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119-523: The city is designated as National Famous Historical and Cultural City since 1986 for its relics, especially the terracotta armies, the Mausoleums of the princes and the art of relief of Han dynasty. Xuzhou is a major city among the top 500 cities in the world by scientific research outputs , as tracked by the Nature Index . The city is also home to China University of Mining and Technology ,

238-470: A Jie chieftain who was previously sold into slavery during the great famine in Bing province of 303. After Gongshi Fan's defeat, his subordinates, Ji Sang and Shi Le, fled to the pastures of Shandong where they gathered followers, many of who were horse shepherds, and raided the surrounding counties. Claiming to avenge the popular Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying who had recently died, their forces grew to such

357-747: A multi-ethnic rebellion against Jin in Liang and Qin provinces that lasted until 279, with the rebels briefly taking control over Liang. From 296 to 299, the various tribes rebelled again, this time within Guanzhong and acclaiming the Di chieftain, Qi Wannian as their emperor. These rebellions were accompanied by famines and plagues, with Qi Wannian's rebellion being so severe that it devastated Guanzhong and prompted tens of thousands of refugees to move into Hanzhong and Sichuan in search of food. The rebellions, along with tribal revolts in Bing, raised alarms among

476-423: A bandit group. His forces grew immensely, and in 307, he invaded Qing and Xu provinces, ravaging the commanderies and killing many of the local officials. Wang Mi then attached himself to Han, and in 308, his rebellion spilled over to Yan and Yu provinces while his forces swelled to the tens of thousands. He was even able to enter Xuchang and empty the city's arsenal before laying siege on Luoyang . However,

595-540: A chief of the Yuwen, who provided him with auxiliaries who fought in the campaigns against Sima Ying and Sima Yong . The Xianbei were a deciding factor in Sima Yue's victory in the civil war, but they also partook in the sacking of Ye in 304 and Chang'an in 306, killing thousands of the cities' inhabitants. Their effectiveness encouraged Jin to continue employing them in containing the growing threat of Han-Zhao , with

714-632: A commandery under Wang Jun, to the Tuoba. In the end, Shi Le was able to exploit Wang Jun and Liu Kun's weaknesses. During a siege on Xiangguo in 312, Shi Le's forces captured a cousin of the Duan chieftain, opening up negotiations between the two sides. Convinced by Shi Le's sincerity, the Duan agreed to severe their ties with Wang Jun, and as Shi Le capitalized on his victory, the Wuhuan also defected to Han. Deprived of his tribal forces, Shi Le captured Wang Jun at

833-518: A few people in the Jin court. After the unification, the minister Guo Qin (郭欽), advised Emperor Wu to focus on moving the tribal peoples out of the borders. Following Qi Wannian's defeat, another minister, Jiang Tong , submitted an essay titled Xi Rong Lun (徙戎論; Discussion on Relocating the Rong Tribe) to the court, also calling for the tribes' repatriation. However, both proposals were rejected. Near

952-452: A further 44 cities from August 10, 2001 to September 30, 2023, bringing the total to 143. These cities are distributed throughout every provinces, autonomous region, and municipality except for Hong Kong and Macao . Jiangsu is the province with the most National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities, having 13; Shandong and Zhejiang are second, each having 10, Guangdong , Henan , Sichuan , and Yunnan are 4th with 8 cities, and Anhui

1071-573: A revival of the Han dynasty, citing that his ancestors like Modu Chanyu were married to Han princesses through Heqin . He initially took the imperial title of King, only becoming Emperor in 308 to imitate the ascension of Emperor Gaozu of Han . To bolster his forces, he was willing to accept the Han Chinese and tribes from other ethnic groups like the Xianbei and Di to serve under him. In

1190-411: A size that in 307, they sacked the city of Ye and left it to burn for ten days. Around 10,000 people were killed including the city's commander. However, after they left to invade Yan province , they suffered a string of defeats. Ji Sang was killed, but Shi Le survived and made his way to Han. Liu Bogen's subordinate, Wang Mi , also survived his superior's defeat and fled to Shandong, where he formed

1309-403: A three-year-long rebellion led by Li Te and his family. Li Te had much success against the Jin forces as he defeated them in several battles. In 303, his forces reached the vicinity of Chengdu where he declared a new reign era, hinting at a new regime. However, before he could realize it, he was abruptly killed in an ambush. Leadership fell to his brother, Li Liu , and after he died at the end of

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1428-463: Is 8th, having 7. and Hebei , Jiangxi , Shanxi , Shaanxi are 9th, each with 6 National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities. According to the Protection Law on Cultural Relics of China, a National Famous Historical and Cultural City is a city with an unusual wealth of cultural relics of high historical value and major revolutionary significance, subject to the approval and announcement of

1547-712: Is a Chinese expression used to refer to a chaotic period of warfare during the Jin dynasty (266–420) roughly between 304 and 316 which heavily involved non- Han peoples living in China, commonly called the Five Barbarians . Coinciding with the War of the Eight Princes that greatly weakened the empire, these conflicts eventually drove the Jin imperial court out of northern and southwestern China. The " Five Barbarians " were

1666-663: Is located in the Xu-Huai Alluvial Plain, the southeast part of the North China Plain . The confluence of the former Si River and the former Bian Canal was situated northeast of ancient Xuzhou city. The city and its hinterland were areas liable to severe flooding from the Yellow River since the tenth century. In 1194, the Yellow River changed its course to join the Si River, a former tributary of

1785-789: Is often seen as the beginning of the Sixteen Kingdoms period, and the Later Zhao is also considered as one of the sixteen. As Jin lost ground in the north, the Zhang clan in Liang province and the Murong tribe in Liaodong became effectively independent. Their natural defenses and stable governance made them popular areas for refugees, with the Murong notably employing Han Chinese officials into their administration. The Zhang clan's regime

1904-693: The Battle of White Wolf Mountain , the Xianbei Murong , Duan and Yuwen tribes came to fill in the power vacuum. The Murong was the first of the three to associate themselves with the Central Plains dynasties by aiding the Cao Wei in their campaign against Gongsun Yuan . They remained affiliated well after the founding of Jin, and despite a war between both sides from 281 to 289, the Murong resubmitted to Jin and their chieftain, Murong Hui ,

