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141-409: Li Bian was born in 889 at Pengcheng (彭城, in modern Xuzhou , Jiangsu ), during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang , and might have been known as Li Pengnu in his childhood. His father was named Li Rong ( 李榮 ), who was said to be careful and kind. Li Rong favored spending time with Buddhist monks and often visited their residences, such that he became known as Philosopher Li ( 李道者 ). His mother

282-486: A Lixian Pavilion ( 禮賢院 ), where he collected books and discussed current events with learned guests, including Sun Sheng and Chen Jue . In 933, Song Qiqiu advised Xu Zhigao to move the Wu capital from Guangling to Jinling, and Xu thus began to build a palace complex at Jinling. He himself moved from his headquarters into a private residence, preparing to move the emperor there. However, after Zhou Zong pointed out that moving

423-493: A ceremony where they would remove mourning clothes that they had put on for Xu Wen's death; Xu Zhigao refused, claiming that Yang Pu would not let him leave the capital. Meanwhile, Zhou Zong told Zhou Tingwang to inform Xu Zhixun that he had been accused of seven major crimes and should go to the capital to defend himself. Xu Zhixun believed Zhou Tingwang, and therefore went to Guangling. Once he arrived there, Xu Zhigao detained him and did not allow him to return to Jinling, sending

564-403: A conspiracy with Zhu and considered major reprisals. Xu Zhigao and Yan Keqiu , however, reported to him about Xu Zhixùn's acts that brought alienation – including his arrogance and lack of respect for even Yang Longyan, as his sovereign. Xu Wen, listening to them, did not carry out large scale reprisals. As all of his other sons were young, he made Xu Zhigao the junior regent with

705-544: A daughter in marriage to Yan's son Yan Xu . In 919, Xu Wen advised Yang Longyan to claim imperial title. Yang Longyan declined, but claimed the greater title of King of Wu, thus ending connections to Tang. Xu Zhigao remained junior regent, now with the greater titles of Zuo Pushe (左僕射, one of the heads of the executive bureau of government (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng )), de facto chancellor as Can Zhengshi ( 參政事 ), acting overseers of all military matters (知內外諸軍事, Zhi Neiwai Zhu Junshi ), and military prefect of Jiang. Later in

846-417: A dialect of Lower Yangtze Mandarin . It is incomprehensible to the residents of neighboring Changzhou , whose dialect remains a form of Taihu Wu . The population was 3,210,418 as of 2020, reflecting a 0.31% annual change from the 2010 census, which recorded a population of 3,114,105. Zhenjiang is most famous for its fragrant black vinegar, called Zhenjiang vinegar . Chinese legend traces it to Heita,

987-522: A disaster on himself, and Run, being just across the Yangtze River from Guangling, would allow Xu Zhigao to react quickly. Xu Zhigao agreed, and took up the post thereafter. Over the years, Xu Zhigao and Xu Zhixùn developed an adversarial relationship, as Xu Zhixùn, as well as Xu Zhixún, did not truly consider Xu Zhigao a brother. However, Xu Zhijian had a good relationship with Xu Zhigao and helped to protect him. In 918, after Xu Zhixùn insulted

1128-581: A fierce resistance, Zhenjiang—romanized at the time as Chinkiang—was captured by the British on 21 July 1842 during the First Opium War . As this left the path open to Nanjing , its fall prompted the unequal Treaty of Nanking to avoid further conflict. A decade later, massive floods of the Yellow River altered its course from south to north of Shandong and closed the northern path of

1269-563: A lengthy mourning period for him, and honored him posthumously as Emperor Rui. (Due to the quickness of his death after yielding the throne, it was commonly believed that he was killed on the new emperor's orders, although definitive proof was lacking.) Meanwhile, a movement began among Xu Gao's officials to petition to have him change his surname back to Li, but he initially declined, citing that he did not want to forget Xu Wen's grace to him. In spring 939, apparently feeling justified because his younger brothers Xu Zhizheng and Xu Zhi'e had become

1410-434: A mirror, he commented, "The empire is safe, but I am getting old." Zhou Zong, hearing this, volunteered to go to Jiangdu to start hinting to Yang of the need for transition, as well as to inform this to Song. Xu agreed. However, when Song heard of this, he became intensely jealous of Zhou, and he wrote a letter to Xu, arguing that this was not the right time, and also asking that Zhou be put to death as an apology to Yang. As

1551-407: A palace, and making Song and Xu Jie his chancellors and Zhou Zong and Zhou Tingyu ( 周廷玉 ) his chiefs of staff (內樞使, Neishushi , equivalent to other states' Shumishi ). He also changed his name to Xu Gao. Under Song's advice, he sent emissaries to Khitan Empire 's Emperor Taizong (Yelü Deguang) to establish friendly relations, to counter Later Jin , which then controlled central China. As it

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1692-450: A penalty of one month of salary on himself, to show that even he himself was subject to punishment and to restore discipline. Meanwhile, over the years, Xu Zhixún, citing the fact that Xu Zhigao was not actually a biological son of Xu Wen's, repeatedly pleaded to Xu Wen to take over the junior regency. Yan Keqiu and Xu Jie also often spoke in favor of this change. Xu Wen, as Xu Zhigao was filially pious and careful, declined, and Xu Zhigao

1833-447: A result, Xu demoted Zhou to be the deputy military prefect of Chi Prefecture (池州, in modern Chizhou). However, when Li Jianxun and Xu Jie subsequently also encouraged Xu Zhigao to take the throne, Xu Zhigao recalled Zhou and, from that point on, began to distance himself from Song. As Xu Zhigao was apprehensive of Yang Meng still, he had others make accusations against Yang Meng for secretly making weapons and hiding fugitives. Yang Meng

1974-525: A son go but to his parents? When father is angry, I go to mother. This is what human nature is." Xu Wen became even more loving of him, and often put him in charge of family matters. (Xu Wen had six biological sons known to history – Xu Zhixùn , Xu Zhixún , Xu Zhihui ( 徐知誨 ), Xu Zhijian ( 徐知諫 ), Xu Zhizheng ( 徐知證 ), and Xu Zhi'e ( 徐知諤 ); and it appeared that at least five, if not all six, were younger than Xu Zhigao.) When Xu Zhigao grew older, he became known for calligraphy and archery; he

2115-619: A vast amount of shipping, more so than any other city in the world. The ships which worked the city were painted white and often doubled as businesses such as taverns or other gathering spots. Under the Ming , it was the seat of a prefecture ( fu ) of Nanzhili , the Southern Directly-Administered District around the secondary capital Nanjing . The Southern Ming placed the town under Zheng Zhifeng , brother of Zheng Zhilong and favorite uncle of Koxinga . He

2256-531: A verbal confrontation in which Xu Zhixun stated, "When the deceased Prince [(i.e., Xu Wen, who carried the title of Prince of Donghai)] left this world, you, older brother, were his son. How could it be that you did not attend to his funereal matters?" Xu Zhigao responded, "You had a sword drawn, intended for me. How could I dare to go? You are a subject, so how could you have ridden on imperial wagons and worn imperial clothes?" When Xu Zhixun then questioned him about his actions, Xu Zhigao realized that Zhou Tingwang

2397-510: Is a major city in northwestern Jiangsu province, China. The city, with a recorded population of 9,083,790 at the 2020 census (3,135,660 of which lived in the built-up area made of Quanshan, Gulou, Yunlong and Tongshan urban Districts and Jiawang District not being conurbated), is a national complex transport hub and an important gateway city in East China. Xuzhou is a central city of Huaihai Economic Zone and Xuzhou metropolitan area. Xuzhou

