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224-568: A newspaper of the same name was set up in 1989, just days after the Romanian Revolution , replacing Scînteia , organ of the defunct Romanian Communist Party . Initially a supporter of the dominant National Salvation Front , it adopted a controversial position, being much criticized for producing populist and radical nationalist messages and for supporting the violent Mineriad of 1990. Under editors Dumitru Tinu and Cristian Tudor Popescu , when it reasserted its independence as

448-492: A Marxist–Leninist government in a Warsaw Pact country during the events of 1989, and the only one that violently overthrew a country's leadership and executed its leader; according to estimates, over one thousand people died and thousands more were injured. Following World War II , Romania found itself inside the Soviet sphere of influence , with Communist rule officially declared in 1947. In April 1964, when Romania published

672-568: A drumhead military tribunal on charges of genocide , damage to the national economy, and abuse of power to execute military actions against the Romanian people. They were convicted on all charges, sentenced to death, and immediately executed on Christmas Day 1989. They were the last people to be condemned to death and executed in Romania , as capital punishment was abolished soon after. For several days after Ceaușescu fled, many would be killed in

896-470: A free daily newspaper and evening edition, which was closed down in May 2011. As of 2008, the newspaper publishes Colecția Adevărul , a collection of classic and popular works in world and Romanian literature . These are issued as additional supplements, and sold as such with the newspaper's Thursday editions. A newspaper by the name Adevĕrulŭ (pronounced the same as Adevărul , but following versions of

1120-434: A rotary printing press which was also in use by the magazine Realitatea Ilustrată , a conference hall, a cafeteria and sleeping quarters for the janitors . The post-1920 issues introduced a number of changes in format. It began hosting photojournalistic pieces by Iosif Berman , one of Romania's celebrated photographers (who had made his debut with Dimineața in 1913). Adevărul began headlining its front page with

1344-425: A socially conservative venue and was fully privatized , Adevărul became one of the most popular and trusted press venues. Nevertheless, it remained involved in scandals over alleged or confirmed political and commercial dealings, culminating in a 2005 conflict which saw the departure of Popescu, Bogdan Chireac and other panelists and the creation of rival newspaper Gândul . As of 2006, Adevărul had been

1568-576: A "diversion" for the rebellion-minded peasants. The newspaper, described by American scholar Glenn E. Torrey as "sensationalist", provided enthusiastic accounts of the Russians' Brusilov Offensive , which had stabilized the Eastern Front in Romania's proximity, announcing that the "supreme moment" for Romania's intervention had arrived. This attitude resulted in a clash between Adevărul on one side and Romania's new dominant socialist faction,

1792-478: A September 1914 article for Adevărul , where Russophobia was condemned as a canard. Over the course of 1914, the aging historian A. D. Xenopol also made Adevărul the host of his interventionist essays, later collected as a volume. In early winter 1915, Adevărul publicized the visit of British scholar Robert William Seton-Watson , who campaigned in favor of the Entente Powers and supported

2016-475: A brief hesitation. Stănculescu, however, ordered the troops back to their quarters without Ceaușescu's knowledge, and also persuaded Ceaușescu to leave by helicopter, thus making the dictator a fugitive. At that same moment angry protesters began storming the Communist Party headquarters ; Stănculescu and the soldiers under his command did not oppose them. By refusing to carry out Ceaușescu's orders (he

2240-567: A building near the National Bank and the Vilacrosse Passage , where it occupied just several rooms (leading its staff to repeatedly complain about the lack of space). A serious crisis occurred during 1892, when, having omitted to register his trademark , Beldiman was confronted with the appearance of a competing Adevărul , published by his former associate Toma Basilescu, who had been the original gazette's administrator for

2464-537: A co-defendant Simion Pauker's daughter-in-law, Ana Pauker . Mainstream politician Constantin Argetoianu , citing an unnamed Adevărul journalist, had it that Emil Pauker, otherwise an outspoken anti-communist , was trying to protect even the more estranged members of his family. With the change in management, some of the established Adevărul authors moved to Universul . This was the case with C. Bacalbașa (1935) and Batzaria (1936). In his Universul columns,

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2688-517: A complex system of philosophy, still not perfectly understood today. Eliade is today considered the greatest historian in the field of religions. His novels reveal a mystical, pre-Christian symbolism paving the way for contemporary Romanian art. Born in Romania, Tristan Tzara , a poet and essayist, is the main founder of Dada , a nihilistic revolutionary movement in the arts, and may have been responsible for its name (Romanian for "Yes yes"). Later he abandoned nihilism for Surrealism and Marxism . For

2912-648: A declaration of war against the Central Powers . This position was more compatible with that of newspapers like Universul , Flacăra , Furnica or Epoca , clashing with the socialist press, the Poporanists , and Germanophile gazettes such as Seara , Steagul , Minerva or Opinia . According to historian Lucian Boia , this stance was partly explained by the Jewish origin of its panelists, who, as advocates of assimilation, wanted to identify with

3136-477: A defensible barricade in front of the Dunărea ("Danube") restaurant, which stood until after midnight, but was finally torn apart by government forces. Intense shooting continued until after 03:00, by which time the survivors had fled the streets. Records of the fighting that day include footage shot from helicopters that were sent to raid the area and record evidence for eventual reprisals, as well as by tourists in

3360-613: A difference between the minority "exploiting Jews" and an assimilable Jewish majority. Under Beldiman, the newspaper took pride in stating its independence, by taking distance from the two dominant parties , the Conservatives and the National Liberal Party , who either supported or tolerated King Carol. This stance reputedly earned the publication an unusual status: anecdotes have it that Conservative leader Lascăr Catargiu would only read Adevărul while in

3584-671: A disestablishment of the Senate , a land reform to replace leasehold estates , self-governance at a local level, progressive taxation , Sunday rest for employees, universal conscription instead of a permanent under arms force, women's rights , emancipation for Romanian Jews . It embraced the cause of Romanians living outside the Old Kingdom , particularly those in Austro-Hungarian -ruled Transylvania , while calling for Romania to separate itself from its commitment to

3808-457: A general policy paper worked out under Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 's instructions, the country was well on its way of carefully breaking away from Soviet control . Nicolae Ceaușescu became the country's leader the following year. Under his rule, Romania experienced a brief waning of internal repression that led to a positive image both at home and in the West. However, repression again intensified by

4032-612: A hard political line and cult of personality. The austerity programme started in 1981 and the widespread poverty it introduced made the Communist regime very unpopular. The austerity programmes were met with little resistance among Romanians and there were only a few strikes and labour disputes, of which the Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977 and the Brașov Rebellion of November 1987 at the truck manufacturer Steagul Roșu were

4256-444: A literary club, while he considered creating a separate literary edition. A literary supplement ( Adevĕrul Literar , "The Literary Truth") was in print between 1894 and 1896, before being replaced by Adevĕrul Ilustrat ("The Illustrated Truth") and soon after by Adevĕrul de Joi ("The Truth on Thursday"), edited by poet Artur Stavri , and eventually closed down due to lack of funding in 1897. Although short-lived, these publications had

4480-765: A literary supplement. In 1920, it set up Adevĕrul Literar și Artistic , soon to be rated one of the prominent Romanian cultural journals. Seven years later, it also began printing a magazine for Romanian Radio enthusiasts, under the title Radio Adevĕrul . The newspaper was involved in cultural debates over the following two decades. It attracted contributions from various cultural ideologists, among them critics șerban Cioculescu , Petru Comarnescu , Eugen Lovinescu and Paul Zarifopol , writers Demostene Botez , Eugeniu Botez , Victor Eftimiu , Eugen Jebeleanu and Camil Petrescu , and Aromanian cultural activist Nicolae Constantin Batzaria . Beginning 1928, Cioculescu took over

4704-503: A lost cause and made no effort to keep their men loyal to the regime. This effectively ended any chance of Ceaușescu staying in power. Accounts differ about how Milea died. His family and several junior officers believed he had been shot in his own office by the Securitate, while another group of officers believed he had committed suicide. In 2005 an investigation concluded that the minister killed himself by shooting at his heart, but

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4928-442: A member of the company's executive panel. With this change in management came a new stage in the conflict opposing Adevărul to the far right press. Through the voices of Crainic, Alexandru Gregorian and N. Crevedia , the two extremist journals Porunca Vremii and Sfarmă-Piatră repeatedly targeted Sadoveanu with antisemitic and antimasonic epithets, accusing him of having become a tool for Jewish interests and, as leader of

5152-494: A national level. By 1934, Adevărul and Dimineața still boasted a combined daily circulation of 150,000 copies. In 1920, Mille retired from the position of editor-in-chief and moved on to create Lupta journal, amidst allegations that he had been pressured out by rival business interests. Adevărul and Dimineața were both purchased by Aristide Blank , a Romanian Jewish entrepreneur, National Liberal politician and owner of Editura Cultura Națională company. He sold

5376-547: A neighboring plot, the former Saint-Frères manufacturing plant, and unified both buildings under a single facade. It was there that, after placing an order with the Mergenthaler Company , he installed the first Linotype machines to be used locally. Adevărul established itself as the most circulated paper, setting up successive records in terms of copies per issue due to Mille's favorable approach to modern printing techniques: from 10,000 in 1894, these brought

5600-409: A number of primary school textbooks. By the mid-1930s, Adevărul had launched sister magazines dedicated to photo-reportage ( Realitatea Ilustrată ), Hollywood films ( Film ) and health ( Medicul Nostru ). Both Adevărul and Dimineața were noted for their rejection of interwar antisemitism, and for condemning the far right and fascist segment of the political spectrum. Romanian fascism

5824-482: A political party, installed a series of economic and democratic reforms, with further social policy changes being implemented by later governments. In 1981, Ceaușescu began an austerity programme designed to enable Romania to liquidate its entire national debt ( US$ 10,000,000,000). To achieve this, many basic goods—including gas, heating and food—were rationed, which reduced the standard of living and increased malnutrition . The infant mortality rate grew to be

6048-447: A popularizer of English literature ), it was signed by several prominent women of the day. Editura Adevĕrul signed on some of the best-selling authors in modern Romanian literature, among them Sadoveanu, Călinescu, Eugeniu Botez, Liviu Rebreanu and Gala Galaction . It also put out several other popular works, such as memoirs and essays by Queen Marie of Romania , the comedic hit Titanic Vals by Tudor Mușatescu , and, after 1934,

6272-404: A public protest in response to an attempt by the government to evict Hungarian Reformed church Pastor László Tőkés . In July of that year, in an interview with Hungarian television, Tőkés had criticised the regime's Systematisation policy and complained that Romanians did not even know their human rights. As Tőkés described it later, the interview, which had been seen in the border areas and

6496-405: A public subscription to celebrate the engagement of Crown Prince Ferdinand to Marie of Edinburgh . In addition, Adevărul began militating for a number of major social and political causes, which it perceived as essential to democracy . In its 15 points of 1888, it notably demanded universal suffrage to replace the census method enshrined in the 1866 Constitution , unicameralism through

