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111-598: The WSU Parramatta Campus has long served the populace of Western Sydney , first established in 1813 as the Female Orphan School . Before the Parramatta campus was developed, classes were held at Westmead , which is now part of the Parramatta campus. The oldest building on the campus was the home of the St Vincent's Boys' Home (active 1891-1985) at Westmead. The Parramatta campus was established as

222-619: A campus of WSU in 1998. The university announced the establishment of a new campus in the Parramatta CBD in 2014. The campus is geographically located in the centre of the Greater Sydney region, and out of the eight campuses of WSU, it is the nearest campus to the Sydney CBD . Parramatta campus courses include occupation fields like Science, Business and Law. It also hosts their Science courses in modern buildings near to

333-480: A high amount of Islamic adherents, such as Lakemba (59.2%), South Granville (49%) and Old Guildford (45.9%). Buddhism was the common response in the suburbs of Cabramatta , Canley Vale and Canley Heights , with 43.0%, 37.1% and 38.4% adhering to it, respectively. In Harris Park , to the northwest, Hinduism was the common religion with 44.8% of its inhabitants practicing it. Westmead (40.8%), Parramatta (28.5%) and Rosehill (24.0%) also had Hinduism as

444-463: A large portion of land for an Anglican Cathedral and laid the foundation stone for the first St Mary's Catholic Cathedral in 1821. St Andrew's Anglican Cathedral , though more modest in size than Macquarie's original vision, later began construction and, after fire and setbacks, the present St Mary's Catholic Cathedral foundation stone was laid in 1868, from which rose a towering gothic-revival landmark. Religious groups were also responsible for many of

555-402: A sandstone flour mill and additional brewery . The land was also used for wheat farming until 1861 when wheat rust infected the entire crop. The rural regions were chiefly one of dairying and grazing during the 19th century, but in the early 20th century – because of its rural atmosphere and proximity to Sydney – tourism developed as people opened their homes as guest houses . Today,

666-495: A settlement was established at Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788. This date later became Australia's national day, Australia Day . The colony was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and Port Jackson a safe harbour, which Phillip described as: "being without exception the finest Harbour in the World". With the expansion of European settlement large amounts of land

777-460: A working class background, with major employment in the heavy industries and vocational trade. Encompassing significant areas of national parks, waterways and parklands, agricultural lands, natural bushland and a range of recreational and sporting facilities, the region also largely contains remnants of critically endangered native Cumberland Plain Bushland and World Heritage -listed areas of

888-630: Is Central railway station , which is located to the south of the CBD in Haymarket : it connects services for almost all of the lines in the Sydney Trains network, as well as being the terminus for NSW TrainLink country and inter-urban rail services. From Central, there is a largely-underground CBD rail loop, accessed in both directions via Central, which services five CBD stations ( Town Hall , Wynyard , Circular Quay , St James and Museum ). This

999-488: Is a diverse area when it comes to socio-economics , with the two largest industries in the region being manufacturing and construction . Of the 544,000 jobs situated in the GWS, 75% of those who live in the region also work there. The Smithfield – Wetherill Park Industrial Estate is the largest industrial estate in the southern hemisphere and is the centre of manufacturing and distribution in GWS. Lying strategically between

1110-643: Is a historic precinct that houses such buildings as the State Parliament House and the Supreme Court of New South Wales . The Geographical Names Board defines the area covering the central business district as the suburb named " Sydney ". The formal boundaries of the suburb "Sydney" covers most of the peninsula formed by Cockle Bay in the west and Woolloomooloo Bay in the east. It extends north to Circular Quay , Bennelong Point and Mrs Macquarie's Chair , east to Woolloomooloo Bay and

1221-882: Is a large concentration of cultural institutions within the CBD including: the Museum of Sydney , the State Library of New South Wales , the Customs House branch of the City of Sydney Library , the Theatre Royal , the City Recital Hall and the Japan Foundation . There are a total of 19 churches located in the Sydney city centre. Many other cultural institutions are located at the surrounds of

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1332-607: Is constantly growing. The south and southwest of Sydney is drained by the Georges River , flowing north from its source near Appin, towards Liverpool and then turning east towards Botany Bay . Minor waterways draining Sydney's western suburbs include South Creek and Eastern Creek , flowing into the Hawkesbury, and Prospect Creek draining into the Georges River. Cowan Creek and Berowra Creek run north from

1443-408: Is cooler, with days above 30 °C (86 °F) happening on average only 1.1 times during the month. Days cooler than 20 °C (68 °F) occur more regularly leading into May. In May, days are usually mild, ranging from 17 to 24 °C (63 to 75 °F), but can get quite cold, with maximums of 17 °C (63 °F) or lower starting to occur. Average minimums fall throughout the season, with

1554-638: Is described as a "centre of contemporary ideas, historical inquiry and the arts", and parts are open to the public, including the Whitlam Prime Ministerial Collection and various exhibitions in the Margaret Whitlam Galleries (named after his wife, Margaret Whitlam ). Greater Western Sydney Greater Western Sydney ( GWS ) is a large region of the metropolitan area of Greater Sydney , New South Wales (NSW), Australia that generally embraces

1665-610: Is described in William Bradley 's Journal where he noted an expedition from Rose Hill to Prospect Creek to determine whether Prospect Creek led to Botany Bay . The Battle of Parramatta , a major battle of the Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars , occurred in March 1797 where resistance leader Pemulwuy led a group of Bidjigal warriors, estimated to be at least 100, in an attack on a government farm at Toongabbie, challenging

