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122-593: The Passion may refer to: Passion of Jesus , in Christianity, the Passion is the short final period in the life of Jesus The Passion (novel) , a 1987 novel by British novelist Jeannette Winterson The Passion (franchise) The Passion of the Christ , a 2004 film The Passion of Christ (Strasbourg) , 15th century paintings The Passion: New Orleans ,

244-519: A 2016 live television event, produced by Tyler Perry The Passion (TV serial) , a miniseries about Jesus, broadcast in 2008 The Passion (TV series) , a 1999 TV drama series set in Devon See also [ edit ] Passion (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title The Passion . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

366-577: A Harmony of the Gospels prepared for that purpose since 1777. Daily meetings are held, some times two or three times a day, to follow the events of the day. During the course of the reading, the Congregation sings hymn verses to respond to the events of the text. Most liturgical churches hold some form of commemoration of the Crucifixion on the afternoon of Good Friday. Sometimes, this will take

488-712: A ceremony held at the Vatican on 3 June 2007. Preca is the first Maltese saint since the country's conversion to Christianity in A.D. 60 when St. Paul converted the inhabitants. In October 2008, the following canonizations took place: Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception of India, Gaetano Errico , Narcisa de Jesus Martillo Moran , and Maria Bernarda Bütler . In April 2009, the Pope canonized Arcangelo Tadini , Bernardo Tolomei , Nuno Álvares Pereira , Geltrude Comensoli , and Caterina Volpicelli . In October of

610-464: A child. He recalled: "at the moment the elderly Archbishop laid his hands on me, a little bird – perhaps a lark – flew up from the altar in the high cathedral and trilled a little joyful song". He celebrated his first Mass later that summer in Traunstein, at St. Oswald's Church. Ratzinger's 1953 dissertation was on Augustine of Hippo and was titled The People and

732-538: A departure from traditional Catholic teachings. Despite his reformist bent, his views increasingly came to contrast with the liberal ideas gaining currency in theological circles. He was invited by Rev. Theodore Hesburgh to join the theology faculty at the University of Notre Dame , but declined on grounds that his English was not good enough. Some voices, among them Küng, deemed this period in Ratzinger's life

854-406: A far larger scale than church Stations, with chapels containing large sculpted groups arranged in a hilly landscape; for pilgrims to tour the chapels typically takes several hours. They mostly date from the late 16th to the 17th century; most depict the Passion, others different subjects as well. The main traditional types of church music sung during Holy Week are Passions , musical settings of

976-399: A highly regarded theologian by the late 1950s. He was appointed a full professor in 1958 at the age of 31. After a long career as a professor of theology at several German universities, he was appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising and created a cardinal by Pope Paul VI in 1977, an unusual promotion for someone with little pastoral experience. In 1981, he was appointed Prefect of

1098-431: A hundredfold in return. Yes, open, open wide the doors to Christ – and you will find true life. "Friendship with Jesus Christ" was a frequent theme of Benedict's preaching. He stressed that on this intimate friendship, "everything depends". He also said: "We are all called to open ourselves to this friendship with God ... speaking to Him as to a friend, the only One who can make the world both good and happy ... That

1220-803: A mass that marked the conclusion of the General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops and the Year of the Eucharist . Benedict canonized Bishop Rafael Guízar y Valencia , Théodore Guérin , Filippo Smaldone , and Rosa Venerini on 15 October 2006. During his visit to Brazil in 2007, Benedict presided over the canonization of Frei Galvão on 11 May, while George Preca , founder of the Malta-based MUSEUM , Szymon of Lipnica , Charles of Mount Argus , and Marie-Eugénie de Jésus were canonized in

1342-517: A nun working with lepers in what is now the state of Hawaii; Giovanni Battista Piamarta , an Italian priest; Jacques Berthieu , a French Jesuit priest and African martyr ; Carmen Salles y Barangueras , a Spanish nun and founder of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception; Peter Calungsod , a lay catechist and martyr from the Philippines; and Anna Schäffer , whose desire to be a missionary

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1464-430: A sinless man who will atone for the sins of his people. By his voluntary suffering, he will save sinners from the just punishment of God. The death of Jesus is said to fulfill this prophecy. For example, "He had no form or comeliness that we should look at him, and no beauty that we should desire him. He was despised and rejected by men; a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief; and as one from whom men hide their faces he

1586-630: A spear, and at once there came out blood and water. ...For these things took place that the scripture might be fulfilled, 'Not a bone of him shall be broken.' And again another scripture says, 'They shall look on him whom they have pierced'" ( John 19:32–37 ). In the Gospel of Mark , Jesus is described as prophesying his own Passion and his Resurrection three times: Christians argue that these are cases of genuine and fulfilled prophecy and many scholars see Semitic features and tradition in Mark 9:31 . After

1708-584: A subject of controversy during the sex abuse cases . For 20 years, Ratzinger had been the man in charge of enforcing the document. While bishops hold the secrecy pertained only internally, and did not preclude investigation by civil law enforcement, the letter was often seen as promoting a coverup. Later, as pope, he was accused in a lawsuit of conspiring to cover up the molestation of three boys in Texas , but sought and obtained diplomatic immunity from liability. On 12 March 1983, Ratzinger, as prefect, notified

1830-533: A turn towards conservatism, while Ratzinger himself said in a 1993 interview, "I see no break in my views as a theologian [over the years]". Ratzinger continued to defend the work of the Second Vatican Council, including Nostra aetate , the document on respect of other religions, ecumenism , and the declaration of the right to freedom of religion . Later, as the Prefect of the Congregation for

1952-515: A well-known academic theologian of the Nouvelle théologie and a proponent of Church reform. In 1966, Ratzinger was appointed to a chair in dogmatic theology at the University of Tübingen , where he was a colleague of Hans Küng. In his 1968 book Introduction to Christianity , he wrote that the pope has a duty to hear differing voices within the Church before making a decision, and he downplayed