6720-508: A radical avant-garde current that Tzara had formed in Switzerland during the war. In 1922, Vinea went on to establish Contimporanul , an influential modernist and socialist tribune, which maintained warm contact with Adevărul . Around that time, Adevărul had a printing-press contract with Alexandru Tzaran, the socialist activist and entrepreneur, whose company also published avant-garde books, and revisited projects for creating

6944-581: A riot; the crowd took to the streets, placing the capital, like Timișoara, in turmoil. Members of the crowd spontaneously began shouting anti-Ceaușescu slogans, which spread and became chants: "Jos dictatorul!" ("Down with the dictator"), "Moarte criminalului!" ("Death to the criminal"), "Noi suntem poporul, jos cu dictatorul!" ("We are the people, down with the dictator"), "Ceaușescu cine ești?/Criminal din Scornicești" ("Ceaușescu, who are you? A criminal from Scornicești "). Protesters eventually flooded

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7168-505: A series of street battles. Beginning 1935, the scandals also involved Sfarmă-Piatră , a virulent far right newspaper headed by Nichifor Crainic and funded by Stelian Popescu , the new publisher of Universul . While engaged in this conflict, Adevărul stood out among local newspapers for supporting the PCR during a 1936 trial of its activists which took place in Craiova , and involved as

7392-623: A short introduction from Barbu Petrescu, the mayor of Bucharest and organiser of the rally, Ceaușescu began to speak from the balcony of the Central Committee building, greeting the crowd and thanking the organisers of the rally and the residents of Bucharest. Just over a minute into the speech, a high-pitched scream was heard in the distance. Within seconds, this developed into widespread shouting and screaming, as Ceaușescu looked on while speaking. A few seconds later, he ceased speaking completely, raised his right hand and stared silently at

7616-635: A short listing of the top news of the day, often accompanied by sarcastic editorial commentary. Among the other innovations were regular columns discussing developments in literature and philosophy, written by two young modernist authors, Benjamin Fondane and Ion Vinea , as well as a theater chronicle by Fagure and Iosif Nădejde . Vinea's texts discussed literary authenticity, eclecticism , and consistent praises of modern lyrical prose . Other such articles followed Vinea's rivalry with his former colleague Tristan Tzara , and stated his rejection of Dadaism ,

7840-460: A significant part on the cultural scene, and hosted contributions by influential, mostly left-wing, cultural figures: Stavri, Stere, Constantin D. Anghel , Traian Demetrescu , Arthur Gorovei , Ion Gorun , Henric and Simion Sanielevici . In this context, Adevărul also began receiving contributions from prominent humorist Ion Luca Caragiale —previously a conservative adversary, known for his mockery of republican sensationalism . In return for

8064-587: A single league for universal suffrage, but Adevărul soon pulled out of the effort, accusing fellow militant Constantin Dobrescu-Argeș of having embezzled the funds put at his disposal. In 1895, Mille purchased the newspaper, but, even though the Alecsandri motto was removed a short while after, Beldiman maintained editorial control until his death three years later, explaining that he was doing so in order to maintain an independent line. The purchase

8288-402: A special column, Cronica femeii ("The Woman's Chronicle"), assigned to female journalist Ecaterina Raicoviceanu-Fulmen . Over the following decade, it hosted regular contributions by other militant women, among them Lucrezzia Karnabatt , E. Marghita , Maura Prigor , Laura Vampa and Aida Vrioni . Having endorsed the creation of a journalists' trade union and a Romanian Writers' Society ,

8512-560: A spell of pluralism contested by the Soviet Union 's occupation of Romania , the steady communization of stately affairs, and political moves to create a communist regime . Brănișteanu noted these developments in his debut editorial of 1946, with a positive spin: "We ought to be blind not to have admitted that, in these new times, new men must step and do step to the leadership. We do not shy away from saying that, in general lines, our views meet with those of socialist democracy , for

8736-549: A standard serif which it used until 1951. Beldiman's hostility to the monarchy was reflected in one of the 15 objectives set by the second series' first issue, whereby Adevărul called for an elective monarchy with magistratures reserved for locals, and evident in having chosen for the paper's motto a quote from poet Vasile Alecsandri , which read: Să te feresci, Române!, de cuiŭ strein în casă ("Romanians, beware of foreign nails in your house", an allusion to Carol's German origin). The journalists called Carol's accession to

8960-517: A statue of Domnitor Cuza to be erected in Iași (such a monument being eventually inaugurated in 1912). Similar initiatives included the 1904 event marking 400 years since the death of Moldavian Prince Stephen the Great , and the erection in Craiova of a bust honoring its deceased contributor, poet Traian Demetrescu. At around the same time, Mille's gazette became a noted supporter of feminism , and created

9184-538: A temporary break with a local tradition of more positive ethnic stereotypes regarding the Germans. The interventionist campaign peaked in summer 1916, when it became apparent that Ion I. C. Brătianu 's National Liberal cabinet was pondering Romania's entry into the conflict on the Entente side ( see Romania during World War I ). Mille himself explained the war as a "corrective" answer to Romania's social problems and

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9408-634: A variety of themes, including historical novels , novels depicting rural life , war , romantic love , social class and existential themes . Traditional society and recent political events influenced works such as Liviu Rebreanu 's Răscoala ("The Uprising", 1932), which was inspired by the 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt , and Pădurea Spânzuraților (" Forest of the Hanged "), published in 1922 and inspired by Romanian participation in World War I . Rebreanu's novel Ion , published in 1920, presents

9632-439: Is another complex personality of Romanian literature: novelist, playwright, poet, literary critic and historian, essayist, journalist. He published authoritative monographs about Eminescu and Creangă, and a monumental (almost 1,000 pages in quarto) history of Romanian literature from its origin to the time of his writing (1941). He is also the author of the novel Enigma Otliei ("The Enigma of Otilia"). An important realist writer

9856-435: Is considered to be Manoil (published in 1855) by Dimitrie Bolintineanu (if one excludes from the definition of novel the allegorical literary work Istoria ieroglifică by Dimitrie Cantemir , which was written between 1703 - 1705). Bolintineanu also published the novel Elena (1862). However these two novels are largely forgotten, although they are considered relevant from the point of view of describing Romanian society in

10080-570: Is made available to them, in a newspaper they bought for the information it provides." Initially, Adevărul dedicated its Sunday issue to literary contributions, receiving such pieces from George Coșbuc , Haralamb Lecca , Ioan N. Roman, and the adolescent poet Ștefan Octavian Iosif . By 1893, the gazette's panel came to include several leading activists of the newly created Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party (PSDMR), among them Constantin Mille and brothers Anton and Ioan Bacalbașa . Mille

10304-608: The Adevărul employees from working in the field. During its episodic rise to power, the Iron Guard mapped out its revenge against people associated with Adevărul , dividing its former staff into three categories: "kikes", "traitors", and "minions". Nichifor Crainic, who served as Minister of Propaganda under both the National Legionary State and Antonescu, took pride in his own campaign against " Judaism " in

10528-474: The Adevărul literary column. That same year, Adevărul hosted part of the dispute between Cioculescu and another prominent critic of the period, Perpessicius , the former of whom accused the latter of being too eclectic and generous. In 1931, it circulated young critic Lucian Boz 's defense of Tzara and praise for sculptor Constantin Brâncuși , both of whom, he stressed, had brought "fresh Romanian air into

10752-542: The 1907 Peasant Revolt , which was violently quelled by the National Liberal cabinet of Dimitrie Sturdza . The paper reported on or made allegations about the shooting and maltreatment of peasants, reputedly to the point where government officials promised to end repression if Mille agreed to tone down his publication. Various researchers accuse Mille of having seriously exaggerated the scale of repression for political purposes. Historian Anton Caragea, who theorizes

10976-617: The Blaj Schools of Inocențiu Micu-Klein , a Latinist and Enlightenment movement, the Școala Ardeleană emerged, producing philological studies of the Romantic origin of the Romanian language. Among the many works on Romanian history and the Romanian language by Samuil Micu-Klein , Gheorghe Șincai and Petru Maior , the "Heroic-comic-satiric Poem" Țiganiada by Ion Budai-Deleanu , can also be found, promoting democratic and enlightenment ideals. In Wallachia and Moldavia,

11200-470: The German Empire . In a 1915 letter to Zimmerwald promoter Leon Trotsky , Rakovsky himself claimed that Mille had been corrupted by Take Ionescu , leader of the pro-Entente Conservative-Democratic Party , and that his newspapers issued propaganda "under the mask of independence". Romania eventually signed the 1916 Treaty of Bucharest , committing herself to the Entente cause. Its intervention in

11424-538: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Expecting that they would be fired upon, they started to sing " Deșteaptă-te, române! " ( "Awaken thee, Romanian!" ), an earlier patriotic song that had been banned in 1947 (but then partially co-opted by the Ceaușescu regime once he fashioned himself as a nationalist). Ethnic Hungarian protesters also chanted "Români, veniți cu noi!" ("Romanians, come with us", to convey that

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11648-720: The Portuguese republican revolt . The efforts made for establishing and preserving international connections, Adevărul claimed, made it one of the first papers in the world to report some other events of continental importance: the 1911 food riots in Vienna, the outbreak of the First Balkan War , and the diplomatic conflict between the Greek and Bulgarian Kingdoms in the run-up to the Second Balkan War . During

11872-696: The Prague Spring —an invasion Ceaușescu openly denounced —while Romanian athletes competed at the Soviet-boycotted 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles (receiving a standing ovation at the opening ceremonies and proceeding to win 53 medals, trailing only the United States and West Germany in the overall count). Conversely, while Soviet Communist Party General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev spoke of reform, Ceaușescu maintained

12096-567: The Romanian Freemasonry , of promoting occult practices. The controversy also involved modernist poet Tudor Arghezi , whose writings Sadoveanu defended against charges of " pornography " coming from the nationalist press. Adevărul did in fact back similar charges against novelist Mircea Eliade , who was in conflict with Teodorescu-Braniște, and whom Doctor Ygrec dismissed as an " erotomaniac ". Adevărul and Dimineața , together with Lupta , were suppressed in 1937, when

12320-607: The Romanian alphabet which emphasized etymology , in this case from the Latin word veritas ) was founded on December 15, 1871. The weekly was owned by Alexandru Beldiman , a former Police commander, and published in Iași , the former capital of Moldavia . Beldiman directed the newspaper in opposition to Romania's new Domnitor , the German prince Carol of Hohenzollern , calling for

12544-606: The Securitate , which was both one of the largest in the Eastern Bloc and for decades had been the main suppressor of popular dissent, frequently and violently quashing political disagreement, ultimately proved incapable of stopping the looming, and then highly fatal and successful revolt. Social and economic malaise had been present in the Socialist Republic of Romania for quite some time, especially during

