Proclamation No. 1081 document. Differing accounts suggest that Marcos signed the document as early as September 10, 1972, or as late as September 25, 1972, regardless Marcos formally listed September 21 as the day of the formalization of Proclamation No. 1081. As early as September 13, 1972, Sen. Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino broke
8640-405: The Philippines. However, according to the center of Amerasian Research, there might be as many as 250,000 Amerasians scattered across the cities of Clark , Angeles City , Manila , and Olongapo . In addition, numerous Filipino men enlisted in the US Navy and made careers in it, often settling with their families in the United States. Some of their second- or third-generation families returned to
8775-485: The Philippines. Since many of the above historical groups came to the Philippines before its establishment as an independent state, many have also gained citizenship before the founding of either the First Philippines Republic or Third Republic of the Philippines . For example, many Cold-War-era Chinese migrants who had relatives in the Philippines attain Filipino citizenship for their children through marriage with Chinese Filipino families that trace back to either
8910-435: The Philippinos", while Francisco Antolín argued in 1789 that "the ancient wealth of the Philippinos is much like that which the Igorots have at present". These examples prompted the historian William Henry Scott to conclude that during the Spanish colonial period: [...]the people of the Philippines were called Filipinos when they were practicing their own culture—or, to put it another way, before they became indios . While
9045-432: The President upon the declaration of Martial Law. According to Enrile's 2012 memoir, Marcos emphasized that " the study must be done discreetly and confidentially. " With help from Efren Plana and Minerva Gonzaga Reyes, Enrile submitted the only copy of his confidential report to Marcos in January 1970. A week after Enrile submitted his study, Marcos asked him to prepare the needed documents for implementing Martial Law in
9180-454: The Spanish period, especially as Manila was connected to the ports of Southern Fujian , such as Yuegang (the old port of Haicheng in Zhangzhou , Fujian ). The Spaniards recruited thousands of Chinese migrant workers from " Chinchew " ( Quanzhou ), " Chiõ Chiu " ( Zhangzhou ), " Canton " ( Guangzhou ), and Macau called sangleys (from Hokkien Chinese : 生理 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Sng-lí ; lit. 'business') to build
9315-420: The Visayas who could own their own land and who did not have to pay a regular tribute to a maginoo, though they would, from time to time, be obliged to work on a datu's land and help in community projects and events. They were free to change their allegiance to another datu if they married into another community or if they decided to move. Maharlika – Members of the Tagalog warrior class known as maharlika had
9450-453: The Wangdoms of Pangasinan and Ma-i as well as Ma-i's subordinates, the Barangay states of Pulilu and Sandao ; the Kingdoms of Maynila , Namayan , and Tondo ; the Kedatuans of Madja-as , Dapitan , and Cainta ; the Rajahnates of Cebu , Butuan and Sanmalan ; and the Sultanates of Buayan , Maguindanao , Lanao and Sulu ; existed alongside the highland societies of the Ifugao and Mangyan . Some of these regions were part of
9585-404: The Welfare Fund as the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA). In 1995, the Republic Act 8042, or Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act, became law. 700,000 of the world's mariners come from the Philippines, being the world's largest origin of seafarers ; In 2018, Filipino seafarers sent home the equivalent of US$ 6.14 billion. Then-President Rodrigo Duterte announced that in 2021,
9720-529: The announcement. On the following Morning, September 24, the headline of the Daily Express announced "FM Declares Martial Law" – the only newspaper to come out in the immediate aftermath of Martial Law. Marcos would declare September 21, 1972, as "National Thanksgiving Day", to erase the events of the MCCCL rally led by Sen. Diokno and the senate hearings presided by Sen. Aquino, which inadvertently created
9855-539: The archipelago to Spain. European criollos , mestizos and Portuguese, French and Mexican descent from the Americas, mostly from Latin America came in contact with the Filipinos. Japanese , Indian and Cambodian Christians who fled from religious persecutions and killing fields also settled in the Philippines during the 17th until the 19th centuries. The Mexicans especially were a major source of military migration to
