137-527: Colegio Simón Bolívar may refer to: Colegio Simón Bolívar (Acapulco) Colegio Simón Bolívar de la Salle Pedregal Colegio La Salle Simón Bolívar Colegio Simón Bolívar (Chile) Colegio Simón Bolívar (Col. Insurgentes, Mixcoac, Mexico City) Colegio Simón Bolívar (Venezuela) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about schools, colleges, or other educational institutions which are associated with
274-744: A third republic in 1817 and then crossed the Andes to liberate New Granada in 1819. Bolívar and his allies defeated the Spanish in New Granada in 1819, Venezuela and Panama in 1821, Ecuador in 1822, Peru in 1824, and Bolivia in 1825. Venezuela, New Granada, Ecuador, and Panama were merged into the Republic of Colombia ( Gran Colombia ), with Bolívar as president there and in Peru and Bolivia. In his final years, Bolívar became increasingly disillusioned with
411-592: A Caracas native and government official, to educate Bolívar. Bolívar moved into Uztáriz's residence in February 1800 and was educated in the Classics , literature, and social studies. At the same time, Mallo fell out of the Queen's favor and Manuel Godoy , her previous favorite, returned to power. As members of Mallo's faction at court, Esteban was arrested on pretense, and Bolívar was banished from court following
548-723: A Liberal movement that involved the installation of democracy in Spain , inspired by the French Revolution and with the participation of important members of the society. Regardless this attempt at democracy failed, and some of their members were sent to prisons in Spanish Colonies , one of them, Juan Batista Picornell, was sent to the Port of La Guaira , where he secretly met with Manuel Gual and Jose Maria España. His revolutionary Ideas spread like wildfire throughout
685-572: A Republican army led by Argentine general José de San Martín , who had liberated Chile and Peru, and Bolívar feared San Martín would absorb Ecuador into Peru. In October 1821, after congress empowered him to secure Ecuador for Colombia, Bolívar assembled an army in Bogotá that departed on 13 December 1821. His advance was halted by illness and a Pyrrhic victory at the Battle of Bomboná [ es ] in southern Colombia on 7 April 1822. To
822-544: A Royalist advance into New Granada from Venezuela, and captured the city of Cúcuta from the Royalists. In early March 1813, Bolívar set up his headquarters in Cúcuta and sent José Félix Ribas to request permission to invade Venezuela. Though rewarded with honorary citizenship in New Granada and a promotion to the rank of brigadier general , that permission did not come until 7 May because of del Castillo's opposition to
959-425: A Royalist army under the Spanish naval officer Juan Domingo de Monteverde overran western Venezuela. Miranda, retreating east with a disintegrating army, ordered Bolívar to assume command of the coastal city of Puerto Cabello and its fortress , which contained Royalist prisoners and most of the republic's remaining arms and ammunition. Bolívar arrived at Puerto Cabello on 4 May 1812. On 30 June, an officer of
1096-685: A Royalist uprising in the city of Valencia later in July, the congress replaced del Toro with Miranda, and he recaptured Valencia [ es ] on 13 August. As a condition of assuming command of the Republican forces, Miranda had Bolívar stripped of his command of a militia unit. Bolívar nonetheless fought in the Valencia campaign as part of del Toro's militia and was selected by Miranda to bring news of its recapture to Caracas, where he argued for more punitive and forceful campaigning against
1233-520: A Royalist withdrawal. Even with their combined forces, however, Bolívar, Mariño, and Bermúdez could not hold Barcelona. Instead, on 25 March 1817, Bolívar began moving south to join Piar in Guayana, Piar's power base, and establish his own economic and political base there. Bolívar met Piar on 4 April, promoted him to the rank of general of the army , and then joined a force of Piar's troops besieging
1370-458: A Scottish soldier of fortune , who had previously been active in New Granada, managed to escape with their forces into the interior of the country, defeating Morales at El Juncal in September 1816 before moving south to Guayana. Boves's locally raised Llanero army was replaced in 1815 by a formal expedition sent from Spain under the leadership of Pablo Morillo . It was the largest expedition
1507-425: A Spanish agent who had escaped with military documents, however, discourse – which Bolívar was prominent in – changed decidedly in favor of independence over 3 and 4 July. Finally, on 5 July, the congress declared Venezuela's independence . The declaration of independence created the first Republic of Venezuela . It had a weak base of support and enemies in conservative whites, disenfranchised people of color, and
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#17328016719171644-480: A Spanish plot. He left Jamaica eight days later, arrived in Les Cayes on 24 December, and on 2 January 1816 was introduced to Alexandre Pétion , President of the Republic of Haiti by a mutual friend. Bolívar and Pétion impressed and befriended each other and, after Bolívar pledged to free every slave in the areas he occupied, Pétion gave him money and military supplies. Returning to Les Cayes, Bolívar held
1781-510: A battle in which the British Legion played a central role and its commander, Rooke, was killed in action. In the battle of Boyacá (1819), Spanish power was crushed in New Granada, except in the south. Páez occupied Barinas and, from New Granada, Bolívar invaded Venezuela. In 1819, to break this impasse Bolívar invaded New Granada , which had been reconquered by Morillo's expeditionary force three years earlier. Bolívar decisively defeated
1918-459: A central role in the symbolism of the Venezuelan government led by Chávez , this long-forgotten change was revived in the 2006 revision to the flag.) Once in Guayana, Bolívar quickly cashiered Piar, who had been trying (or was accused of trying—historians still debate this) to form a pardo force of his own, by having him arrested and executed after a court martial in which Brión was one of
2055-570: A child. Bolívar was educated abroad and lived in Spain, as was common for men of upper-class families in his day. While living in Madrid from 1800 to 1802, he was introduced to Enlightenment philosophy and married María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa , who died in Venezuela from yellow fever in 1803. From 1803 to 1805, Bolívar embarked on a Grand Tour that ended in Rome , where he swore to end
2192-479: A combination of a local uprising and Spanish royalist reconquest . Only as part of Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada in 1819-20 did Venezuela achieve a lasting independence from Spain (initially as part of Gran Colombia ). On 17 December 1819, the Congress of Angostura declared Gran Colombia an independent country. After two more years of war, the country achieved independence from Spain in 1821 under