1776-516: Is known as the City Circle . In addition, a separate underground line to Bondi Junction services an additional underground station, Martin Place . The Inner West Light Rail passes immediately to the south of the CBD, connecting Central to nearby suburbs of Sydney's Inner West . The CBD and South East Light Rail runs north–south through the CBD, connecting Circular Quay with Central and

1887-410: Is located at 100 George Street. This sees some of its postgraduate courses relocated there, particularly in business (Sydney Graduate School of Management), the social sciences and humanities. The Whitlam Institute, named after former Prime Minister of Australia Gough Whitlam , is housed in the historic Female Orphan School (Building EZ), at the corner of James Ruse Drive and Victoria Road, Rydalmere. It

1998-557: Is mainly due to the immense cultural activities and high affordability in the region, and also the development of new restaurants, high-rise apartments, telecommunications , local employment, retail and education. Regarding this, Allworth Homes director Stephen Thompson states, "While the outskirts of Sydney were once considered undesirable, improved infrastructure coupled with soaring house prices has meant many property seekers are looking further afield for their homes, including high-income earners". With Western Sydney Airport opening in

2109-494: Is now the sixth largest business district in Australia. Rapid population increase after World War II saw the settlement of many ex-service men and migrants in the greater west, making it one of the most urbanised regions in the country and an area of growing national importance. Being the third largest economy in Australia , behind Sydney CBD and Melbourne , the region covers 5,800 square kilometres (2,200 sq mi) and

2220-407: Is one of the fastest growing populations in Australia, with an estimated resident population of 2,288,554 in 2017. Western Sydney has the most multicultural suburbs in the country with 38% of the population speaking a language other than English at home, and up to 90% in some suburbs. Containing about 9% of Australia's population and 44% of Sydney's population, the people of GWS are predominantly of

2331-470: Is ranked overall #16 in the 2024 Oxford's Global Cities Index and amongst the top 10 cities in the Human Capital category. Approximately 15% of Sydney's total workforce is employed within the CBD. In 2012, the number of workers operating in the city was 226,972. Based on industry mix and relative occupational wage levels it is estimated that economic activity (GDP) generated in the city in 2015/16

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2442-488: Is relatively high through the months reaching a peak in winter (due to the lower evaporation rate), despite the lower rainfall in that season. At a time in the past, monocline formed to the west of Sydney. The monocline is a sloping bend that raises the sandstone well above where it is expected to be seen, and this is why the whole of the visible top of the Blue Mountains is made of sandstone. Sandstone slopes in

2553-544: Is the fourth-oldest place of British settlement on the Australian continent , where European settlers utilised the fertile river flats for agriculture. Governor Phillip Gidley King began granting land in the area to settlers in 1804 with Captain Daniel Woodriff 's 1,000 acres (4.0 km ) on the banks of the river the first land grant in the area. Liverpool Hospital was founded on a portion of land beside

2664-737: Is the largest assemblage of igneous rock in Sydney. The oval-shaped ridge was made many millions of years ago when volcanic material from the Earth's upper mantle moved upwards and then sideways. Swamps and lagoons are existent on the floodplain of the Nepean River , one being Bents Basin , which is also a recreational area. Parramatta River drains a large area of Sydney's western suburbs. With 5,005,400 inhabitants (as of 2016) and an urban population density of 2037 people per square kilometre, Sydney's urban area covers 1,788 square kilometres (690 sq mi), comprising 35% of Sydney and

2775-486: Is usually considered to be an inner western suburb, not a part of the Sydney city centre or CBD. Sydney's history begins in prehistoric times with the occupation of the district by Australian Aboriginals , whose ancestors came to Sydney in the Upper Paleolithic period. Radiocarbon dating suggests that they lived in and around Sydney for at least 30,000 years. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham

2886-739: The A4 to Glenbrook in west. It continues as the Great Western Highway as the A32, passing the southern fringe of the Parramatta central business district, moving due west across western metropolitan Sydney to Penrith, north of the central business district, crossing the Nepean River via the 1867 Victoria Bridge . Cumberland Highway links the Pacific Highway (A1/B83) and Pacific Motorway ( M1 ) at Pearces Corner, Wahroonga in

2997-675: The Blue Mountains . The Hawkesbury and Nepean River system is Sydney's firsthand water source and the mainstay of the region's agricultural and fishing industries, and is also major recreational area for the inhabitants of GWS. The heritage-listed Warragamba Dam , the primary reservoir for water supply for Sydney, is located in the greater west. Near Penrith , numerous Aboriginal stone tools were found in Cranebrook Terraces gravel sediments dating to 50,000–45,000 BP . For more than 30,000 years, Aboriginal people from

3108-580: The British Army to fight. On 4 March 1804 Irish convicts rose up in Rouse Hill as one, in what was to become known as the Castle Hill convict rebellion . Governor Lachlan Macquarie and Mrs Macquarie preferred the clean air of rural Parramatta to the unsanitary and crime-ridden streets of Sydney and transformed Old Government House, Parramatta , into an elegant Palladian -style home in

3219-609: The Cumberland Plain , a relatively flat region lying to the west of Sydney Harbour, and the Hornsby Plateau , a plateau north of the Harbour rising to 200 metres and dissected by steep valleys. Sydney's native plant species are predominantly eucalyptus trees . The moderately-fertile Soils in western Sydney are usually red and yellow in texture as they are rich in clay, are fine-textured and acidic. Soil moisture