2023-732: The Five Barbarians emerged dominant over northern and western China. These Five Barbarians were the Xiongnu , Jie , Qiang , Di and Xianbei . The migration of the nomadic people into the Chinese interior had been ongoing since the Han dynasty. In 50 CE, a few years after the Xiongnu empire was divided into two, the Southern Xiongnu became vassals to the Han. They moved their court to Xihe Commandery in Bing province and resettled in

2142-627: The Great Leap Forward . In 1978, the then China Institute of Mining and Technology relocated to Xuzhou. List of National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in China This is a list of cities designated as National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities (国家历史文化名城) by the State Council of China . China approved 99 National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in three batches in 1982, 1986 and 1994, and has approved

2261-577: The Guanzhong region between the Han and the tribes, primarily the Qiang and Di, led to major revolts which resulted in an influx of refugees into southwestern China . Efforts to force them back to Guanzhong were met with resistance and culminated in the rebellion of the Ba-Di refugee, Li Te in 301. In the north, the Southern Xiongnu of Shanxi took advantage of the Jin prince's infighting to establish

2380-496: The North China Plain , Liu Yuan's son Liu Cong attacked Luoyang twice in 309, without success. The attacks, famine and animosity with the emperor convinced Sima Yue to bring the imperial army out on the field. In 310, he left the capital with the 40,000 men to Xiang County (項縣; in present-day Shenqiu County , Henan ) to campaign against Shi Le, leaving behind Emperor Huai despite his opposition. Yue had also fallen out with his own generals, especially Gou Xi , and for this reason, he

2499-573: The Qihuo (乞活; "Begging Life") emerging, either to flee south or to defend themselves against the chaos. Some of them huddled in fortresses, with their leaders becoming known as wuzhu s (塢主; "fortress masters"). The Book of Jin described the famine as follows: By the Yongjia period [307–12] trouble and disturbances were widespread. From Yongzhou eastward many suffered from hunger and poverty. People were sold [as slaves]. Vagrants became countless…there

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2618-517: The State Council of PR China . The local government at the county level of the place where the famous city is located must organize the formulation of plans on protection of the famous city and bring that planning into the overall city planning. Measures for the protection of famous city shall be formulated by the State Council. The first batch was published on February 8, 1982 by State Council , there are 24 Chinese cities. The second batch

2737-577: The Xiongnu , Jie , Qiang , Di and Xianbei , many of whom had resettled within China during the preceding centuries. Despite the period's name, many Han Chinese and other tribal people like the Wuhuan were also involved in the uprisings and often joined forces with the Five Barbarians. Years of poor administration and civil wars between the ruling princes left the empire vulnerable to its disaffected and opportunistic subjects. Ethnic tensions in

2856-567: The 12-year-old Emperor Min of Jin (Emperor Huai's nephew) as the new emperor in 313. Elsewhere, Jin governors also refused to surrender and continued to resist Han. Although Luoyang was at hand, the Han court opted to remain in Pingyang , as the former Jin capital was still surrounded by enemies and had been razed by Liu Yao . Being only a minor upon his ascension, Emperor Min was mostly a figurehead for his closest generals, only retaining his ability to legitimately hand out appointments throughout

2975-505: The 1940s for wars, and a few people engaged in industrial sectors. Later the CPC positioned the city as a region of coal mining and heavy industry. Its dominant sectors are machinery, energy and food production nowadays. The construction machinery manufacturer XCMG is the largest company based in Xuzhou. It was the world's tenth-largest construction equipment maker measured by 2011 revenues, and

3094-560: The Five Divisions to elect him as their leader, so they sent an envoy to Ye , where Liu Yuan was stationed, to inform him of the plot. At the time, Sima Ying was on the verge of defeat as Wang Jun and his army of Xianbei and Wuhuan cavalry marched onto Ye. After agreeing to join the plot, Liu Yuan received Sima Ying's permission to return to Bing so that he could gather the Five Divisions to help repel Wang Jun. Once Liu Yuan reached Lishi , however, he instead acclaimed himself as

3213-715: The Huai. From then on, the Yellow River flowed along the north of the walled city until diverting in 1855. The city proper is now bisected by the ancient Yellow River course, while Yunlong Lake is located in the southwest. North of the lake is Yunlong Park . Xuzhou has a monsoon -influenced humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ), with cool, dry winters, warm springs, long, hot and humid summers, and crisp autumns. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 0.7 °C (33.3 °F) in January to 27.3 °C (81.1 °F) in July;

3332-596: The Inspector of Bing province , Liu Kun , who were backed by the Xianbei Duan and Tuoba tribes respectively. The Duan continued their alliance with Wang Jun after the War of the Eight Princes and played a crucial role in hindering Shi Le's forces. In addition to the Duan, Wang Jun was also supported by the Wuhuan tribes. The Tuoba first assisted Jin against Han forces in 305, but their involvement intensified during

3451-461: The Inspector of Yi in his rebellion against Jin, but later betrayed and ousted him from the provincial capital, Chengdu , sacking it in the process. Li Te soon submitted back to Jin due to the arrival of the army led by the new inspector, Luo Shang but retained a significant amount of influence in the region as an acting representative for the refugee families. In 301, the court in Luoyang ordered

3570-455: The Jin dynasty was established in 266, Emperor Wu of Jin sought to learn from the mistakes of his predecessor, the Cao Wei , by empowering the princes. Unlike the Wei, the princes were allowed to become military governors and were given personal armies in their fiefdoms. After unifying China in 280, Emperor Wu issued for the demobilization of every province and commandery in the empire and reduced

3689-782: The Qiang were the Di people, who also became tributaries to the Han as the Han expanded westwards. The fall of Han and the Three Kingdoms period further encouraged the immigration of nomadic people to repopulate devastated areas and provide military power and labour. The Guanzhong region in particular became a contested region between warlords and later between the states of Cao Wei and Shu Han . In 219, Cao Cao relocated around 50,000 Di from Wudu to Tianshui and Fufeng commanderies. The Qiang and Di people were numerous in northwestern China, and they often fought for Wei or Shu depending on their circumstances. Other tribal people who resided in