9990-528: The colonial caste system hierarchy and taxation system during the Spanish Colonial Times dictated that those of mixed descent were known as " Mestizo /s " ( m ) / " Mestiza/s " ( f ), specifically those of mixed Spanish and native Filipino descent were known as " Mestizo/s de Español " ( Spanish Mestizos ), whereas those of mixed Chinese and native Filipino descent were known as " Mestizo/s de Sangley " ( Chinese Mestizos ) and
10125-475: The colonial infrastructure in the islands. Many Chinese immigrants converted to Christianity, intermarried with the locals, and adopted Hispanized names and customs and became assimilated, although the children of unions between Filipinos and Chinese that became assimilated continued to be designated in official records as mestizos de sangley . The Chinese mestizos were largely confined to the Binondo area until
10260-648: The commencement of the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade that connected the Philippines through Manila to Acapulco in Mexico , attracted new waves of immigrants from China , as Manila was already previously connected to the Maritime Silk Road and Maritime Jade Road , as shown in the Selden Map , from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in Southern Fujian to Manila , maritime trade flourished during
10395-585: The confusion of early Filipino immigrants with that of the much later Chinese immigrants to Mexico from the 1880s to the 1940s. A genetic study in 2018 has also revealed that around one-third of the population of Guerrero have 10% Filipino ancestry. The oldest archaic human remains in the Philippines are the " Callao Man " specimens discovered in 2007 in the Callao Cave in Northern Luzon . They were dated in 2010 through uranium-series dating to
10530-671: The country's compliance with international maritime standards, as well as the seafarers' rights and welfare." On September 23, 2024, President Marcos signed into law Republic Act No. 12021, or the Magna Carta of Filipino Seafarers, which provides protection for domestic and overseas Filipino seafarers. In October 2024, the Department of Migrant Workers announced that the Aksyon Fund, a financial assistance program, should benefit not only OFWs currently abroad but also those stationed in Migrant Workers' Offices and those who have yet to leave
10665-474: The country. Despite many Filipina migrant workers having received higher education and working as skilled nurses, 58 out of 100 overseas Filipino women workers are categorized as laborers and unskilled workers compared to 13 out of 100 overseas Filipino male workers in a 2007 survey. Filipino women often fill "the demand for unskilled, low-paid domestic work in high-income countries". They are encouraged to take these overseas jobs due to high unemployment rates in
10800-445: The country. Following its independence, the Philippines has seen both small and large-scale immigration into the country, mostly involving American, European, Chinese and Japanese peoples. After World War II, South Asians continued to migrate into the islands, most of which assimilated and avoided the local social stigma instilled by the early Spaniards against them by keeping a low profile or by trying to pass as Spanish mestizos. This
10935-513: The country. Justice Secretary Jesus Crispin Remulla clarified in a legal opinion that the fund "comes without restriction or qualification", and the definition of OFWs includes individuals regardless of their migration status. This ensures broader access to support under the fund for all OFWs. The Philippine government has stated officially for decades that it doesn't maintain a labor export policy, and has continued to claim so as of 2012. During
11070-584: The creation of Filipino nationalism and the sparking of the Philippine Revolution as part of the foundation of the First Philippine Republic and subsequent sovereign independent Philippines . Today, the bulk of the families in the list of the political families in the Philippines have such family background. Meanwhile, the colonial-era Sangley's pure ethnic Chinese descendants of which, replenished by later migrants in
11205-498: The data, in the Archdiocese of Manila which administers much of Luzon under it, about 10% of the population was Spanish-Filipino. Across the whole Philippines, as estimated, the total ratio of Spanish Filipino tributes amount to 5% of the totality. In the 1860s to 1890s, in the urban areas of the Philippines, especially at Manila, according to burial statistics, as much as 3.3% of the population were pure European Spaniards and