3330-782: The Gandangara tribe have lived in the Fairfield area. Prior to the arrival of the Europeans, the Penrith area was home to the Mulgoa tribe of the Dharug people , who spoke the Dharug language . They lived in makeshift huts called gunyahs , hunted native animals such as kangaroos, and fished in the Nepean River. The Auburn area was once used by Dharug people as a market place for the exchange of goods between them and Dharawal people on

3441-676: The Georges River , making it the second oldest hospital in Australia. Fairfield railway station was opened in 1856 and has the oldest surviving railway building in New South Wales. Quarrying in the Prospect area began in the 1820s and naturalist Charles Darwin visited Prospect Hill in January 1836, to observe the geology. Designed and constructed by the NSW Public Works Department , Prospect Reservoir

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3552-643: The Governor of New South Wales . The northern wing of Macquarie Street's 's Rum Hospital was requisitioned and converted to accommodate the first Parliament House in 1829, as it was the largest building available in Sydney at the time. In 1840 the Sydney City Council was established. Australia's first parliamentary elections were conducted for the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1843. Macquarie set aside

3663-484: The Inner West mostly consist of federation -era homes, the west usually features larger modern homes, which are predominantly found in the outer, newer suburbs, starting from the City of Fairfield and Blacktown and including Stanhope Gardens , Kellyville Ridge , and Bella Vista to the northwest, Bossley Park , Abbotsbury , and Cecil Hills to the west, and Hoxton Park , Harrington Park , and Oran Park to

3774-664: The Penrith City Council . Western Sydney is also sometimes used to refer to the whole Greater Western Sydney region, which is the combination of Western Sydney as defined above and the Macarthur Region (also referred to as South-western Sydney ). As well as the ten councils listed above, the GWS region includes Camden Council , Campbelltown City Council and Wollondilly Shire Council . With more than 240,000 local businesses which generated more than $ 95 billion gross regional product in 2009, Western Sydney

3885-588: The Upper North Shore to the Hawkesbury river. Western Sydney experiences a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) with the annual temperatures having an average maximum of 23 °C (73 °F) and a minimum of 12 °C (54 °F), making the region a few degrees warmer than the Sydney CBD . Maximum summer temperatures average at around 27 to 31 °C (81 to 88 °F) and winter temperatures are mild, averaging at around 16 to 20 °C (61 to 68 °F), depending on

3996-426: The house sparrow , common myna and feral pigeon are ubiquitous in the CBD areas of Sydney. Possums , bandicoots , rabbits , feral cats , lizards , snakes and frogs may also be present in the urban environment, albeit seldom in city centres . The Sydney area lies on Triassic shales and sandstones with low rolling hills and wide valleys in a rain shadow area. Sydney sprawls over two major regions:

4107-415: The understory , reminiscent of Mediterranean forests . It has been calculated that around 98,000 hectares of native vegetation remains in the Sydney metropolitan area, about half of what is likely to have been existing at the time of European arrival. The endemic flora is home to a variety of bird , insect , reptile and mammal species, which are conspicuous in urban areas. Introduced birds such as

4218-461: The Blue Mountains westwards of these country plains. Abbotsbury , Cecil Hills and Glenmore Park were farms through until the 1980s when it was decided to redevelop them for housing. The area around the site of Regentville has remained largely rural, if hemmed in somewhat by the modern residential suburbs of Jamisontown and Glenmore Park. In the 1800s, John Blaxland built an original wooden weir at "Grove Farm" (now known as Wallacia ) for

4329-476: The Bureau of Statistics, areas with the highest percentage of Christians were found in the western and south-western suburbs such as, Bossley Park (85%), Grasmere (82.3%), Theresa Park (81.1%), Abbotsbury (81%) and Horsley Park (79.6%), with the most popular denominations being Catholic and Anglican , respectively. The suburbs east of those, in the City of Canterbury-Bankstown and Camden Council , had

4440-770: The CBD, such as: the Sydney Opera House and the Museum of Contemporary Art to the north, the Australian Museum and the Art Gallery of New South Wales to the east, the Powerhouse Museum to the west, White Rabbit Gallery and the Haymarket branch of the City of Sydney Library to the south. The lanes and alleyways of Sydney exhibit the culture and arts of the CBD. Every January during

4551-419: The CBD. It is currently under construction, with a planned completion date of 2024. Construction on a separate rapid transit line to connect the CBD with the secondary centre of Parramatta is also expected to begin in late 2022. Sydney's cultural centre is compacted within its central business district and inner city ring, due to its nightlife, pedestrian traffic and centrality of notable attractions. There

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4662-597: The City ". The Sydney city centre extends southwards for about 3 km (2 mi) from Sydney Cove , the point of first European settlement in which the Sydney region was initially established. The Sydney CBD is Australia's main financial and economic centre, as well as a leading hub of economic activity for the Asia Pacific region. 40.7 % of businesses in the CBD fall within the ‘Finance and Financial Services’ or ‘Professional and Business services’ category. It

4773-429: The City of Sydney into the "small area" called "The Rocks - Miller's Point - Dawe's Point". The postcode zone 2000 is also roughly correlative with the city centre. The City of Sydney is traditionally the governing authority for Sydney's city centre. However, the boundaries of the City of Sydney have always been larger than the city centre or CBD. For example, Pyrmont has been in the City of Sydney since 1842 but