2538-514: Is a military airfield, Zhenjiang Dalu Airport ( 镇江大路机场 ), which may open to regional flights in the future. Zhenjiang city center is 62 km (39 mi) away from Changzhou Benniu International Airport , about a one-hour drive (80 km or 50 mi) away from Nanjing Lukou International Airport via Nanjing Provincial Highway 243, and approximately a two-hour (143 km or 89 mi) drive away from Sunan Shuofang International Airport . Check-in facilities are available for Lukou Airport in

2679-610: Is an important node city of the country's Belt and Road Initiative , and an international new energy base. Xuzhou has won titles such as the National City of Civility (全国文明城市) and the United Nations Habitat Scroll of Honour award . The city is designated as National Famous Historical and Cultural City since 1986 for its relics, especially the terracotta armies, the Mausoleums of the princes and

2820-663: Is located in the Xu-Huai Alluvial Plain, the southeast part of the North China Plain . The confluence of the former Si River and the former Bian Canal was situated northeast of ancient Xuzhou city. The city and its hinterland were areas liable to severe flooding from the Yellow River since the tenth century. In 1194, the Yellow River changed its course to join the Si River, a former tributary of

2961-587: Is still one of China's busiest ports for domestic commerce, serving as a hub for trade among Jiangsu , Anhui , and Shanghai . The trade mostly consists of grain, cotton, oils, and lumber. The other main industries are mostly in the field of food processing and paper pulp manufacturing. The city has a humid subtropical climate (Koppen:Cwa), with a noticeable rise in rainfall during the East Asian monsoon . Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −12.0 °C (10 °F) (unofficial record of −12.9 °C (9 °F)

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3102-515: The Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway was completed. Trains on the line stop at Zhenjiang South Railway Station . The two high-speed lines have reduced travel time between Zhenjiang and Shanghai to under an hour, and travel time to Beijing to under five hours. Rail service to Shanghai is frequent - averaging one train in less than half an hour. Zhenjiang does not have a commercial airport within its city limits, although there

3243-650: The Great Leap Forward . In 1978, the then China Institute of Mining and Technology relocated to Xuzhou. Zhenjiang Zhenjiang , alternately romanized as Chinkiang , is a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu Province, China. It lies on the southern bank of the Yangtze River near its intersection with the Grand Canal . It is opposite Yangzhou (to its north) and between Nanjing (to its west) and Changzhou (to its east). Zhenjiang

3384-731: The Jiangsu University of Science and Technology ( 江苏科技大学 ). Zhenjiang is home to the Silkworm Raising Research Institute of the Academy of Agricultural Science of China . The Shaozong Library includes a 100-volume collection of sayings and proverbs dating from the 7th to 11th centuries. Senior high schools are Jiangsu Provincial Zhenjiang No. 1 High School ( 江苏省镇江第一中学 ), the Zhenjiang High School of Jiangsu Province ( 江苏省镇江中学 ) and

3525-651: The Song emperors . The 11th-century scientist and statesman Shen Kuo composed his 1088 Dream Pool Essays during his retirement in a garden estate on the outskirts of the city. It was taken by the Mongolians during their 1275 campaign against the Southern Song capital at Hangzhou . Under their Yuan dynasty , some Nestorian Christians were reported living in the city. The city fell to Xu Da on 17 March 1356. According to Odoric of Pordenone , Zhenjiang had

3666-657: The longest suspension bridge spans in the world, connects to Yangzhou . The Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge , one of the longest cable-stayed bridges in the world , connects Yongzhong with Taizhou. Zhenjiang has been connected by rail since 1906, at the completion of the Nanjing-Shanghai Railway. The railway was extended to Beijing after the completion of the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge in 1968, connecting Zhenjiang to China's political and commercial hubs. The primary railway station

3807-717: The new year by eating a red-bean dish and avoiding rice. One bowl of beans was left on the table to feed the home's flies , from the belief that they would then avoid disturbing the family during the new year festivities. A natural spring in a park on the edge of Zhenjiang has been famed since the Tang (7th–9th century) as the best in Jiangsu for making tea . It is now marketed as the "First Spring under Heaven ". The 15th-century Japanese ink-wash master Sesshū Tōyō studied in Zhenjiang. The local Jinshan temple appears in

3948-505: The 1940s for wars, and a few people engaged in industrial sectors. Later the CPC positioned the city as a region of coal mining and heavy industry. Its dominant sectors are machinery, energy and food production nowadays. The construction machinery manufacturer XCMG is the largest company based in Xuzhou. It was the world's tenth-largest construction equipment maker measured by 2011 revenues, and

4089-648: The Grand Canal. Soon after, Zhenjiang was sacked by the Taiping rebels in 1853. It was recaptured by the Qing in 1858 and opened as a treaty port in 1861. Into the 1870s, Chaozhou merchants used their connections in Zhenjiang to make it a regional distribution center for opium purchased from the foreign merchants in Shanghai ; when David Sassoon attempted to avoid taxation by delivering his cargoes directly to

4230-715: The Huai. From then on, the Yellow River flowed along the north of the walled city until diverting in 1855. The city proper is now bisected by the ancient Yellow River course, while Yunlong Lake is located in the southwest. North of the lake is Yunlong Park . Xuzhou has a monsoon -influenced humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ), with cool, dry winters, warm springs, long, hot and humid summers, and crisp autumns. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 0.7 °C (33.3 °F) in January to 27.3 °C (81.1 °F) in July;

4371-490: The New Zhenjiang Bus Station ( 镇江汽车新站 ). Zhenjiang is on the route of Beijing-Shanghai Expressway , and China National Highway 312 . As of 2014 , Zhenjiang had an extensive number of bus routes - numbering nearly one hundred. Since 2012 the city's entire fleet of city buses are equipped with GPS and are managed centrally through a "smart transport network system." Zhenjiang Export Processing Zone

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4512-611: The Prince of Hongnong (later with the greater title of Prince of Wu). Xu effectively served as the regent and controlled Wu's government. Xu Zhigao was apparently given the command of the Yuancong Corps ( 元從 ). In 909, Xu Wen, believing that Jinling was a good defensible location and where the Hongnong fleet could be best stationed, took for himself the title of prefect of Sheng Prefecture (昇州, i.e., Jinling) but made Xu Zhigao

4653-402: The Qing armies. While the former bandit general, Gao Jie ( 高傑 ) was designated to take the crucial forward position at Xuzhou by Shi Kefa . But the assassination of Gao seriously reduced the court's capacity to deal with challenges from Qing. Gao's successor was Li Chengdong ( 李成棟 ). Being aware of forthcoming attack, Li deserted Xuzhou in the early summer of 1645. Then Dodo 's army captured

4794-402: The Wu capital Guangling and make Run Prefecture (潤州, in modern Zhenjiang , Jiangsu ) his headquarters. He left Xu Zhigao's brother Xu Zhixùn in charge at Guangling as the junior regent. However, Xu Zhixùn was arrogant and ran the government impulsively, which Xu Wen was unaware. Meanwhile, in 917, when Xu Wen went to Sheng to examine the prefecture, he was impressed by its prosperity. Under

4935-413: The Yellow River estuary forced the river to channel its flow into the lower Huai River tributary. The area became barren thereafter due to persistent flooding, nutrient depletion and salination of the once fertile soil. In the first month of 1129, Nijuhun took the city after a siege of 27 days, and the then governor Wang Fu ( 王復 ) was executed for refusing to submit. Wang's inferior Zhao Li ( 趙立 ) rallied

5076-409: The adoption of Hanyu Pinyin , the city's name was typically romanized as Chin-keang-foo , Chen-kiang-fu , or Chinkiang . Former names include Jingkou and Runzhou . A part of Zhenjiang was held by Ce, Marquess of Yi , under the early Zhou dynasty . It was subsequently known as Zhufang and Guyang . After the unification of China by Shi Huangdi of Qin in 221   BC,