2329-514: A conference with the Republican leaders in Haiti and was made supreme leader with Mariño as his chief of staff. The Republicans departed Les Cayes for Venezuela on 31 March 1816 and followed the Antilles eastward. After a delay to allow a lover of Bolívar's to join the fleet, it arrived on 2 May at Margarita Island, controlled by Republican commander Juan Bautista Arismendi . Bolívar next moved to
2466-445: A congress for a new, third republic . He wrote to the Republican leaders, especially José Antonio Páez , who controlled most of the western Llanos, to unite under his leadership. On 8 January 1817, Bolívar marched towards Caracas but was defeated at the Battle of Clarines and pursued to Barcelona by a larger Royalist force. At Bolívar's request, Mariño arrived on 8 February with Bermúdez, who then reconciled with Bolívar, and forced
2603-699: A congress of Venezuelan provinces to establish a government for the region. Initially, both the Junta and Congress upheld the "rights of Ferdinand VII ," meaning that they recognized themselves to still be part of the Spanish Monarchy, but had established a separate government due to the French invasion of the Iberian Peninsula. As Congress deliberated, a faction proposing outright independence quickly won favor. Persons such as Francisco de Miranda ,
2740-702: A constitution for Bolivia. Bolívar arrived in Potosí on 5 October and met with two Argentine agents, Carlos María de Alvear and José Miguel Díaz Vélez , who tried without success to convince him to intervene in the Cisplatine War against the Empire of Brazil . From Potosí, Bolívar traveled to Chuquisaca and appointed Sucre to govern Bolivia on 29 December 1825; he departed for Peru on 1 January 1826. Bolívar arrived in Lima on 10 February and dispatched his draft of
2877-467: A decree on 16 July dividing Venezuela into three military zones governed by Páez, Bermúdez, and Mariño. Bolívar then met with the Congress of Cúcuta, which had ratified the formation of Gran Colombia and elected him as president and Santander as vice president in September. Bolívar accepted and was sworn in on 3 October, although he protested the establishment of a precedent of military leaders as head of
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#17328016719173014-460: A group of officers including Bolívar arrested Miranda on 30 July on charges of treason against the republic. La Guaira declared for the Royalists the next day and closed its port on Monteverde's orders. Miranda was taken into Spanish custody and moved to a prison in Cádiz, where he died on 16 July 1816. Bolívar escaped La Guaira early on 31 July 1812 and rode to Caracas, where he hid from arrest in
3151-554: A lasting affair. From Quito, Bolívar traveled to Guayaquil in anticipation of a meeting with San Martín to discuss the city's status and to rally support for its annexation by Colombia. When San Martín arrived in Guayaquil on 26 July, Bolívar had already secured Guayaquil for Colombia, and the two-day Guayaquil Conference produced no agreement between Bolívar and San Martín. Ill, politically isolated, and disillusioned, San Martín resigned from his offices and went into exile. Over
3288-527: A long-term Venezuelan expatriate , and Simón Bolívar , a young, Criollo aristocrat—both influenced by Age of Enlightenment ideas and the example of the French Revolution —led the movement. The Congress declared Venezuela's independence on 5 July 1811, establishing the Republic of Venezuela. Even before the Congress began its sessions in November 1810, a civil war started between those who supported
3425-480: A military command. Labatut, a former partisan of Miranda, begrudgingly obliged and on 1 December 1812 placed Bolívar in command of the 70-man garrison of a town on the lower Magdalena River . While en route to his posting, Bolívar issued the Cartagena Manifesto , outlining what he believed to be the causes of the Venezuelan republic's defeat and his political program. In particular, Bolívar called for
3562-599: A motherly and fatherly figure. On 6 July 1792, María de la Concepción also died of tuberculosis. Believing that his family would inherit the Bolívars' wealth, Feliciano Palacios arranged marriages for María Antonia and Juana and, before dying on 5 December 1793, assigned custody of Juan Vicente and Simón to his sons, Juan Félix Palacios and Carlos Palacios y Blanco [ es ] , respectively. Bolívar came to loathe Carlos Palacios, who had no interest in
3699-685: A public incident at the Puerta de Toledo over the wearing of diamonds without royal permission. Bolívar also at this time met María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa , the daughter of another wealthy Caracas creole. They were engaged in August 1800, but were separated when the del Toros left Madrid for a summer home in Bilbao . After Uztáriz left Madrid for a government assignment in Teruel in 1801, Bolívar himself left for Bilbao and remained there when
3836-561: A result of this error. In July, 8,000 Spanish soldiers commanded by Spanish general Pablo Morillo landed at Santa Marta and then besieged Cartagena [ es ] , which capitulated on 6 December; del Castillo was executed. Bolívar arrived in Kingston, Jamaica , on 14 May 1815 and, as in his earlier exile on Curaçao, ruminated on the fall of the Venezuelan and New Granadan republics. He wrote extensively, requesting assistance from Britain and corresponding with merchants based in
3973-431: A six-month truce, a prisoner exchange , and basic rights for combatants . Bolívar and Morillo signed the treaties on 25 and 26 November, then met the next day at Santa Ana de Trujillo [ es ] . After this meeting, Morillo turned his command over to Spanish general Miguel de la Torre and departed for Spain on 17 December. In February 1821, as Bolívar was traveling from Bogotá to Cúcuta in anticipation of
4110-537: A small fleet, Bolívar sailed west along the Venezuelan coast to Ocumare de la Costa (the Expedition of Los Cayos), where, in fulfillment of Pétion's request, he officially proclaimed the end of slavery (although this went unheeded). Morales, back in Venezuela after subduing New Granada, attacked the republican expeditionary force with an army that vastly outnumbered the republicans. Bolívar fled, sailing once again to Haiti with Brión. However, Piar and Gregor MacGregor ,
4247-527: A speech in which he advocated for a centralized government modeled on the British government and racial equality, and relinquished civil authority to the congress. On 16 February, the congress elected Bolívar as president and Zea as vice president. On 27 February, Bolívar left Angostura to rejoin Páez in the west and resumed campaigning [ es ] against Morillo, albeit ineffectively. In May, as
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4384-597: A successful movement to depose the Spanish Governor and Captain-General, Vicente Emparán . A junta was established in Caracas, and soon other Venezuelan provinces followed suit. The reverberations of this act of independence could be felt throughout Venezuela almost immediately. Across Venezuela, towns and cities decided to either side with the movement based in Caracas or not, and de facto civil war ensued throughout much of Venezuela. The Caracas Junta called for