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3808-451: The Qing armies. While the former bandit general, Gao Jie ( 高傑 ) was designated to take the crucial forward position at Xuzhou by Shi Kefa . But the assassination of Gao seriously reduced the court's capacity to deal with challenges from Qing. Gao's successor was Li Chengdong ( 李成棟 ). Being aware of forthcoming attack, Li deserted Xuzhou in the early summer of 1645. Then Dodo 's army captured

3927-576: The Southern Xiongnu into Five Divisions in central Shanxi . Though the Southern Xiongnu gradually ceased as a coherent ethnic group, Bing province remained home to various tribes who were vaguely referred to as hu and other terms for the non-Chinese. The Five Divisions became dominated by the Chuge branch, whose leader, Liu Bao briefly unified them during the Jiaping era (249 – 254) before

4046-530: The Tuoba joining on the side of Jin as well. Modern historians and meteorologists believe that climate change was an important factor in the migration of nomadic peoples into the Chinese interior, as the weather became too cold and dry in the north for agriculture. Chu Coching stated that there was a cold period from the Three Kingdoms to the Northern and Southern dynasties , with relevant historical records reporting cases of extreme weather phenomena, such as

4165-511: The Wei-Jin courts intervened and forced them back into five. The Five Divisions nobility were allowed to serve as government officials and underwent significant degree of sinicization , but resentment against the ruling dynasty persisted. As the noble, Liu Xuan , states in the Book of Jin : “In the past, our ancestors and those of the Han acted like brothers through joy and sorrow. However, since

4284-413: The Yellow River estuary forced the river to channel its flow into the lower Huai River tributary. The area became barren thereafter due to persistent flooding, nutrient depletion and salination of the once fertile soil. In the first month of 1129, Nijuhun took the city after a siege of 27 days, and the then governor Wang Fu ( 王復 ) was executed for refusing to submit. Wang's inferior Zhao Li ( 趙立 ) rallied

4403-426: The annual mean is 14.9 °C (58.8 °F). Snow may occur during winter, though rarely heavily. Precipitation is light in winter, and a majority of the annual total of 842.8 millimetres (33.2 in) occurs from June thru August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 44% in July to 54% in three months, the city receives 2,221 hours of bright sunshine annually. The lowest temperature recorded in Xuzhou

4522-779: The autumn of this year, the Second Zhili–Fengtian War broke out, Zhang Zongchang who supported the Fengtian clique seized the city with his thirty thousand soldiers. Sun Chuanfang led a coalition of forces to sortie the Fengtian Army in October 1925. They occupied the city on 8 November. As the leader of the Northern Expedition , Chiang Kai-shek arrived in Xuzhou on 17 June 1927. He conferred with Feng Yuxiang and other Kuomintang officers on 20 June, Feng

4641-566: The autumn, and the multitudes were killed by Toqto's army afterwards. It may be the symbolically most important victory for Toqto. Thus, Xuzhou was renamed Wu'an ( 武安 ; literal meaning: Restoring peace by force") as a favour for him, and a stone slab celebrating his deed was erected by the court in the city. Zhang Shicheng occupied Xuzhou as the northernmost city of his domain in 1360. The Ming forces under Xu Da , captured Xuzhou in 1366. Soon Köke Temür sent an army under General Li Er to attack Xuzhou. Fu Youde ( 傅友德 ) and Lu Ju ( 陸聚 ) who held

4760-610: The battle in the Chinese Civil War , the Huaihai Campaign in 1948–49. On 19 May 1938, Chiang gave the order to abandon Xuzhou, then Japanese military took control of the city. The Administrative Commission of the Su-Huai Special Region ( 蘇淮特別區 ) was established in January 1942, with its seat at Xuzhou. It was replaced by a new puppet province, Huaihai ( 淮海省 ). Hao Pengju was appointed as

4879-504: The capital at the time were killed. Gou Xi was also defeated and captured by Shi Le at Mengcheng County . Just a few months later, Han forces led by Liu Can captured Chang'an , briefly placing the two ancient capitals under Han control. Despite the loss of the emperor and the capital, the Western Jin would survive for another five more years. In 312, a group of Jin generals managed to recapture Chang’an , where they then acclaimed

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4998-604: The capital to the area of Xuzhou and populated it with people who were migrated southwards. Pengcheng , named after the ancient Peng state that was centered around Xuzhou, a city at the junction of the ancient Bian and Si Rivers, was founded by Lü (annexed by Song later). Chu took the city in the war of 573 BCE, but ceded the city back to Song in the next year, as a coercive measure. In 208 BC, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang deployed their troops into Pengcheng, where Emperor Yi of Chu later transferred his capital from Xuyi after rebel leader Xiang Liang 's death. Xiang Yu then exiled

5117-544: The city had major coal reserves of the province. Local coaling began by the 1070s, according to a lyric of the then governor Su Shi . Copper smelting in this area supposedly started in the Three Kingdoms era. The city astride the old course of the Grand Canal had been through several transitory periods of prosperity, before the grain tribute system was abolished in 1855. It remained being economically backward in

5236-516: The city raided them outside, most of the enemy were drowned while the remained about 270 soldiers and 500 horses were captured. Xuzhou had a long period of prosperity during the Ming dynasty. The flourishness largely attributed to the carriage, especially by the Grand Canal, one of seven customs barriers (or customs houses, 鈔關 ) under the Ministry of Revenue was located in Xuzhou. It was retained until

5355-535: The city. The seismic activity of the Tancheng earthquake in 1688 was also involved Xuzhou. "More than half the houses of the city were ruined" and "led to enormous deaths", according to the gazetteer. In the 1850s, the Yellow River shifted its course from the southern to the northern side of the Shandong peninsula , the process caused serious floods and famine in Xuzhou, and almost made the waterway system within

5474-565: The city. Peng Zu is believed to be the first chief of the ancient Peng state that was centered around Xuzhou, while the state was eventually conquered by King Wu Ding of Shang in around 1208 BC. During the time of Western Zhou , a Huaiyi chiefdom called Xuyi or Xu rose centered around modern Xuzhou and controlled the Lower Yellow River Valley. Xuyi with its Huaiyi people fought against Zhou and its vassals at irregular intervals. Since its declining, Xuyi once moved