4884-540: The Eastern Suburbs. Buses service the CBD along several dozen routes to both inner and more remote suburbs. NightRide is an after-hours bus service that operates between midnight and 5:00 am, with most services running from George Street outside the Sydney Town Hall. Sydney Ferries operate largely from Circular Quay , on the northern edge of the CBD. There are several wharves (directly beneath

4995-695: The English manner. Originally constructed under Governor Hunter in 1799 to reflect the economic importance of the Parramatta district, the building remains today Australia's oldest public building and was given World Heritage Listing by UNESCO in 2010. In 1803 a government stock farm was established in what was to become the Riverstone / Marsden Park area, on the basis of the abundant water supply and good grazing land there, and also in Smithfield , due to its good soil and dependable water supply . Windsor

5106-805: The MP for Bligh, even addressed a crowd in Martin Place in 1988 in a futile attempt to save the Regent Theatre from its imminent fate. At the 2021 census , the population of the Sydney CBD was recorded as 16,667. International students account for 32% of Sydney CBD residents. Australia-born individuals make up 22.3% of the CBD's population. The most common countries of birth other than Australia were Indonesia (12.9%), Thailand (12.4%), China (9.7%), India (3.5%) and South Korea (3.1%). Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people made up 0.3% of

5217-458: The Parramatta region as a promising area for expansion and moved many of the convicts from late 1788 to establish a small township, which became the main centre of the colony's economic life. Nevertheless, poor equipment and unfamiliar soils and climate continued to hamper the expansion of farming from Farm Cove to Parramatta and Toongabbie . In February 1793, the Auburn area was established as

5328-631: The Rydalmere campus at a site formerly used by quarantine authorities, CSIRO , Amdel Sugar, and the Biological and Chemical Research Institute laboratories. A school focused on IELTS proficiency, called The College, is located at the Westmead Precinct. The Westmead area includes Westmead Hospital and The Children's Hospital at Westmead ; both teaching hospitals, although not formally affiliated with WSU. The Parramatta City Campus

5439-499: The Sydney CBD, in styles of concrete and glass structures. Administratively, the Sydney CBD falls under the authority of the local government area of the City of Sydney . The New South Wales state government also has authority over some aspects of the CBD, in particular through Property NSW . In the New South Wales state parliament, the seat of " Sydney " covers the city centre together with inner western, southern and eastern suburbs. Independent Alex Greenwich has represented

5550-471: The Sydney Harbour and Lord Howe Island . Australian Labor Party member Tanya Plibersek has represented the federal seat of Sydney since the 1998 Australian federal election . The Sydney CBD is home to some of the largest Australian companies, as well as serving as an Asia-Pacific headquarters for many large international companies. The financial services industry in particular occupies much of

5661-575: The Sydney area are on three sides: to the west the Blue Mountains, and to the north and south, the Hornsby and Woronora plateau . The centre of the Sydney basin is located beneath Fairfield . Bringelly Shale and Minchinbury Sandstone are often seen in the greater western parts of Sydney, which are part of the Wianamatta Shale group. The Prospect dolerite intrusion in Pemulwuy

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5772-422: The Sydney basin. They may exacerbate fire danger in the warm months, although they usually tend to occur between late winter and early spring when westerly cold fronts become more frequent and would therefore be blocked by the ranges – This phenomenon thereby permits the late winter and early spring period to feature the highest amount of clear days in the year. It should be worth noting that Richmond features

5883-523: The Sydney district. The name Eora simply means "here" or "from this place", and was used by Local Aboriginal people to describe to the British where they came from. After arriving to Botany Bay , Captain Arthur Phillip decided that the area was not suitable since it had poor soil, no secure anchorage and no reliable water source. Thus, the fleet moved to the more suitable Port Jackson where

5994-570: The WSROC region covers 5,800 square kilometres (2,200 sq mi) and had an estimated resident population as at 30 June 2008 of 1,665,673. The region comprises the areas administered by the Blacktown City Council , Blue Mountains City Council , City of Canterbury-Bankstown , Cumberland Council , Fairfield City Council , Hawkesbury City Council , Hills Shire Council , Liverpool City Council , City of Parramatta Council , and

6105-477: The area that was greater western Sydney before European settlement regarded the region as rich in food from the river and forests. Parramatta was founded in 1788, the same year as Sydney, making it the second oldest city in Australia. Opened in 1811, Parramatta Road , which navigates into the heart of greater western Sydney, is one of Sydney's oldest roads and Australia's first highway between two cities – Sydney central business district (CBD) and Parramatta, which

6216-428: The available office space, with companies such as the Westpac , Commonwealth Bank , Citibank , Deutsche Bank , Macquarie Group , AMP , Insurance Australia Group , Aon , Marsh McLennan , Allianz , HSBC , Axa , ABN Amro , Royal Bank of Canada and Bloomsbury Publishing all having offices. Sydney's CBD is serviced by commuter rail , light rail , bus and ferry transport. Sydney's main commuter rail hub

6327-410: The broad expanse of the Nepean River and Penrith . Windsor Road , one of the oldest roads in Sydney, was opened in 1794. In 1795, Matthew Flinders and George Bass explored up the Georges River for about 20 miles beyond what had been previously surveyed, and reported favourably to Governor John Hunter of the land on its banks. The earliest recorded white settlement in the Fairfield district