4521-549: A united leadership, much less a united strategy. One group of patriots launched an expedition to eastern Venezuela that ended in failure. Bolívar thereafter sought to join forces with Manuel Piar , another patriot leader but differences between them prevented a united republican front. Bolívar then went to the Llanos where he joined forces with José Antonio Páez , but a failed attack on central Venezuela forced Bolivar to retreat back to Apure . Morillo counterattacked successfully but
4658-499: The Battle of Ayacucho and accepted the surrender [ es ] of all Royalist forces in Peru. The garrison of Callao and Olañeta ignored the surrender. Shortly after arriving in Lima, Bolívar began a siege of Callao that lasted until January 1826, and sent Sucre into Upper Peru to eliminate Olañeta. However, Oleñeta was killed at the Battle of Tumusla prior to Sucre's arrival. With Irish volunteer Francisco Burdett O'Connor serving as his second in command, Sucre completed
4795-556: The Battle of Lake Maracaibo . In the following years Venezuelan forces, as part of the army of Gran Colombia, continued campaigning under the leadership of Bolívar to liberate the southern parts of New Granada and Ecuador . Once this was accomplished, Gran Colombia continued its fight against the Spanish in Peru and Bolivia , completing the efforts of Chilean and Argentine patriots, such as José de San Martín , who liberated southern South America. San Blas Conspiracy It consisted of
4932-523: The Battle of Urica , Boves was killed and Morales took command and carried out mopping up operations against the remaining patriot resistance, which included the capture and execution of Ribas. As was still common in the early 19th century, Morales had his head boiled in oil (to preserve it) and sent to Caracas. (See the Execution of Miguel Hidalgo in Mexico.) Boves died shortly thereafter in battle, but
5069-548: The Eastern Range of the Andes on 22 June and began a grueling crossing. On 6 July, the Republicans descended from the Andes at Socha and into the plains of New Granada. After a brief convalescence, the Republicans made rapid progress against the forces of Spanish colonel José María Barreiro Manjón until, on 7 August, the Royalists were routed at the Battle of Boyacá . On 10 August, Bolívar entered Bogotá, which
5206-1002: The Mons Sacer , where the plebs had seceded from Rome in the 4th century BC, Bolívar swore to end Spanish rule in the Americas. By April 1806, Bolívar had returned to Paris and desired passage to Venezuela, where Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda had just attempted an invasion with American volunteers. British control of the seas resulting from the 1805 Battle of Trafalgar , however, obliged Bolívar to board an American ship in Hamburg in October 1806. Bolívar arrived in Charleston, South Carolina , in January 1807, and from there traveled to Washington, D.C. , Philadelphia , New York City , and Boston . After six months in
5343-781: The Rue Vivienne [ fr ] and met with other South Americans such as Carlos de Montúfar , Vicente Rocafuerte , and Simón Rodríguez, who joined Bolívar and del Toro in their apartment. While in Paris, Bolívar began a dalliance with the Countess Dervieu du Villars, at whose salon he likely met the naturalists Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland , who had traveled through much of Spanish America from 1799 to 1804. Bolívar allegedly discussed Spanish American independence with them. I swear before you ... that I will not rest body or soul until I have broken
5480-645: The Spanish rule in the Americas . In 1807, Bolívar returned to Venezuela and promoted Venezuelan independence to other wealthy creoles. When the Spanish authority in the Americas weakened due to Napoleon's Peninsular War , Bolívar became a zealous combatant and politician in the Spanish-American wars of independence . Bolívar began his military career in 1810 as a militia officer in the Venezuelan War of Independence , fighting Royalist forces for
5617-684: The Third Battle of La Puerta [ es ] on 16 March. He escaped assassination by Spanish infiltrators in April. Illness and additional Republican defeats obliged Bolívar to return to Angostura in May. For the rest of the year, he focused on administering the republic, rebuilding its armed forces, and organizing elections for a national congress that would meet in 1819. The congress met in Angostura on 15 February 1819. There, Bolívar gave
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5754-539: The United States , Bolívar returned to Philadelphia and sailed for Venezuela, where he arrived in June 1807. He began to meet with other creole elites to discuss independence from Spain. Finding himself to be far more radical than the rest of Caracas high society, however, Bolívar occupied himself with a property dispute with a neighbor, Antonio Nicolás Briceño [ es ] . In 1807–08, Napoleon invaded
5891-677: The coup , Bolívar and his brother returned to the city and offered their services to the Supreme Junta as diplomats. In May 1810, Juan Vicente was sent to the United States to buy weapons, while Simón secured a place in a diplomatic mission to Great Britain with the lawyer Luis López Méndez [ es ] and Andrés Bello by paying for the mission. The trio boarded a British warship in June 1810 and arrived at Portsmouth on 10 July 1810. The three delegates first met Miranda at his London residence, despite instructions from
6028-546: The first and second Venezuelan republics and the United Provinces of New Granada . After Spanish forces subdued New Granada in 1815, Bolívar was forced into exile on Jamaica . In Haiti , Bolívar met and befriended Haitian revolutionary leader Alexandre Pétion . After promising to abolish slavery in Spanish America, Bolívar received military support from Pétion and returned to Venezuela. He established
6165-569: The mantuano -controlled center of Venezuela. In the east, the royalists started recovering territory. After suffering a setback, Mariño and Bolívar joined their forces, but they were defeated by Boves in 1814. Republicans were forced to evacuate Caracas and flee to the east, where, in the port of Carúpano, Piar was still holding out. Piar, however, did not accept Bolívar's supreme command, and once again Bolívar left Venezuela and went to New Granada (1815). (See Bolívar in New Granada ). Resistance to
6302-476: The 5000 pesos reward on his head. He stayed in the port until he was captured, tortured and dismembered by the Spanish authorities. His parts where displayed all around the city of Caracas , which set an example of what happened to anybody that challenged their authority. According to the "Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia" Gual never set foot again in Venezuela , and died while being persecuted by