5593-574: The conflict to consolidate control over their territories. Li Te's son Li Xiong captured Chengdu and established Cheng-Han in 304. In 311, Han captured Emperor Huai of Jin and the ancient capital, Luoyang in an event known as the Disaster of Yongjia . In 316, Jin's hope of restoring imperial authority in the north were crushed when Han defeated and captured Emperor Min in Chang'an . The establishments of Cheng-Han and Han-Zhao in 304 were seen as

5712-478: The court allowed the refugees to go further south into the Ba-Shu region. They were scattered throughout Yi and Liáng provinces, where they became hired labourers for the local populace. Among the refugees was one of their leaders, Li Te . He and his family were Ba-Di people, an ethnic group whose ancestors were Cong people from Ba who moved north and mingled with the Di. In 300, Li Te and his brothers joined

5831-598: The emperor to southern China in 206 BC, the former proclaiming himself as "Hegemon-King of Western Chu", and also establishing his capital in Pengcheng, until 202 BC. During the Han dynasty , a new Chu Kingdom was established with its capital at Pengcheng. It was ruled by various imperial princes during the Western Han period (202 BC – 9 AD). Liu Jiao , the younger half-brother of Liu Bang , founder of Western Han, became

5950-595: The emperor's conspiracy with Gou Xi to depose him. Yue wanted to attack Gou Xi, but was so overwhelmed with stress that he grew ill and soon died. Following Yue's death, his followers were unsure on how to proceed, so the imperial army, led by Wang Yan , decided to hold Yue's funeral at his fief in Donghai first. However, Shi Le pursued and defeated the funeral procession at the Battle of Ningping , where reportedly more than 100,000 soldiers perished including Wang Yan himself. The defeat of Wang Yan's forces finally exhausted

6069-470: The empire. Not long after recapturing Chang'an, these generals fought each other in a brief but bloody power struggle, with Emperor Min eventually falling into the hands of the pair, Suo Chen and Qu Yun . Even then, the two men's authority was restricted to Chang'an and its surroundings, as they did not have the capacity to exert their rule over the rest of Guanzhong , let alone outside of it. The Jin administrators in Guanzhong were unenthused about supporting

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6188-421: The end of the Han dynasty, the Xianbei people, under their leader Tanshihuai , supplanted the Xiongnu on the northern steppe and launched numerous raids on the Han's borders. However, after Tanshihuai's death and the immediate decline of their confederation, many of the Xianbei decided to migrate southward into the Chinese interior. In the northeast, where the Wuhuan people once dominated before their defeat at

6307-492: The enmity between Yue and the emperor. In addition to constant warfare, the famine in northern China also worsened due to natural disasters. In 309, a great drought was reported to have sunk the Yellow , Yangzi and Han rivers to the point that one could wade their way across them. The following year, locust swarms affected six northern provinces, including the capital region. The war and famines resulted in refugee groups like

6426-538: The fall of Han and the rise of Wei and Jin, our titles of chanyus hold no value, and we have not gained a foot of land since. Although we have been bestowed with many noble ranks, our households are all equally low." The hu tribes excluded from the Five Divisions intermingled with tribes from other ethnic group, such as the Tiefu tribe , who descended from the Xiongnu and mixed with the Xianbei . The Jie were also among

6545-563: The first Prince of Chu. In 154 BC, the prince Liu Wu participated in the Rebellion of the Seven Princes . However, he was defeated afterwards and Chu's territories were greatly diminished. By the end of the second century, a prosperous Buddhist community had been settled at Pengcheng. At the turn of the second century, Pengcheng changed hands several times among Cao Cao and his rivals before being annexed to Cao Wei in about 200. In

6664-419: The former drainage system, but also depressed the local economy. Prior to the recession, flooding and the famines followed struck Xuzhou frequently. The worst flooding occurred in 1624: it was immersed up to 1 zhang and 3 chi (about 4m) within the city. After the Hongguang Emperor enthroned in Nanjing, the court designated four defense areas along the southern bank of the Yellow River ( 江北四鎮 ) to repulse

6783-510: The freezings of the Huai River in 226 and the Bohai Sea in 336. Research conducted in the Mu Us Desert also found that desertification took place around the steppe between the Han and Tang dynasties, making it difficult for cities to survive. There was a severe decline in population; the Han census in 157 was 56.5 million people and 10.7 million household, but Jin census in 280 was only 16 million people and 2.5 million households. The cold and dry weathers prompted Chinese farmers to move to

6902-404: The frontier commanderies within the Great Wall . They were dependent on trade with the Han and cooperated with them to destroy the rival Northern Xiongnu . Although relations declined in the later years, with the Xiongnu occasionally rebelling, they remained as vassals even after the Han was replaced by the Cao Wei in 220. In 216, the warlord, Cao Cao , abolished the chanyu office and divided

7021-418: The garrison of Xuzhou welcomed the Mongolian. Meantime, Anyong pledged loyalty to the Song dynasty. He captured the city again after the Mongolian army left. In the spring of the next year, the Mongolian commander Zhang Rong ( 张荣 ) attacked Xuzhou, Anyong drowned himself after the final defeat. The Mongolian governor of Xuzhou and Pizhou called Li Gaoge ( 李杲哥 ) surrendered to the Song in 1262. Then he failed and

7140-446: The governor. After the Second Sino-Japanese War, the troop under He Zhuguo entered Xuzhou on 6 September. The Xuzhou Pacification Commission ( 徐州綏靖公署 ) was founded in the end of year, and Gu Zhutong was appointed as the Chief. It was disbanded when the Army Command Headquarters of transferred to Xuzhou on 5 March 1947. Meantime, a military tribunal attached to the commission was organized to sentence 25 Japanese soldiers. Guo Yingqiu as

7259-407: The initial, middle and late stages of this culture, respectively. While the remains of sacrificial rituals performed to Tudi deity found at Qiuwan ( 丘灣 ) site and Gaohuangmiao ( 高皇廟 ) site, both of them are in the outskirts of the city, indicate that Shang dynasty affected the area. History relates that Peng or Great Peng, the transitions from a tribe to a chiefdom contained within the boundary of