2074-678: Is a term for devotional subjects such as the Man of Sorrows or Pietà , that may not precisely represent a moment in the Passion but are derived from the Passion story. The Arma Christi , or "Instruments of the Passion" are the objects associated with Jesus's Passion, such as the cross, the Crown of Thorns and the Spear of Longinus . Each of the major Instruments has been supposedly recovered as relics which have been an object of veneration among many Christians, and have been depicted in art. Veronica's Veil

2196-561: Is all we have to do is put ourselves at His disposal ... is an extremely important message. It is a message that helps to overcome what can be considered the great temptation of our time: the claim, that after the Big Bang , God withdrew from history." Thus, in his book Jesus of Nazareth , his main purpose was "to help foster [in the reader] the growth of a living relationship" with Jesus Christ. He took up this theme in his first encyclical Deus caritas est . In his explanation and summary of

2318-689: Is also often counted among the Instruments of the Passion; like the Shroud of Turin and Sudarium of Oviedo it is a cloth relic supposed to have touched Jesus. In the Catholic Church, the Passion story is depicted in the Stations of the Cross ( via crucis , also translated more literally as "Way of the Cross"). These 14 stations depict the Passion from the sentencing by Pilate to the sealing of

2440-449: Is contradictory to the modern acclamation of science whose excellence is based on the power of reason to know the truth. He said that this self-amputation of reason leads to pathologies of religion such as terrorism and pathologies of science such as ecological disasters . Benedict traced the failed revolutions and violent ideologies of the 20th century to a conversion of partial points of view into absolute guides. He said "Absolutizing what

2562-495: Is found in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given to men by which we must be saved." The document angered many Protestant churches by claiming that they are not churches, but "ecclesial communities". Ratzinger's 2001 letter De delictis gravioribus clarified the confidentiality of internal church investigations, as defined in the 1962 document Crimen sollicitationis , into accusations made against priests of certain crimes, including sexual abuse . This became

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2684-640: Is handed over to be crucified at "the sixth hour" (noon) the day before the Passover meal, although many resolve this by saying that the Synoptics use Jewish time, and that John uses Roman time. Pilate has a plaque fixed to Jesus's cross inscribed, (according to John) in Hebrew, Greek and Latin – Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudeorum , meaning Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews . Mark has the plaque say simply, King of

2806-471: Is made to carry the cross ( Mark 15:21 , Matthew 27:32 , Luke 23:26 ), while in the Gospel of John ( 19:17 ), Jesus is made to carry his own cross. The Gospel of Mark gives the names of Simon's children, Alexander and Rufus. However, the Gospel of Luke refers to Simon carrying the cross after Jesus, in that it states: "they laid hold upon one Simon, a Cyrenian, coming out of the country, and on him they laid

2928-557: Is not absolute but relative is called totalitarianism." In the discussion with secularism and rationalism , one of Benedict's basic ideas can be found in his address on the "Crisis of Culture" in the West, a day before Pope John Paul   II died, when he referred to Christianity as the "religion of the Logos " (the Greek for "word", "reason", "meaning", or "intelligence"). He said: From

3050-511: Is silent as they crucify him, "...as if in no pain." Jesus is labeled the King of Israel on his cross and his clothes are divided and gambled over. As in the canonical Gospels, darkness covers the land. Jesus is also given vinegar to drink. Peter has "My Power, My Power, why have you forsaken me?" as the last words of Jesus, rather than "My God, My God, why have you forsaken me?" as quoted in Mark. He

3172-527: Is still the most influential writing regarding the monastic life of Western Christianity . The Pope explained his choice of name during his first general audience in St. Peter's Square, on 27 April 2005: Filled with sentiments of awe and thanksgiving, I wish to speak of why I chose the name Benedict. Firstly, I remember Pope Benedict   XV, that courageous prophet of peace, who guided the Church through turbulent times of war. In his footsteps, I place my ministry in

3294-484: Is then "taken up", possibly a euphemism for death or maybe an allusion to heaven . Peter then has a resurrection, similar to the other books. Serapion of Antioch urged the exclusion of the Gospel of Peter from the Church because Docetists were using it to bolster their theological claims, which Serapion rejected. Many modern scholars also reject this conclusion, as the statement about Jesus being silent "as if in no pain" seems to be based on Isaiah's description of

3416-460: Is then taken by the soldiers to the Praetorium where, according to Matthew and Mark, the whole contingent of soldiers has been called together. They place a purple robe on him, put a crown of thorns on his head, and according to Matthew , put a rod in his hand. They mock him by hailing him as " King of the Jews ", paying homage and hitting him on the head with the rod. According to

3538-556: The Augsburg Confession might be recognised as a Catholic statement of faith. Several of Benedict's former students became his confidantes, notably Christoph Schönborn , and a number of his former students sometimes meet for discussions. He served as vice-president of the University of Regensburg from 1976 to 1977. On 26 May 1976, he was appointed a Prelate of Honour of His Holiness . On 24 March 1977, Ratzinger

3660-624: The Book of Acts 1:18 , Judas was not remorseful, took the money and bought a field from it, whereupon he suddenly fell and died. Further claims concerning the Passion are made in some non-canonical early writings. Another passion narrative is found in the fragmentary Gospel of Peter , long known to scholars through references, and of which a fragment was discovered in Cairo in 1884. The narrative begins with Pilate washing his hands, as in Matthew, but

3782-698: The Communion and Liberation movement in the New Evangelization encouraged under the papacy of the Polish Pope John Paul ;II . Ratzinger wrote an introduction to a 1996 reissue of Guardini's 1954 The Lord . Ratzinger began as assistant pastor (curate) at the parish St. Martin, Moosach , in Munich in 1951. Ratzinger became a professor at the University of Bonn in 1959, with his inaugural lecture on "The God of Faith and