5217-515: The advice of the officer Chen Yanqian ( 陳彥謙 ), he decided to move his headquarters (in his role as the military governor of Zhenhai Circuit ( 鎮海) ) to Sheng, while moving Xu Zhigao from Sheng to serve as the military prefect of Run. Xu Zhigao did not want the Run post and requested the Xuan post, but Xu Wen refused to grant it. Song, however, pointed out to him secretly that Xu Zhixùn would soon be bringing

5358-426: The annual mean is 14.9 °C (58.8 °F). Snow may occur during winter, though rarely heavily. Precipitation is light in winter, and a majority of the annual total of 842.8 millimetres (33.2 in) occurs from June thru August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 44% in July to 54% in three months, the city receives 2,221 hours of bright sunshine annually. The lowest temperature recorded in Xuzhou

5499-549: The area was organized as the county ( xian ) of Dantu . One Chinese legend relates that the site's fengshui was so advantageous that the First Emperor ordered 3000 prisoners to dig a tunnel through one of its hills to dissipate its qi . In the middle of the 3rd century   BC, Dantu was elevated to the status of a commandery ( jun ). The Sui took the city in AD   581 from Chen and made it an important garrison on

5640-581: The art of relief of Han dynasty. Xuzhou is a major city among the top 500 cities in the world by scientific research outputs , as tracked by the Nature Index . The city is also home to China University of Mining and Technology , the only national key university under the Project 211 in Xuzhou and other major public research universities , including Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou Medical College , and Xuzhou Institute of Technology . Before

5781-780: The autumn of this year, the Second Zhili–Fengtian War broke out, Zhang Zongchang who supported the Fengtian clique seized the city with his thirty thousand soldiers. Sun Chuanfang led a coalition of forces to sortie the Fengtian Army in October 1925. They occupied the city on 8 November. As the leader of the Northern Expedition , Chiang Kai-shek arrived in Xuzhou on 17 June 1927. He conferred with Feng Yuxiang and other Kuomintang officers on 20 June, Feng

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5922-571: The autumn, and the multitudes were killed by Toqto's army afterwards. It may be the symbolically most important victory for Toqto. Thus, Xuzhou was renamed Wu'an ( 武安 ; literal meaning: Restoring peace by force") as a favour for him, and a stone slab celebrating his deed was erected by the court in the city. Zhang Shicheng occupied Xuzhou as the northernmost city of his domain in 1360. The Ming forces under Xu Da , captured Xuzhou in 1366. Soon Köke Temür sent an army under General Li Er to attack Xuzhou. Fu Youde ( 傅友德 ) and Lu Ju ( 陸聚 ) who held

6063-610: The battle in the Chinese Civil War , the Huaihai Campaign in 1948–49. On 19 May 1938, Chiang gave the order to abandon Xuzhou, then Japanese military took control of the city. The Administrative Commission of the Su-Huai Special Region ( 蘇淮特別區 ) was established in January 1942, with its seat at Xuzhou. It was replaced by a new puppet province, Huaihai ( 淮海省 ). Hao Pengju was appointed as

6204-702: The capital of the Republic of China , Zhenjiang served as the provincial capital for Jiangsu. During World War II , the city fell to Japan 's Shanghai Expeditionary Army in the morning of 8 December 1937, shortly before the capture of Nanjing , but local resistance to the Japanese is still celebrated among the Chinese. When the Communists won the Chinese Civil War and relocated the capital to Beijing , Nanjing resumed its role as Jiangsu's capital. Zhenjiang

6345-607: The capital to the area of Xuzhou and populated it with people who were migrated southwards. Pengcheng , named after the ancient Peng state that was centered around Xuzhou, a city at the junction of the ancient Bian and Si Rivers, was founded by Lü (annexed by Song later). Chu took the city in the war of 573 BCE, but ceded the city back to Song in the next year, as a coercive measure. In 208 BC, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang deployed their troops into Pengcheng, where Emperor Yi of Chu later transferred his capital from Xuyi after rebel leader Xiang Liang 's death. Xiang Yu then exiled

6486-664: The capital was an expensive endeavor and that if he moved the capital to Jinling, he might needed to take up headquarters in Jiangdu (i.e., Guangling, now known as Jiangdu Municipality) instead. As a result, the project was cancelled, and he shortly after moved back into headquarters. Also in 933, the Wu general Jiang Yanhui ( 蔣延徽 ), trying to take advantage of a rebellion by Wu Guang ( 吳光 ) against Wu's southeastern neighbor Min , put Min's key city of Jian Prefecture (建州, in modern Nanping , Fujian ) under siege and nearly captured it. However, upon receiving reports of Jiang's campaign, Xu

6627-438: The ceremony, leave Xu Zhixùn there to be junior regent. However, he then fell ill, so he sent Xu Zhixùn to Guangling with his petition for Yang Pu to take imperial title and to take over for Xu Zhigao. Hearing this, Xu Zhigao drafted a petition to Yang Pu, where he would resign his offices and requested to be made the military governor of Zhennan Circuit (鎮南, headquartered in modern Nanchang , Jiangxi ). However, while Xu Zhixùn

6768-563: The chancellors, Li Decheng , also advocating the same, Xu Gao converted the inner city of Run Prefecture into Danyang Palace and had Li Decheng move Yang Pu there; the entire Yang imperial clan was then moved into Danyang Palace as well and placed under heavy guard . Meanwhile, the officials were submitting many petitions asking for names of places that had characters of "Wu" or "Yang" be changed. At Xu Jie's suggestion that such matters should not become pressing matters, Xu Gao did not act on them. Around new year 939, Yang Pu died. Xu Gao declared

6909-487: The city had major coal reserves of the province. Local coaling began by the 1070s, according to a lyric of the then governor Su Shi . Copper smelting in this area supposedly started in the Three Kingdoms era. The city astride the old course of the Grand Canal had been through several transitory periods of prosperity, before the grain tribute system was abolished in 1855. It remained being economically backward in

7050-519: The city raided them outside, most of the enemy were drowned while the remained about 270 soldiers and 500 horses were captured. Xuzhou had a long period of prosperity during the Ming dynasty. The flourishness largely attributed to the carriage, especially by the Grand Canal, one of seven customs barriers (or customs houses, 鈔關 ) under the Ministry of Revenue was located in Xuzhou. It was retained until

7191-509: The city. The seismic activity of the Tancheng earthquake in 1688 was also involved Xuzhou. "More than half the houses of the city were ruined" and "led to enormous deaths", according to the gazetteer. In the 1850s, the Yellow River shifted its course from the southern to the northern side of the Shandong peninsula , the process caused serious floods and famine in Xuzhou, and almost made

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7332-567: The city. Peng Zu is believed to be the first chief of the ancient Peng state that was centered around Xuzhou, while the state was eventually conquered by King Wu Ding of Shang in around 1208 BC. During the time of Western Zhou , a Huaiyi chiefdom called Xuyi or Xu rose centered around modern Xuzhou and controlled the Lower Yellow River Valley. Xuyi with its Huaiyi people fought against Zhou and its vassals at irregular intervals. Since its declining, Xuyi once moved

7473-428: The discipline officer of Sheng as well as the deputy commander of the fleet, stationing at Sheng to be in charge of it. In 912, after a campaign in which Xu Wen destroyed one of the most ardent resisters to his regency, Li Yu ( 李遇 ) the governor of Xuan Prefecture (宣州, in modern Xuancheng , Anhui ), Xu Zhigao, for his participation in the campaign as the deputy commander to the general in charge, Chai Zaiyong ( 柴再用 ),