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7378-421: The intervening years, the seat of Xuzhou (Xu province) was transferred from Tancheng to Xiapi, which located in the northwest of Suining. While Pengcheng became the seat later than 220. With the rebellions of the Five Barbarians , considerable local households migrated to the south, a Liu clan from Pengcheng ascended to the gentry, its most well known descendant is Liu Yu, the Emperor Wu of Liu Song . Pengcheng

7497-471: The late Qing. Korean Choe Bu affirmed that the city where he travelled by way of, hardly pale by comparison to the Jiangnan region . As a hub for both the national courier system and the grain tribute system for several centuries, Xuzhou was of vital importance. Thus, the government of Ming established three garrison areas namely guards in the present-day area: Xuzhou guard ( 徐州衛 ), Xuzhou Left guard ( 徐州左衛 ) and Pizhou guard ( 邳州衛 ) for its security. Yet,

7616-417: The latter's own capital in Jicheng and executed him in 314. In 316, the Tuoba fell into civil war and left Liu Kun without his key ally to fend off Shi Le. Soon afterwards, Liu Kun suffered a decisive defeat to Shi Le, prompting his subordinates to surrender the province to Han. Liu Yao, having lost Chang'an under his watch, was entrusted by Liu Cong to recapture the city. Shortly after Emperor Min ascended

7735-409: The local navigation was considerably constrained by two Rapids: the Xuzhou Rapids ( 徐州洪 ), a kilometer southeast of the city, and the Lüliang Rapids ( 呂梁洪 ), another 24 kilometers further south. The remedy provided by the Ministry of Works is constructing the Jia Canal , which paralleled the treacherous stretch of Xuzhou. However, the canal completed in the 1600s ravaged the city. Not only it disrupted

7854-432: The military authority of the provincial inspector into a civilian role. Only 100 military officials were stationed in large commanderies, while smaller commanderies only had 50. The emperor had hope that concentrating military power in the hands of the princes would deter the gentry clans from assuming power, but these decisions led to the War of the Eight Princes after his death in 290. His successor, Emperor Hui of Jin ,

7973-427: The military capacity of the Jin, leaving Luoyang open to capture. Upon entering the city in July 311, the Han armies led by Wang Mi , Huyan Yan and Liu Yao engaged in a massacre, razing the city and causing more than 30,000 deaths. This event in Chinese history was known as the Disaster of Yongjia , after the era name of Emperor Huai; the emperor himself was captured, while his crown prince and clansmen who were in

8092-411: The miscellaneous hu people in Bing province. Their exact origins is still debated by scholars today, although one of the Jie chieftains, Shi Le , was a descendant of a Southern Xiongnu tribe. When a great famine broke out in 303, many of the Jie and hu were displaced, allowing the Chinese provincial inspector to capture and sell them into slavery in Hebei and Shandong to fund his own military. In

8211-417: The new Grand Chanyu and rallied around 50,000 soldiers. Later in 304, Liu Yuan established the state of Han (renamed Zhao in 319, thus the name Han-Zhao). Official history states that Liu Yuan was a direct descendant of the Southern Xiongnu chanyu as the grandson of Yufuluo , although some modern Chinese historians have challenged this claim. Regardless, Liu Yuan sought legitimacy by depicting his state as

8330-450: The new emperor. However, after the rebellion, Shi Le finally declared his independence in 319. Liu Yao relocated the capital to Chang'an and renamed the state to (Former) Zhao , followed by Shi Le founding his own state of (Later) Zhao in Xiangguo. This led to a decade-long confrontation that would end in Han-Zhao's demise and the Later Zhao asserting dominance over most of northern China. The founding of Han-Zhao and Cheng-Han in 304

8449-419: The new government and often hesitant to send out their forces to aid it. Emperor Min had to rely on the Inspector of Qin province , Sima Bao and the Inspector of Liang province , Zhang Gui (later his son, Zhang Shi ) in the west to provide him with reinforcements. Along with the administrators in Guanzhong, the Qiang , Di and other tribes were also left to their own devices and asserted their power over

8568-505: The next few years, more rebellions began to break out in northeastern China. In 305, Gongshi Fan rebelled in Hebei and in 306 Liu Bogen (劉柏根), rebelled in Shandong . The two rebellions were swiftly dealt with by late-306, but Jin was unable to completely wipe out their forces, allowing their remnants to develop into more serious threats. Many of these rebel leaders were Han Chinese , but the most influential of them would prove to be Shi Le ,

8687-624: The north, and a rout ensued. Then the Beiyang Army captured the city on 24 July. Thereafter, Zhang Xun made Xuzhou his base. he convened four meetings of the Beiyang leadership. Involved the stalemate among Li Yuanhong and Duan Qirui in 1917, he marched on Beijing with a troop in June. His failure spread and caused a terrible wave of theft and arson committed by his garrisons later in Xuzhou in July. The Zhili clique dominated Xuzhou by 1924. In

8806-525: The northwest included the Lushuihu and Chuge , along with the newly-migrated Xianbei tribes such as the Tufa (禿髮) and Qifu (乞伏). The tribes made up around half of the population in Guanzhong. While Wei kept the situation mostly under control, the northwest descended into chaos under the Western Jin as their governors failed to keep the support of the tribes. In 270, the Xianbei chieftain, Tufa Shujineng , led

8925-680: The only national key university under the Project 211 in Xuzhou and other major public research universities , including Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou Medical College , and Xuzhou Institute of Technology . Before the official adoption of Hanyu Pinyin , the city's name was typically romanized as Suchow or Süchow, though it also appeared as Siu Tcheou [Fou], Hsu-chou, Hsuchow, and Hsü-chow. The early prehistoric relics around Xuzhou are classified as Dawenkou culture system. Liulin ( 劉林 ) site together with Dadunzi ( 大墩子 ) site, Huating ( 花廳 ) site, and Liangwangcheng ( 梁王城 ) site correspond to