12768-584: The Social Democratic Party of Romania (PSDR) and the socialist-controlled labor movement on the other. The newspaper reported the official government position on the bloody confrontations between workers and Romanian Army troops in the city of Galați . Using a style Torrey describes as "inflammatory", Adevărul also attacked PSDR leader Christian Rakovsky , co-founder of the anti-interventionist and internationalist Zimmerwald Movement , accusing him of being an "adventurer" and hireling of

12992-556: The Triple Alliance , and advocating a Balkan Federation to include Romania. Adevărul also took an active interest in the problems facing Romania's rural population: while calling for a land reform, it expressed condemnation of the failing sanitary system, which it blamed for the frequency of countryside epidemics, and for the administrative system, which it accused of corruption . It depicted revolt as legitimate, and campaigned in favor of amnesty for prisoners taken after

13216-617: The Wallachian Lord Neagoe Basarab , a work written in the spirit of the Renaissance and considered one of the oldest great works of Southeastern European literature. Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age The earliest surviving document in Romanian that can be precisely dated is Neacșu's Letter written in 1521, to the jude ("judge and mayor") of Brașov , Hans Benkner. The earliest books in Romanian were translated from Slavonic religious texts in

13440-583: The ethnic German Transylvanian Saxons and their relationship with Romanians in Austria-Hungary, claiming: "Except for the Hungarians, we had throughout our history, just as we have today, an enemy just as irreducible and who would desire our disappearance just as much: the Saxon people." According to literary historian Dumitru Hîncu, such discourse was replicated by other pro-Entente venues, marking

13664-612: The proofreaders for each typo. Mille himself repeatedly urged his employees to keep up with the events, decking the walls with portraits of 19th-century newspaperman Zaharia Carcalechi , infamous for his professional lassitude. In addition to establishing permanent telephone links within Austria-Hungary (in both Vienna and Budapest ), Adevărul maintained a regular correspondence with various Balkan capitals, and pioneered shorthand in transcribing interviews. Among its indigenous journalists to be sent on special assignment abroad were Emil Fagure and Barbu Brănișteanu , who reported on

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13888-438: The tabloid Click! , the magazines Click! pentru femei , Click! Sănătate , Click! Poftă bună! and OK! Magazine . In December 2010, Adevărul Holding also launched a sister version of its title asset, published in neighboring Moldova as Adevărul Moldova . The Romanian newspaper had special pages of regional content, one each for Bucharest , Transylvania , Moldavia , the western areas of Banat and Crișana , and

14112-521: The territories of current day Romania as early as the 10th Century, with the oldest surviving manuscripts being dated as far back as the 12th Century. The earliest dated texts in Slavonic, originally from Wallachia and Moldavia, consist of a series of Religious Songs by Nicodim & Filotei and a Hagiographical text by Grigore Țamblâc, all being dated between 1385 and 1391. Also by the 15th century many copies of medieval Slavonic texts have been created by

14336-620: The "terror regime" instituted in Bulgaria by Tsar Ferdinand I . Later the same month, as Romania joined the anti-Bulgarian coalition and her troops entered Southern Dobruja , Adevărul gave coverage to the spread of cholera among soldiers, accusing the Conservative executive headed by Titu Maiorescu of hiding its actual toll. Also at that stage, the newspaper had become known for organizing raffles , which provided winners with expensive prizes, such as real estate and furniture. It

14560-516: The 1582 printing in the small town of Orăștie of the so-called Palia de la Orăștie – a translation of the first books of the Old Testament – by Deacon Șerban (a son of the above-mentioned Deacon Coresi ) and Marien Diacul (Marien the Scribe). Palia was translated from Latin by Bishop Mihail Tordaș et al. , the translation being checked for accuracy using Hungarian translations of

14784-566: The 15th century. Psaltirea Hurmuzaki , Codicele Voronețean , Psaltirea Voronețeană , Psaltirea Scheiană , and others are religious texts from Moldavia that carry evidence of being translations of manuscripts written in the other languages in the Banat-Hunedoara area. The first book printed in the Danubian Principalities was a Slavonic religious book, printed in 1508 at Dealu Monastery . The first book printed in

15008-501: The 1888 peasant riots. The paper supported educational reforms in the countryside, calling attention to the specific issues faced by rural teachers, but also campaigned against their use of corporal punishment as a method of maintaining school discipline . In similar vein, Adevărul focused on cases of abuse within the Romanian Army , documenting cases where soldiers were being illegally used as indentured servants , noting

15232-410: The 1897 setback, the gazette began allocating space to serialized works of literature, including sketches by Caragiale (most of the writings later published as Momente și schițe ), as well as The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, père . In later years, Adevărul experimented by publishing a different supplement each day, including one titled Litere și Arte ("Arts and Letters"). By

15456-586: The 1908 Young Turk Revolution from inside the Ottoman Empire , as well as from the Principality of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Serbia . The newspaper was nevertheless subject to a practical joke played by its correspondent, future writer Victor Eftimiu : instead of continuing his Adevărul -sponsored trip to France, Eftimiu stopped in Vienna, and compiled his "Letters from Paris " column from

15680-502: The 1970s. Amid tensions in the late 1980s, early protests occurred in the city of Timișoara in mid-December on the part of the Hungarian minority in response to an attempt by the government to evict Hungarian Reformed Church pastor László Tőkés . In response, Romanians sought the deposition of Ceaușescu and a change in government in light of similar recent events in neighbouring nations. The country's ubiquitous secret police force,

15904-726: The 2nd half of the 19th century and 1st half of the 20th century. Through his links with Junimea, literary critic Titu Maiorescu set the direction of synchronizing Romanian literature both with other European literary movements and with Romanian folklore . Many outstanding Romanian writers, including George Coșbuc and Barbu Ştefănescu Delavrancea , published their works in Convorbiri Literare . Other notable authors of this era are Nicolae Bălcescu , Dimitrie Bolintineanu , Alecu Russo , Nicolae Filimon , Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu , Alexandru Odobescu , Grigore Alexandrescu and Petre Ispirescu . The first Romanian novel

16128-640: The Bible. The entire Bible was not published in Romanian until the end of the 17th century, when the Metropolitanate's Press of Bucharest printed Biblia de la București ("The Bucharest Bible") in 1688, compiled by the Greceanu Brothers. In Transylvania , there was also an attestation of the explicit use of a Latin model, with the appearance of the first Romanian dictionary, Dictionarium Valachico-Latinum ( Caransebeș , about 1650), while

16352-718: The Communist Party was enshrined in their constitutions and the party militia was active. The lone exception was Hungary, where, in October 1989, the leading role of the party was rescinded from the constitution and the party militia was abolished. However, very soon after Ceaușescu's reelection, the other communist regimes in the Warsaw Pact began to crumble as well. The party militia was abolished in Poland on 23 November and then in Bulgaria on 25 November. The leading role of

16576-518: The Communist insignia cut out quickly became widespread. As the hours passed many more people took to the streets. Later, observers claimed that even at this point, had Ceaușescu been willing to talk, he might have been able to salvage something. Instead, he decided on force. Soon the protesters—unarmed and unorganised—were confronted by soldiers, tanks, APCs, USLA troops ( Unitatea Specială pentru Lupta Antiteroristă , anti-terrorist special squads) and armed plainclothes Securitate officers. The crowd

16800-521: The Danubian Principalities, or to the different social classes compared to Western Europe . During the 17th century via Poland and its Jesuit schools, having as representatives the likes of Grigore Ureche , Miron Costin , and Ion Neculce with their chronicles on the history of Moldavia. Following the example of Petro Movilă 's Kyiv Colegium, the Lords Matei Basarab and Vasile Lupu established Neoclassical schools such as

17024-709: The Enlightenment can be seen in the Poems and Prose of Iancu Văcărescu , Costache Conachi , and Dinicu Golescu . In 1829, in Wallachia , Ion Heliade Rădulescu founded the first Romanian-language Newspaper, Curierul Românesc , and cofounded the Philharmonic Society which later created the National Theatre of Bucharest . Albina Românească , a similar publication to Curierul Românesc

17248-555: The Exhibit"). Several mass social, cultural and political campaigns were initiated or endorsed by Adevărul before 1910. According to one of Constantin Mille's columns of 1906, the newspaper continued to see itself as an advocate of people's causes: "Any of our readers know that, should any injustice be committed against them, should all authorities discard them, they will still find shelter under this newspaper's roof." In line with Beldiman and Mille's political vision, it militated for

17472-701: The German newspapers Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung and Kölnische Zeitung , who worried that Romania's anti-dynasticists plotted Carol's murder, assuring them that the actual battle was political, "in broad daylight, on the wide path of public opinion." In 1891, the paper called for boycotting Carol's 25th anniversary on the throne. Located in Bucharest , the new Adevărul had its original headquarters in Calea Victoriei (Doamnei Street, Nouă Street, Brătianu Boulevard, and Enei Street). It later moved to

17696-505: The Notion of Democracy"), which condemned the then-popular theory that democratic regimes were inferior to totalitarian ones. Adevărul reported with concern on some other conspiracies against the legitimate government, including officer Victor Precup 's attempt to assassinate King Carol II on Good Friday 1934. In parallel, Adevărul took an interest in promoting alternatives to nationalist theories. It thus attempted to mediate

17920-553: The Opera, there was wild shooting, including the area of Decebal bridge, Calea Lipovei (Lipovei Avenue) and Calea Girocului (Girocului Avenue). Tanks, trucks and TABs blocked the accesses into the city, while helicopters hovered overhead. After midnight, the protests calmed down. Colonel-General Ion Coman, local Party secretary Ilie Matei, and Colonel-General Ștefan Gușă ( Chief of the Romanian General Staff ) inspected

18144-473: The PSDMR expelled Mille on grounds of having betrayed socialism. Allegedly upset that Beldiman had chosen Mille's offer over his own, Anton Bacalbașa quit Adevărul , becoming one of Mille's most vocal critics. A third Bacalbașa, Constantin , stayed on, and, from 1895, was Mille's first editor. He became known for his anti-colonial stance, giving positive coverage to the 1896 Philippine Revolution . In 1904,

18368-477: The Post was prevented from distributing the newspaper, leading it to rely on subscriptions and private distributors. Famous among the latter were Bucharest paperboys , who advertised Adevărul with political songs such as the republican anthem La Marseillaise . After the outbreak of World War I , the newspaper further divided the surviving socialist camp by swinging into the interventionist group, calling for

18592-605: The Romanian cultural nationalism and irredenta ; an exception was the Germanophile Brănișteanu, for a while marginalized within the group. Adevărul agitated with energy against Austria-Hungary on the Transylvanian issue, while giving less exposure to the problems of Romanians in Russian-held Bessarabia . This was a programmatic choice, outlined by Transylvanian academic Ioan Ursu in