7614-598: The emperor to southern China in 206 BC, the former proclaiming himself as "Hegemon-King of Western Chu", and also establishing his capital in Pengcheng, until 202 BC. During the Han dynasty , a new Chu Kingdom was established with its capital at Pengcheng. It was ruled by various imperial princes during the Western Han period (202 BC – 9 AD). Liu Jiao , the younger half-brother of Liu Bang , founder of Western Han, became

7755-564: The first Prince of Chu. In 154 BC, the prince Liu Wu participated in the Rebellion of the Seven Princes . However, he was defeated afterwards and Chu's territories were greatly diminished. By the end of the second century, a prosperous Buddhist community had been settled at Pengcheng. At the turn of the second century, Pengcheng changed hands several times among Cao Cao and his rivals before being annexed to Cao Wei in about 200. In

7896-519: The form of a subject) thanking him, but continued to use the formality of a subject. Yang Pu's crown prince Yang Lian , who was Xu Gao's son-in-law, was created a duke. Meanwhile, Xu created his wife Song Fujin empress, and Xu Jingtong the Prince of Wu, as well as a number of other honorific titles – including Shangshu Ling ( 尚書令 ), which in Tang times had only been held by Emperor Taizong of Tang  – making him apparently

8037-544: The former drainage system, but also depressed the local economy. Prior to the recession, flooding and the famines followed struck Xuzhou frequently. The worst flooding occurred in 1624: it was immersed up to 1 zhang and 3 chi (about 4m) within the city. After the Hongguang Emperor enthroned in Nanjing, the court designated four defense areas along the southern bank of the Yellow River ( 江北四鎮 ) to repulse

8178-529: The garrison of Xuzhou welcomed the Mongolian. Meantime, Anyong pledged loyalty to the Song dynasty. He captured the city again after the Mongolian army left. In the spring of the next year, the Mongolian commander Zhang Rong ( 张荣 ) attacked Xuzhou, Anyong drowned himself after the final defeat. The Mongolian governor of Xuzhou and Pizhou called Li Gaoge ( 李杲哥 ) surrendered to the Song in 1262. Then he failed and

8319-454: The general Zhu Jin and tried to expel Zhu from the Wu central government, Zhu assassinated him and then, when corned by Xu Wen's close associate Zhai Qian ( 翟虔 ), committed suicide. Xu Zhigao, upon hearing of the disturbance at Guangling, took his troops, crossed the Yangtze, and pacified the city. After Xu Wen subsequently arrived, he suspected many other generals and officials of being in

8460-551: The general Chai Zaiyong ( 柴再用 ) the military governor of Wuchang, drawing Xu Zhixun's ire. Given Xu Zhixun's military strength, Xu Zhigao feared him, but Xu Zhixun's arrogance alienated his younger brothers, particularly both Xu Zhihui and Xu Zhijian; Xu Zhihui secretly reported Xu Zhixun's actions to Xu Zhigao, while Xu Zhijian, at Guangling, participated in Xu Zhigao's machinations against Xu Zhixun. Xu Jie, who had previously supported Xu Zhixun, also realized that Xu Zhixun lacked

8601-461: The generals Li Chengyu ( 李承裕 ) and Duan Chugong ( 段處恭 ) to aid Li Jinquan, but with instructions not to pillage and to, with haste, escort Li Jinquan back to Southern Tang territory safely. However, in violation of Li Bian's instructions, Li Chengyu seized Li Jinquan's wealth and tried to defend the city, and subsequently engaged and was defeated by the Later Jin general Ma Quanjie ( 馬全節 ). Duan

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8742-657: The governor. After the Second Sino-Japanese War, the troop under He Zhuguo entered Xuzhou on 6 September. The Xuzhou Pacification Commission ( 徐州綏靖公署 ) was founded in the end of year, and Gu Zhutong was appointed as the Chief. It was disbanded when the Army Command Headquarters of transferred to Xuzhou on 5 March 1947. Meantime, a military tribunal attached to the commission was organized to sentence 25 Japanese soldiers. Guo Yingqiu as

8883-603: The heir. (Xu Jingtong was soon renamed Xu Jing.) His uneasy relationship with his longtime friend Song Qiqiu continued, as although he made Song a chancellor, he did not give Song actual authorities, causing Song to be apprehensive. Believing that Xu Gao might be displeased that he had opposed the dynastic transition, he proposed moving Yang Pu to a more distant location and that a divorce be ordered between Yang Lian and Xu Gao's daughter (now titled Princess Yongxing ). Xu Gao rejected both proposals. However, in spring 938, with Yang Pu insisting moving out of his old palace and one of

9024-515: The honorable title of Emperor Gaoshang Sixuan Honggu Rang. Your palace, imperial train, and clothing will all remain the same. Your ancestral temples, insignia, and clothing colors will also remain the same as they were in the Wu days. Yang Pu, finding it untenable for the Southern Tang emperor to still be claiming to be his subject, wrote a letter back declining this humility. The Southern Tang emperor wrote another submission (i.e., still in

9165-425: The imperial physician had to summon Li Jing to his presence to attend to him. He stated to Li Jing, "I took these medications made of gold and rocks to try to lengthen my lifespan, but instead they harmed me. You should be cautious of this." He died that night. Li Jing initially did not announce his death and only had an edict issued in his name, making Li Jing regent, but soon thereafter announced his death and took

9306-409: The initial, middle and late stages of this culture, respectively. While the remains of sacrificial rituals performed to Tudi deity found at Qiuwan ( 丘灣 ) site and Gaohuangmiao ( 高皇廟 ) site, both of them are in the outskirts of the city, indicate that Shang dynasty affected the area. History relates that Peng or Great Peng, the transitions from a tribe to a chiefdom contained within the boundary of

9447-544: The intervening years, the seat of Xuzhou (Xu province) was transferred from Tancheng to Xiapi, which located in the northwest of Suining. While Pengcheng became the seat later than 220. With the rebellions of the Five Barbarians , considerable local households migrated to the south, a Liu clan from Pengcheng ascended to the gentry, its most well known descendant is Liu Yu, the Emperor Wu of Liu Song . Pengcheng

9588-545: The largest army of the state, and he, wielding that authority, contended for decision-making with Xu Zhigao, who tried to curb Xu Zhixun's military power. For example, in 929, when Xu Zhixun's father-in-law, the general Li Jian ( 李簡 ) the military governor of Wuchang Circuit (武昌, headquartered in modern Wuhan , Hubei ) died, Xu Zhixun took 2,000 of Li Jian's soldiers and kept them under his command, while recommending Li Jian's son Li Yanzhong ( 李彥忠 ) to succeed Li Jian. Xu Zhigao, however, ignoring Xu Zhixun's recommendations, made

9729-529: The late Qing. Korean Choe Bu affirmed that the city where he travelled by way of, hardly pale by comparison to the Jiangnan region . As a hub for both the national courier system and the grain tribute system for several centuries, Xuzhou was of vital importance. Thus, the government of Ming established three garrison areas namely guards in the present-day area: Xuzhou guard ( 徐州衛 ), Xuzhou Left guard ( 徐州左衛 ) and Pizhou guard ( 邳州衛 ) for its security. Yet,

9870-541: The lead petitioners, he approved the petition. When the officials subsequently offered an honorific imperial title to him, he rejected it, stating, "An honorific title is false beauty, and it is not in accordance with ancient traditions." The Song dynasty historian Sima Guang commented that subsequently, his successors (son Li Jing and grandson Li Yu ) also declined such honorifics, and in this area of governance, as well as preventing relatives from wielding improper power and interference by eunuchs into governance, none of

10011-593: The local navigation was considerably constrained by two Rapids: the Xuzhou Rapids ( 徐州洪 ), a kilometer southeast of the city, and the Lüliang Rapids ( 呂梁洪 ), another 24 kilometers further south. The remedy provided by the Ministry of Works is constructing the Jia Canal , which paralleled the treacherous stretch of Xuzhou. However, the canal completed in the 1600s ravaged the city. Not only it disrupted