9044-528: The prefectural city of Xuzhou, captured the civil governor, and killed those officers. Pang acquired a considerable following. Still, the rebellion was suppressed a year later eventually. Wuning was renamed Ganhua ( 感化 ; 'Converting [from insubordination]') with admonishment on lest the garrison to revolt again. After the Yellow River began to change course during the Song dynasty , heavy silting at

9163-564: The prefecture defunct. Zhang Xun and his remaining army fled to Xuzhou after the Revolution of 1911 . They entered the city on 5 December. The Nanking Government sent three armies to attack Xuzhou. In the middle of February 1912, Zhang evacuated the city and moved north after he was defeated. Since the Second Revolution began, Xuzhou became a front-line city. The Revolutionary Army fared badly as it advanced from there towards

9282-478: The refugees to return to Guanzhong, but they were reluctant to comply as they believed that it was still unstable and they did not have enough supplies to guarantee a safe journey. Li Te extended their stay by negotiating with Luo Shang, but the latter soon became frustrated with the delay and tried to force a move. As conflict appeared inevitable, many of the refugees flocked to Li Te to defend themselves. In winter 301, Luo Shang sent his troops to attack them, beginning

9401-440: The region to Cheng. Its existence was threatened in 309 when Luo Shang launched an offensive to support rebelling Cheng administrators. Despite losing key commanderies early on, Cheng was eventually successful at recovering them and repelling Jin by 311. The wars with Li Te and Cheng created more refugees, this time from Yi province moving east into Jing province. Jin forces in the south were unable to concentrate their resources on

9520-603: The region. While some of the tribes welcomed and sided with the Han regime, there were also those who remained loyal to Jin and helped in the restoration. Others remained neutral during the conflict and formed independent domains, only submitting to Han-Zhao after the fall of the Western Jin. The two most notable examples were the Di, Pu Hong , in Lüeyang commandery and the Qiang, Yao Yizhong , in Fufeng commandery . Since joining Han, Shi Le had full control over his own forces and

9639-440: The reign of Tuoba Yilu , who made a formal alliance with Liu Kun in 309. For their efforts, the Duan received Liaoxi while the Tuoba received Dai Commandery as their fiefs. However, both Wang Jun and Liu Kun were heavily reliant on their tribal allies. The two governors had trouble maintaining population in their territories, as initially, they would attract thousands of refugees, but just as many people would leave them to join

9758-523: The remains and constructed a local militia. They recaptured the city two months later but withdrew from there strategically soon. Henceforth, Xuzhou was ruled by Jurchen over a century. In 1232, the general Wang You ( 王佑 ), Feng Xian ( 封仙 ) revolted, they expelled the Jurchen's governor Tuktan. Then the Mongolian army led by Anyong ( 安用 ), a Han Chinese general captured Xuzhou soon. Both the general of

9877-561: The representative of the CPC went to Xuzhou to negotiate a regional truce, since 10 February 1946. On 2 March, the "Committee of Three", comprising George Marshall, Zhang Zhizhong and Zhou Enlai arrived for the ceasefire in Central China. Still, the KMT and the CPC came into conflict soon. The CPC revealed that Yasuji Okamura assisted the KMT in the local warfare against the PLA. The Huaihai

9996-559: The rest area of the northern Jiangsu along the Longhai Railway. The city was returned to Jiangsu as the province was restored in 1953. The railways in Xuzhou bore the brunt of the transporting muddle in the 1970s, Beijing was concerned with the issue in 1974. Thus, the then Minister of Railways, Wan Li went to Xuzhou to inspect and rectify in March. It was deemed as a breakthrough on restoring order later. On April 22, 1993, Xuzhou

10115-539: The revolts in Hubei and Hunan were put down by Jin in the end. In 304, the Five Divisions in Bing province conspired to take advantage of the Jin princes' infighting to break away from the empire. Serving under the prince, Sima Ying , was the general, Liu Yuan , who was the son of Liu Bao and had served a series of offices under Jin overseeing the Five Divisions, becoming popular among the tribes and Han Chinese in Bing and You provinces. His granduncle, Liu Xuan , convinced

10234-411: The safer and better-managed Xianbei fiefdoms. Thus, their populations declined as the war and famines began to take their tolls. When Liu Kun lost his capital to Han in 312, he was forced to flee to the Tuoba, who helped him reclaim the city. Wang Jun and Liu Kun were also distrustful of and refused to collaborate with each other, stemming from Liu Kun's role in persuading the court to award Dai Commandery,

10353-652: The seat of Xuzhou until it was eliminated in the early Ming. The raging wars inflicted upon Xuzhou until the Emperor Taizong of Tang's enthronement in 626. Keeping the northern rebellions and warfare a distance gave Xuzhou scope for developing during the most period of the Tang dynasty . According to the Old Book of Tang and the New book of Tang , in 639, the total population of Pengcheng County, Fei County and Pei County

10472-452: The siege ended in failure as he was unable to break through the capital's defense. With his momentum coming to a halt, Wang Mi brought his forces over to Han. Under Liu Yuan, Shi Le and Wang Mi were elevated to powerful commanders. Wang Mi was a friend of Liu Yuan and was thus immediately entrusted with important military affairs. Meanwhile, Shi Le, around the time of joining Han, helped convinced several hu tribes around Shanxi into joining

10591-405: The south to join the two thousand former Wuning soldiers there. The breached pledge irritated them. Led by Pang Xun , some soldiers mutinied and marched back north. They have unimpeded access to the area by the winter of 868. The local civil governor refused Pang's demand to have the hatred officers removed, and a military confrontation ensued. Thousands of local peasants joined the rebels. They took

10710-650: The south; Huaibei to the west; Linyi , Zaozhuang , Jining and Heze of Shandong province to the north. The area can be divided into four sectors from east to west, constitute the Shandong–;Jiangsu Traps ( 鲁苏地盾 ), the Tancheng–;Lujiang Fault Zone ( 郯庐断裂带 ), the Xu–;Huai Downwarp-fold Belt ( 徐淮坳褶带 ) and the Fault-block of West Shandong ( 鲁西断块 ) respectively. Most of the area