18816-535: The Romanian "prince of reporters", with investigative journalism pieces which were mainly hosted by Dimineața . Despite the effects of the Great Depression , the new management purchased another building in Sărindar area, tearing it down and replacing it with another palace wing, in reinforced concrete , and unifying the three facades by late 1933. The extended location, covering some 1,700 m, came to house

19040-399: The Romanian head of state and party highly praised the "brilliant programme for the work and revolutionary struggle of all our people," as well as the "exemplary fulfillment of economic tasks." What had happened 1,500 km (930 mi) northwest of Bucharest, in divided Berlin , during those days is not even mentioned. Socialism is praised as the "way of the free, independent development of

19264-461: The Romanian language was a Protestant catechism of Deacon Coresi in 1559, printed by Filip Moldoveanul . Other translations from Greek and Slavonic books were printed later in the 16th century. Dosoftei , a Moldavian Bishop, in 1673, published the first Romanian metrical psalter, the earliest collection of poems written in Romanian. Early efforts to publish the Bible in Romanian started with

19488-637: The Schola Graeca et Latina and the Iași Colegiu. The most significant Romanian humanist was Dimitrie Cantemir , who wrote histories of Wallachia, Moldavia and the Ottoman Empire , and philosophical and religious treaties such as The Divan  [ ro ] , The Indescribable Image of Sacred Science , and The Little Compendium of Logic . He also wrote the Roman à clef A Hieroglyphic History in 1705. In 18th century Transylvania, throughout

19712-524: The Târgoviște garrison's military compound and held captive for several days until their trial. Literature of Romania Romanian literature ( Romanian : Literatura română ) is the entirety of literature written by Romanian authors, although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language or by any authors native to Romania . The development of Romanian literature has taken place in parallel with that of

19936-808: The activity of the publication Sămănătorul , founded by George Coșbuc and Alexandru Vlahuță , and later under the editorial watch of historian Nicolae Iorga , a new literary movement formed. A movement concentrated on preserving traditional values and idealising rural life, a continuation Eminescu 's Romanticism. Among Sămănătorul 's authors were George Coșbuc a poet, translator, teacher, and journalist, best known for his verses describing, praising and eulogizing rural life, author of Pașa Hasan, Nunta Zamfirei and Moartea lui Fulger; but also Alexandru Vlahuță , Octavian Goga , Duiliu Zamfirescu , Ștefan O. Iosif, Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea , Ion Agârbiceanu and Alexandru Macedonski . Although Goga and Agârbiceanu have become later associated with Poporanism and

20160-486: The alternative, anti-fascist racialism proposed by Henric Sanielevici in the 1930s. Adevărul also published a 1929 piece by Nicolae Constantin Batzaria, in which the latter showed his adversity to radical forms of feminism , recommending women to find their comfort in marriage. By the mid-1930s, the tension between Adevărul and the increasingly pro-fascist Universul degenerated into open confrontation. Emil Pauker's newspapers were by then also being targeted by

20384-487: The antisemitic Democratic Nationalist Party , to accuse the newspaper of cultivating a "Jewish national sentiment" which, he claimed, had for its actual goal the destruction of Romania. In his Naționalism sau democrație ("Nationalism or Democracy") series of articles for Sămănătorul magazine (an ethno-nationalist organ published by Iorga), the Transylvanian-based thinker Aurel Popovici , who criticized

20608-527: The arson on the fascists, but this plan was thwarted by press photographer Nicolae Ionescu. Both Adevărul and Dimineața were restored on April 13, 1946, two years since the August 1944 Coup ended Romania's alliance with Nazi Germany by bringing down Antonescu. The new editorial staff was led by the aging newspaperman Brănișteanu and the new collective owner was the joint stock company Sărindar S. A. The daily did not have its headquarters in Sărindar (which

20832-577: The assurance they would not be tried. Present-day Romania has unfolded in the shadow of the Ceaușescus along with its Communist past, and its tumultuous departure from it. After Ceaușescu was summarily executed, the National Salvation Front (FSN) quickly took power, promising free and fair elections within five months. Elected in a landslide the following May, the FSN reconstituted as

21056-418: The austerity years of the 1980s. The austerity measures were designed in part by Ceaușescu to repay the country's foreign debts, but resulted in widespread shortages that fomented unrest. Shortly after a botched public speech by Ceaușescu in the capital Bucharest that was broadcast to millions of Romanians on state television, rank-and-file members of the military switched, almost unanimously, from supporting

21280-514: The ban as having inaugurated the era of "barbarity". This referred to the bloody clash between Carol and the Iron Guard, to Goga's downfall, and to the establishment of a three successive wartime dictatorships : Carol's National Renaissance Front , the Guard's National Legionary State , and the authoritarian regime of Conducător Ion Antonescu . The three regimes organized successive purges of Jewish and left-wing journalists, preventing several of

21504-516: The best-selling fiction author Cezar Petrescu , who was briefly a member of the editorial staff. Other writers with socialist or pacifist sympathies also became collaborators of Adevărul and Dimineața , most notably: Elena Farago , Eugen Relgis , Ion Marin Sadoveanu and George Mihail Zamfirescu . Especially noted among the young generation of leftists was F. Brunea-Fox . After a stint as political editorialist with Adevărul , he became

21728-505: The board created Adevĕrul S. A., the first in a series of joint stock companies meant to insure its control of commercial rights. In 1898, after Mille invested its profits into real estate , Adevărul left its crowded surroundings and moved to a specially designed new building on Sărindar Street (the present-day C. Mille Street, between Calea Victoriei and the Cișmigiu Gardens ). Inspired by Le Figaro ' s palatial quarters, it

21952-415: The bullet missed the heart, hit a nearby artery and led to his death shortly afterward. Some believe that he only tried to incapacitate himself in order to be relieved from office, but it is unclear then why he would shoot in the direction of the heart and not something non-vital like arms or legs. Upon learning of Milea's death, Ceaușescu appointed Victor Stănculescu minister of defence. He accepted after

22176-501: The circulation to 12,000 in 1895 and 30,000 in 1907. Writing in 1898, Mille took pride in calling his newspaper "a daily encyclopedia" or "cinema" for the regular public, universally available at only 5 bani per copy. In 1904, making efforts to keep up with his rival Luigi Cazzavillan , founder of the right-wing competitor Universul , Mille established a morning edition, which was emancipated under separate management in December of

22400-469: The city centre area, from Piața Kogălniceanu to Piața Unirii , Piața Rosetti and Piața Romană . A young man waved a tricolour with the communist coat of arms torn out of its centre while perched on the statue of Mihai Viteazul on Boulevard Mihail Kogălniceanu in the University Square . Many others began to emulate the young protester, and the waving and displaying of the Romanian flag with

22624-690: The city. About 100,000 protesters occupied Piața Operei (Opera Square – today Piața Victoriei, Victory Square) and chanted anti-government slogans: "Noi suntem poporul!" ("We are the people!"), "Armata e cu noi!" ("The army is on our side!"), "Nu vă fie frică, Ceaușescu pică!" ("Have no fear, Ceaușescu is falling!") Meanwhile, Secretary to the Central Committee Emil Bobu and Prime Minister Constantin Dăscălescu were sent by Elena Ceaușescu (Nicolae being at that time in Iran) to resolve

22848-453: The city. Some areas looked like the aftermath of a war: destruction, rubble and blood. On the morning of 18 December, the centre was being guarded by soldiers and Securitate agents in plainclothes. Ceaușescu departed for a visit to Iran , leaving the duty of crushing the Timișoara revolt to his subordinates and his wife. Mayor Moț ordered a party gathering to take place at the university, with

23072-574: The controlling stock to other prominent Jewish businessmen, Emil and Simion Pauker, reactivating the Adevĕrul S. A. holding in the process. Mille himself was replaced by Constantin Graur , who held managerial positions until 1936. Simion and Emil Pauker were, respectively, the father and uncle of Marcel Pauker , later a maverick figure in the outlawed Romanian Communist Party (PCR). The Paukers' ethnicity made their two newspapers preferred targets of attacks by

23296-406: The countryside. For some time his parishioners gathered around his home to protect him from harassment and eviction. Many passersby spontaneously joined in. As it became clear that the crowd would not disperse, the mayor, Petre Moț, made remarks suggesting that he had overturned the decision to evict Tőkés. Meanwhile, the crowd had grown impatient and, when Moț declined to confirm his statement against

23520-415: The couple onto the roof. At 11:20 on 22 December 1989, Ceaușescu's personal pilot, Lieutenant Colonel Vasile Maluțan, received instructions from Lieutenant General Opruta to proceed to Palace Square to pick up the president. As he flew over Palace Square he saw it was impossible to land there. Maluțan landed his white Dauphin , #203, on the terrace at 11:44. A man brandishing a white net curtain from one of

23744-577: The crossfire between civilians and armed forces personnel which believed the other to be Securitate ‘terrorists’. Although news reports at the time and media today will make reference to the Securitate fighting against the revolution, there has never been any evidence to support the claim of an organised effort against the revolution by the Securitate . Hospitals in Bucharest were treating as many as thousands of civilians. Following an ultimatum, many Securitate members turned themselves in on 29 December with

23968-559: The crowd from the balcony of the Central Committee of the Communist Party building, but his attempt was met with a wave of disapproval and anger. Helicopters spread manifestos (which did not reach the crowd, due to unfavourable winds) instructing people not to fall victim to the latest "diversion attempts," but to go home instead and enjoy the Christmas feast. This order, which drew unfavourable comparisons to Marie Antoinette 's haughty (but apocryphal) " Let them eat cake ", further infuriated

24192-417: The crowd, he and Elena fled into a lift headed for the roof. A group of protesters managed to force their way into the building, overpower Ceaușescu's bodyguards and make their way through his office before heading onto the balcony. They were unaware they were only a few metres from Ceaușescu. The lift's electricity failed just before it reached the top floor, and Ceaușescu's bodyguards forced it open and ushered

24416-467: The dictator to backing the protesters. Riots, street violence and murders in several Romanian cities over the course of roughly a week led the Romanian leader to flee the capital city on 22 December with his wife, Elena. Evading capture by hastily departing via helicopter effectively portrayed the couple as both fugitives and also seemingly guilty of accused crimes. Captured in Târgoviște , they were tried by

24640-528: The doctor was not happy about getting involved and, after a short time driving the Ceaușescus, faked engine trouble. A bicycle repairman was then flagged down and drove them in his car to Târgoviște . The repairman, Nicolae Petrișor, convinced them that they could hide in an agricultural technical institute on the edge of town. When they arrived, the director there guided the Ceaușescus into a room and then locked them in. They were arrested by local police at about 15:30, then after some wandering around, transported to

24864-403: The elites of Austria-Hungary on grounds that they were serving Jewish interests, alleged that the impact of Adevărul and Dimineața carried the same risk for Romania. In later years, Iorga casually referred to Adevărul as "the Jewish press organ", while, together with his political associate A. C. Cuza and other contributors to his Neamul Românesc journal, he repeatedly claimed that