10152-529: The lower Yangtze , the source of its present name ("Protecting the River"). In 595, it was restored to commandery status. Its importance grew with the construction of the Grand Canal , after which it served as the chief collection and transit center for the grain tax paid by the farmers of the Yangtze delta . The city flourished from the 10th to 13th centuries, when it produced fine silks, satins, and silverware for

10293-486: The major warlord Yang Xingmi the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou , Jiangsu ) attacked Hao and captured it. Yang's soldiers took Li Bian captive. Yang, finding Li Bian's appearance to be unusual, wanted to take him in as an adoptive son, but Yang's oldest son Yang Wo disliked Li Bian. Yang therefore gave Li Bian to his officer Xu Wen , and Xu took Li Bian as an adoptive son and renamed him Xu Zhigao. As Xu Wen's wife Lady Li had

10434-485: The military governor of Zhennan Circuit (鎮南, headquartered in modern Nanchang , Jiangxi ). As Li Bian himself, while serving as regent of Wu, had often revised laws to try to improve Tang laws, he ordered the judges and the executive bureau to reorganize the laws into a 30-volume work entitled, the Laws of Shengyuan ( Shengyuan being his era name ). In fall 942, he ordered that those laws be officially promulgated. Over

10575-624: The north, and a rout ensued. Then the Beiyang Army captured the city on 24 July. Thereafter, Zhang Xun made Xuzhou his base. he convened four meetings of the Beiyang leadership. Involved the stalemate among Li Yuanhong and Duan Qirui in 1917, he marched on Beijing with a troop in June. His failure spread and caused a terrible wave of theft and arson committed by his garrisons later in Xuzhou in July. The Zhili clique dominated Xuzhou by 1924. In

10716-529: The officer Ke Hou ( 柯厚 ) to lead the Jinling forces back to Guangling, thus consolidating the command under Xu Zhigao himself. Xu Zhixun was kept at Guangling to take the office of army commander (統軍, Tongjun ), still carrying the title of military governor of Zhenhai Circuit. (The command of Ningguo Circuit went to Xu Zhigao.) It was said that it was only after this point that Xu Zhigao had true, unchallenged authority over Wu's governance. The brothers then had

10857-405: The official adoption of Hanyu Pinyin , the city's name was typically romanized as Suchow or Süchow, though it also appeared as Siu Tcheou [Fou], Hsu-chou, Hsuchow, and Hsü-chow. The early prehistoric relics around Xuzhou are classified as Dawenkou culture system. Liulin ( 劉林 ) site together with Dadunzi ( 大墩子 ) site, Huating ( 花廳 ) site, and Liangwangcheng ( 梁王城 ) site correspond to

10998-466: The official titles of deputy commander of the Huainan army, deputy commander of the infantry and cavalry, general overseer of the headquarters, and military prefect of Jiang Prefecture (江州, in modern Jiujiang , Jiangxi ), with Xu Zhijian taking over his post as military prefect of Run. It was said that Xu Zhigao governed opposite to how Xu Zhixùn did – he treated Yang Longyan with respect,

11139-530: The opium merchants in Zhenjiang, the Chinese organized to intimidate his customers and then bought out his failed organization. The population was estimated at 168,000 in 1904. The southern part of the Grand Canal was obstructed in the early 20th century, although by that point the city was connected by rail to Shanghai and Nanjing . The Kuomintang government revoked the British concession at Zhenjiang in 1929. From 1928 to 1949, while Nanjing served as

11280-418: The order, however, he went to see Xu Wen. At the meeting, he pointed out that at that time, Wu's nominal ally and fellow rival to Later Liang, Jin , was winning victory after victory over Later Liang, and that Jin's prince Li Cunxu appeared to be posturing to claim the imperial title himself and claim lawful succession from the Tang emperors. Yan argued that, with that being the case, Wu's political structure

11421-478: The other Xu ancestors were only posthumously honored as princes or dukes, while their wives were honored as ladies. Instead of the usual dynastic transitions, where the new emperor would create the old emperor a noble title, Xu Gao submitted a petition (i.e., still acting as if he were a subject) to Yang Pu, stating: Your old subject Xu Gao, who has received your gracious yielding of the throne [(禪讓, Shanrang )], respectfully bows to you, Emperor, and presents you with

11562-431: The other states of the time could be compared to Southern Tang. Xu Gao took the name of Li Bian, and effectively claimed to be the legitimate successor to the Tang throne and that he was a descendant of Li Ke the son of Emperor Gaozong of Tang . He honored his biological father Li Rong, as well as three other ancestors, as emperors, and their wives as empresses. Xu Wen continued to be honored posthumously as emperor, and

11703-404: The palace and had her remarried. Also over the years, Li Bian had been taking alchemists' medicines, believing that they would allow him to have long life, but the medicines were in fact making his temper flare frequently and health deteriorate. By spring 943, he was quite ill, but pretended to be not ill and continued to be presiding over imperial gatherings. On March 30, 943, he was so ill that

11844-419: The prefectural city of Xuzhou, captured the civil governor, and killed those officers. Pang acquired a considerable following. Still, the rebellion was suppressed a year later eventually. Wuning was renamed Ganhua ( 感化 ; 'Converting [from insubordination]') with admonishment on lest the garrison to revolt again. After the Yellow River began to change course during the Song dynasty , heavy silting at

11985-981: The proper abilities to lead, and instead turned his allegiance to Xu Zhigao. Meanwhile, Xu Zhixun was not curbing his actions properly; for example, when Wuyue's king Qian Liu sent Xu Zhixun gifts of vessels and saddles adorn with dragons and phoenixes – which only the sovereign could use – Xu Zhixun used them, making no attempts to avoid making them into a display. His close associate Zhou Tingwang ( 周廷望 ) persuaded him to let Zhou take large amounts of wealth to Guangling to try to use them to bribe other high level officials to turn from Xu Zhigao and toward him, but when Zhou arrived at Guangling, Zhou secretly pledged allegiance to Xu Zhigao through Xu Zhigao's associate Zhou Zong, and informed Xu Zhixun's actions to Xu Zhigao – but then, when he returned to Jinling, also informed Xu Zhigao's actions to Xu Zhixun, trying to play both sides. Later in 929, Xu Zhixun tried to summon Xu Zhigao to Jinling to attend

12126-559: The proper reputation to be a chancellor, declined and retired for some time, before returning to the government. In 931, Xu Zhigao himself was made the military governor of Zhenhai and Ningguo, with headquarters at Jinling, while Xu Jingtong was made Situ (司徒, one of the Three Excellencies ), Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi , and acting overseer of all military matters. Wang Lingmou and Song were made chancellors to assist Li Jingtong. Once he settled in at Jinling, Xu Zhigao build

12267-467: The remains and constructed a local militia. They recaptured the city two months later but withdrew from there strategically soon. Henceforth, Xuzhou was ruled by Jurchen over a century. In 1232, the general Wang You ( 王佑 ), Feng Xian ( 封仙 ) revolted, they expelled the Jurchen's governor Tuktan. Then the Mongolian army led by Anyong ( 安用 ), a Han Chinese general captured Xuzhou soon. Both the general of

12408-561: The representative of the CPC went to Xuzhou to negotiate a regional truce, since 10 February 1946. On 2 March, the "Committee of Three", comprising George Marshall, Zhang Zhizhong and Zhou Enlai arrived for the ceasefire in Central China. Still, the KMT and the CPC came into conflict soon. The CPC revealed that Yasuji Okamura assisted the KMT in the local warfare against the PLA. The Huaihai