6439-628: The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) are named after him, and he has been memorialized all over the world in the form of public art or street names and in popular culture. Simón Bolívar was born on 24 July 1783 in Caracas , capital of the Captaincy General of Venezuela , the fourth and youngest child of Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte [ es ] and María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco [ es ] . He
6576-612: The Bolivian constitution to Sucre on 12 May. That constitution [ es ] was ratified with modification by the Bolivian congress in July 1826. Peru, whose elites chafed at Bolívar's rule and the presence of his soldiers, was also induced to accept a modified version of Bolívar's constitution on 16 August. In Venezuela, Páez revolted against Santander , and in Panama, a congress of American nations organized by Bolívar convened without his attendance and produced no change in
6713-418: The Bolívar children's inheritances. Those children – María Antonia [ es ] (born 1777), Juana [ es ] (born 1779), Juan Vicente [ es ] (born 1781), and Simón – were raised separately from each other and their mother, and, following colonial custom, by African house slaves ; Simón was raised by a slave named Hipólita [ es ] whom he viewed as both
6850-665: The British government wanted Miranda to remain in Britain, they could not prevent his departure, and he arrived in Venezuela later in December. While Bolívar was in England, the Supreme Junta passed liberal economic reforms and began to hold elections for representatives to a congress to be held in Caracas. It had also alienated Caracas from the Venezuelan provinces of Coro , Maracaibo , and Guayana , which professed loyalty to
6987-517: The Captain-General of Venezuela, and were arrested. Bolívar, though he did not sign the petition and thus was not arrested, was warned to cease hosting or attending seditious meetings. In May 1809, Casas was replaced by Vicente Emparán and his staff, which included Fernando Rodríguez del Toro. The creoles also resisted Emparán's government, despite his friendlier disposition towards them. By February 1810, French victories in Spain prompted
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#17328016719177124-626: The Caribbean. This culminated in September 1815 with the Jamaica Letter , in which Bolívar again laid out his ideology and vision of the future of the Americas. On 9 December, the Venezuelan pirate Renato Beluche brought Bolívar news from New Granada and asked him to join the Republican community in exile in Haiti . Bolívar tentatively accepted and escaped assassination that night when his manservant mistakenly killed his paymaster as part of
7261-428: The Colombian congress on 3 August. When Bolívar arrived in Lima , Peru's capital, on 1 September, Peru was split between two rival presidents, José de la Riva Agüero and José Bernardo de Tagle , and the Royalists under the Viceroy of Peru , José de la Serna . In November 1823, Riva Agüero, who plotted with the Royalists against Bolívar, was betrayed by his officers to Bolívar and exiled from Peru. While Bolívar
7398-480: The Colombian state. After the Battle of Carabobo, Bolívar turned his attention south, to Pasto, Colombia ; Quito and the Free Province of Guayaquil , Ecuador ; and the Viceroyalty of Peru . Pasto and Quito were Royalist strongholds, while Guayaquil had declared its independence on 9 October 1820 and had been garrisoned by Sucre on Bolívar's orders in January 1821. Panama declared its independence on 28 November 1821 and joined Colombia. Peru had been invaded by
7535-438: The Iberian peninsula and replaced the rulers of Spain with his brother, Joseph . This news arrived in Venezuela in July 1808. Napoleonic rule was rejected and Venezuelan creoles, though still loyal to Ferdinand VII of Spain , sought to form their own local government in place of the existing Spanish government. On 24 November 1808, a group of creoles presented a petition demanding an independent government to Juan de Casas ,
7672-402: The Legion of Hell, an army of llaneros – the horsemen of the Llanos , to the south – led by the Spanish warlord José Tomás Boves . Beginning in February 1814, Boves surged out of the Llanos and overwhelmed the republic, occupying Caracas on 16 July and then destroying Mariño's powerbase on 5 December at the Battle of Urica , where Boves died. As Boves approached Caracas, Bolívar ordered
7809-406: The Republic this time came from the people of the vast southern plains, the Llaneros , who organized under the command of Spanish immigrant, José Tomás Boves . The war was transformed. The Llaneros had a dislike for the urban and elite Criollos who led the independence movement. Negroes were supplied with maps and lists of rebel plantations by royalists. The Llanero army routed the patriots in
7946-426: The Republic was successfully suppressed. By 1812 the situation increasingly became aggravated for the young Republic. It was short of funds, Spanish Regency set up a blockade (although it was easily bypassed by British and American merchant ships), and, shortly after, on 26 March 1812, a devastating earthquake affected republican areas. In these desperate moments, Miranda was given dictatorial powers, nevertheless, he
8083-458: The Republican leaders scattered across Venezuela, concentrating in the Llanos, and became disunited warlords. Unwilling to recognize Mariño's leadership, Arismendi wrote to Bolívar and dispatched New Granadan Republican Francisco Antonio Zea to convince him to return. Bolívar and Zea set sail for Venezuela on 21 December with Luis Brión , a Dutch merchant, and arrived ten days later at Barcelona. There, Bolívar announced his return and called for
8220-453: The Republicans from the north and east. On 26 March 1812, a powerful earthquake devastated Republican Venezuela; Caracas itself was almost totally destroyed. Bolívar, who was still near Caracas, rushed into the city to participate in the rescue of survivors and exhumation of the dead. The earthquake destroyed public support for the republic, as it was believed to have been divine retribution for declaring independence from Spain. By April,
8357-427: The Royalists in Venezuela on 20 September 1819. En route, he learned that Zea had been replaced as vice president in September 1819 by Arismendi, who was conspiring with Mariño against Urdaneta and Bermúdez. Bolívar arrived in Angostura on 11 December and, by being conciliatory, defused the plot. He then proposed the merging of New Granada and Venezuela to the congress on 14 December, which was approved. On 17 December,
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#17328016719178494-676: The Royalists. I left my house for the Cathedral ... and the earth began to shake with a huge roar. ... I saw the church of San Jacinto collapse on its own foundations. ... I climbed over the ruins and entered, and I immediately saw about forty persons dead or dying under the rubble. I climbed out again and I shall never forget that moment. On the top of the ruins I found Don Simón Bolívar ... He saw me and [said], "We will fight nature itself if it opposes us, and force it to obey." Royalist historian José Domingo Díaz [ es ] , quoted by John Lynch Beginning in November 1811, Royalist forces began pushing back