11340-557: The datu between 6 and 18 pesos in gold – a large sum in those days. Alipin – Commonly described as "servant" or "slave". However, this is inaccurate. The concept of the alipin relied on a complex system of obligation and repayment through labor in ancient Philippine society, rather than on the actual purchase of a person as in Western and Islamic slavery . Members of the alipin class who owned their own houses were more accurately equivalent to medieval European serfs and commoners. By
11475-500: The deaths of at least 200,000 Filipino civilians. Some estimates for total civilian dead reach up to 1,000,000. After the Philippine–American War, the United States civil governance was established in 1901, with William Howard Taft as the first American Governor-General . A number of Americans settled in the islands and thousands of interracial marriages between Americans and Filipinos have taken place since then. Owing to
11610-618: The defeat of Spain during the Spanish–American War in 1898, Filipino general, Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence on June 12 while General Wesley Merritt became the first American governor of the Philippines. On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris formally ended the war, with Spain ceding the Philippines and other colonies to the United States in exchange for $ 20 million. The Philippine–American War resulted in
11745-423: The development of inter-island and international trade, became more culturally homogeneous by the 4th century. Hindu - Buddhist culture and religion flourished among the noblemen in this era. In the period between the 7th to the beginning of the 15th centuries, numerous prosperous centers of trade had emerged, including the Kingdom of Namayan which flourished alongside Manila Bay , Cebu , Iloilo , Butuan ,
11880-425: The divisiveness it would cause, Martial Law would offer Marcos absolute power which would corrupt absolutely. " Marcos, who kept up a strategy of keeping cabinet members from becoming too powerful by giving different factions different facts and redundant orders, also gave a similar task to Justice Secretary Juan Ponce Enrile that December. This time, he specifically asked what powers the 1935 Constitution would grant
12015-476: The early 20th century, the term "Malay race" is still used incorrectly in the Philippines to refer to the Austronesian peoples, leading to confusion with the non-indigenous Melayu people . Since at least the 3rd century, various ethnic groups established several communities. These were formed by the assimilation of various native Philippine kingdoms. South Asian and East Asian people together with
12150-519: The end the Philippines would become a political archipelago, with debilitating, factionalized politics. " In Almonte, who would eventually become head of the head of the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency under President Corazon Aquino and later National Security Advisor to her successor, President Fidel Ramos , recalled in a 2015 memoir that he felt " the nation would be destroyed because, apart from
12285-433: The foreign term. Native Filipinos were also called Manilamen (or Manila men ) by English-speaking regions or Tagalas by Spanish-speakers during the colonial era. They were mostly sailors and pearl-divers and established communities in various ports around the world. One of the notable settlements of Manilamen is the community of Saint Malo, Louisiana , founded at around 1763 to 1765 by escaped slaves and deserters from
12420-693: The government throughout the country. Regardless, experts concluded that the dictatorship was still in effect despite the formal announcement, until the Philippine Church led by Jaime Sin and the Filipino Citizens' organized EDSA Revolution of 1986 forced the Marcoses out of Malacañang Palace. General Order № 1 - The President proclaimed that he shall direct the entire government, including all its agencies and instrumentalities, and exercise all powers of his office including his role as
12555-593: The health of Filipino migrant workers. Many Filipino women working abroad have experienced worsening mental health, reporting symptoms of depression from a loss of belonging, loneliness, and guilt. Unsafe workplaces and abuse are another big problem, with "more than 40% of labour Filipino migrants in the USA report[ing] high levels of workplace discrimination". Filipino women are often associated with stereotypes such as being mail-order brides and having submissive attributes, which further adds to their discrimination in and out of
12690-618: The highly educated young people who formed the bulk of Marcos' political critics left the country to find work. Soon, construction workers and engineers also began to be recruited by multinational companies in oil-rich nations in the Middle East , which were then experiencing an economic boom . After Ferdinand Marcos was removed from office following the People Power Revolution of February 1986, his successor Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order No. 126, which renamed