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3904-848: The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , one of the most important dicasteries of the Roman Curia . From 2002 until he was elected pope, he was also Dean of the College of Cardinals . Before becoming pope, he had been "a major figure on the Vatican stage for a quarter of a century"; he had had an influence "second to none when it came to setting church priorities and directions" as one of John Paul II 's closest confidants. Benedict's writings were prolific and generally defended traditional Catholic doctrine, values, and liturgy . He

4026-539: The Diocese of Rome and the official responsible for promoting the cause for canonization of any person who dies within that diocese, cited "exceptional circumstances" which suggested that the waiting period could be waived. (This had happened before, when Pope Paul   VI waived the five-year rule and announced beatification processes for two of his own predecessors, Pope Pius XII and Pope John XXIII . Benedict   XVI followed this precedent when he waived

4148-602: The European Academy of Sciences and Arts in Salzburg. Ratzinger defended and reaffirmed Catholic doctrine, including teaching on topics such as birth control , homosexuality, and inter-religious dialogue. The theologian Leonardo Boff , for example, was suspended, while others such as Matthew Fox were censured. Other issues also prompted condemnations or revocations of rights to teach: for instance, some posthumous writings of Jesuit priest Anthony de Mello were

4270-689: The Friday of Sorrows . The word passion has taken on a more general application and now may also apply to accounts of the suffering and death of Christian martyrs , sometimes using the Latin form passio . Accounts of the Passion are found in the four canonical gospels , Matthew , Mark , Luke and John . Three of these, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, known as the Synoptic Gospels , give similar accounts. The Gospel of John account varies significantly. Scholars do not agree on which events surrounding

4392-674: The Passion of Christ . Another devotion is the Little Office of the Passion created by Francis of Assisi (1181/82–1226). He ordered this office around the medieval association of five specific moments in Jesus's Passion with specific hours of the day. Having then attributed these to hours of the Divine Office , he arrived at this schema: The Catholic tradition includes specific prayers and devotions as " acts of reparation " for

4514-675: The Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace under a single president, Cardinal Renato Martino . When Martino retired in 2009, each council received its own president once again. Also in March 2006, the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue was briefly merged into the Pontifical Council for Culture under Cardinal Paul Poupard . Those Councils maintained their separate officials and staffs while their status and competencies continued unchanged, and in May 2007, Interreligious Dialogue

4636-712: The Sistine Chapel at the beginning of each year, on the Feast of the Baptism of the Lord , in his pastoral role as Bishop of Rome . During his pontificate, Benedict   XVI beatified 870 people. On 9 May 2005, Benedict   XVI began the beatification process for his predecessor, Pope John Paul   II. Normally, five years must pass after a person's death before the beatification process can begin. However, in an audience with Benedict, Camillo Ruini , vicar general of

4758-617: The Tridentine Mass . He strengthened the relationship between the Catholic Church and art , promoted the use of Latin , and reintroduced traditional papal vestments , for which reason he was called "the pope of aesthetics". He also established personal ordinariates , for former Anglicans and Methodists , joining the Catholic Church. Benedict's handling of sexual abuse cases within the Catholic Church and opposition to usage of condoms in areas of high HIV transmission

4880-509: The University of Munich . The intellectual affinity between these two thinkers, who would later become decisive figures for the twentieth-century Catholic Church , was preoccupied with rediscovering the essentials of Christianity: Guardini wrote his 1938 The Essence of Christianity , while Ratzinger penned Introduction to Christianity , three decades later in 1968. Guardini inspired many in the Catholic social-democratic tradition, particularly

5002-452: The University of Regensburg and co-founded the theological journal Communio , with Hans Urs von Balthasar , Henri de Lubac , Walter Kasper , and others, in 1972. Communio , now published in seventeen languages, including German, English, and Spanish, has become a prominent journal of contemporary Catholic theological thought. Until he was elected pope, he remained one of the journal's most prolific contributors. In 1976, he suggested that

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5124-532: The Vatican Library , but John Paul refused his assent. Ratzinger engaged in a dialogue with critical theorist Jürgen Habermas in 2004, published three years later by Ignatius Press . In April 2005, before his election as pope, Ratzinger was identified as one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time . While Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Ratzinger repeatedly stated he would like to retire to his house in

5246-412: The "Passion" may include: The Gospel of Luke states that Pilate sends Jesus to be judged by Herod Antipas because as a Galilean he is under his jurisdiction. Herod is excited at first to see Jesus and hopes Jesus will perform a miracle for him; he asks Jesus several questions but Jesus does not answer. Herod then mocks him and sends him back to Pilate after giving him an "elegant" robe to wear. All

5368-498: The 15th century, when polyphonic settings of the turba passages began to appear also. ( Turba , while literally meaning "crowd", is used in this case to mean any passage in which more than one person speaks simultaneously.) Pope Benedict XVI Pope Benedict   XVI ( Latin : Benedictus PP. XVI ; Italian : Benedetto XVI ; German : Benedikt XVI ; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger , German: [ˈjoːzɛf ˈʔaːlɔɪ̯s ˈʁat͡sɪŋɐ] ; 16 April 1927 – 31 December 2022)

5490-470: The 4th century. It began to be intoned (rather than just spoken) in the Middle Ages, at least as early as the 8th century. Ninth-century manuscripts have "litterae significativae" indicating interpretive chant, and later manuscripts begin to specify exact notes to be sung. By the 13th century, different singers were used for different characters in the narrative, a practice which became fairly universal by