8631-412: The South American republics, and distanced from them because of his centralist ideology. He was successively removed from his offices until he resigned the presidency of Colombia and died of tuberculosis in 1830. His legacy is diverse and far-reaching within Latin America and beyond. He is regarded as a hero and national and cultural icon throughout Latin America; the nations of Bolivia and Venezuela (as
8768-407: The Spanish Monarchy. In 1821, the Gran Colombian army won a decisive victory at the second Battle of Carabobo , after which the only cities in the hands of the royalist forces were Cumaná , which fell shortly thereafter, and Puerto Cabello , which managed to resist a siege before finally capitulating in October 1823. The Spanish sent a fleet in 1823 to reconquer the country but were defeated at
8905-494: The Spanish authorities with relative ease, as Caracas had done at first. The autonomous movement swept through New Granada, but the country remained politically disunited. Bogotá inherited the role of capital from Spain, but the royalists were entrenched in southern Colombia ( Popayán and Pasto ). Cali was a bastion of the independence movement just north of royalist territory. Cartagena declared independence not only from Spain but also from Bogotá. Bolívar arrived in Cartagena and
9042-405: The Spanish had ever sent to the Americas. Venezuela's proximity to Cuba, Puerto Rico and Spain made it the first target of the royalist counterattack. The Llaneros were either demobilized or incorporated into the expeditionary units. The republican patriots found themselves once more dispersed, and again the war took a local character. Different patriot guerrilla bands formed, but could not agree on
9179-445: The Spanish officials had hastily abandoned, and captured the viceregal treasury and armories. After sending forces to secure Republican control of central New Granada, Bolívar paraded through Bogotá on 18 September with Santander. Desiring to merge New Granada and Venezuela into a " greater republic of Colombia ", Bolívar first established a provisional government in Bogotá with Santander, and then left to resume campaigning against
9316-428: The Spanish throne by his brother, Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte of France . At the same time, the process of creating a stable government in Spain, which would be widely recognized throughout the empire, took two years. ( See Junta (Peninsular War) .) This created a power vacuum in the Spanish possessions in America , which created further political uncertainty. On April 19, 1810 the municipal council of Caracas headed
9453-477: The Spanish. Legacy These events inspired liberals in the Americas to realize that this goal may be achieved. The Spanish authorities instead of achieving what they wanted with their treatment of revolutionaries, inspired even more hate and liberalism in the overall public. This conspiracy gave the Americas a message, that was transmitted through not only speech but by text and Ideas, Documents like "Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano" where widely spread throughout
9590-729: The Supreme Junta to avoid him, and thereafter received the benefit of his connections and consultation. On 16 July 1810, the Venezuelan delegation met the British foreign secretary , Richard Wellesley , at his residence . Led by Bolívar, the Venezuelans argued in favor of Venezuelan independence, which Wellesley stated that it was intolerable for Anglo-Spanish relations . Subsequent meetings produced no recognition or concrete support from Britain. Finding that he had many shared beliefs with Miranda, however, Bolívar convinced him to come back to Venezuela. On 22 September 1810, Bolívar left for Venezuela while López and Bello remained in London as diplomats, and arrived in La Guaira on 5 December. Although
9727-548: The already hostile Venezuelan provinces, which received troops and supplies from the Captaincy-Generals of Puerto Rico and Cuba . On 13 July 1811, the republic raised militias to fight the pro-Spanish Royalists . The congress appointed Francisco Rodríguez del Toro [ es ] , the Marquis of Toro [ es ] , to command these forces, which opened a breach between Bolívar and Miranda. Bolívar and del Toro were close friends, while del Toro and Miranda and their families were enemies. After he failed to suppress
9864-740: The annual wet season was beginning in the Llanos, Bolívar met with his officers and revealed his intention to invade and liberate New Granada from Royalist occupation, which he had prepared for by sending Santander to build up Republican forces in Casanare Province in August 1818. On 27 May, Bolívar marched with more than 2,000 soldiers toward the Andes and left Páez, Mariño, Urdaneta, and Bermúdez to tie down Morillo's forces in Venezuela. Bolívar entered Casanare Province with his army on 4 June 1819, then met up with Santander at Tame, Arauca , on 11 June. The combined Republican force reached
10001-600: The army to Sucre and moved to Huancayo to manage political affairs. On 24 October, Bolívar received a letter from Santander informing him that because he had accepted the dictatorship of Peru the Colombian congress had stripped him of his military and civil authority in favor of Sucre and Santander, respectively. Although indignant and resentful of Santander, Bolívar wrote to him on 10 November to communicate his acquiescence and reoccupied Lima on 5 December 1824. On 9 December, Sucre decisively defeated La Serna's Royalists at
10138-683: The beginnings of the war. On 5 July 1811, seven of the ten provinces of the Captaincy General of Venezuela declared their independence in the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence . The First Republic of Venezuela was lost in 1812 following the 1812 Caracas earthquake and the 1812 Battle of La Victoria . Simón Bolívar led an " Admirable Campaign " to retake Venezuela, establishing the Second Republic of Venezuela in 1813; but this too did not last, falling to
10275-585: The boy other than his inheritance. As a child, Bolívar was notoriously unruly and neglected his studies. Before his mother died, he spent two years under the tutelage of the Venezuelan lawyer Miguel José Sanz at the direction of the Real Audiencia of Caracas [ es ] , the Spanish court of appeals in Caracas. In 1793, Carlos enrolled Bolívar at a rudimentary primary school [ es ] run by Venezuelan educator Simón Rodríguez . In June 1795, Bolívar fled his uncle's custody for
10412-415: The center of the country. Finally Boves marched towards Caracas, forcing the Republicans to flee to the east of the country, ending the second republic. The traditional image of the Venezuelan llanos swarming with caudillos like Boves exaggerates the situation. Boves was the only significant pro-Spain caudillo and he was acting in concert with Francisco Tomás Morales , who was a regular officer of Spain. In