12825-491: The indigenous population. In the late 1700s to early 1800s, Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga, an Agustinian Friar, in his Two Volume Book: "Estadismo de las islas Filipinas" compiled a census of the Spanish-Philippines based on the tribute counts (Which represented an average family of seven to ten children and two parents, per tribute) and came upon the following statistics: The Spanish-Filipino population as
12960-468: The interpretation that Marcos declared martial law: In addition, some critics ascribe an economic component to Marcos' motivations, suggesting that martial law: Philippine Military Academy instructor Lt. Victor Corpuz led New People's Army rebels in a raid on the PMA armory, capturing rifles, machine guns, grenade launchers, a bazooka and thousands of rounds of ammunition in 1970. In 1972, China, which
13095-477: The islands to govern their territory. Most settlers married the daughters of rajahs , datus , and sultans to reinforce the colonization of the islands. The Ginoo and Maharlika castes (royals and nobles) in the Philippines prior to the arrival of the Spaniards formed the privileged Principalía (nobility) during the early Spanish period. The arrival of the Spaniards to the Philippines, especially through
13230-608: The late Spanish Colonial Era or American Colonial Era . Likewise, many other modern expatriates from various countries, such as the US , often come to the Philippines to marry with a Filipino citizen , ensuring their future children attain Filipino citizenship and their Filipino spouses ensure property ownership . During the Spanish colonial period , Spaniards from Spain and Hispanic America mainly referred to Spaniards born in
13365-408: The letter "F". Upon official adoption of the modern, 28-letter Filipino alphabet in 1987, the term Filipino was preferred over Pilipino . Locally, some still use "Filipino" to refer to the people and "Pilipino" to refer to the language, but in international use "Filipino" is the usual form for both. A number of Filipinos refer to themselves colloquially as " Pinoy " (feminine: " Pinay "), which
13500-520: The many cities and presidios of the Philippines. With the inauguration of the Suez Canal in 1867, Spain opened the Philippines for international trade. European investors of British, Dutch, German, Portuguese, Russian, Italian, and French nationality were among those who settled in the islands as business increased. More Spaniards and Chinese arrived during the next century. Many of these migrants intermarried with local mestizos and assimilated with
13635-440: The mix of all of the above or a mix of Spanish and Chinese were known as " Tornatrás ". Meanwhile, the ethnic Chinese migrants ( Chinese Filipinos ) were historically referred to as " Sangley/es " (from Hokkien Chinese : 生理 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Sng-lí ; lit. 'business'), while the natives of the Philippine islands were usually known by the generic term " Indio/s " (lit. " Indian , native of
13770-684: The morning of September 23, 1972, Martial Law forces had successfully implemented a media lockdown, with only outlets associated with Marcos crony Roberto Benedicto allowed to operate. In the afternoon, the Benedicto-owned television channel KBS-9 went back on air playing episodes of Hanna-Barbera 's Wacky Races cartoon series, which was interrupted at 3:00 PM when Press Secretary Francisco Tatad went on air to read Proclamation No. 1081, through which Marcos declared Martial Law. Ferdinand Marcos himself made an appearance at his mansion, Malacañang Palace , at 7:15 p.m. that evening to formalize
13905-467: The most among mestizos , though the Mestizos de Español ( Spanish Mestizos ) carried more social prestige due to the colonial caste system hierarchy that usually elevated Spanish blood and Christianized natives to the peak, while most descendants of the Mestizo de Sangley ( Chinese Mestizo ), despite assuming many of the important roles in the economic, social and political life of
14040-412: The nation, would readily assimilate into the fabric of Philippine society or sometimes falsely claim Spanish descent due to this situation. Proclamation 1081 Proclamation No. 1081 was the document which contained formal proclamation of martial law in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos , as announced to the public on September 23, 1972. The proclamation marked the onset of