10829-537: The southwest due to rebellions in Hubei and Hunan . Between 303 and 304, a Man official, Zhang Chang led a revolt that spread across Jing , Jiang , Xu , Yang and Yu provinces consisting of refugees and people evading the draft to fight against Li Te's rebellion. From 311 to 315, Du Tao , a Han Chinese , led a refugee uprising against Jin in Jing and Xiang (湘州; in modern Hunan ) provinces. Unlike Li Te's rebellion,

10948-696: The start of the Sixteen Kingdoms period, and the defeat of Emperor Min led to the formation of the Eastern Jin dynasty by Emperor Yuan in Jiankang in 318. For the next 130 years or so, China would be divided between the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Eastern Jin before the eventual dissolution of Jin by the Liu Song dynasty and the unification of the north by the Northern Wei dynasty . When

11067-537: The state of Han-Zhao in 304, acclaiming the noble, Liu Yuan as their ruler. As anti-Jin revolts spread to Hebei and Shandong , a former Jie slave, Shi Le , rose to prominence, and after joining Liu Yuan, he would effectively control the eastern part of his empire. The Xianbei Duan tribe in Liaoxi and Tuoba tribe in Dai were initially important allies of Jin in helping them fight against Han, but later pulled out from

11186-446: The state of Su ( 宿州 ) Liu Anguo ( 刘安国 ) and the general of Pizhou Du Zheng ( 杜政 ) yielded their owned city to Anyong. Regarding Anyong's behave as grabbing reputation, the Mongolian general Asuru ( Chinese : 阿术鲁/额苏伦 ) irritated and persisted to kill him. Felt panic, Anyong sought refuge from Jurchen. The Jin dynasty resumed its ruling in Xuzhou, and it was quite transient. The serious disunity made betraying recur. In November 1233,

11305-538: The state. For his deeds, he was given full command over the armies east of the Taihang Mountains . The War of the Eight Princes had concluded by the start of 307, but Jin’s new paramount authority, Sima Yue , inherited a difficult situation. The civil wars had exhausted the Jin military in the north and left major cities, including Luoyang, vulnerable. Despite quelling them, Ji Sang and Wang Mi’s rebellions saw rebels occupying Ye and Xuchang. Internally, Yue

11424-416: The third-largest based in China (after Sany and Zoomlion ). Xuzhou was a regional centre for education, but two defunct institutions once chose their sites within the city: Provincial College of Kiangsu ( 省立江蘇學院 ) and North China Theological Seminary . In the 1950s, the then Jiangsu Normal Academy relocated to the city in 1958, and the then Nanjing Medical College, Xuzhou was founded later, both survived

11543-571: The throne in 313, Liu Yao and the other Han generals immediately began efforts to defeat him. Emperor Min's generals were able to inflict the Han forces some defeats but ultimately failed at halting their advances. In autumn 316, Liu Yao finally laid siege on Chang'an. Suo Chen and Qu Yun mounted a last-ditch defence, but by winter, the food supply within the city had exhausted. Most of the city's inhabitants had either fled or perished, and with no signs of reinforcements, Emperor Min surrendered to Han on 11 December 316. While Han enjoyed military success, it

11662-455: The upheaval, Shi Le’s army operated as a roving band that attacked and pillaged counties but never capturing them. After a disastrous campaign to attack Jiankang in 312, he took the advice of his advisor, Zhang Bin , to establish and cultivate a base in Xiangguo (襄國, in modern Xingtai , Hebei ). The strongest Jin forces in the northeast were the Inspector of You province , Wang Jun and

11781-776: The warmer southlands and steppe peoples to move into northern China for fertile land. During the Taikang era (280–289), the Jin accepted a series of submissions from people claiming to be "Xiongnu" living outside the border, with the largest group coming in 286, purportedly at 100,000. Natural disasters and famines became common occurrences and were aggravated by the War of the Eight Princes. The people displaced by Qi Wannian's rebellion were from six commanderies in Guanzhong and composed of both Han Chinese and tribal peoples. They initially moved southwards to Hanzhong , where one Di chieftain, Yang Maosou , brought his followers to Chouchi and declared semi-autonomy from Jin in 296. Later,

11900-576: The west, the Qiang people of modern day Gansu and Qinghai were initially vassals of the Xiongnu empire but gradually submitted to the Han dynasty. The Qiang were allowed to resettle into the Guanzhong region, as well as the watersheds of the Wei and Jing rivers. There, they practiced agriculture and lived together with Chinese settlers. However, they also faced oppression from the local administrators, which often led to large-scale rebellions. Living close to

12019-552: The year, it fell to Li Te's son, Li Xiong . In 304, Li Xiong drove Luo Shang out of Chengdu and established the state of Cheng (renamed Han in 338, thus the name Cheng-Han). Li Xiong initially declared himself King before promoting himself to Emperor in 306. Between Cheng's inception and the fall of Western Jin, Cheng took a slow approach to expansion, only acting when there was a neighbouring refugee revolt. Their most significant gain came in 314, when rebels in Hanzhong surrendered

12138-412: Was developmentally disabled , and the princes pitted their armies against each other for control over the empire in light of the new emperor's lack of agency. While the Jin military weakened itself under the princes, many defenseless commanderies became targets for rebellion by the empire's disgruntled or opportunistic subjects. In the finals years of the Western Jin, tribal subjects collectively known as

12257-418: Was a bad plague of locusts…Virulent disease accompanied the famine. The people were murdered by bandits. The rivers were filled with floating corpses; bleached bones covered the fields…There was much cannibalism. Famine and pestilence came hand in hand. In 308, the Han conquered Pingyang Commandery, where they shifted their capital and brought themselves closer to Luoyang. While Shi Le and Wang Mi's forces raided

12376-579: Was active in the northwest, where he attracted the hu people in Hebei and Shandong to his cause. His influence was amplified when, after the Disaster of Yongjia , he assassinated Wang Mi at a banquet and absorbed his army. Liu Cong, fearing that Shi Le would rebel, was powerless to punish him and could only appease him to prevent escalation. Shi Le virtually controlled the Han's eastern domain, with his only challenge coming from Cao Ni in Shandong , who even then had to constantly waiver his allegiance. Early in