10549-836: The chains binding us to the will of Spanish might! Simón Bolívar, 15 August 1805 In April 1805, Bolívar left Paris with Rodríguez and del Toro on a Grand Tour to Italy . Beginning in Lyon , they traveled through the Savoy Alps and then to Milan . The trio arrived on 26 May 1805 and witnessed Napoleon's coronation as King of Italy . From Milan, they traveled down the Po Valley to Venice , then to Florence , and then finally Rome , where Bolívar met, among others, Pope Pius VII , French writer Germaine de Staël , and Humboldt again. Rome's sites and history excited Bolívar. On 18 August 1805, when he, del Toro, and Rodríguez traveled to
10686-609: The city of Angostura (now Ciudad Bolívar ) on 2 May. Meanwhile, Mariño went east to reestablish his power base and on 8 May convened a congress of ten men, including Brión and Zea, that named Mariño as supreme commander of the Republican forces. This backfired and provoked the defection of 30 officers, including Rafael Urdaneta and Antonio José de Sucre , to Bolívar. On 30 June, Bolívar granted Piar leave of absence at his request, and then issued an arrest warrant on 23 July after Piar began fomenting rebellion, alleging that Bolívar had dismissed him because of his mulatto heritage. Piar
10823-486: The city stripped of its gold and silver, which was moved through La Guaira to Barcelona, Venezuela , and from there to Cumaná . Bolívar then led 20,000 of its citizens east. He arrived in Barcelona on 2 August, but following another defeat at the Battle of Aragua de Barcelona on 17 August 1814, he moved to Cumaná. On 26 August, he sailed with Mariño to Margarita Island with the treasure. The officer in control of
10960-680: The colonial bureaucracy and had married into various wealthy Caracas families over the years. By the time Simón Bolívar was born, the Bolívar family was one of the wealthiest and most prestigious criollo (creole) families in the Spanish Americas. Simón Bolívar's childhood was described by British historian John Lynch as "at once privileged and deprived." Juan Vicente died of tuberculosis on 19 January 1786, leaving María de la Concepción Palacios and her father, Feliciano Palacios y Sojo [ es ] , as legal guardians over
11097-405: The colonists. One of the main objectives this movement followed was the equality of man and equal rights for every one, either black or white, rich or poor. According to Tomas Fernandez and Elena Tamaro, this conspiracy had gained a lot of supporters both inside and outside the country, even the British and French navies supported their ambition of freedom against the Spanish rule. In July of 1797
11234-654: The congress issued a decree creating the Republic of Colombia , including the regions of Venezuela, New Granada, and the still Spanish-controlled Real Audiencia of Quito , and elected Bolívar and Zea president and vice president respectively. After Christmas Day, 1819, Bolívar left Angostura to direct campaigns against Royalist forces along the Caribbean coasts of Venezuela and New Granada. He met with Santander in Bogotá in March 1820, then rode to Cúcuta and inspected Republican forces in northern Colombia over April and May 1820. Meanwhile, Morillo's military and political position
11371-779: The conspiracy was supposed to materialize it's ambitions, but the Spanish Authorities including the Bishop of Caracas and the Governor of the Captaincy General of Venezuela , were quick enough to capture, interrogate and torture every individual suspected to be part of this conspiracy. Both Manuel Gual and Jose Maria España escaped to the Antilles , and even met again in Trinidad shortly after. España came back in 1799, he arrived to Barcelona and came back to la Guaira where he aspired to continue with his ambitions, regardless of
11508-507: The country had been returned to royalist control. Morillo arrived in Venezuela and began operations with Morales. In Spain, anti-French forces had liberated the country, and the restored Ferdinand VII sent a large expeditionary force to Venezuela and New Granada under Pablo Morillo , who had distinguished himself during Spain's War of Independence . Royalist forces under Morillo and Morales captured Cartagena and Bogotá in 1816. Before leaving for New Granada Morillo had decommissioned most of
11645-625: The country, and sooner than later both Gual and España found themselves leading a conspiracy against the Spanish rule. Manuel Gual and Jose Maria España This conspiracy took place in the city of La Guaira , it was inspired by both the San Blas Conspiracy and the French revolution , and similar to the first one, it was led by very important members of the society, lawyers, engineers, and merchants, regardless of this, people from all races and status in society joined and conspired against
11782-542: The country. In 1813 Bolívar joined the army of United Provinces of New Granada . After winning a series of battles, Bolívar received the approval of the New Granadan Congress to lead a liberating force into Venezuela in what became known as the Admirable Campaign . At the same time, Santiago Mariño invaded from the northeast in an independently organized campaign. Both forces quickly defeated
11919-668: The del Toros returned to the capital in August 1801. Early in 1802, Bolívar traveled to Paris while he awaited permission to return to Madrid, which was granted in April. Bolívar and del Toro, aged 18 and 21 respectively, were married in Madrid on 26 May 1802. The couple boarded the San Ildefonso in La Coruña on 15 June and sailed for La Guaira, where they arrived on 12 July. They settled in Caracas, where del Toro fell ill and died of yellow fever on 22 January 1803. Bolívar
12056-547: The disparate New Granadan republics to help him invade Venezuela to prevent a Royalist invasion of New Granada. Bolívar arrived on the Magdalena River on 21 December and, in spite of orders from Labatut to not act without his direction, launched an offensive that secured control of the Magdalena River from Royalist forces by 8 January 1813. In February, he joined forces with Republican colonel Manuel del Castillo y Rada , who requested Bolívar's assistance with stopping
12193-490: The dissolution of the anti-French Spanish government in favor of a five-man regency council for Ferdinand VII. This news, and two delegates that included Carlos de Montúfar, arrived in Venezuela on 17 April 1810. Two days later, the creoles succeeded in deposing and then expelling Emparán, and created the Supreme Junta of Caracas , independent from the Spanish regency but not Ferdinand VII. Absent from Caracas for
12330-603: The first Latin American republic to become independent . With the support of the Haitian president Alexandre Pétion and with the naval aid of Luis Brión , another émigré, who was a merchant from Curaçao, Bolívar returned to Margarita Island , a secure republican redoubt, but his command of the republican forces was still not firm. Mariño, who had come back with Bolívar from Haiti, headed his own expeditions and succeeded in temporarily capturing Cumaná in 1817. With Brión supplying