25088-511: The entire press was controlled by the Jews. The antisemitic discourse targeting the Sărindar-based publications was taken up in the same period by the traditionalist Transylvanian poet Octavian Goga and by businessman-journalist Stelian Popescu (who, in 1915, became owner of Universul ). Pursuing its interest in the peasant question, Adevărul was one of the main factors of dissent during

25312-549: The evening of 20 December, the situation became even more tense, and he gave a televised speech from the TV studio inside the Central Committee Building (CC Building) in which he spoke about the events at Timișoara in terms of an "interference of foreign forces in Romania's internal affairs" and an "external aggression on Romania's sovereignty." The country, which had no information about the Timișoara events from

25536-495: The events of Timisoara and blaming them on imperialist circles and intelligence services that wished to destroy the integrity and sovereignty of Romania and halt the construction of socialism. He continued in this nationalist and Marxist–Leninist vein, referencing his speech of 21 August 1968, where he had asserted Romania's independence within the Warsaw Pact at the time of the invasion of Czechoslovakia, and promising to continue to defend socialist Romania as before. In all, following

25760-641: The exodus, worked with Constantin Stere on the Germanophile paper Lumina . In early 1919, as the Germans lost the war, Mille returned and both Adevărul and Dimineața were again in print. In later years, Adevărul ' s Constantin Costa-Foru covered in detail and with noted clemency the trials of various " collaborationist " journalists, including some of its former and future contributors (Stere, Tudor Arghezi , Saniel Grossman ). The newspaper

25984-455: The fascist National Christian Party of Octavian Goga , successor to the LANC and rival of the Iron Guard, took over government. This was primarily an antisemitic measure among several racial discrimination laws adopted with the consent of Carol II, the increasingly authoritarian monarch, and officially credited the notion according to which both venues were "Jewish". The decision to close down

26208-453: The first foreign correspondence article received by a Romanian periodical: a telegram sent by the French socialist newspaperman Victor Jaclard , discussing the assassination of Sadi Carnot and the accession of Jean Casimir-Perier to the office of President . Adevărul also broke ground by publishing a plate portrait of Casimir-Perier only a day after his rise to prominence. Early on,

26432-515: The first grammar of the Romanian language written in Latin was Institutiones linguae Valachicae ( Crișana , circa 1770). The first appearances of humanism in Moldavia and Wallachia were in the 16th century with the likes of Luca Stroici and Petru Cercel , but it took another century for these ideas to fully flourish. This delay can be attributed to the continuation of Byzantine culture in

26656-529: The first time in its history, Romanian culture was fully connected to Western culture, while Dadaism is the first Romanian artistic and literary movement to become international. Dadaism and Surrealism are fundamental parts of the avant-garde , the most revolutionary form of modernism. The Romanian avant garde is very well represented by Ion Minulescu , Gherasim Luca , Urmuz , Perpessicius , Tristan Tzara, Grigore Cugler , Geo Bogza , Barbu Fundoianu , Gellu Naum , Ilarie Voronca , and Ion Vinea . Max Blecher

26880-490: The following year, when the paper's headquarters were attacked by rioting University of Bucharest students, who were reportedly outraged by an article critical of their behavior, but also believed to have been instigated by the Conservative executive's Gendarmerie . In parallel, Adevărul took steps to establishing its reputation as a newspaper of record . A local first was established in June 1894, when Adevărul hosted

27104-418: The four seats in the back ... As I pulled Ceaușescu in, I saw the demonstrators running across the terrace ... There wasn't enough space, Elena Ceaușescu and I were squeezed in between the chairs and the door ... We were only supposed to carry four passengers ... We had six." According to Maluțan, it was 12:08 when they left for Snagov . After they arrived there, Ceaușescu took Maluțan into

27328-649: The friendly contacts between the Romanian nationalists at LANC and the Hungarian revanchist Szeged Fascists . Meanwhile, Adevărul was vividly critical of centralizing policies in post-1920 " Greater Romania ", primarily in Transylvania and Bessarabia. Articles on this topic were mainly contributed by Onisifor Ghibu , a former activist for the Transylvanian Romanian cause. One of the new causes in which Adevărul involved itself after 1918

27552-475: The high tower of the centrally located InterContinental Hotel, next to the National Theatre and across the street from the university. It is likely that in the early hours of 22 December that the Ceaușescus made their second mistake. Instead of fleeing the city under cover of night, they decided to wait until morning to leave. Ceaușescu must have thought that his desperate attempts to crush the protests had succeeded, because he apparently called another meeting for

27776-558: The highest in Europe. The secret police , the Securitate , had become so omnipresent that it made Romania a police state . Free speech was limited and opinions that did not favor the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) were forbidden. The large numbers of Securitate informers made organised dissent nearly impossible. The regime deliberately played on this sense that everyone was being watched to make it easier to bend

28000-460: The highest-grossing, but also the highest-paying press venue, and consequently the most sought-after employer: in 1913, it had a writing and technical staff of 250 people (whose salaries amounted to some 540,000 lei), in addition to whom it employed 60 correspondents and 1,800 official distributors. Adevărul reportedly had a notoriously stiff editorial policy, outlined by Mille and applied by his administrative editor Sache Petreanu, whereby it taxed

28224-412: The interruption, the speech and the associated exhortations continued for over 13 minutes, and ended with Ceaușescu waving to the crowd. Bullhorns then began to spread the news that the Securitate was firing on the crowd and that a "revolution" was unfolding. This persuaded people in the assembly to join in. The rally turned into a protest demonstration. The protest demonstration soon erupted into

28448-583: The interventionist Cultural League for the Unity of All Romanians . In his interview with Adevărul , Seton-Watson identified the goals of Romanians with those of Serbs and Croats , stressing that their common interest called for the partition of Austria-Hungary, ending what he called "the brutal and artificial domination of the Magyar race ". One of the newspaper's own articles, published in April 1916, focused on

28672-540: The intrusion of Austria-Hungary, argues that, having received payments from Austro-Hungarian spies, both Adevărul and Universul were conditioned to incite public sentiment against the Sturdza executive. Soon after the revolt, Editura Adevĕrul published Caragiale's 1907, din primăvară până în toamnă ("1907, From Spring to Autumn"), an attack on the Kingdom's institutions and analysis of its failures in connection to

28896-464: The latter displayed a degree of sympathy for the extreme right movement. In summer 1936, the Paukers sold their stock to a consortium of businessmen with National Liberal connections, which was headed by Emanoil Tătărescu, the brother of acting Premier Gheorghe Tătărescu . Mihail Sadoveanu succeeded Graur as editor-in-chief, while also taking over leadership of Dimineața , and Eugen Lovinescu became

29120-816: The latter showdowns, Adevărul also employed several literary and political personalities as its correspondents: the paper's future manager Iacob Rosenthal in Sofia , Serbian journalist Pera Taletov in Belgrade , Romanian writer Argentina Monteoru in Istanbul , and Prince Albert Gjika in Cetinje . In July 1913, the newspaper reported extensively on massacres committed by the Hellenic Army in Dojran , Kilkis and other settlements of Macedonia , while discussing

29344-613: The life and difficulties of an ordinary peasant family in pre-war Romania, and later during the advent of Communism in Romania . His most important book remains Cel mai iubit dintre pământeni ("The Most Beloved of Earthlings"), a cruel description of communist society. Zaharia Stancu published his first important novel, Desculț (Barefoot), in 1948. Both Preda and Stancu depicted rural life in Southern Romania (both writers were born in Teleorman County ). Some of

29568-612: The life of peasants and intellectuals in early twentieth century Transylvania, and is said to be the most read Romanian novel. The dawn of the modern novel can be seen in Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu 's Concert din muzică de Bach ("A Bach Concert"), Camil Petrescu 's Ultima noapte de dragoste, întâia noapte de război ("The Last Night of Love, the First Night of War") and Mateiu Caragiale ’s Craii de Curtea-Veche ( “The Rakes of Old Court”). George Călinescu

29792-465: The literary club Junimea . In parallel, Mille reached out into other areas of local culture . Early on, he instituted a tradition of monthly festivities, paid for from his own pocket, and noted for the participation of leading figures in Romanian theater ( Maria Giurgea , Constantin Nottara and Aristizza Romanescu among them). Beginning 1905, the paper had for its illustrator Iosif Iser , one of

30016-633: The local antisemitic groups. In that decade, Adevărul was generally sympathetic to the National Peasants' Party , the main political force opposing the National Liberal establishment. The paper employed a new generation of panelists, most of whom were known for their advocacy of left-wing causes. In addition to professional journalists Brănișteanu, Constantin Bacalbașa , Tudor Teodorescu-Braniște , they included respected novelist Mihail Sadoveanu and debuting essayist Petre Pandrea , as well as

30240-488: The major graphic artists of his generation, whose satirical drawings most often targeted Carol I and Russian Emperor Nicholas II (attacked for violently suppressing the 1905 Revolution ). As a promotional tactic, Adevărul participated in the National Fair of 1906, where it exemplified its printing techniques while putting out a collector's version of the newspaper, titled Adevĕrul la Expoziție ("Adevĕrul at

30464-415: The mass protests, but after a brief encounter they ended up joining the protests. One worker explained, "Yesterday our factory boss and a party official rounded us up in the yard, handed us wooden clubs and told us that Hungarians and 'hooligans' were devastating Timișoara and that it is our duty to go there and help crush the riots. But I realised that wasn't the truth." Upon Ceaușescu's return from Iran on

30688-425: The matter for an entire month. While voicing such concerns, Adevărul itself published prejudiced claims, such as a 1928 article by physician George D. Ionășescu, who portrayed the steady migration of Oltenian natives into Bucharest as a "social danger" which brought with it "promiscuity, squalor and infection", and called for restrictions on internal migration. Generally anti-racist , the paper helped publicize

30912-431: The microphone, trying to call the attention of the crowd. After the tumult died down to some extent, live TV service resumed as Ceaușescu announced that a decision had been taken that morning to raise several allowances, including the minimum wage, from 2,000 to 2,200 lei per month (an increase of 13 U.S. dollars at the time), and the old age pension from 800 to 900 lei per month. Ceaușescu continued his speech, addressing

31136-435: The mid-1890s, Adevărul was encouraging developments in visual arts in Romania , publishing several original posters, and hosting art chronicles signed with various pseudonyms. In 1895, it covered the artistic environment's split into several competing wings: its columnist, using the pseudonym Index , gave a negative review to Nicolae Grigorescu and the other Impressionists or Realists who together had rebelled against

31360-483: The mid-19th century. Nicolae Filimon is considered the father of the Romanian novel, having written the influential novel Ciocoii vechi și noi (1863). Among the many writers of Junimea , four are considered to be the Great Classics of Romanian Literature: the poet Mihai Eminescu , the satirist Ion Luca Caragiale , Ioan Slavici , and Ion Creangă . Mihai Eminescu is considered by many critics to be