12549-560: The rest area of the northern Jiangsu along the Longhai Railway. The city was returned to Jiangsu as the province was restored in 1953. The railways in Xuzhou bore the brunt of the transporting muddle in the 1970s, Beijing was concerned with the issue in 1974. Thus, the then Minister of Railways, Wan Li went to Xuzhou to inspect and rectify in March. It was deemed as a breakthrough on restoring order later. On April 22, 1993, Xuzhou

12690-437: The same surname and felt attached to Xu Zhigao, she cared for him well. It was said that Xu Zhigao served his father with greater filial piety than Xu Wen's other (biological) sons. One time, when he offended Xu Wen, Xu Wen caned him and chased him out of the house. However, when Xu Wen came home at night, Xu Zhigao was waiting at the door for him. Xu Wen asked, "Why are you still here?" Xu Zhigao wept and responded, "Where can

12831-501: The same time, Min's emperor Wang Xi and his brother Wang Yanzheng , who controlled Jian Prefecture, were embroiled in a civil war. Li Bian sent the official Shang Quangong ( 尚全恭 ) to Min on a diplomatic mission to try to help end the Min civil war. Under Shang's mediation, the Wang brothers swore an oath of peace, but in reality continued to hate each other. In 942, at Song's request, Song

12972-602: The seat of Xuzhou until it was eliminated in the early Ming. The raging wars inflicted upon Xuzhou until the Emperor Taizong of Tang's enthronement in 626. Keeping the northern rebellions and warfare a distance gave Xuzhou scope for developing during the most period of the Tang dynasty . According to the Old Book of Tang and the New book of Tang , in 639, the total population of Pengcheng County, Fei County and Pei County

13113-639: The son of Dukang , the supposed inventor of alcoholic beverages . Having forgotten about a vat of wine for 21 days, he found it had spoiled but now possessed a pleasant sour taste that could be used to complement foods. The present recipe is said to date back 1400 years, with its major modern manufacturer—the Jiangsu Hengshun Vinegar Industry Co.—dating to 1840. Other local specialties include crab cream bun, Chinkiang pork ( 鎭江肴肉 , akin to head cheese ), and pickled vegetables. Formerly, households in Zhenjiang would prepare for

13254-407: The south to join the two thousand former Wuning soldiers there. The breached pledge irritated them. Led by Pang Xun , some soldiers mutinied and marched back north. They have unimpeded access to the area by the winter of 868. The local civil governor refused Pang's demand to have the hatred officers removed, and a military confrontation ensued. Thousands of local peasants joined the rebels. They took

13395-650: The south; Huaibei to the west; Linyi , Zaozhuang , Jining and Heze of Shandong province to the north. The area can be divided into four sectors from east to west, constitute the Shandong–;Jiangsu Traps ( 鲁苏地盾 ), the Tancheng–;Lujiang Fault Zone ( 郯庐断裂带 ), the Xu–;Huai Downwarp-fold Belt ( 徐淮坳褶带 ) and the Fault-block of West Shandong ( 鲁西断块 ) respectively. Most of the area

13536-447: The state of Su ( 宿州 ) Liu Anguo ( 刘安国 ) and the general of Pizhou Du Zheng ( 杜政 ) yielded their owned city to Anyong. Regarding Anyong's behave as grabbing reputation, the Mongolian general Asuru ( Chinese : 阿术鲁/额苏伦 ) irritated and persisted to kill him. Felt panic, Anyong sought refuge from Jurchen. The Jin dynasty resumed its ruling in Xuzhou, and it was quite transient. The serious disunity made betraying recur. In November 1233,

13677-593: The tale of Madame White Snake and inspired a replica in the Kangxi Emperor 's garden at Chengde . Zhenjiang is located in the convenient Yangtze River Delta transport corridor, at the crossroads of the Grand Canal and the Yangtze , and between the Shanghai and Nanjing economic regions. The Port of Zhenjiang is the third largest port on the Yangtze. The city has two Yangtze River crossings . The Runyang Yangtze River Bridge complex , which has one of

13818-469: The third-largest based in China (after Sany and Zoomlion ). Xuzhou was a regional centre for education, but two defunct institutions once chose their sites within the city: Provincial College of Kiangsu ( 省立江蘇學院 ) and North China Theological Seminary . In the 1950s, the then Jiangsu Normal Academy relocated to the city in 1958, and the then Nanjing Medical College, Xuzhou was founded later, both survived

13959-843: The throne, ending Wu, and starting his new state. (The Zizhi Tongjian referred to his state as Tang (historically known as Southern Tang at this juncture, although other sources, including the Old History of the Five Dynasties , New History of the Five Dynasties , and the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms , referred to his state as Qi at this point, and only changed to Tang after Xu Gao subsequently changed back to his birth name of Li (see below).) Xu Gao posthumously honored his adoptive father Xu Wen as an emperor, and his adoptive mother Lady Li as an empress, although

14100-502: The throne. While the kingdom Xianzhu founded did not succeed in reuniting the Chinese realm, it played an important part in the consolidation of politics with the absorption of Min and Chu . It also became one of the leading centers of learning, along with Chengdu of the Later Shu and Hangzhou of Wuyue . Parents: Wives Xuzhou Xuzhou ( Chinese : 徐州 ), also known as Pengcheng ( 彭城 ) in ancient times,

14241-483: The title of deputy supreme commander of all circuits (諸道副都統, Zhudao Fu Dutong , with Xu Wen having been supreme commander before, and that post now left open) and military governor of Ningguo (寧國, headquartered at Xuan Prefecture) and Zhenhai Circuits, which Xu Wen had been; he also took the greater honorary chancellor title of Shizhong ( 侍中 ). Even though Xu Zhigao remained in control of Wu's imperial government, Xu Zhixun, at Jinling (i.e., Sheng Prefecture), controlled

14382-591: The waterway system within the prefecture defunct. Zhang Xun and his remaining army fled to Xuzhou after the Revolution of 1911 . They entered the city on 5 December. The Nanking Government sent three armies to attack Xuzhou. In the middle of February 1912, Zhang evacuated the city and moved north after he was defeated. Since the Second Revolution began, Xuzhou became a front-line city. The Revolutionary Army fared badly as it advanced from there towards

14523-413: The year, when Wu forces, under Xu Wen, repelled a major attack by Wu's southeastern neighbor Wuyue , Xu Zhigao suggested a surprise attack on Wuyue's Su Prefecture (蘇州, in modern Suzhou , Jiangsu ), but Xu Wen, citing the desire for peace between the two states, declined. In 921, after Yang Longyan, at Xu Wen's advice, offered sacrifices to heaven and earth to show him more as a full sovereign, Xu Zhigao

14664-630: The years, Li Bian had been tempted to make Li Jingda, whom he considered decisive and capable, his heir, and Song had also often praised Li Jingda's abilities. However, as Li Jing was older, he eventually decided against making Li Jingda his heir. Meanwhile, his youngest son Li Jingti ( 李景逷 ) was born of his favorite concubine Consort Zhong, and once, when Li Bian was angry with Li Jing for being occupied with musical instruments, Consort Zhong tried to persuade him to divert succession from Li Jing and making Li Jingti his heir. Finding Consort Zhong's suggestion highly inappropriate, he expelled Consort Zhong out of

14805-494: Was Zhenjiang West Railway Station, which was demolished in 2004 due to congestion it caused in the city center. Since then Zhenjiang Railway Station has served as the city's principal railway station. Since April 2010, Zhenjiang has been on the route of the Shanghai-Nanjing Intercity Rail , the first high-speed rail with a design speed of over 300 km/h (186 mph) to serve the city. In 2011,