5612-476: The Bavarian village of Pentling near Regensburg and dedicate himself to writing books. At the papal conclave , "it was, if not Ratzinger, who? And as they came to know him, the question became, why not Ratzinger?" On 19 April 2005, he was elected on the second day after four ballots. Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor described the final vote, "It's very solemn when you go up one by one to put your vote in

5734-505: The Doctrine of the Faith , Ratzinger most clearly spelled out the Catholic Church's position on other religions in the 2000 document Dominus Iesus which also talks about the Catholic way to engage in " ecumenical dialogue". During his time at Tübingen University, Ratzinger published articles in the reformist theological journal Concilium , though he increasingly chose less reformist themes than other contributors such as Küng and Schillebeeckx. In 1969, Ratzinger returned to Bavaria , to

5856-463: The Faith , formerly known as the "Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office ", the historical Roman Inquisition . Consequently, he resigned from his post in Munich in early 1982. He was promoted within the College of Cardinals to become Cardinal Bishop of Velletri-Segni in 1993 and was made the college's vice-dean in 1998 and dean in 2002. Just a year after its foundation in 1990, Ratzinger joined

5978-575: The French Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques . He played the piano and had a preference for Mozart and Bach . Joseph Alois Ratzinger was born on 16 April, Holy Saturday , 1927 at Schulstraße 11 at 8:30 in the morning in his parents' home in Marktl , Bavaria, Germany. He was baptised the same day. He was the third and youngest child of Joseph Ratzinger Sr., a police officer, and Maria Ratzinger ( née  Peintner ); his grand-uncle

6100-655: The German infantry. As the Allied front drew closer to his post in 1945, he deserted back to his family's home in Traunstein after his unit had ceased to exist, just as American troops established a headquarters in the Ratzinger household. As a German soldier, he was interned in US prisoner of war camps, first in Neu-Ulm, then at Fliegerhorst ("military airfield") Bad Aibling (shortly to be repurposed as Bad Aibling Station ) where he

6222-544: The God of Philosophy". In 1963, he moved to the University of Münster . During this period, he participated in the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) and served as a peritus (theological consultant) to Cardinal Frings of Cologne . He was viewed during the time of the council as a reformer, cooperating with theologians like Hans Küng and Edward Schillebeeckx . Ratzinger became an admirer of Karl Rahner ,

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6344-668: The Gospel narratives, both a Catholic and Lutheran tradition, and settings of the readings and responses from the Catholic Tenebrae services, especially those of the Lamentations of Jeremiah the Prophet . The many settings of the Stabat Mater or musical settings of sayings of Jesus on the cross are also commonly performed. The reading of the Passion section of one of the Gospels during Holy Week dates back to

6466-442: The Gospel of John, Pilate has Jesus brought out a second time, wearing the purple robe and the crown of thorns, in order to appeal his innocence before the crowd, saying Ecce homo , ("Behold the man"). But, John represents, the priests urge the crowd to demand Jesus's death. Pilate resigns himself to the decision, washing his hands (according to Matthew) before the people as a sign that Jesus's blood will not be upon him. According to

6588-409: The Gospel of Matthew they replied, " His blood be on us and on our children! " Mark and Matthew record that Jesus is returned his own clothes, prior to being led out for execution. According to the Gospel accounts he is forced, like other victims of crucifixion, to drag his own cross to Golgotha , the location of the execution. The three Synoptic Gospels refer to a man called Simon of Cyrene , who

6710-482: The Gospels relate that a man named Barabbas was released by Pilate instead of Jesus. Matthew, Mark and John have Pilate offer a choice between Jesus and Barabbas to the crowd; Luke lists no choice offered by Pilate, but represents the crowd demanding his release. In all the Gospels, Pilate asks Jesus if he is King of the Jews and Jesus replies "So you say". Once condemned by Pilate, he was flogged before execution. The canonical gospels, except Luke, record that Jesus

6832-653: The House of God in Augustine's Doctrine of the Church . His habilitation (which qualified him for a professorship) was on Bonaventure . It was completed in 1957 and he became a professor at Freising College in 1958. In his early twenties, Ratzinger was deeply influenced by the thought of Italian German philosopher Romano Guardini , who taught in Munich from 1946 to 1951 when Ratzinger was studying in Freising and later at

6954-496: The Jews and Herod refuse this. Joseph of Arimathea , before Jesus has been crucified, asks for his body, and Herod says he is going to take it down to comply with the Jewish custom of not leaving a dead body hung on a tree overnight. Herod then turns Jesus over to the people who drag him, give him a purple robe, crown him with thorns, and beat and flog him. There are also two criminals, crucified on either side of him and, as in Luke, one begs Jesus for forgiveness. The writer says Jesus

7076-416: The Jews. The Gospels then state that the soldiers divide Jesus's clothes among themselves, except for one garment for which they cast lots . The Gospel of John claims that this fulfills a prophecy from Psalms 22:18 . Some of the crowd who have been following taunt Jesus by saying, "He trusts in God; let God deliver him now!" The statement suggests that Jesus might perform a miracle to release himself from

7198-430: The Latin word meaning "the blessed", in honour of both Benedict XV and Benedict of Nursia . Benedict   XV was pope during the First World War, during which time he passionately pursued peace between the warring nations. St. Benedict of Nursia was the founder of the Benedictine monasteries (most monasteries of the Middle Ages were of the Benedictine order) and the author of the Rule of Saint Benedict , which

7320-518: The Lord: let him free him, let him deliver him if he loves him.' Stand not far from me, for I am troubled; be thou near at hand: for I have no helper. ...Yea, dogs are round about me; a company of evildoers encircle me; they have pierced my hands and feet – I can count all my bones – they stare and gloat over me; they divide my garments among them, and for my raiment they cast lots" ( Psalm 22:7–19 ). The words " they have pierced my hands and feet " are disputed, however. The third main prophecy of