14175-528: The natives of the Philippines, while in contrast, the exchanges between Castila and native were negligent. Following Bernal, these two groups—native Filipinos and the Castila—had been two "mutually unfamiliar castes" that had "no real contact." Between them, he clarifies however, were the Chinese traders and the guachinangos (Mexicans). In the 1600s, Spain deployed thousands of Mexican and Peruvian soldiers across
14310-531: The news of a secret plan called "Oplan Sagittarius", which would declare martial law and was as widely condemned by Filipinos as the ongoing Watergate scandal in the United States. He would later have a speech on September 21, 1972, in front of the Senate to recount the true role of the Congress. The congress would decide to have a sine die adjournment, or a final session on September 23, 1972. Later that afternoon,
14445-503: The obedience of supposedly "spoiled" Filipinos. Opposition to Marcos' declaration of martial law ran the whole gamut of Philippine society - ranging from impoverished peasants whom the administration tried to chase out of their homes; to the Philippines' political old-guard, whom Marcos had tried to displace from power; to academics and economists who disagreed with the specifics of Marcos' martial law policies. All of these, regardless of their social position or policy beliefs, subscribed to
14580-767: The old Little Japan in Mintal or Calinan in Davao City during the American colonial period , where many had roots starting out in Abaca plantations or from workers of the Benguet Road ( Kennon Road ) to Baguio . British forces occupied Manila between 1762 and 1764 as a part of the Seven Years' War . However, the only part of the Philippines which the British held was the Spanish colonial capital of Manila and
14715-556: The people of the Indonesian archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, traded with Filipinos and introduced Hinduism and Buddhism to the native tribes of the Philippines. Most of these people stayed in the Philippines where they were slowly absorbed into local societies. Many of the barangay (tribal municipalities) were, to a varying extent, under the de jure jurisprudence of one of several neighboring empires, among them
14850-622: The presidency of Ferdinand Marcos , three government agencies were created to tend to the needs of Filipino migrant workers, namely: In 1982, these three agencies were consolidated to create the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), which later became an attached agency to the Department of Labor and Employment . On December 30, 2021, then-President Duterte signed into law the "Department of Migrant Workers Act" (Republic Act 11641), which consolidates all OFW-related services into one department. The new Department of Migrant Workers
14985-518: The principal naval port of Cavite , both of which are located by the Manila Bay . The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris (1763) . At the end of the war the treaty signatories were not aware that Manila had been taken by the British and was being administered as a British colony. Consequently, no specific provision was made for the Philippines. Instead they fell under the general provision that all other lands not otherwise provided for be returned to
15120-423: The proclamation. Some time in December 1969, Marcos asked Executive Secretary Alejandro Melchor and Melchor's aide-de-camp at the time, Major Jose Almonte, to study the different ways Martial Law had been implemented throughout the world, and the repercussions that might come from declaring it in the Philippines. The study submitted by Melchor and Almonte said that "while Martial Law may accelerate development, in
15255-894: The provincial level. Overseas Filipino Workers can only be legally deployed to countries certified by the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs to be compliant with Republic Act 10022, also known as the Amended Migrant Workers Act. Filipinos Filipinos ( Filipino : Mga Pilipino ) are citizens or people identified with the country of the Philippines . The majority of Filipinos today are predominantly Catholic and come from various Austronesian peoples , all typically speaking Tagalog , English , or other Philippine languages . Despite formerly being subject to Spanish colonialism , only around 2–4% of Filipinos are fluent in Spanish . Currently, there are more than 185 ethnolinguistic groups in
15390-407: The pure Chinese were as high as 9.9%. The Spanish Filipino and Chinese Filipino Mestizo populations also fluctuated. Eventually, many families belonging to the non-native categories from centuries ago beyond the late 19th century diminished because their descendants intermarried enough and were assimilated into and chose to self-identify as Filipinos while forgetting their ancestor's roots since during