6438-415: The coast. The area that later became Campbelltown was inhabited prior to European settlement by the Tharawal people . For more than 30,000 years, Aboriginal people from the Gandangara tribe have lived in the Fairfield area. The people of what is now known as Carlingford , a suburb on the eastern peripheries of the greater west, were the Wallumedegal people, who practised fire-stick farming along

6549-405: The course of the original Tank Stream (now tunneled). George Street is the Sydney CBD's main north–south thoroughfare. Bridge Street took its name from the bridge running east–west that once crossed this stream. Martin Place is the financial heart of the CBD whereas Pitt Street is the retail heart of the city andincludes the Pitt Street Mall as well as the Sydney Tower . Macquarie Street

6660-421: The death of Private Ernest William Keefe. Eight people sustained injuries. Because this incident occurred in the middle of the Great War the state discouraged media coverage. Only a fifth of the rioters were court-marshalled. These riots spurred the introduction of lockout laws for pubs after 6 pm. This law was only lifted in 1955. The early 1960s onwards saw the construction of new modern high-rise skyscrapers in

6771-432: The districts of Ku-ring-gai , Hornsby Shire and The Hills Shire in the north were the most religious areas in Sydney, and were formerly known as being part of Sydney's " bible belt ". Today however, the western suburbs have become Sydney's so-called believer belt, with a high proportion of believers found in a band of suburbs that span the cities of Liverpool, Fairfield, Cumberland and Canterbury-Bankstown. According to

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6882-416: The eastern boundary of the Domain and Hyde Park, south to Goulburn Street just north of Sydney's Chinatown (Haymarket), and west to cover the Darling Harbour area on the western shore of Cockle Bay. However, it does not include the northwestern portion of the peninsula which includes the Barangaroo , The Rocks, Millers Point , Dawes Point and Walsh Bay area, which are formally separate suburbs grouped by

6993-508: The eastern end of the 150th meridian , which is a line that passes through the Russian city of Magadan in the northern hemisphere. In 1820s, Peter Cunningham described the country west of Parramatta and Liverpool as "a fine timbered country, perfectly clear of bush , through which you might, generally speaking, drive a gig in all directions, without any impediment in the shape of rocks, scrubs , or close forest". This confirmed earlier accounts by Governor Arthur Phillip , who suggested that

7104-425: The elevated Circular Quay commuter rail station), with Wharf 3 operating exclusively to Manly . Additionally, the rapid transit line connecting the northwest suburbs with Chatswood is planned to continue to the CBD when the second stage of the Sydney Metro is completed. This rapid transit line is underground in the CBD area and will link the North Shore to Bankstown via a tunnel underneath Sydney Harbour and

7215-978: The far-western suburbs, such as Campbelltown , Camden , Penrith and Richmond. These low temperatures often occur when the night sky is clear and the ground can radiate heat back into the atmosphere. Winter nights, though, are typically a few degrees cooler and frost is not uncommon in some areas, especially those in the far west such as Penrith and Richmond . Spring temperatures are highly variable, with temperatures fluctuating quite often. September will normally see 1 day reaching above 30 °C (86 °F), and extremely rare, above 35 °C (95 °F). Cool days in September can occur, occasionally failing to reach 15 °C (59 °F). October and November show high variability, where hot north-westerlies can cause temperatures to rise above 35 °C (95 °F), and even above 40 °C (104 °F) in November, while cool days below 20 °C (68 °F) are also quite common. The average minimum temperature increases throughout

7326-440: The first free-agricultural settlement thanks to Governor Phillip's repeated applications to the British government for free settlers, and by the end of that decade Prospect , West Pennant Hills , Baulkham Hills and Greystanes were established. Eighteen months after the landing of the First Fleet, an exploring party led by Captain Watkin Tench set out to further findings made by Governor Phillip where, in 1789, they discovered

7437-551: The first night below 10 °C (50 °F) often occurring in April. Winter temperatures often show a higher variation in late winter than early winter, with a day in August rarely reaching above 27 °C (81 °F), which is unknown in June and July. Winter daytime average around between 15 and 20 °C (59 and 68 °F). Winter nights average 6.9 °C (44.4 °F), although a few nights per year see temperatures fall below 2 °C (36 °F), mostly in July. Nights reaching below 0 °C (32 °F) more often occur in

7548-402: The greatest temperature range ever recorded in Australia; −8.3 °C (17.1 °F) to 47.8 °C (118.0 °F). Western Sydney is much warmer than Sydney city in summer. During this time, daytime temperatures can be 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the city (in extreme cases the West can even be 10 °C (18 °F) hotter ). This is because sea breezes in the City do not penetrate

7659-446: The heart of the central business district areas of Fairfield , Mount Druitt , Guildford , Cabramatta , Merrylands , Rosehill , Granville , Canley Vale and Auburn . Yennora is known to be the most poorest suburb of western Sydney overall, where the median personal income is just $ 19,000, followed by Landsdowne , Blairmount , Wiley Park , Campsie , Roselands , Carramar , Villawood and Punchbowl . Furthmore, Claymore in

7770-446: The highest anywhere in Australia (excluding remote indigenous communities). Other Western Sydney suburbs, such as Fairfield , Bankstown and Canley Vale , are also over 80%. Although many of these communities are Australian-born (including Arabic speakers, with about 50% born therein), Western Sydney still is the main centre of Australian migration, with 60% of new arrivals settling in greater western Sydney in between 2006 and 2011, with