7442-417: The Passion is from the Book of the Wisdom of Solomon . Protestant Christians place it in the Apocrypha , Catholics and Eastern Orthodox among the deuterocanonical books. But it was written about 150 BC, and many have understood these verses (12–20 of chapter 2) as a direct prophecy of Jesus' Passion. For example, "Let us lie in wait for the just, because he is not for our turn. ...He boasteth that he hath

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7564-404: The Passion of Christ began with Francis of Assisi and extended throughout the Catholic Church in the medieval period. It is most commonly done during Lent , especially on Good Friday , but it can be done on other days as well, especially Wednesdays and Fridays. The Passion Offices were the special prayers said by various Catholic communities, particularly the Passionist fathers to commemorate

7686-414: The Passion. The "cup" is sometimes interpreted as the symbol of his death, in the light of Jesus's prayer at Gethsemane "Let this cup be taken from me!" Most Christian denominations will read one or more narratives of the Passion during Holy Week , especially on Good Friday . In the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, a large cross depicting the crucified Christ is brought out into the church and each of

7808-467: The Son of God continues to be crucified". Each episode of the Passion, such as the Flagellation of Christ or Entombment of Christ , has been represented thousands of times and has developed its own iconographic tradition; the Crucifixion is much the most common and important of these subjects. The Passion is often covered by a cycle of depictions; Albrecht Dürer 's print cycles were so popular that he produced three different versions. Andachtsbilder

7930-420: The Temple , his anointing , the Last Supper , his agony , his arrest , his trials before the Sanhedrin and before Pilate , his crucifixion and death , and his burial . Those parts of the four canonical Gospels that describe these events are known as the Passion narratives. In some Christian communities, commemoration of the Passion also includes remembrance of the sorrow of Mary, the mother of Jesus , on

8052-412: The Virgin Mary . In his encyclical Miserentissimus Redemptor on reparations, Pope Pius XI called acts of reparation to Jesus Christ a duty for Catholics and referred to them as "some sort of compensation to be rendered for the injury" with respect to the sufferings of Jesus. Pope John Paul II referred to acts of reparation as the "unceasing effort to stand beside the endless crosses on which

8174-609: The above, it deserves to be mentioned that at least three other, less elaborate messianic prophecies were fulfilled in Jesus' crucifixion, namely, the following Old Testament passages: "Many are the afflictions of the just man; but the Lord delivers him from all of them. He guards all his bones: not even one of them shall be broken" ( Psalm 34:20 ). "And they gave me gall for my food, and in my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink" ( Psalm 69:21 ). "And they shall look upon me whom they have pierced; and they shall mourn for him as one mourneth for an only son; and they shall grieve over him, as

8296-522: The announcement of the prior day, Wir Sind Papst ( We are Pope ). At the balcony, Benedict's first words to the crowd, given in Italian before he gave the traditional Urbi et Orbi blessing in Latin, were: Dear brothers and sisters, after the great Pope John Paul   II, the Cardinals have elected me, a simple, humble labourer in the vineyard of the Lord. The fact that the Lord knows how to work and to act even with insufficient instruments comforts me, and above all I entrust myself to your prayers. In

8418-664: The beatification of John Henry Newman . Unlike his predecessor, Benedict delegated the beatification liturgical service to a cardinal. On 29 September 2005, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints issued a communiqué announcing that henceforth beatifications would be celebrated by a representative of the pope, usually the prefect of that Congregation. During his pontificate, Benedict   XVI canonized 45 people. He celebrated his first canonizations on 23 October 2005 in St. Peter's Square when he canonized Josef Bilczewski , Alberto Hurtado , Zygmunt Gorazdowski , Gaetano Catanoso , and Felice da Nicosia . The canonizations were part of

8540-424: The beginning, Christianity has understood itself as the religion of the Logos , as the religion according to reason ... It has always defined men, all men without distinction, as creatures and images of God, proclaiming for them ... the same dignity. In this connection, the Enlightenment is of Christian origin and it is no accident that it was born precisely and exclusively in the realm of the Christian faith. ... It

8662-431: The burial in the tomb – during the course of the service. The first of these twelve readings is the longest Gospel reading of the entire liturgical year . In addition, every Wednesday and Friday throughout the year is dedicated in part to the commemoration of the Passion. During Holy Week / Passion Week Congregations of the Moravian Church ( Herrnhuter Bruedergemeine) read the entire story of Jesus's final week from

8784-544: The centrality of the papacy. During this time, he distanced himself from the atmosphere of Tübingen and the Marxist leanings of the student movement of the 1960s that quickly radicalized, in the years 1967 and 1968, culminating in a series of disturbances and riots in April and May 1968. Ratzinger came increasingly to see these and associated developments (such as decreasing respect for authority among his students) as connected to

8906-481: The cross to his crucifixion . Most Catholic churches, as well as many Anglican , Lutheran , and Methodist parishes, contain Stations of the Cross, typically placed at intervals along the sidewalls of the nave ; in most churches, they are small plaques with reliefs or paintings, although in others they may be simple crosses with a numeral in the center. The tradition of moving around the Stations to commemorate

9028-435: The cross, that he might bear it after Jesus". Luke adds that Jesus's female followers follow, mourning his fate, but that he responds by quoting Hosea 10:8 . The Synoptic Gospels state that on arrival at Golgotha, Jesus is offered wine laced with myrrh to lessen the pain, but he refuses it. Jesus is then crucified, according to Mark, at "the third hour" (9 a.m.) the morning after the Passover meal, but according to John he

9150-484: The cross. According to the Gospels, two thieves are also crucified, one on each side of him. According to Luke, one of the thieves reviles Jesus, while the other declares Jesus innocent and begs that he might be remembered when Jesus comes to his kingdom (see Penitent thief ). John records that Mary, his mother, and two other women stand by the cross as does a disciple, described as the one whom Jesus loved . Jesus commits his mother to this disciple's care. According to