15525-422: The same rights and responsibilities as the timawa, but in times of war they were bound to serve their datu in battle. They had to arm themselves at their own expense, but they did get to keep the loot they took. Although they were partly related to the nobility, the maharlikas were technically less free than the timawas because they could not leave a datu's service without first hosting a large public feast and paying
15660-410: The slaves imported into the archipelago were from Bengal or Southern India , adding Dravidian speaking South Indians and Indo-European speaking Bangladeshis into the ethnic mix. A total of 110 Manila-Acapulco galleons set sail between 1565 and 1815, during the Philippines trade with Mexico. Until 1593, three or more ships would set sail annually from each port bringing with them the riches of
15795-525: The strategic location of the Philippines, as many as 21 bases and 100,000 military personnel were stationed there since the United States first colonized the islands in 1898. These bases were decommissioned in 1992 after the end of the Cold War , but left behind thousands of Amerasian children. The country gained independence from the United States in 1946. The Pearl S. Buck International Foundation estimates there are 52,000 Amerasians scattered throughout
15930-487: The system of government from a presidential to a parliamentary one, with Marcos remaining in power as both head of state (with the title "President") and head of government (titled " Prime Minister "). Under the new government, President Marcos formed his political coalition—the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL; English : New Society Movement)—to control the unicameral legislature he created, known as
16065-616: The term Filipino to one which refers to everyone born in the Philippines, especially during the Philippine Revolution and American Colonial Era and the term shifting from a geographic designation to a national one as a citizenship nationality by law . Historian Ambeth Ocampo has suggested that the first documented use of the word Filipino to refer to Indios was the Spanish-language poem A la juventud filipina , published in 1879 by José Rizal . Writer and publisher Nick Joaquin has asserted that Luis Rodríguez Varela
16200-481: The term "Filipino" to refer unequivocally to the non-Spaniard natives of the archipelago like in the following sentence: The first and last concern of the Filipinos in cases of sickness was, as we have stated, to offer some sacrifice to their anitos or diwatas , which were their gods. In the Crónicas (1738) of Juan Francisco de San Antonio, the author devoted a chapter to "The Letters, languages and politeness of
16335-479: The term "Overseas Contract Worker" refers to OFWs with an active employment contract, while OFWs who are not OCWs are migrant workers currently without a contract who had one within a given period of time. Filipino migrant workers were working outside the Philippine islands as early as the 1900s, when Filipino agricultural workers were deployed to Hawaii to satisfy temporary labor needs in the then-U.S. territory 's agricultural sector. Filipino workers then went on to
16470-399: The term, applying it to all Filipinos within the Philippines or in the diaspora. In actual practice, however, the term is unknown among and not applied to Filipinos living in the Philippines, and Filipino itself is already treated as gender-neutral. The dictionary entry resulted in confusion, backlash and ridicule from Filipinos residing in the Philippines who never identified themselves with
16605-474: The various Austronesian peoples have also been known since the colonial era due to shared material culture and linguistic similarities of various peoples of the islands of the Indo-Pacific , leading to the designation of Austronesians as the " Malay race " (or the " Brown race ") during the age of scientific racism by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach . Due to the colonial American education system in
16740-514: The war. From the 1950s to the 1960s, non-professional contract workers began migrating to other Asian countries; artists, barbers, and musicians worked in East Asia, and loggers worked in Kalimantan , the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo . According to the Philippine Department of Labor and Employment , "active and systemic migration" of Filipinos for temporary employment began by
16875-423: The workplace. Empirical research has demonstrated that Filipino migrants and the remittances they send back to families are correlated with better governance. Exposure to the democratic politics and efficient bureaucracies in host countries allows migrants to use their remittances to urge relatives back home to demand better governance, at least in the context of enhancing the efficient provision of public goods at