14946-424: Was a Lady Liu, who was probably Li Rong's wife. In 893, Li Rong died. At that time, the Pengcheng region was engulfed in warfare. Li Rong's older brother Li Qiu ( 李球 ) took Li Bian and Lady Liu and fled to Hao Prefecture (濠州, in modern Chuzhou , Anhui ). Shortly after, Lady Liu died. Li Qiu, apparently unable to care for Li Bian, left Li Bian in the care of the monks at Kaiyuan Temple ( 開元寺 ) at Hao. In 895,

15087-530: Was a senior general under Yang Xingmi, would support him. However, Zhou Ben's son Zhou Hongzuo ( 周弘祚 ) refused to let Zhou Ben receive Yang Meng, and instead had Yang Meng arrested. Xu Gao, claiming that it was Yang Pu's order, had Yang Meng put to death. By this point, the Wu generals and officials were all signing petitions for Xu Gao to take the throne – including the old and ill Wang Lingmou, who died shortly after doing so. Song, however, continued to refuse to sign. In winter 937, Xu Gao accepted

15228-515: Was allowed to exercise his authority as chancellor, and further was given the authority to oversee the executive bureau, while Li Jingsui oversaw the legislative (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng ) and examination (門下省, Menxia Sheng ) bureaus, with Li Jing further reviewing all three bureaus. Soon, however, there was an incident when Song's close associate Xia Changtu ( 夏昌圖 ) embezzled governmental funds, but Song spared him from death. Li Bian, in anger, ordered Xia's death, and Song, in fear, claimed to be ill, and

15369-502: Was also intelligent and handsome. Yang Xingmi often told Xu Wen, "Xu Zhigao is capable. None of the older officers' sons can be compared to him." In 908 – by which time Tang had fallen and the Huainan territory was now an independent state ruled by Yang Wo under the title of Prince of Hongnong after Yang Xingmi's death – Xu Wen and another officer, Zhang Hao , assassinated Yang Wo. Shortly after, Xu killed Zhang, and made Yang Wo's younger brother Yang Longyan

15510-455: Was also supported by Xu Wen's principal concubine Lady Chen, who stated to Xu Wen, "Xu Zhigao is someone whom you raised in our home since you were not yet prominent. How is it that you would abandon him now that you are honored?" However, as Yan and others repeatedly spoke of this, Xu Wen eventually changed his mind. In late 927, he planned to go to Guangling to request that Yang Pu take imperial title and take Xu Zhixùn with him, and then, after

15651-437: Was appointed, under the circumstances. He put the mutiny down by executing part of the garrison troops and disbanded the rest, which became thugs and loot later. In 864, the court declared an amnesty in the area, and promised that all thugs who willingly re-enrolled would be sent for a tour of duty in the southern, and then, presumably, returned to regular army service in the north. Three thousand men surrendered and were sent to

15792-516: Was apprehensive of the fact that Jiang was a son-in-law of Yang Xingmi's and had a particularly friendly relationship with Yang Pu's brother Yang Meng the Prince of Linchuan – who was resentful of the Xu family's hold on power – and that he thus might, if he captured Jian, use it as a base to support Yang Meng against Xu. Xu thus sent an order for Jiang to withdraw, which Jiang did, with substantial losses when his retreating army

15933-756: Was approved by the State Council on March 10, 2003, with a total planned area of 2.53 square kilometres (0.98 square miles). The first-phrase project completed in December 2003 covers 0.91 square kilometres (0.35 square miles) and was certified by the Customs General Administration and other seven ministries for operation on December 24, 2003. Zhenjiang Export Processing Zone is located close to Changzhou Airport and Zhenjiang Port. Public institutions having full-time Bachelor's degree programs include Jiangsu University ( 江苏大学 ) and

16074-413: Was attacked by Min forces. During the years, Xu had considered having Yang Pu pass the throne to him and for himself to be emperor instead, but as Yang Pu was virtuous, he was concerned that the people might be displeased at a transition, and therefore, as Song advised, was to wait until Yang Pu's passing and a new emperor's enthroning. However, one day, as he was plucking his white facial hair in front of

16215-400: Was becoming apparent that Xu Gao was getting ready to take the throne from Yang Pu, Yang Meng decided to try to make a final attempt to prevent the transition. In fall 937, he assassinated Wang Hong ( 王宏 ), the commander of the soldiers that Xu Gao put in charge of guarding him. He headed for Desheng Circuit (德勝, headquartered in modern Hefei), hoping that its military governor Zhou Ben , who

16356-680: Was courted by Nanjing. Then Sun Chuanfang and Zhang Zongchang began to fight in unison against the Nationalist government. They captured the city on 24 June. The fall of Xuzhou aroused public outrage, Chiang 's first resignation ensued. On 16 December, Nanjing force took the area again. The area was the main site both of the Battle of Xuzhou in 1938 against the Japanese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War and of

16497-477: Was demoted to the title of Duke of Liang, and put under house arrest at He Prefecture (和州, in modern Hefei , Anhui ). Late in 934, Xu recalled Song to his headquarters and made Song his assistant, as well as Sikong (司空, one of the Three Excellencies) but did not give him real authority from then on. He also recalled Xu Jingtong back from Jiangdu to serve as his deputy; a younger son, Xu Jingqian ,

16638-544: Was embezzling horses, Xu Zhigao replaced him with Wang Ren ( 王稔 ) and demoted him to the post of prefect of Rao Prefecture (饒州, in modern Shangrao , Jiangxi ). He wanted to further have Zhong interrogated, but Xu Wen, pointing out that Zhong was a close ally during the time when he killed Zhang Hao and stating that he would have died at Zhang's hands without Zhong, refused. He further had Xu Zhigao's son Xu Jingtong marry Zhong Taizhang's daughter , to make peace between Xu Zhigao and Zhong. In 926, Xu Zhigao's chancellor title

16779-606: Was fooled into wasting most of his ammunition against a feint, however, and forced to abandon the city to the Manchus on 1 June 1645. Under the Qing , Zhenjiang was a city of half a million surrounded by a series of brick city walls up to 35 feet (11 m) high. It continued as a prefectural seat, first under the "Right" Governor of Jiangnan at Suzhou and later under the governor of Jiangsu in Jiangning (now Nanjing). After

16920-403: Was formerly the provincial capital of Jiangsu and remains as an important transportation hub. As of the 2020 census , its total population was 3,210,418 inhabitants whom 1,266,790 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of the 3 urban districts. The town is best known both in China and abroad for Chinkiang vinegar , a fragrant black vinegar that is a staple of Chinese cooking . Prior to

17061-406: Was frugal, and was respectful to the other officials. He also lowered the tax burden on the people. He continued to employ Song as a chief strategist. Later in the year, when Yan was repeatedly trying to persuade Xu Wen to replace Xu Zhigao with Xu Zhixún, Xu Zhigao tried to remove Yan from the scene by making him the prefect of Chu Prefecture (楚州, in modern Huai'an , Jiangsu ). When Yan received

17202-491: Was given 10 prefectures in which Xu had exclusive authority. In spring 936, he began to establish a Generalissimo headquarters with six ministries, as well as a directorate of salt and iron monopolies, modeling after an imperial government. He also made Li Jingtong deputy generalissimo, and Song and Xu Jie his assistants. After Yang Pu issued an edict in late 936 authorizing him to establish a Qi government, he did so in early 937, including beginning to refer to his headquarters as

17343-455: Was granted the greater chancellor title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ( 同中書門下平章事 ), and was also promoted to be the governor of Jiang. Also, Jiang Prefecture was converted to a new Fenghua Circuit ( 奉化 ), and Xu Zhigao was made its military governor, even as he remained at Guangling as junior regent. In 923, after there were accusations that Zhong Taizhang ( 鍾泰章 ) the military prefect of Shou Prefecture (壽州, in modern Lu'an , Anhui )