9272-413: The crucifixion and death of Jesus; it does not include earlier events and specifically excludes the burial and resurrection. Others such as Matson and Richardson (2014) take a broader approach and consider the triumphal entry, the last supper, the trial before Pilate, the crucifixion, the burial, and the resurrection collectively as constituting the so-called "Passion Week". Taking an inclusive approach,

9394-435: The death of Jesus should be considered part of the Passion narrative, and which ones merely precede and succeed the actual Passion narrative itself. For example, Puskas and Robbins (2011) commence the Passion after Jesus's arrest and before his resurrection, thus only including the trials, crucifixion and death of Jesus. In Pope Benedict XVI 's Jesus of Nazareth: Holy Week (2011), the term Passion completely coincides with

9516-503: The doors for Christ!", Benedict said: Are we not perhaps all afraid in some way? If we let Christ enter fully into our lives, if we open ourselves totally to Him, are we not afraid that He might take something away from us? ... And once again the Pope said: No! If we let Christ into our lives, we lose nothing, nothing, absolutely nothing of what makes life free, beautiful, and great. No! Only in this friendship do we experience beauty and liberation. ... When we give ourselves to Him, we receive

9638-412: The encyclical, he stated: "If friendship with God becomes for us something ever more important and decisive, then we will begin to love those whom God loves and who are in need of us. God wants us to be friends of His friends and we can be so, if we are interiorly close to them." Thus, he said that prayer is "urgently needed ... It is time to reaffirm the importance of prayer in the face of the activism and

9760-664: The faithful come forward to venerate the cross. Rather than having the Gospel read solely by the priest, whole congregations participate in the reading of the Passion Gospel during the Palm Sunday Mass and the Good Friday service. These readings have the Priest read the part of Christ, a narrator read the narrative, other reader(s) reading the other speaking parts, and either the choir or the congregation reading

9882-425: The first Australian saint, Mary MacKillop . On 23 October 2011, he canonized three saints: a Spanish nun Bonifacia Rodríguez y Castro , Italian archbishop Guido Maria Conforti , and Italian priest Luigi Guanella . In December 2011, the Pope formally recognized the validity of the miracles necessary to proceed with the canonizations of Kateri Tekakwitha , who would be the first Native American saint; Marianne Cope,

10004-550: The five-year rule for John Paul   II. ) The decision was announced on 13 May 2005, the Feast of Our Lady of Fátima and the 24th anniversary of the attempt on John Paul   II's life. John Paul   II often credited Our Lady of Fátima for preserving him on that day. Cardinal Ruini inaugurated the diocesan phase of the cause for beatification in the Lateran Basilica on 28 June 2005. The first beatification under

10126-581: The form of a vigil from noon to 3:00 pm, the approximate time that Jesus hung on the cross. Sometimes there will be a reenactment of the Descent from the Cross ; for instance, at Vespers in the Byzantine (Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic) tradition. Several non-liturgical devotions have been developed by Christian faithful to commemorate the Passion. The Stations of the Cross are a series of religious reflections describing or depicting Christ carrying

10248-498: The gospels, adds yet a third proceeding: having Pilate send Jesus to Herod Antipas. The non-canonical Gospel of Peter describes a single trial scene involving Jewish, Roman, and Herodian officials. Christians interpret at least three passages of the Old Testament as prophecies about Jesus' Passion. The first and most obvious is the one from Isaiah 52:13–53:12 (either 8th or 6th century BC). This prophetic oracle describes

10370-426: The growing secularism of many Christians engaged in charitable work." Continuing what he said in the pre-conclave Mass about what he often referred to as the "central problem of our faith today", on 6 June 2005, Benedict also said: Today, a particularly insidious obstacle to the task of education is the massive presence in our society and culture of that relativism which, recognising nothing as definitive, leaves as

10492-899: The joy of the Risen Lord, confident of his unfailing help, let us move forward. The Lord will help us, and Mary, His Most Holy Mother, will be on our side. Thank you. On 24 April, Benedict celebrated the Papal Inauguration Mass in St. Peter's Square , during which he was invested with the Pallium and the Ring of the Fisherman . On 7 May, he took possession of his cathedral church, the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran . Benedict   XVI chose his papal name , which comes from

10614-465: The knowledge of God, and calleth himself the son of God ... and glorieth that he hath God for his father. Let us see then if his words be true. ...For if he be the true son of God, he will defend him, and will deliver him from the hands of his enemies. Let us examine him by outrages and tortures. ...Let us condemn him to a most shameful death. ...These things they thought, and were deceived, for their own malice blinded them" (Wisdom 2:12–20). In addition to

10736-535: The lay faithful and the clergy that Archbishop Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục had incurred excommunication latae sententiae for illicit episcopal consecrations without the apostolic mandate. In 1997, when he turned 70, Ratzinger asked Pope John Paul   II for permission to leave the Congregation of the Doctrine of Faith and to become an archivist in the Vatican Secret Archives and a librarian in

10858-443: The legs of the thieves, so that they will die faster, but that on coming to Jesus they find him already dead. A soldier pierces his side with a spear . According to the Gospel of Matthew, Judas, the betrayer, is filled with remorse and tries to return the money he was paid for betraying Jesus. When the high priests say that that is his affair, Judas throws the money into the temple , goes off, and hangs himself. However, according to

10980-475: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Passion&oldid=928152109 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Passion of Jesus The Passion may include, among other events, Jesus's triumphal entry into Jerusalem , his cleansing of

11102-408: The manner is to grieve for the death of the firstborn" ( Zechariah 12:10 ). The Gospel explains how these old prophecies were fulfilled in Jesus' crucifixion. "So the soldiers came and broke the legs of the first, and of the other who had been crucified with Jesus; but when they came to Jesus and saw that he was already dead, they did not break his legs. But one of the soldiers pierced his side with