7881-447: The hilly Northern Suburbs. However, there are still a number of ridgy areas on the plain — Western Sydney Parklands , one of the largest parklands in the world , and Prospect Hill, the only area in Sydney with ancient volcanic activity , are between 120 and 140 metres (390 and 460 ft) high. Highly elevated suburbs, which typically range between 70 and 100 metres (230 and 330 ft) in height, include Leppington and Oran Park to

7992-519: The inland areas. Northwesterlies occasionally bring hot winds from the desert that raise temperatures as high as 40 °C (104 °F). Though southerly busters may still end the hot conditions. The humidity in the summer is usually in the comfortable range, though some days can be slightly humid (due to the ocean proximity) or very dry (due to the heat from the desert ). In early autumn, hot days are possible, with temperatures above 37 °C (99 °F) possible in March, but quite rare. April

8103-464: The introduction of green bans in the 1970s and the increasing need for office or living space. Since then, a number of prominent buildings in the CBD have been lost: Anthony Hordern & Sons on George Street, the Regent Theatre also on George Street, Commercial Travelers' Club and Hotel Australia at Martin Place all attracted the ire of Sydneysiders–Sydney Mayor Clover Moore, then

8214-585: The latter consisting predominantly of apartments. It is also home to the Australia Square tower building on George Street, which was the city's tallest building until 1976. As of 2017, the tallest structure is Sydney Tower at 309 m (1,014 ft) which has dominated the city skyline since it was topped out in 1981. In 2016, height limits for buildings were lifted from 235 m (771 ft) to 310 m (1,017 ft). Heritage conservation has been an ongoing issue for Sydney's city centre since

8325-662: The location. Autumn and spring are the transitional seasons, with spring showing a larger variation than autumn in terms of temperatures. Rainfall is almost evenly spread throughout the year, although the first few months tend to be wetter, namely February through to April. The months from July through to December tend to be drier (late winter through to early summers). Thunderstorms are common in late summer and early autumn. Winters are pleasantly cool and relatively sunny (especially August), although east coast lows can bring large amounts of rainfall , especially in June. Most suburbs in

8436-465: The major population growth zones in the north-west and south-west of Sydney, it contains more than 1,000 manufacturing, wholesale, transport and service firms which employ more than 20,000 persons. While overall a lower income area for Sydney, with families who are dependent on childcare as both parents work, and higher than average unemployment and lower than average salary levels, it has some exceedingly high income suburbs nonetheless. Namely,

8547-596: The majority coming from India, China, Iraq , the Philippines and Vietnam . Furthermore, GWS also has more Indigenous Australian residents than either South Australia or Victoria, making it the largest indigenous community in Australia. These are some of the largest population groups of Australia's non-English speakers found in Western Sydney: Western Sydney is the most religious and socially conservative region in Sydney. Previously,

8658-481: The mid 2020s, Penrith is slated to become another CBD, with the airport creating 35,000 jobs by 2035. Agriculture is mainly concentrated in the outskirts of the Greater Western Sydney area, such as in suburbs of Kemps Creek , Mount Vernon , Mulgoa , Bringelly , Silverdale , Orchard Hills , Luddenham and Horsley Park , among others, which lie in a countryside adjacent to the footsteps of

8769-458: The most common faith. The region's major city centre is Parramatta, and the rest of the LGAs are growing immensely when it comes population, economic opportunity and environmental diversity. In the early 2010s, urban development has occurred in places like Camden, Campbelltown and Penrith, while Parramatta and Blacktown have grown rapidly. The GWS region overall grew at 2.1% in 2014 and 1.6% p.a. for

8880-499: The most likely place for a successful large farm, making it the second European settlement in Australia, after Sydney. Old Toongabbie was established in the same year. The Sydney Cove region originally settled in 1788 turned out to be unsuitable for farming, and after a number of years of near- famine in the colony, efforts were made to relocate food production inland to hopefully more climatically stable regions. Phillip sent exploratory missions in search of better soils and fixed on

8991-480: The north to Central railway station in the south. Its east–west axis runs from a chain of parkland that includes Hyde Park , The Domain , Royal Botanic Garden and Farm Cove on Sydney Harbour in the east; to Darling Harbour and the Western Distributor in the west. The CBD runs along two ridge lines below Macquarie Street and York Streets. Between these ridges is Pitt Street, running close to

9102-470: The north to Campbelltown in the south, Lidcombe and Roselands in the east, with the A3 creating the boundary between the greater west and inner West , to Penrith and the lower parts of the Blue Mountains in the far west. The 151st meridian east passes through the heart of western Sydney, namely in the suburbs of Castle Hill , Parramatta , Granville , and Revesby , with the suburbs west of those being on

9213-409: The north-west, south-west, central-west, far western and the Blue Mountains sub-regions within Sydney's metropolitan area and encompasses 11 local government areas : Blacktown , Blue Mountains , Camden , Campbelltown , Cumberland , Fairfield , Hawkesbury , Liverpool , Parramatta , Penrith and Wollondilly . It includes Western Sydney , which has a number of different definitions, although

9324-474: The northeast with the Hume Highway (A22/A28) at Liverpool in the southwest. Sydney central business district The Sydney central business district ( CBD ) is the historical and main commercial centre of Sydney . The CBD is Sydney's city centre , or Sydney City , and the two terms are used interchangeably. Colloquially, the CBD or city centre is often referred to simply as " Town " or "