31584-517: The mock procedures and hosting advertisements for Facla . Like Facla itself, Adevărul circulated stereotypical satires of Carol I, constantly referring to him as neamțul ("the German" in colloquial terms ) or căpușa ("the tick"). In 1912, the combined circulation of Adevărul and Dimineața exceeded 100,000 copies, bringing it a revenue of 1 million lei ; the two periodicals assessed that, between January and August 1914, they had printed some 1,284 tons of paper. Adevărul had become

31808-537: The morning of 21 December, Ceaușescu addressed an assembly of approximately 100,000 people to condemn the uprising in Timișoara. Party officials took great pains to make it appear that Ceaușescu was still immensely popular. Several busloads of workers, under threat of being fired upon, arrived in Bucharest's Piața Palatului (Palace Square, now Piața Revoluției – Revolution Square) and were given red flags, banners and large pictures of Ceaușescu. They were augmented by bystanders who were rounded up on Calea Victoriei. After

32032-672: The most important and influential Romanian poet . His lyrical poetry has its roots in Romanian folklore intertwined with Kantian and Schopenhauer 's philosophy and Buddhist cosmology . Among his greatest poems are the romantic poems Floare Albastră (1872) and Luceafărul , as well as the series of five philosophical poems called Letters (1881–1890). Ioan Slavici is one of the best known Romanian novella writers. His works can be categorized as Realist Bildungsromans . They are mainly set in Transylvania and have Moralistic psychological undertones. His most famous works are

32256-528: The most important poets are Nichita Stănescu , Marin Sorescu , Ana Blandiana , Leonid Dimov , and Ștefan Augustin Doinaș . An important novelist of this era was Radu Tudoran . Mircea Nedelciu was a short-story writer, novelist, essayist and literary critic. Outside Romania, Eugène Ionesco and Emil Cioran represented the national spirit at the highest level. Ionesco is one of the foremost playwrights of

32480-414: The most notable. In March 1989, several leading activists of the PCR criticised Ceaușescu's economic policies in a letter , but shortly thereafter he achieved a significant political victory: Romania paid off its external debt of about US$ 11,000,000,000 several months before the time that even the Romanian dictator expected. However, in the months following the austerity programme, shortages of goods remained

32704-407: The national flights denial and had to land to not get shot down by the army. He did so in a field next to the old road that led to Pitești . Maluțan then told his four passengers that he could do nothing more. The Securitate men ran to the roadside and began to flag down passing cars. Two cars stopped, one of them driven by a forestry official and one a red Dacia driven by a local doctor. However,

32928-441: The national media, heard about the Timișoara revolt from Western radio stations like Voice of America and Radio Free Europe , and by word of mouth. A mass meeting was staged for the next day, 21 December, which, according to the official media, was presented as a "spontaneous movement of support for Ceaușescu," emulating the 1968 meeting in which Ceaușescu had spoken against the invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact forces. On

33152-592: The new fascist movement known as the Iron Guard , led by former LANC member Codreanu: in 1930, one of its editors was shot by a follower of Codreanu, but escaped with his life. According to the recollections of PCR activist Silviu Brucan , the Iron Guardists, who supported Universul , attacked distributors of Adevărul and Dimineața , prompting young communist and socialists to organize themselves into vigilante groups and fight back, which in turn led to

33376-409: The new techniques. Adevărul ' s ongoing support for Jewish emancipation was accompanied by a sympathetic take on the growing Zionist movement. In 1902, the paper offered an enthusiastic reception to visiting French Zionist Bernard Lazare , prompting negative comments from the antisemitic French observers. By 1906, Adevărul ' s attitude prompted historian Nicolae Iorga , leader of

33600-467: The newspaper also claimed to have inspired the idea of a Bucharest ambulance service , a project taken up by physician Nicolae Minovici and fulfilled in 1906. Despite his leftist sympathies, Mille found himself in conflict with Romania's labor movement : believing that the Linotype machines would render their jobs obsolete, they went on strike , before the editor himself resolved to educate them all in

33824-415: The newspaper also had a cultural agenda, striving to promote Romanian literature for the general public and following a method outlined by a 1913 article: "In his free time [...], the reader, having satisfied his curiosity about the daily events, finds entertainment for the soul in the newspaper's literary column. People who would not spend a dime on literary works, will nevertheless read literature once this

34048-454: The next morning. However, before 07:00, his wife Elena received the news that large columns of workers from many industrial platforms (large communist-era factories or groups of factories concentrated into industrial zones) were heading towards the city centre of Bucharest to join the protests. The police barricades that were meant to block access to Piața Universității (University Square) and Palace Square proved useless. By 09:30 University Square

34272-450: The novella Alexandru Lăpușneanul (1840). Other Pașoptist writers include Vasile Cârlova , Grigore Alexandrescu , Anton Pann , and Alecu Donici . The literary circle Junimea , founded in Iași in 1863 by Titu Maiorescu , Petre P. Carp , Vasile Pogor , Theodor Rosetti and Iacob Negruzzi began publishing the magazine Convorbiri Literare in1867, which eventually became the most important Romanian language literary publication in

34496-602: The novellas Moara cu noroc and Popa Tanda , and the novel Mara . Ion Luca Caragiale , wrote some of the best Romanian comedies , sketches and farces . Among his best known plays are O Noapte Furtunoasă (1879), O Scrisoare Pierdută (1884), and D-ale Carnavalului (1885). Ion Creangă wrote personalized retellings of folkloric tales, of which some of the best known are Povestea lui Harap Alb (1877), Păcală (1880), and Făt-Frumos fiul Iepei (1877). Of further note are his autobiographical memoirs from Amintiri din copilarie . From 1901 to 1910, through

34720-413: The official academic salon of C. I. Stăncescu . The following year however, a chronicler who used the pen name Gal praised the anti-academic independents' salon, supporting its members ștefan Luchian , Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești and Vermont (whose portraits it featured as illustrations for the texts, alongside a notorious caricature of C. I. Stăncescu by Nicolae Petrescu-Găină ). By 1905, Adevărul

34944-402: The official communique proclaiming the republic, and commenting on it: "A new face of Romanian history has begun [sic] yesterday. What follows is the Romanian state, which today, as well as tomorrow, will require everyone's disciplined and concentrated work." Honored with a front-page obituary , Brănișteanu was succeeded by H. Soreanu , who led Adevărul for the following two years. Soreanu

35168-507: The ongoing disputes between Romania and Hungary , an editorial policy notably taken up in 1923, when the exiled Hungarian intellectual Oszkár Jászi visited Bucharest. In that context, Adevărul published Jászi's interview with Constantin Costa-Foru , wherein Jászi mapped out a Danubian Confederation scheme, criticizing "thoughts of war and sentiments of hatred" among both Romanians and Magyars. In another Adevărul piece, Jászi's vision

35392-520: The opposition, and that its columnist Albert Honigman was the first and for long time only journalist allowed into the upper class society at Casa Capșa restaurant. In February 1889, the Conservative Premier Theodor Rosetti reputedly tried to silence Adevărul by having its distributors arrested. In 1892, Adevărul became the first local newspaper to feature a cartoonist section, which hosted caricatures of

35616-543: The party was rescinded from the constitution of Czechoslovakia on 29 November and from that of East Germany on 1 December. Even the Soviet Union's Communist regime had started to unravel while Ceaușescu was still in power: on 7 December 1989, one of its 15 Union Republics, Lithuania , removed the leading role of the Communist Party from its constitution. On 16 December 1989, the Hungarian minority in Timișoara held

35840-632: The party's XIV Congress. On that same day, Ceaușescu's counterpart in Czechoslovakia , Miloš Jakeš , resigned along with the entire Communist leadership, effectively ending Communist rule in Czechoslovakia . The three students, Mihnea Paraschivescu, Grațian Vulpe, and the economist Dan Căprariu-Schlachter from Cluj, were detained and investigated by the Securitate at the Rahova Penitentiary on suspicion of propaganda against

36064-435: The people to the Party's will. Even by Soviet Bloc standards , the Securitate was exceptionally brutal. Ceaușescu created a cult of personality , with weekly shows in stadiums or on streets in different cities dedicated to him, his wife and the Communist Party. There were several megalomaniac projects, such as the construction of the grandiose House of the Republic (today the Palace of the Parliament )—the biggest palace in

36288-430: The people who did read the manifestos; many at that time had trouble procuring basic foodstuffs such as cooking oil. At approximately 09:30 on the morning of 22 December Vasile Milea , Ceaușescu's minister of defence, died under suspicious circumstances. A communiqué by Ceaușescu stated that Milea had been sacked for treason, and that he had committed suicide after his treason was revealed. The most widespread opinion at

36512-418: The peoples." The same day, on Bucharest's Brezoianu Street and Kogălniceanu Boulevard, a group of students from Cluj-Napoca attempted a demonstration but were quickly apprehended. It initially appeared that Ceaușescu would weather the wave of revolution sweeping across Eastern Europe, as he was formally re-elected for another five-year term as General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party on 24 November at

36736-508: The period's potentates, and its rebelliousness allegedly frightened the Romanian zincographers to the point where the plates had to be created abroad. In April 1893, the Catargiu cabinet organized a clampdown on the newspaper: it arrested its editor Eduard Dioghenide (who was sentenced to a year in prison on charges of sedition ) and, profiting from the non-emancipated status of Romanian Jews, it expelled its Jewish contributors I. Hussar and Carol Schulder. Another incident occurred during May of

36960-469: The planned eviction in writing, the crowd started to chant anti-communist slogans. Subsequently, police and Securitate forces showed up at the scene. By 19:30 the protest had spread and the original cause became largely irrelevant. Some of the protesters attempted to burn down the building that housed the district committee of the PCR. The Securitate responded with tear gas and water cannons, while police beat up rioters and arrested many of them. Around 21:00

37184-415: The preparation of which we have been struggling our entire lives and which is about to be set up here, as well as in most parts of the European continent, after being fulfilled in Russia ." Barbu Brănișteanu died in December 1947, just days before the Kingdom was replaced with a pro-Soviet people's republic in which the dominant force was the PCR. The gazette celebrated the political transition, publishing

37408-535: The presidential suite and ordered him to get two helicopters filled with soldiers for an armed guard, and a further Dauphin to come to Snagov. Maluțan's unit commander replied on the phone, "There has been a revolution ... You are on your own ... Good luck!". Maluțan then said to Ceaușescu that the second motor was now warmed up and they needed to leave soon but he could only take four people, not six. Mănescu and Bobu stayed behind. Ceaușescu ordered Maluțan to head for Titu . Near Titu, Maluțan says that he received

37632-402: The press articles he read at Café Arkaden. Adevărul ' s coverage of the international scene gave Romanians a window to political and cultural turmoil. By 1908, Adevărul was covering the burgeoning European avant-garde , offering mixed reviews to Futurism and deploring the supposed end of literary realism . In late 1910, claiming to speak for "the democratic world", it celebrated