11224-529: The new pope was celebrated on 14 May 2005, by José Cardinal Saraiva Martins , Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints . The new Blesseds were Marianne Cope and Ascensión Nicol Goñi . Cardinal Clemens August Graf von Galen was beatified on 9 October 2005. Mariano de la Mata was beatified in November 2006 and Rosa Eluvathingal was beatified on 3 December of that year, and Basil Moreau

11346-778: The parts of crowds (i.e.: when the crowd shouts "Crucify Him! Crucify Him!"). In the Byzantine Rite of the Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic Churches, the Matins service for Good Friday is called Matins of the Twelve Passion Gospels , and is notable for the interspersal of twelve readings from the Gospel Book detailing chronologically the events of the Passion – from the Last Supper to

11468-458: The pope was replaced by being greeted by twelve people, including cardinals, clergy, religious, a married couple and their child, and some who were newly confirmed people; the cardinals had formally sworn their obedience upon the election of the new pontiff. He began using an open-topped papal car , saying that he wanted to be closer to the people. Benedict continued the tradition of his predecessor John Paul   II and baptised several infants in

11590-401: The same year he canonized Jeanne Jugan , Damien de Veuster , Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński , Francisco Coll Guitart , and Rafael Arnáiz Barón . On 17 October 2010, Benedict canonized André Bessette , a French-Canadian; Stanisław Sołtys , a 15th-century Polish priest; Italian nuns Giulia Salzano and Camilla Battista da Varano ; Spanish nun Candida Maria de Jesus Cipitria y Barriola ; and

11712-477: The service of reconciliation and harmony between peoples. Additionally, I recall Saint Benedict of Nursia, co- patron of Europe, whose life evokes the Christian roots of Europe. I ask him to help us all to hold firm to the centrality of Christ in our Christian life: May Christ always take first place in our thoughts and actions! During Benedict's inaugural Mass, the previous custom of every cardinal submitting to

11834-554: The students were all sent home. Ratzinger returned to Traunstein. Ratzinger's family, especially his father, bitterly resented the Nazis , and his father's opposition to Nazism resulted in demotions and harassment of the family. Following his 14th birthday in 1941, Ratzinger was conscripted into the Hitler Youth  – as membership was required by law for all 14-year-old German boys after March 1939  – but

11956-419: The subject of a notification . Ratzinger and the congregation viewed many of them, particularly the later works, as having an element of religious indifferentism (in other words, that Christ was "one master alongside others"). In particular, Dominus Iesus , published by the congregation in the jubilee year 2000, reaffirmed many recently "unpopular" ideas, including the Catholic Church's position that "salvation

12078-480: The suffering servant, "as a sheep that before its shearers is silent, so he opened not his mouth." ( Isaiah 53:7 ). The gospels provide differing accounts of the trial of Jesus. Mark describes two separate proceedings, one involving Jewish leaders and one in which the Roman prefect for Judea, Pontius Pilate, plays the key role. Both Matthew and John's accounts generally support Mark's two-trial version. Luke, alone among

12200-536: The sufferings and insults that Jesus endured during his Passion. These " acts of reparation to Jesus Christ " do not involve a petition for a living or deceased beneficiary, but aim to repair the sins against Jesus. Some such prayers are provided in the Raccolta Catholic prayer book (approved by a Decree of 1854, and published by the Holy See in 1898) which also includes prayers as Acts of Reparation to

12322-405: The synoptics, the sky becomes dark at midday and the darkness lasts for three hours, until the ninth hour when Jesus cries out Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? ("My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"). The centurion standing guard, who has seen how Jesus has died, declares Jesus innocent (Luke) or the "Son of God" (Matthew, Mark). John says that, as was the custom, the soldiers come and break

12444-432: The third prophecy, the Gospel of Mark states that the brothers James and John ask Jesus to be his left and right hand men, but Jesus asks if they can drink from the "cup" he must drink from. They say that they can do this. Jesus confirms this, but says that the places at his right and left hand are reserved for others. Many Christian see this as being a reference to the two criminals at Jesus's crucifixion, thus relating to

12566-528: The time of the 2005 conclave , he was one of only fourteen remaining cardinals appointed by Paul   VI, and one of only three of those under the age of 80. Of these, only he and William Wakefield Baum took part in the conclave. On 25 November 1981, Pope John Paul   II, upon the retirement of Franjo Šeper , named Ratzinger as the Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of

12688-547: The tomb, or with the addition of a 15th, the resurrection. Since the 16th-century representations of them in various media have decorated the naves of most Catholic churches. The Way of the Cross is a devotion practiced by many people on Fridays throughout the year, most importantly on Good Friday . This may be simply by going round the Stations in a church, or may involve large-scale re-enactments, as in Jerusalem . The Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy are similar schemes on

12810-421: The ultimate criterion only the self with its desires. And under the semblance of freedom it becomes a prison for each one, for it separates people from one another, locking each person into his or her own ego. Benedict said that "a dictatorship of relativism" was the core challenge facing the Church and humanity. At the root of this problem, he said, is Immanuel Kant 's "self-limitation of reason". This, he said,

12932-539: The urn and you're looking up at the Last Judgement of Michelangelo . And I still remember vividly the then Cardinal Ratzinger sitting on the edge of his chair." Ratzinger had hoped to retire peacefully and said that "At a certain point, I prayed to God 'please don't do this to me'...Evidently, this time He didn't listen to me." The day following Ratzinger's election, the German newspaper Bild ran what would become one of its most iconic headlines in response to