17010-501: The years leading up to 1000 AD, there were already several maritime societies existing in the islands but there was no unifying political state encompassing the entire Philippine archipelago. Instead, the region was dotted by numerous semi-autonomous barangays (settlements ranging in size from villages to city-states) under the sovereignty of competing thalassocracies ruled by datus , rajahs or sultans or by upland agricultural societies ruled by "petty plutocrats". Nations such as
17145-571: Was a government agency tasked with supervising labor recruitment agencies in the Philippines. Recruitment and deployment agencies are mandated by the POEA to monitor the situation of Overseas Filipino Workers, including if they are with their supposed employers and if employers provide assistance to the Filipino worker in case of emergency. Remittances sent by Overseas Filipino Workers to the Philippines from abroad are not themselves subject to taxation by
17280-419: Was a large but unknown number of South Asian Filipinos , as the majority of the slaves imported into the archipelago were from Bengal and Southern India, adding Dravidian speaking South Indians and Indo-European speaking Bengalis into the ethnic mix. The Philippines was colonized by the Spaniards. The arrival of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan ( Portuguese : Fernão de Magalhães ) in 1521 began
17415-531: Was also true for the Arab and Chinese immigrants, many of whom are also post WWII arrivals. More recent migrations into the country by Koreans , Persians , Brazilians , and other Southeast Asians have contributed to the enrichment of the country's ethnic landscape, language and culture. Centuries of migration , diaspora , assimilation , and cultural diversity made most Filipinos accepting of interracial marriage and multiculturalism . Philippine nationality law
17550-544: Was established and the day that the Marcos dictatorship began. This also allowed Marcos to control history on his own terms. " Reports from the Roberto Benedicto-owned Daily Express of Sen. Aquino declaring that he must be arrested by the president or he would escape to join the resistance surfaced on September 22, 1972. The staged assassination of Defense Minister Enrile and other men were held later that evening at 8:00 p.m. Finally by
17685-619: Was later revealed that on September 22, 1972, at 8:00 p.m., exactly a day after Marcos signed Proclamation No. 1081, Enrile exited his car beside an electrical post near Wack-Wack village, on the way to Enrile's exclusive subdivision of Dasmariñas Village . Another car stopped beside it and gunmen exited the vehicle and immediately fired bullets at Enrile's car. This was the basis for Marcos's September 23 televised announcement of martial law at 7:15 p.m. While some historians believe Marcos' logistical and political preparations for proclaiming Martial Law began as early as 1965, when he took up
17820-479: Was officially adopted by the Philippine government when the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) formulated the 2002 POEA Rules and Regulations Governing the Recruitment and Employment of Land-based Overseas Workers. Historically, particularly during the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos , the term "Overseas Contract Worker" (OCW) was used. For statistical and probability purposes,
17955-413: Was sometimes added by Spanish writers to distinguish the indio chino native of the Philippine archipelago from the indio of the Spanish colonies in the Americas, which were free people and legally barred from being used as slaves, unlike those from the Philippines. The term Indio Filipino appears as a term of self-identification beginning in the 18th century. In 1955, Agnes Newton Keith wrote that
18090-424: Was the first to describe himself as Filipino in print. Apolinario Mabini (1896) used the term Filipino to refer to all inhabitants of the Philippines. Father Jose Burgos earlier called all natives of the archipelago as Filipinos . In Wenceslao Retaña 's Diccionario de filipinismos , he defined Filipinos as follows, todos los nacidos en Filipinas sin distincion de origen ni de raza. All those born in
18225-642: Was then actively supporting and arming communist insurgencies in Asia as part of Mao Zedong 's People's War Doctrine , smuggled 1,200 M-14 and AK-47 rifles aboard the MV Karagatan for the NPA to speed up NPA's campaign to defeat the government. Prior to 1975, the Philippine government maintained a close relationship with the Kuomintang -ruled Chinese government which fled to Taiwan (Republic of China), despite
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