9435-565: The northern banks of the Parramatta River, which encouraged animals to graze , thus enhancing the ease of hunting and gathering . Most of the natives died due to introduced diseases, such as smallpox , following the arrival of the First Fleet , and the remainder were largely relocated to government farms and a series of settlements. In 1788, Governor Arthur Phillip had reconnoitred several places before choosing Parramatta as

9546-511: The one consistently used is the region composed of ten local government authorities , most of which are members of the Western Sydney Regional Organisation of Councils (WSROC). The NSW Government's Office of Western Sydney calls the region "Greater Western Sydney". Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity occurred in the Sydney metropolitan area from around 30,000 years ago . The Darug people lived in

9657-479: The past decade. The South-West, such as, Leppington , spanning Liverpool, Camden and Campbelltown councils, had higher number of families. The region's population is projected to reach 3 million by 2036. The more recent suburban developments tend to be less leafy than more established Sydney neighbourhoods. Home to around 1 in every 11 Australians, the 2 million inhabitants of GWS live in 743,940 dwellings with an average household size of 3.02. While Sydney CBD and

9768-548: The philanthropic activities in Sydney. One of these was the Sydney Female Refuge Society set up to care for prostitutes in 1848. An academy of art formed in 1870 and the present Art Gallery of New South Wales building began construction in 1896. Inspired by the works of French impressionism , artists camps formed around the foreshores of Sydney Harbour in the 1880s. The Romanesque landmark Queen Victoria Building (QVB), designed by George McRae ,

9879-410: The population. Culturally, residents in the CBD have diverse ancestries, with Chinese, Thai, English, Indonesian, and Korean being the most common. Religious affiliations are equally diverse, with the largest group reporting 'No Religion' (36.1%), followed by Buddhism (21.4%) and Catholicism (13.7%). 99.2% of dwellings were flats or apartments. 72.0% were rented and 24.2% were owned outright or with

9990-501: The region to central Sydney. The region is also served by several bus operators . Sydney Metro's Sydney Metro West and Western Sydney Airport Metro projects are currently under construction in the region. The M4 Western Motorway is a prominent dual carriageway motorway in western Sydney, that stretches from North Strathfield in the east, where it connects with the Great Western Highway / Parramatta Road as

10101-635: The rural areas include a number of orchards and vineyards in the meadows . Vegetable farming and fruit picking are common activities. Railway lines in Greater Western Sydney include the Main Western railway line , Main Southern railway line , Bankstown railway line , Richmond railway line , Main Suburban railway line , East Hills railway line and Old Main South railway line , connecting

10212-413: The season, September can still have nights falling below 5 °C (41 °F). October and November occasionally have nights falling below 10 °C (50 °F). The residents of GWS come from more than 170 countries and speak over 100 different languages and 12% of them, namely the newcomers, do not speak English very well. Cabramatta is made up of 87.7% of people from non-English speaking backgrounds,

10323-400: The south west of Sydney. Until the 1950s, Liverpool was still a satellite town with an agricultural economy based on poultry farming and market gardening . However the urban sprawl of Sydney across the Cumberland Plain soon reached Liverpool, and it became an outer suburb of metropolitan Sydney with a strong working-class presence and manufacturing facilities. In the 1950s and 1960s, there

10434-557: The southwest was listed as one of the most socially disadvantaged areas in New South Wales. Nonetheless, the rest of the GWS region is generally made up of a middle class population, with such even found in both affluent and low income suburbs. Due to Parramatta's emergence as "Sydney's second CBD", livability in the surrounding western suburbs has been advancing, with Harris Park being 63rd most liveable area by Domain Group , followed by Parramatta at 110 and Rosehill at 187. Further to

10545-534: The southwest, Pemulwuy , Cecil Hills and Horsley Park to the greater west, and Greystanes , Seven Hills and Mount Druitt to the northwest. The main plant communities in the Greater Western Sydney region are sclerophyll grassy woodlands (i.e. savannas ), dry sclerophyll forests and small pockets of wet sclerophyll forests to the northeast as one approaches the Hornsby Plateau . The grassy woodlands contain eucalyptus trees which are usually in open woodlands that have sclerophyllous shrubs and sparse grass in

10656-664: The southwest. High school retention rates for years 7 to 12 are the lowest in the Sydney metropolitan area, recording 69.5% compared to 95.2% in Northern Sydney. In 2009, twice as many people in GWS aged 15 or older hadn't attended school at all compared to the rest of Sydney and NSW. The region has strong automobile dependency with consequent effects on air quality , health, quality of life and household budgets. The Department of Planning and Infrastructure Metropolitan Strategy for Sydney divides Greater Western Sydney into three sub-regions: Western Sydney as defined by

10767-485: The state seat of Sydney since the 2012 by-election , triggered by the resignation of previous independent Clover Moore , who was the Lord Mayor of Sydney , due to introduced state laws preventing dual membership of state parliament and local council. In the federal parliament, the seat of " Sydney " covers the city centre together with a larger set of inner western, southern and eastern suburbs, as well as islands in