13054-543: The visiting Cardinal Archbishop of Munich, Michael von Faulhaber , with flowers. Struck by the cardinal's distinctive garb, he announced later that day that he wanted to be a cardinal . He attended the elementary school in Aschau am Inn , which was renamed in his honour in 2009. In 1939, aged 12, he enrolled in a minor seminary in Traunstein . This period lasted until the seminary was closed for military use in 1942, and

13176-507: Was an unenthusiastic member who refused to attend meetings, according to his brother. In 1941, one of Ratzinger's cousins, a 14-year-old boy with Down syndrome , was taken away by the Nazi regime and murdered during the Aktion T4 campaign of Nazi eugenics . In 1943, while still in seminary, he was drafted into the German anti-aircraft corps as Luftwaffenhelfer . Ratzinger then trained in

13298-482: Was and is the merit of the Enlightenment to have again proposed these original values of Christianity and of having given back to reason its own voice ... Today, this should be precisely [Christianity's] philosophical strength, in so far as the problem is whether the world comes from the irrational, and reason is not other than a 'sub-product,' on occasion even harmful of its development – or whether

13420-499: Was appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising , and was ordained a bishop on 28 May. He took as his episcopal motto Cooperatores veritatis ( Latin for 'cooperators of the truth'), from the Third Epistle of John , a choice on which he commented in his autobiographical work Milestones . In the consistory of 27 June 1977, he was named Cardinal Priest of Santa Maria Consolatrice al Tiburtino by Pope Paul VI . By

13542-705: Was at the time of Victory in Europe Day , and released on 19 June 1945. Ratzinger and his brother Georg entered Saint Michael Seminary in Traunstein in November 1945, later studying at the Ducal Georgianum ( Herzogliches Georgianum ) of the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich. They were both ordained in Freising on 29 June 1951 by Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber of Munich – the same man Ratzinger had met as

13664-595: Was beatified in September 2007. In October 2008, the following beatifications took place: Celestine of the Mother of God , Giuseppina Nicoli, Hendrina Stenmanns, Maria Rosa Flesch, Marta Anna Wiecka, Michael Sopocko , Petrus Kibe Kasui and 187 Companions , Susana Paz-Castillo Ramírez , and Maria Isbael Salvat Romero. On 19 September 2010, during his visit to the United Kingdom , Benedict personally proclaimed

13786-431: Was despised, and we esteemed him not. Surely he has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows; yet we esteemed him stricken, smitten by God, and afflicted. But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities; upon him was the chastisement that made us whole, and with his stripes we are healed" ( 53:2–5 ). The second prophecy of Christ's Passion is the ancient text which Jesus himself quoted, while he

13908-526: Was dying on the cross. From the cross, Jesus cried with a loud voice, " Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani?" which means, "My God, my God, why hast Thou forsaken me?" These words of Jesus were a quotation of the ancient HE . King David , in Psalm 22, foretold the sufferings of the messiah. For example, "I am a worm and no man, the reproach of men and the outcast of the people. All who see me, laugh me to scorn, they draw apart their lips, and wag their heads: 'He trusts in

14030-576: Was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 19 April 2005 until his resignation on 28 February 2013. Benedict's election as pope occurred in the 2005 papal conclave that followed the death of Pope John Paul II . Benedict chose to be known as " Pope emeritus " upon his resignation, and he retained this title until his death in 2022. Ordained as a priest in 1951 in his native Bavaria , Ratzinger embarked on an academic career and established himself as

14152-449: Was originally a liberal theologian but adopted conservative views after 1968. During his papacy, Benedict advocated a return to fundamental Christian values to counter the increased secularisation of many Western countries . He viewed relativism 's denial of objective truth , and the denial of moral truths in particular, as the central problem of the 21st century. Benedict also revived several traditions and permitted greater use of

14274-694: Was restored to its separate status again with its own president. In June 2010, Benedict created the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelization , appointing Archbishop Rino Fisichella its first president. On 16 January 2013, the Pope transferred responsibility for catechesis from the Congregation for the Clergy to the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization. As pope, one of Benedict's main roles

14396-420: Was substantially criticised by public health officials, anti-AIDS activists, and victim's rights organizations. On 11 February 2013, Benedict announced his (effective 28 February 2013) resignation, citing a "lack of strength of mind and body" due to his advanced age. His resignation was the first by a pope since Gregory XII in 1415, and the first on a pope's initiative since Celestine V in 1294. He

14518-521: Was succeeded by Francis on 13 March 2013 and moved into the newly renovated Mater Ecclesiae Monastery in Vatican City for his retirement. In addition to his native German language, Benedict had some level of proficiency in French, Italian, English, and Spanish. He also knew Portuguese , Latin, Biblical Hebrew , and Biblical Greek . He was a member of several social science academies, such as

14640-554: Was the German priest-politician Georg Ratzinger . His mother's family was originally from South Tyrol (now in Italy). Benedict's elder brother, Georg , became a Catholic priest and was the former director of the Regensburger Domspatzen choir. His sister, Maria, who never married, managed her brother Joseph's household until she died in 1991. At the age of five, Ratzinger was in a group of children who welcomed

14762-566: Was to teach about the Catholic faith and the solutions to the problems of discerning and living the faith, a role that he could play well as a former head of the Church's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. (The main points of emphasis of his teachings are stated in more detail in Theology of Pope Benedict XVI .) After his first homily as pope, Benedict referred to both Jesus Christ and John Paul   II. Citing John Paul   II's well-known words, "Do not be afraid! Open wide

14884-511: Was unfulfilled on account of her illness. They were canonized on 21 October 2012. On 7 October 2012, Benedict named Hildegard of Bingen and John of Ávila as Doctors of the Church , the 34th and 35th individuals so recognized in the history of Christianity. Benedict made only modest changes to the structure of the Roman Curia. In March 2006, he placed both the Pontifical Council for Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant Peoples and

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