12467-469: The fort's garrison loyal to the Royalists released its prisoners, armed them, and turned its cannons on Puerto Cabello. Weakened by shelling, defections, and lack of supplies, Bolívar and his remaining troops fled for La Guaira on 6 July. Believing the republic to be doomed, Miranda decided to capitulate, shocking Bolívar and other Republican officers. After formally surrendering his command to Monteverde on 25 July, Miranda made his way to La Guaira, where
12604-720: The hemispheric status quo . On 3 September, responding to pleas for his return to Colombia, Bolívar departed Peru and left it under a governing council led by Bolivian general Andrés de Santa Cruz . Venezuelan War of Independence [REDACTED] Simón Bolívar ( Commander-in-Chief ) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Ferdinand VII ( King of Spain from 1813) New Spain American Confederation of Venezuela Caudillismo Andean Hegemony Democratic period Bolivarian Revolution The Venezuelan War of Independence (Spanish: Guerra de Independencia de Venezuela , 1810–1823)
12741-518: The home of Esteban Fernández de León [ es ] , the Marquis de Casa León [ es ] . Bolívar and Casa León convinced Francisco Iturbe, a friend of the Bolívar family and of Monteverde, to intercede on Bolívar's behalf and secure escape from Venezuela for him. Iturbe persuaded Monteverde to issue Bolívar a passport for his role in Miranda's arrest, and on 27 August he sailed for
12878-526: The house of his sister María Antonia and her husband. The couple sought formal recognition of his change of residence, but the Real Audiencia decided the matter in favor of Palacios, who sent Simón to live with Rodríguez. After two months there, the Real Audiencia directed that he be returned to the Palacios family home. Bolívar promised the Real Audiencia that he would focus on his education and
13015-467: The illusion that there were fortunes to be made in Venezuela, which was hardly the case. There is no evidence that the British government was backing them, but since Spain was no longer a British ally, it was not hindering them either. In Europe, generally, Bolívar's name was known as was the Spanish American movement for independence, which had the sympathy of every liberal-minded person, as did
13152-584: The independence of Greece, then also in the process of emancipation . Morillo had his hands full and pardos were starting to look towards patriot leaders. Campaigns in eastern Venezuela began turning the tide for independence and in the llanos Páez defeated Morillo and Morales in Apure. This cleared the way for Bolívar and Santander to invade New Granada, where, in Pantano de Vargas , the Spaniards were defeated in
13289-691: The invasion. When a limited invasion was permitted, Castillo resigned his command and was succeeded by Francisco de Paula Santander . On 14 May, Bolívar launched the Admirable Campaign , in which he issued the Decree of War to the Death , ordering the death of all Spaniards in South America not actively aiding his forces. Within six months, Bolívar pushed all the way to Caracas, which he entered on 6 August, and then drove Monteverde out of Venezuela in October. Bolívar returned to Caracas on 14 October and
13426-402: The irregular forces that had fought under Boves, except those that he took to New Granada. With little prospects, some pardos and llaneros began to join the rebellions that were breaking out against Spanish rule in the broad plains of southern Venezuela. In the meantime, Bolívar chose to sail to Jamaica to enlist British aid, which was refused. From there, he went to Haiti , which had been
13563-564: The island of Curaçao . He and his uncles' Francisco and José Félix Ribas arrived on 1 September. Late in October, the exiles arranged for passage west to the city of Cartagena to offer their services as military leaders to the United Provinces of New Granada against the Royalists. They arrived in November and were welcomed by Manuel Rodríguez Torices , president of the Free State of Cartagena [ es ] , who instructed his commanding general, Pierre Labatut , to give Bolívar
13700-672: The island, Manuel Piar , declared Bolívar and Mariño to be traitors and forced them to return to the mainland. There, Ribas also accused Bolívar and Mariño of treachery, confiscated the treasure, and then exiled the two on 8 September. Bolívar arrived in Cartagena on 19 September and then met with the New Granadan congress in Tunja , which tasked him with subduing the rival Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca . On 12 December, Bolívar captured Cundinamarca's capital, Bogotá , and
13837-576: The judges. British veterans of the Napoleonic wars began arriving in Venezuela, where they formed the nucleus of what later became known as the British Legion . Morillo returned to Caracas and Morales was given troops to dominate eastern Venezuela, which he did successfully. Francisco de Paula Santander , a New Granadan who had retreated to the llanos after Morillo's invasion, met with Bolívar and agreed to join forces. Morillo's other lieutenant,
13974-518: The juntas, and eventually independence, and royalists who wanted to maintain the union with Spain. Two provinces, Maracaibo Province and Guayana Province , and one district, Coro , never recognized the Caracas Junta and remained loyal to the governments in Spain. Military expeditions to bring Coro and Guayana under the control of the Republic failed. In 1811 an uprising in Valencia against
14111-519: The latter in Madrid . There, Esteban was friends with Queen Maria Luisa 's favorite , Manuel Mallo. On 19 January 1799, Bolívar boarded the Spanish warship San Ildefonso at the port of La Guaira , bound for Cádiz . He arrived in Santoña , on the northern coast of Spain, in May 1799. A little over a week later, he arrived in Madrid and joined Esteban, who found Bolívar to be "very ignorant." Esteban asked Gerónimo Enrique de Uztáriz y Tovar,
14248-469: The leadership of Simón Bolívar . Venezuela, along with the present-day countries of Colombia , Panama , and Ecuador , formed part of the Republic of Gran Colombia until 1830, when Venezuela separated and became a sovereign state. The French invasion of Spain in 1808 led to the fall of the Spanish Monarchy . Most subjects of Spain did not accept the government of Joseph Bonaparte , placed on
14385-522: The liberation of Upper Peru in April 1825. In early 1825, Bolívar resigned from his offices in Colombia and Peru, but neither nation's congress accepted his resignation; on 10 February 1825, the Peruvian congress extended his dictatorship for another year. Accepting the extension, Bolívar settled into governing Peru and passing reforms that were largely not carried out, such as a school system based on
14522-409: The llanos) and Morillo (entrenched in Caracas, triumphant in eastern Venezuela, and operating in the llanos as far as Apure). This is the time during which (according to Marx ), Bolívar dilly-dallied and lost one skirmish after another, also saying that European officers in Angostura were egging him on to attack the center of Venezuela. (Bolívar did attempt to do so, but suffered defeat at La Puerta.) At