37856-442: The press, and, speaking at the 1941 anniversary of his tribune Gândirea , referred to Goga's 1937 action against Adevărul and the others as a "splendid act of justice". According to one story, the palatial office formerly belonging to Adevărul was still at the center of a conflict between underground communists and the Guard: during the Legionary Rebellion of January 1941, the PCR attempted to set it on fire and then blame

38080-415: The previous year. In June 1892, an arbitral tribunal decided in favor of Beldiman, ordering Basilescu to close down his paper. With time, the newspaper had moved from advocating King Carol's replacement with a local ruler to supporting republicanism . In 1893, as part of its extended campaign, during which it gathered letters of protest from its readers, Adevărul obtained the cancellation of plans for

38304-402: The proclamation of a Romanian Kingdom . It was then known as Adevĕrul , which also reflected the veritas origin, and the ĕ , although obsolete by the early 20th century, was kept as a distinctive sign by all the paper's owners until 1951. Initially financed by a printer, who agreed to advance it a short-term credit, the new gazette was co-founded by Alexandru Beldiman and Alexandru Al. Ioan ,

38528-444: The property of Dinu Patriciu , a prominent Romanian businessman and politician. Adevărul is the main trademark of Adevărul Holding , a company owned by Cristian Burci. The main newspaper itself is edited by editor-in-chief Dan Marinescu and several deputy editors ( Liviu Avram , Adina Stan , Andrei Velea and others). Also part of the holding are the cultural magazines Dilema Veche and Historia  [ ro ] ,

38752-418: The protest was by and for all citizens of Romania, not an ethnic minority matter). They were, indeed, fired upon; some died and others were seriously injured, while the lucky ones were able to escape. On 19 December, local Party functionary Radu Bălan and Colonel-General Ștefan Gușă visited workers in the city's factories, but failed to get them to resume work. On 20 December, massive columns of workers entered

38976-429: The publication, Viața Românească . After achieving national unity in 1918, Romanian literature entered what can be called a golden age , characterized by two opposite literary movements, Traditionalism and Modernism , and by the development of the Romanian novel. The interwar period of Romanian literature was a very rich and creative time, with numerous literary works being published during that period, addressing

39200-460: The publications was accompanied by a nationalization of their assets, which reportedly included a large part of Iosif Berman 's negatives . In one of the paper's last issues, Teodorescu-Braniște warned against the identification of democracy "within the limits of constitutional monarchy " with Bolshevism , noting that Adevărul ' s enemies had willingly introduced such a confusion. In his diary of World War II events, Brănișteanu described

39424-406: The purpose of condemning the "vandalism" of the previous days. He also declared martial law , prohibiting people from going about in groups of larger than two. Defying the curfew, a group of 30 young men headed for the Orthodox cathedral, where they stopped and waved a Romanian flag from which they had removed the Romanian communist coat of arms, leaving a distinctive hole, in a manner similar to

39648-476: The realm of Western culture ". By 1932, it was hosting contributions from George Călinescu , including one which criticized his former disciple Boz, and excerpts from Lovinescu's memoirs. In 1937, Adevărul hosted a polemic between Lovinescu and his disciple Felix Aderca , where the topic was avant-garde hero Urmuz , and a special column for women in culture. Probably conceived by feminist writer Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan (already known to Adevărul readers as

39872-518: The rebellion, which was an instant best-seller. Following the 1907 events, the gazette participated in an extended anti-monarchy campaign, which also involved Facla , a newspaper edited by Mille's son-in-law, the republican and socialist journalist N. D. Cocea , as well as Romanian anarchist milieus. In 1912, it participated in one of Cocea's publicity stunts, during which the Facla editor, together with his colleague, poet Tudor Arghezi , simulated their own trial for lèse majesté , by reporting

40096-409: The restoration of his deposed and exiled predecessor, the Moldavian-born Alexandru Ioan Cuza . Its articles against the new monarch soon after resulted in Beldiman's indictment for defamation and attack on the 1866 Constitution . He was eventually acquitted , but the journal ceased publication with its 13th issue (April 1872). Adevărul reemerged as a daily on August 15, 1888, seven years after

40320-482: The rich Romanian folklore - lyric, epic, dramatic and didactic - which continues in modern times. Romanian oral literature includes doine (lyric songs), balade ( ballads ), hore (dance songs), colinde (carols), basme ( fairy tales ), snoave ( anecdotes ), vorbe ( proverbs ), and ghicitori ( riddles ). The folk pastoral ballad Miorița is one of the best known examples of Romanian folk literature. The Script of Old Church Slavonic began to be used in

40544-445: The rioters withdrew. They regrouped eventually around the Timișoara Orthodox Cathedral and started a protest march around the city, but again they were confronted by the security forces. Riots and protests resumed the following day, 17 December. The rioters broke into the district committee building and threw party documents, propaganda brochures, Ceaușescu's writings, and other symbols of Communist power out of windows. The military

40768-408: The same as before. Like the East German state newspaper , official Romanian news organs made no mention of the fall of the Berlin Wall in the first days following 9 November 1989. The most notable news in Romanian newspapers of 11 November 1989, was the "masterly lecture by comrade Nicolae Ceaușescu at the extended plenary session of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Romania," in which

40992-413: The same year, under the new name Dimineața . As of 1912, Dimineața was the first Romanian daily to use full color print , with a claim to have been the world's first color newspaper. Beginning 1905, both gazettes ensured stable revenues by leasing their classified advertising sections to Carol Schulder's Schulder Agency. In order to consecrate the newspaper's cultural ambitions, Mille became head of

41216-419: The scribes of the Danubian Principalities. In the meantime, numerous Slavonic and Greek translations of popular medieval romances were in circulation across the Danubian Principalities , like the Alexander Romance and Barlaam and Josaphat . Particularly of note is The Teachings of Neagoe Basarab to his son Theodosie: a series of teachings on morality and politics , written between 1519 and 1521, by

41440-419: The situation. They met with a delegation of the protesters and agreed to free the majority of the arrested protesters. However, they refused to comply with the protesters' main demand— the resignation of Ceaușescu—and the situation remained essentially unchanged. The next day, trains loaded with workers from factories in Oltenia arrived in Timișoara. The regime was attempting to use them to repress

41664-472: The socialist society. They were released on 22 December 1989 at 14:00. There were other letters and attempts to draw attention to the economic, cultural, and spiritual oppression of Romanians, but they served only to intensify the activity of the police and Securitate. On 20 November 1989 (the day when Ceaușescu was reelected as leader of the Romanian Communist Party ) almost all of the Warsaw Pact Communist regimes were institutionally intact. The leading role of

41888-442: The son of former Domnitor Cuza, and was again noted for its radical and often irreverent critique of newly crowned King Carol and the "foreign dynasty". The small editorial team included writer Grigore Ventura and his son Constantin, as well as, after a while, political columnist I. Hussar. In December 1888, it changed its format, from a No. 6 to a No. 10 in paper size , while abandoning the initial, calligraphed logo, in favor of

42112-469: The southern areas of Wallachia and Northern Dobruja . It also hosts columns about the larger sections of Romanian diaspora in Europe, those in Spain and Italy . Adevărul publishes several supplements. In addition to Adevărul Literar și Artistic (formerly a separate magazine, now issued as a culture supplement which is issued on Wednesdays), it publishes five others: on Mondays, the sports magazine Antifotbal ("Anti- football "), which focuses on

42336-619: The throne by the 1866 plebiscite "an undignified comedy", refused to capitalize references to M. S. Regele ("H[is] M[ajesty] the King"), and referred to May 10, the national celebration of the Kingdom, as a " national day of mourning ". In December 1888, they also published a list of Carol's alleged attacks on Romanian dignity. According to one account, after the newspaper's first May 10 issue came out in 1889, Police forces bought copies which they later set on fire. Reportedly, its circulation peaked on May 10 of each year, from some 5,000 to some 25,000 or 30,000 copies. Adevărul also debated with

42560-455: The time was that Milea hesitated to follow Ceaușescu's orders to fire on the demonstrators, even though tanks had been dispatched to downtown Bucharest that morning. Milea was already in severe disfavour with Ceaușescu for initially sending soldiers to Timișoara without live ammunition . Rank-and-file soldiers believed that Milea had actually been murdered and went over virtually en masse to the revolution. Senior commanders wrote off Ceaușescu as

42784-439: The traditionally less-covered areas of the Romanian sports scene ; on Tuesdays, Adevărul Expert Imobiliar (" Real Estate Expert"); on Thursdays, Adevărul Sănătate ("Health"), a health and lifestyle magazine; on Fridays, a TV guide , Adevărul Ghid TV , followed on Sundays by the entertainment section Magazin de Duminică ("Sunday Magazine"). In October 2008, Adevărul also launched Adevărul de Seară ("Evening Adevărul"),

43008-417: The unfolding chaos. The TV image then shook noticeably and video interference appeared on screen. At that point, Florian Rat, Ceaușescu's bodyguard, appeared and advised Ceaușescu to go inside the building. Censors then cut the live TV feed, but it was too late. The disturbance had already been broadcast, and viewers realised that something highly unusual was occurring. Contrary to many reports, Ceaușescu

43232-608: The unsanitary conditions which accounted for an unusually high rate of severe conjunctivitis , and condemning officers for regularly beating their subordinates. As part of the latter campaign, it focused on Crown Prince Ferdinand, who was tasked with instructing a battalion and is said to have slapped a soldier for not performing the proper moves. Adevărul investigated numerous other excesses of authority, and on several occasions formed special investigative commissions of reporters who followed suspicions of judicial error. It also spoke out in favor of Jewish emancipation, while theorizing

43456-443: The war was nevertheless ill-fated, and resulted in the occupation of Bucharest and much of the surrounding regions by the Central Powers, with the Romanian authorities taking refuge in Iași . While Mille himself fled to Iași and later Paris, his newspapers were banned by the German authorities and the Sărindar headquarters became home to the German-language official mouthpiece, Bukarester Tageblatt . Brănișteanu, who did not join in

43680-448: The windows waved him down. Maluțan said, "Then Stelica, the co-pilot, came to me and said that there were demonstrators coming to the terrace. Then the Ceaușescus came out, both practically carried by their bodyguards ... They looked as if they were fainting. They were white with terror. Manea Mănescu [one of the vice-presidents] and Emil Bobu were running behind them. Mănescu, Bobu, Neagoe and another Securitate officer scrambled to

43904-401: The world, primarily within the Eastern Bloc . The Romanian revolution started in the city of Timișoara and soon spread throughout the country, ultimately culminating in the drumhead trial and execution of longtime Romanian Communist Party (PCR) General Secretary Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena , and the end of 42 years of Communist rule in Romania. It was also the last removal of