17484-411: Was killed after several days. A rebellion against Yuan rose by Li Er ( 李二 ) who was nicknamed Sesame Li in the area around Xuzhou. In the eighth month of 1351, they took the city. Toghon Temür gave an edict that they would be granted amnesty if they surrendered to the authority, in the spring of the next year. The rebels ignored that, so he agreed that Toqto to suppress the unrest. The city fell in

17625-482: Was killed in battle, while Li Chengyu was executed by Ma. Some 4,000 Southern Tang soldiers were lost. This caused Li Bian to be saddened for days and blaming himself for not giving even harsher warnings to Li Chengyu. When Later Jin's emperor Shi Jingtang subsequently tried to return the 570 Southern Tang captives to Southern Tang, Li Bian refused to accept them, citing, in a letter to Shi, that they violated his orders. They remained at Later Jin subsequently. Around

17766-416: Was made the greater title of Shizhong ( 侍中 ). In 927, seeing that there was a plague of officers who were not paying proper attention to protocol, he intentionally intruded into the residence of Yang Longyan's younger brother and successor as King of Wu, Yang Pu . He immediately withdrew and apologized, and had himself indicted. When Yang Pu issued an edict declining to punish him, he nevertheless imposed

17907-517: Was made the junior regent in Xu Jingtong's stead. (Xu Jingqian would fall ill in 936 and be replaced by his younger brother Xu Jingsui , and eventually die before Xu Zhigao became emperor.) In late 935, Yang Pu created Xu Zhigao the Prince of Qi, and gave him the additional titles of Taishi ( 太師 ) and Generalissimo (大元帥, Da Yuanshuai ). (Yang Pu's edict also conferred additional honorific titles, but Xu declined those.) The Principality of Qi

18048-468: Was only 21,768, versus 205,286 in 742. In 781, Li Na marched south to besiege Xuzhou. Although his revolt was quell soon, the halt of the transport by the Bian Canal impelled the court to secure the area. The then prefect of Xuzhou, Zhang Jianfeng was designated as the first military governor of Xuzhou–Sizhou–Haozhou ( 徐泗濠節度使 ) which was headquartered in Xuzhou since 788. The title

18189-520: Was only subordinate to Emperors Gaozu and Taizong in the imperial temples, with all three designated as ancestors whose temples would not be destroyed. Later in the year, he wanted to create Li Jing, now with the title of Prince of Qi, crown prince, but Li Jing declined, and he bestowed additional titles on Li Jing. In 940, Li Jinquan , Later Jin's military governor of Anyuan Circuit (安遠, headquartered in modern Xiaogan , Hubei ), rebelled against Later Jin, and sought aid from Southern Tang. Li Bian sent

18330-413: Was playing both sides, so had Zhou Tingwang executed. In 930, Xu Zhigao prepared to himself have his headquarters set up at Jinling, and he had Xu Jingtong commissioned the minister of defense (兵部尚書, Bingbu Shangshu ) and Can Zhengshi , preparing to have Xu Jingtong take over his responsibilities at Guangling. He also wanted to have Song Qiqiu made a chancellor, but Song, knowing that he did not yet have

18471-462: Was promoted to be the prefect of Sheng. It was said that he governed Sheng well, selecting honest administrators, and gathered learned people around him. It was at this time that he became impressed with a strategist, Song Qiqiu , and made Song his assistant. Song, Wang Lingmou , and Wang Hong ( 王翃 ) became his chief advisors, while officers Ma Renyu ( 馬仁裕 ), Zhou Zong , and Cao Cong ( 曹淙 ) became close associates. In 915, Xu Wen decided to leave

18612-619: Was ratified as a "Larger Municipality" with legislative power by the State Council. Pizhou 邳州 The prefecture-level city of Xuzhou administers ten county-level divisions , including five districts , two county-level cities and three counties . These are further divided into 161 township-level divisions , including 63 subdistricts and 98 towns. Xuzhou is of strategic importance for linking South China and North China. The boundaries of its jurisdiction are adjacent to Lianyungang and Suqian in east; Suzhou of Anhui province to

18753-417: Was relieved of his executive bureau responsibilities. On a subsequent occasion when Song, at his invitation, came to dinner, they got into an argument, but Li Bian subsequently wrote a letter to Song, stating, "Our impatient nature is something you knew well, Zisong [(Song's courtesy name ). How can it be that we were dear to each other in youth and hateful to each other in old age?" He subsequently made Song

18894-694: Was restored and renamed Wuning ( 武寧 ) in 805, after an interval of five years. Wang Zhixing, another military governor of Wuning, established several battalions (the most notorious one among is the Silver Sword) in the Army specifically for select recruits. These soldiers not only defy military discipline but also show defiant towards the successors to Wang. In 832, Li Ting received a threatening letter prior to his induction in there, made him resigned immediately. Then Wuning suffered mutinies in 849, 859 and again in 862. Another two governors were expelled. Wang Shi

19035-462: Was set on 27 January 1933) to 39.5 °C (103 °F). The prefecture-level city of Zhenjiang administers 6 county-level divisions , including three districts and three county-level cities . These are further divided into 77 township-level divisions , including 66 towns , 1 township and 10 subdistricts . As in Nanjing , Zhenjiang's old Wu dialects have been entirely supplanted by

19176-411: Was severely depleted by the changes in the course of the Yellow River since the mid 11th century, and the drought-resistant crops: wheat, sorghum, soybean, maize and potato, became the local staples. Besides, cotton, peanut, tobacco and sesame also grew in low-yield. The local mining traces it origins to an iron mine, Liguo. It was exploited since Han dynasty, and managed by a particular bureau in Song. And

19317-454: Was still on the way, Xu Wen died, and Xu Zhixùn immediately returned to Jinling, so Xu Zhigao never actually resigned and remained in his office. Shortly after Xu Wen's death, Yang Pu, per Xu Wen's final recommendations, took imperial title. Meanwhile, Xu Wen's titles were split between Xu Zhigao and Xu Zhixun, with Xu Zhigao assuming Xu Wen's title as overseer of all military matters (都督中外總軍事, Dudu Zhongwai Zongjunshi ), while Xu Zhixun took on

19458-577: Was taken by the Northern dynasties later. Liu Yu recaptured the lost territory in the north of the Huai River in about 408. Xuzhou was divided into two parts: Beixuzhou (North Xuzhou) and Xuzhou (with Jingkou as its seat) in 411. North Xuzhou whose seat was Pengcheng bounded on the south by the Huai River. Beixuzhou was restored as Xuzhou a decade later, while its south counterpart was renamed Nanxuzhou (South Xuzhou). Since then, Pengcheng remained being

19599-674: Was the a critical of the trinity of the major campaigns during the Chinese Civil War. Fighting centred around the city of Xuzhou, seat of the Bandit Suppression Headquarters ( 剿匪總司令部 ) established on 6 June 1948. It turned into a fiasco, which led to the fall of the Nationalist Chinese capital Nanjing. The CPC controlled the city on 1 December. Then Xuzhou (the old urban area) was made a part of Shandong province temporarily, together with

19740-445: Was untenable since it, like Jin, had been claiming its desire to reestablish Tang. Yan instead suggested that Xu Wen advise Yang Longyan to claim imperial title as well and restructure the Wu political structure to cut off connections to Tang. Xu Wen agreed, and he kept Yan at Guangling to prepare for ceremonies for such a break with Tang. Xu Zhigao, seeing that he could not eliminate Yan, instead decided to make peace with Yan by giving

19881-408: Was −23.3 °C (−10 °F), on 6 February 1969, while the highest was 43.4 °C (110 °F), on 15 July 1955. According to the 1% National Population Sample Survey in 2015 , the total resident population of Xuzhou reached 8.66 million, and the sex ratio was 101.40 males to 100 females. Historically, Xuzhou and the surrounding regions were a predominantly agricultural area. Its arable land

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