12495-459: Was also desperate to secure his paramountcy and avoid the same fate as his predecessors, especially with the ascension of the abled Emperor Huai of Jin in early 307. Yue was wary of the new emperor and left Luoyang with the imperial army shortly after his enthronement. During his return in 309, he had Emperor Huai’s advisors killed and replaced the veteran palace guards with soldiers from his own fief. While consolidating his power, these acts deepened

12614-452: Was also internally unstable. Due to conflict between Liu Cong and his own ministers, the court suffered from bloody infighting with Liu Cong executing many key officials. After he died in 318, his successor Liu Can and their family were exterminated in a coup in by the powerful consort kin , Jin Zhun . Liu Yao and Shi Le joined forces to defeat Jin Zhun, during which Liu Yao was acclaimed as

12733-461: Was appointed Commander of the Xianbei. Meanwhile, in 258, another Xianbei tribe, the Tuoba , occupied the abandoned city of Shengle north of Shanxi , also becoming a vassal of Wei and Jin. At the turn of the 4th century, the Inspector of You province , Wang Jun , sought to consolidate his control over his province amidst the War of the Eight Princes. He allied himself with the neighbouring Duan and

12852-436: Was appointed, under the circumstances. He put the mutiny down by executing part of the garrison troops and disbanded the rest, which became thugs and loot later. In 864, the court declared an amnesty in the area, and promised that all thugs who willingly re-enrolled would be sent for a tour of duty in the southern, and then, presumably, returned to regular army service in the north. Three thousand men surrendered and were sent to

12971-626: Was courted by Nanjing. Then Sun Chuanfang and Zhang Zongchang began to fight in unison against the Nationalist government. They captured the city on 24 June. The fall of Xuzhou aroused public outrage, Chiang 's first resignation ensued. On 16 December, Nanjing force took the area again. The area was the main site both of the Battle of Xuzhou in 1938 against the Japanese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War and of

13090-410: Was killed after several days. A rebellion against Yuan rose by Li Er ( 李二 ) who was nicknamed Sesame Li in the area around Xuzhou. In the eighth month of 1351, they took the city. Toghon Temür gave an edict that they would be granted amnesty if they surrendered to the authority, in the spring of the next year. The rebels ignored that, so he agreed that Toqto to suppress the unrest. The city fell in

13209-466: Was only 21,768, versus 205,286 in 742. In 781, Li Na marched south to besiege Xuzhou. Although his revolt was quell soon, the halt of the transport by the Bian Canal impelled the court to secure the area. The then prefect of Xuzhou, Zhang Jianfeng was designated as the first military governor of Xuzhou–Sizhou–Haozhou ( 徐泗濠節度使 ) which was headquartered in Xuzhou since 788. The title

13328-661: Was published on December 8, 1986 by State Council , there are 38 cities. The third batch was published on January 4, 1994 by State Council , there are 37 cities. Upheaval of the Five Barbarians Jin dynasty The Upheaval of the Five Barbarians also translated as the Uprising , Rebellion or the Revolt of the Five Barbarians ( simplified Chinese : 五胡乱华 ; traditional Chinese : 五胡亂華 ; lit. 'Five foreign tribes disrupting China' )

13447-554: Was ratified as a "Larger Municipality" with legislative power by the State Council. Pizhou 邳州 The prefecture-level city of Xuzhou administers ten county-level divisions , including five districts , two county-level cities and three counties . These are further divided into 161 township-level divisions , including 63 subdistricts and 98 towns. Xuzhou is of strategic importance for linking South China and North China. The boundaries of its jurisdiction are adjacent to Lianyungang and Suqian in east; Suzhou of Anhui province to

13566-401: Was reluctant to go north and campaign in Han's domain, fearing that Gou Xi and the others might cut off his rear. After Liu Yuan died in late 310, his successor, Liu He was overthrown by Liu Cong just a week into his reign. After taking the throne, Liu Cong made another attempt to capture Luoyang. Tension between Sima Yue and Emperor Huai reached its breaking point in 311 when Yue discovered

13685-691: Was restored and renamed Wuning ( 武寧 ) in 805, after an interval of five years. Wang Zhixing, another military governor of Wuning, established several battalions (the most notorious one among is the Silver Sword) in the Army specifically for select recruits. These soldiers not only defy military discipline but also show defiant towards the successors to Wang. In 832, Li Ting received a threatening letter prior to his induction in there, made him resigned immediately. Then Wuning suffered mutinies in 849, 859 and again in 862. Another two governors were expelled. Wang Shi

13804-462: Was severely depleted by the changes in the course of the Yellow River since the mid 11th century, and the drought-resistant crops: wheat, sorghum, soybean, maize and potato, became the local staples. Besides, cotton, peanut, tobacco and sesame also grew in low-yield. The local mining traces it origins to an iron mine, Liguo. It was exploited since Han dynasty, and managed by a particular bureau in Song. And

13923-577: Was taken by the Northern dynasties later. Liu Yu recaptured the lost territory in the north of the Huai River in about 408. Xuzhou was divided into two parts: Beixuzhou (North Xuzhou) and Xuzhou (with Jingkou as its seat) in 411. North Xuzhou whose seat was Pengcheng bounded on the south by the Huai River. Beixuzhou was restored as Xuzhou a decade later, while its south counterpart was renamed Nanxuzhou (South Xuzhou). Since then, Pengcheng remained being

14042-673: Was the a critical of the trinity of the major campaigns during the Chinese Civil War. Fighting centred around the city of Xuzhou, seat of the Bandit Suppression Headquarters ( 剿匪總司令部 ) established on 6 June 1948. It turned into a fiasco, which led to the fall of the Nationalist Chinese capital Nanjing. The CPC controlled the city on 1 December. Then Xuzhou (the old urban area) was made a part of Shandong province temporarily, together with

14161-406: Was −23.3 °C (−10 °F), on 6 February 1969, while the highest was 43.4 °C (110 °F), on 15 July 1955. According to the 1% National Population Sample Survey in 2015 , the total resident population of Xuzhou reached 8.66 million, and the sex ratio was 101.40 males to 100 females. Historically, Xuzhou and the surrounding regions were a predominantly agricultural area. Its arable land

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