44128-595: The world—the adjacent Centrul Civic and a never-completed museum dedicated to Communism and Ceaușescu, today the Casa Radio . These and similar projects drained the country's finances and aggravated the already dire economic situation. Thousands of Bucharest residents were evicted from their homes, which were subsequently demolished to make room for the huge structures. Unlike the other Warsaw Pact leaders, Ceaușescu had not been slavishly pro- Soviet but rather had pursued an "independent" foreign policy; Romanian forces did not join their Warsaw Pact allies in putting an end to

44352-422: Was Mihail Sadoveanu , who wrote mainly novels which took place at various times in the history of Moldova . But probably the most important writers were Tudor Arghezi , Lucian Blaga , and Mircea Eliade . Arghezi revolutionized Romanian poetry 50 years after Eminescu, creating new pillars for the modern Romanian poem. Blaga, one of the country's most important artistic personalities, developed through his writings

44576-425: Was birth control , which it supported from a eugenic perspective. This advocacy was foremost illustrated by the regular medical column of 1923, signed Doctor Ygrec (the pseudonym of a Jewish practitioner), which proposed both prenuptial certificates and the legalization of abortion . The issues attracted much interest after Ygrec and his counterpart at Universul , who expressed moral and social objections, debated

44800-411: Was a novelist whose life was cut short by health problems. George Bacovia was a symbolist poet. While he initially belonged to the local Symbolist movement , his poetry came to be seen as a precursor of Romanian Modernism. Some important literary figures of this period were also active in other domains. Vasile Voiculescu was a Romanian poet, short-story writer, playwright, and physician. Ion Barbu

45024-404: Was a poet, as well as an important mathematician . Cezar Petrescu was a journalist, novelist, and children's writer. He is especially remembered for his children's book Fram, ursul polar ("Fram, the polar bear "; the circus animal character was named after Fram , the ship used by Fridtjof Nansen on his expeditions). Elena Farago was also a children's writer and poet. Ion Agârbiceanu

45248-499: Was a writer, as well as a politician, theologian and Greek-Catholic priest. Gala Galaction was another writer, who was also an Eastern Orthodox clergyman and theologian. Other literary figures of this era include Mihail Sebastian , Ionel Teodoreanu , Panait Istrati , Gib Mihăescu , Anton Holban , Otilia Cazimir , Ion Pillat and George Topîrceanu . Marin Preda is an important post- World War II Romanian novelist. His novel, Moromeții ("The Moromete Family"), describes

45472-582: Was adapting French Romanticism to Romanian writing with the purpose of creating an original national literature. The works of these writers, later dubbed Pașoptists (after the Revolution of 1848 ), have been shown not only to contain Romantic but also Neoclassical and Realist traits. Vasile Alecsandri was a prolific writer, contributing to Romanian literature with poetry, prose, the Chirița plays (1850–1875), historical dramas such as Despot Vodă (1879), and collections of Romanian folklore. Also, taking inspiration from history, Constantin Negruzzi wrote

45696-460: Was allocated to the Luceafărul Printing House), but remained in the same general area, on Matei Millo Street and later on Brezoianu Street. In the first issue of its new series, Adevărul carried Brănișteanu's promise of pursuing the same path as Mille, and was accompanied by a reprint of Mille's political testament. Brănișteanu's article stated: "We did not and will not belong to any person, to any government, to any party." The series coincided with

45920-421: Was also the first periodical to have established itself in the countryside, a record secured through a special contract with the Romanian Post , whereby postmen acted as press distributors, allowing some 300 press storage rooms to be established nationally. Political differences of the period, pitting Adevărul editors against National Liberal politicos, threatened this monopoly: under National Liberal cabinets,

46144-407: Was an innovator, seen by his contemporaries as a "father of modern Romanian journalism" (a title carved on his tombstone in Bellu cemetery ). Although brief, Anton Bacalbașa's stay also left a distinct mark on Adevărul : in 1893, he authored what is supposedly the first interview in Romanian media history. Working together, Mille, Beldiman, and Bacalbașa sought to coalesce the left-wing forces into

46368-397: Was at the time grouped around the National-Christian Defense League (LANC), presided upon by Adevărul ' s old adversary A. C. Cuza . During 1921, the liberal Fagure ridiculed the supposed threat of Jewish communization in newly acquired Bessarabia , countering the supposed threat of Jewish Bolshevism (officially endorsed and publicized by Universul ). At the time, Adevărul

46592-433: Was being penetrated by antisemites. In 1927, it joined the condemnation of LANC-sponsored violence in Transylvania: a contributor, the lawyer-activist Dem. I. Dobrescu , referred to Codreanu and his men as Romania's "shame". In December 1930, leftist sociologist Mihai Ralea , one of the main figures in the Viața Românească circle, chose Adevărul as the venue for his essay Răzbunarea noțiunii de democrație ("Avenging

46816-499: Was by then also reporting about Seton-Watson's disappointment with post-war Greater Romania and the centralist agenda of its founders. Once reestablished, Adevărul became a dominant newspaper of the interwar period and preserved its formative role for popular culture , being joined in its leftist niche some other widely circulated periodicals ( Cuvântul Liber , Rampa etc.). More serious competition came from its old rival Universul , which now surpassed it in popularity at

47040-618: Was commended as a democratic alternative to the authoritarian Hungarian Regency regime, leading Hungarian Ambassador Iván Rubido-Zichy to express his displeasure. Later, even as Jászi arose the suspicions of many Romanians and was shunned by the Hungarian community in Romania , Adevărul still expressed sympathy for his cause, notably with a 1935 essay by Transylvanian journalist Ion Clopoțel . The newspaper also denounced interwar Germany 's attempts to absorb Austria (a proto- Anschluss ), primarily because they stood to channel Hungary's revanchism . It also reported with much sarcasm on

47264-456: Was even voicing criticism of Soviet Russia from the left: young Brunea-Fox discussed an anti-Soviet workers' rebellion as a movement for individual freedoms. In 1923, Adevărul publishing house printed a booklet by the leftist whistleblower Emanoil Socor , wherein proof was given that A. C. Cuza's academic career rested on plagiarism . The same year, the LANC's entire paramilitary wing, including young activist Corneliu Zelea Codreanu ,

47488-516: Was first building of such proportions in the history of Romania's print media, housing a printing press, paper storage, distribution office and mail room, as well as a library, several archives, a phone station and a Romanian Orthodox chapel . Its halls were luxuriously decorated according to Mille's specifications, and adorned with posters by international artists such as Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Alfons Mucha , and by its own occasional illustrator, Nicolae Vermont . Around 1900, Mille purchased

47712-455: Was jammed with protesters. Security forces (army, police and others) re-entered the area, only to join with the protesters. By 10:00, as the radio broadcast was announcing the introduction of martial law and a ban on groups larger than five persons, hundreds of thousands of people were gathering for the first time, spontaneously, in central Bucharest (the previous day's crowd had come together at Ceaușescu's orders). Ceaușescu attempted to address

47936-435: Was not at this point hustled inside the building. Instead, undeterred, he and his wife, Elena, along with other officials, spent almost three minutes trying to understand what was happening and haranguing the confused crowd, some of whom appeared to be trying to leave the area, while others moved towards the Central Committee building. Elena wondered aloud whether there was an earthquake in progress. Ceaușescu repeatedly tapped

48160-448: Was only an illusion that the Army was on the revolutionaries' side. A French journalist, Jean-Louis Calderon, was killed. A street near University Square was later named after him, as well as a high school in Timișoara. Belgian journalist Danny Huwé was shot and killed on 23 or 24 December 1989. Firefighters hit the demonstrators with powerful water cannons, and the police continued to beat and arrest people. Protesters managed to build

48384-439: Was originally from the city of Roman , where he had presided over a local gazette. Romanian Revolution of 1989 [REDACTED] Government [REDACTED] Revolutionaries After 22 December 1989: The Romanian revolution ( Romanian : Revoluția română ) was a period of violent civil unrest in Romania during December 1989 as a part of the revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries around

48608-498: Was publishing a supplement titled Viața Literară ("The Literary Life", edited by Coșbuc, Gorun and Ilarie Chendi ) and two other satirical periodicals, Belgia Orientului ("The Orient's Belgium ", named after a common sarcastic reference to the Romanian Kingdom) and Nea Ghiță ("Uncle Ghiță"). It also began running its own publishing house, Editura Adevĕrul , noted early on for its editions of Constantin Mille's novels, Caragiale's sketches, and George Panu 's memoirs of his time with

48832-408: Was received with consternation by many PSDMR members, particularly since Adevărul competed with its official platforms ( Munca and, after 1894, Lumea Nouă ). In late 1893, Adevărul was also publishing articles by an unsigned author, who may have been Constantin Stere (later known as the man behind post-socialist " Poporanism ") ridiculing Munca ' s elitist content. Eventually,

49056-399: Was rounded up by the authorities. These uncovered the fascists' plan to murder various National Liberal politicians, the editors of Lupta , and Adevărul manager Iacob Rosenthal . Adevărul later published the results of an investigation by anti-fascist reporter Dinu Dumbravă, who discussed LANC involvement in the 1925 pogrom of Focșani , and mentioned that the educational system

49280-580: Was sent in to control the riots, because the situation was beyond the capability of the Securitate and conventional police to handle. The presence of the army in the streets was an ominous sign; it meant that they had received their orders from the highest level of the command chain, presumably from Ceaușescu himself. The army failed to establish order, and chaos ensued, including gunfire, fights, casualties, and burned cars. Transportor Amfibiu Blindat (TAB) armoured personnel carriers and tanks were called in. After 20:00, from Piața Libertății (Liberty Square) to

49504-406: Was soon being shot at from various buildings, side streets and tanks. There were many casualties, including deaths, as victims were shot, clubbed to death, stabbed and crushed by armoured vehicles. One APC drove into the crowd around the InterContinental Hotel , crushing people. Physician Florin Filipoiu , who took part in the protests at the InterContinental, declared in a 2010 interview that "it

49728-417: Was started contemporaneously by Gheorghe Asachi in Moldavia . In the 1800s, the revolutionary ideas of nationalism spreading in Europe were also circulating among Romanians who desired national independence from the Ottoman Empire . These nationalistic attitudes led to the revolutions of 1821 and 1848 . These ideas were mainly propagated by Mihail Kogălniceanu 's publication, Dacia Literară , which

49952-454: Was still technically commander-in-chief of the army), Stănculescu played a central role in the overthrow of the dictatorship. "I had the prospect of two execution squads: Ceaușescu's and the revolutionary one!" confessed Stănculescu later. In the afternoon, Stănculescu "chose" Ion Iliescu 's political group from among others that were striving for power in the aftermath of the recent events. Following Ceaușescu's second failed attempt to address

50176-400: Was then spread all over Romania, had "a shock effect upon the Romanians, the Securitate as well, on the people of Romania. […] [I]t had an unexpected effect upon the public atmosphere in Romania." At the behest of the government, his bishop removed him from his post, thereby depriving him of the right to use the apartment to which he was entitled as a pastor, and assigned him to be a pastor in

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