10878-888: The suburb of The Ponds , in the City of Blacktown, which is the most highly advantaged suburb in NSW on the SEIFA index of advantage-disadvantage, ahead of suburbs on the North Shore , such as St Ives and Avalon . Other affluent suburbs in western Sydney, ranging from upper middle class to upper class neighbourhoods, include, Acacia Gardens , Bella Vista , Castle Hill , Cherrybrook , Pemulwuy , Rouse Hill , Schofields , Edmondson Park , Beaumont Hills , Glenmore Park , Cecil Hills , Elizabeth Hills , Middleton Grange , Carnes Hill , Oran Park , Ropes Crossing , Leppington and Spring Farm , among others. Lower middle class and working class neighbourhoods are mainly concentrated near

10989-469: The summer, the city celebrates with the Sydney Festival . Australian and International theatre during the month is also featured, including Aboriginal , and Contemporary. The Sydney Film Festival is an international event organised every year in June at various venues across the CBD. The festival opened on 11 June 1954 and was held over four days, with screenings at Sydney University. Attendance

11100-838: The surrounding suburbs. Opened in December 1985, in Eastern Creek , Wonderland Sydney was the largest amusement park in the southern hemisphere until its closure in 2004. In 2015, the Abbott government granted 12,000 extra humanitarian visas to persecuted Christians , largely the Assyrians , in the war-torn Middle Eastern countries, which were admitted to Australia as part of its one-off humanitarian intake, with half of them primarily settling in Fairfield and also Liverpool. The Greater Western Sydney region spans from Windsor in

11211-476: The trees were "growing at a distance of some twenty to forty feet from each other, and in general entirely free from brushwood..." Greater western Sydney predominantly lie on the Cumberland Plain and are relatively flat in contrast to the above regions. The region is situated on a rain shadow , thanks to the Hills District to the northeast, where they tend to be drier than the coast and less lush than

11322-476: The west have an annual precipitation that averages at around 700 to 900 mm (28 to 35 in), in contrast to Sydney CBD's 1,217 mm (48 in). Sydney usually experiences a föhn effect that originates from the Great Dividing Range , where the lifting of winds on the windward side of the Blue Mountains forces the air to gradually warm up and lose moisture as the winds descend into

11433-421: The west, Penrith warranted a spot in the top 200 suburbs of the 555 on the list. Seven of the top ten suburbs for home purchasers were more than 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of the Sydney CBD, which included areas with high construction activity such as Baulkham Hills , Castle Hill, Liverpool and Blacktown, which has become Sydney's most popular area for home buyers, with more sales than any other suburb. This

11544-682: Was a large amount of suburban development both in the current suburb of Blacktown and the new suburbs that sprung up around it, which led to civic development in the town centre with the Blacktown Hospital opening in 1965. In the 1960s and 1970s, migration from south-east Asia as a result of the Vietnam War transformed Cabramatta into a thriving Asian community. Also in the 1970s, an influx of Middle Eastern immigrants, namely Lebanese people , settled in Lidcombe , Bankstown and

11655-496: Was a popular recreational site of the early 20th century due to its waterways and meadows. During World War II, Bankstown Airport was established as a key strategic air base to support the war effort and the control of Bankstown Airport was handed to US Forces . Campbelltown was designated in the early 1960s as a satellite city by the New South Wales Planning Authority, and a regional capital for

11766-485: Was approximately $ 118 billion. Culturally , the city centre is Sydney's focal point for nightlife and entertainment, and is also home to some of the city's most culturally significant buildings and structures . The Sydney CBD is an area of very densely concentrated skyscrapers and other buildings, interspersed by several parks such as Hyde Park , The Domain , Royal Botanic Garden and Wynyard Park . Geographically, its north–south axis runs from Circular Quay in

11877-597: Was at full capacity with 1,200 tickets sold at one guinea each. Sydney boasts a lively café culture, as well as a club and bar scene distributed throughout the CBD and concentrated in a couple of locations such as Darling Harbour . Although Kings Cross is not technically located within the Sydney CBD, it is accessible via William Street, which runs through Hyde Park and is part of the inner-city region. Oxford Street hosts Sydney's gay scene. The Sydney CBD contains many of Australia's tallest skyscrapers, including Governor Phillip Tower , 25 Martin Place and World Tower ,

11988-484: Was built as Sydney's main water supply in the 1880s. The Upper Nepean Scheme was commenced in 1880 after it was realised that the Botany Swamps scheme was insufficient to meet Sydney's water supply needs. By the latter part of the nineteenth century coarse-grained picrite , and other dolorite rock types were being extracted from William Lawson 's estate on the west and north sides of Prospect Hill. Lansvale

12099-473: Was cleared for farming, which resulted in the destruction of Aboriginal food sources. This, combined with the introduction of new diseases such as smallpox , caused resentment within the Aboriginal clans against the British and resulted in violent confrontations. The oldest legislative body in Australia, the New South Wales Legislative Council , was created in Sydney in 1825 as an appointed body to advise

12210-680: Was completed in 1898 on the site of the old Sydney markets. In the midst of World War I , on Valentine's Day, riots racked the CBD, in what has come to be known as the Central Station Riots of 1916. A substantial segment of the violence was concentrated in the Central area. These riots involved five thousand military recruits who refused to comply with extraneous parade orders. During the riots, they caused significant damage to buildings. People with "foreign" names were especially targeted. The recruits clashed with soldiers, resulting in

12321-467: Was inhabited by the Cadigal clan. The principal language groups were Darug , Guringai , and Dharawal . The modern history of the city began with the arrival of a First Fleet of British ships in 1788 and the foundation of a penal colony by Great Britain. The area surrounding Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) was home to several Aboriginal tribes. The " Eora people" are the coastal Aboriginal people of

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