14659-602: The mainland, where he declared the emancipation of all slaves and annulled of the Decree of War to the Death. He seized Carúpano on 31 May and sent Mariño and Piar into Guayana to build their own army, then took and held Ocumare de la Costa from 6 to 14 July, when it was recaptured by the Royalists. Bolívar fled by sea to Güiria where, on 22 August, he was deposed by Mariño and Venezuelan Republican José Francisco Bermúdez . Bolívar returned to Haiti by early September, where Pétion again agreed to assist him. In his absence,
14796-440: The municipal authorities of Madrid ordered all non-residents in the city to leave to alleviate a bread shortage brought about by Spain's resumed hostilities with Britain. Over April, Bolívar and Fernando Rodríguez del Toro [ es ] , a childhood friend and relative of his wife, made their way to Paris and arrived in time for Napoleon to be proclaimed Emperor of the French on 18 May 1804. They rented an apartment on
14933-551: The narrowest and deepest part of the Orinoco River , hence its name, subsequently changed to Ciudad Bolívar ), to where Bolívar headed and was chosen as supreme leader of the independence movement. (It was at this time that Bolívar ordered the addition of a new star for Guayana to the seven stars on the Venezuelan flag , which represented the number of provinces that originally had favored independence. Since Bolívar played
15070-545: The opening of a new congress there , he learned that Royalist-controlled Maracaibo had defected to Colombia and been occupied by Urdaneta. La Torre protested to Bolívar, who refused to return Maracaibo, leading to a renewal of hostilities on 28 April. Over May and June, Colombia's armies made rapid progress until, on 24 June, Bolívar and Páez decisively defeated La Torre at the Battle of Carabobo . All Royalist forces remaining in Venezuela were eliminated by August 1823. Bolívar entered Caracas in triumph on 29 June, and issued
15207-421: The principles of English educator Joseph Lancaster that was managed by Simón Rodríguez. In April 1825, Bolívar began a tour of southern Peru that took him to the cities of Arequipa and Cuzco by August. As Bolívar approached Upper Peru, a congress gathered in the city of Chuquisaca (now Sucre ); on 6 August, it declared the region to be the nation of Bolivia , named Bolívar President , and asked him to write
15344-467: The regency council, and began hostilities with them. Co-founding the Patriotic Society , a political organization advocating for independence from Spain, Bolívar and Miranda campaigned for and secured the latter's election to the congress. The congress first met on 2 March 1811 and declared its allegiance to Ferdinand VII. After it was discovered that one of the men leading the congress was
15481-481: The region of Upper Peru , rebelled [ es ] against la Serna. Bolívar seized the opportunity to advance into the Junín region , where he defeated Canterac at the Battle of Junín on 6 August, driving them out of Peru. Choosing to ignore Olañeta, la Serna ordered his forces to concentrate at Cuzco to face Bolívar. Heavy rainfall in September halted Bolívar's advance, and on 6 October he gave command of
15618-407: The republic. Following a meeting at San Juan de Payara on 30 January 1818, Páez recognized Bolívar as supreme leader. In February 1818, the Republicans moved north and took Calabozo , where they defeated Morillo [ es ] , who had returned to Venezuela a year earlier after conquering Republican New Granada . Bolívar next advanced towards Caracas, but was defeated while en route at
15755-704: The rest of 1822, Bolívar traveled around Ecuador to complete its annexation while dispatching officers to suppress repeated rebellions in Pasto and resisting calls to return to Bogotá or Venezuela. Meanwhile, Royalist forces under general José de Canterac overwhelmed the Peruvian republic [ es ] . After initially refusing Colombian assistance, the Peruvian congress asked Bolívar several times in 1823 to assume command of their forces. Bolívar responded by sending an army under Sucre to assist, then delayed his own departure to Peru until he obtained permission from
15892-576: The royalist troops in various battles, such as Alto de los Godos . Bolívar entered Caracas on 6 August 1813, proclaiming the restoration of the Venezuelan Republic and his supreme leadership of it, something which was not fully recognized by Mariño based in Cumaná , although the two leaders did cooperate militarily. In the viceroyalties of La Plata and New Granada the Creoles displaced
16029-471: The royalists at Boyacá . With the liberation of New Granada, the republicans had a significant base from which to attack Morillo's forces. A republican Congress at Angostura (today Ciudad Bolívar ), which already had a small New Granada delegation, declared the union of New Granada and Venezuela in a Republic of Colombia (the Gran Colombia of contemporary accounts) to present a united front against
16166-626: The same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colegio_Simón_Bolívar&oldid=1141188488 " Category : Educational institution disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Sim%C3%B3n Bol%C3%ADvar Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios Ponte y Blanco (24 July 1783 – 17 December 1830)
16303-581: The second in command of the expeditionary force, Miguel de la Torre , was ordered to put down a significant rebellion in the llanos of Apure led by José Antonio Páez . At the time in the Southern Cone of South America, José de San Martín had concluded the liberation of Chile with the essential support of the Chilean Bernardo O'Higgins . The year 1818 saw a stalemate between the patriots based in Angostura (and free-wheeling in part of
16440-491: The south, Sucre, who had been trapped in Guayaquil by Royalist advances from Quito, now advanced, decisively defeated the Royalists at the Battle of Pichincha on 24 May 1822, and occupied Quito. On 6 June, Pasto surrendered, and ten days later Bolívar paraded through Quito with Sucre. He also met the Ecuadorian Republican Manuela Sáenz , the wife of a British merchant, with whom he began
16577-456: The time James Rooke did in fact command over 1,000 European soldiers within Bolívar's army in Venezuela. But Morillo had larger forces, and not just of Spanish line troops but also of pardos still loyal to the Spanish crown. In 1819 Bolívar proclaimed the republic of Great Colombia , which included Venezuela and New Granada. New volunteers arrived in Venezuela, though most, like those that preceded them, were in essence mercenaries probably under
16714-472: The west headed by Bolívar and one in the east headed by Mariño. But neither the successful invasions nor Bolívar's decree were provoking a massive enrollment of pardos in the cause of Independence. Rather it was the other way around. In the Llanos a populist Spanish immigrant caudillo, José Tomás Boves , initiated a widespread pardo movement against the restored Republic. Bolívar and Ribas held and defended
16851-468: Was baptized as Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios on 30 July. The first of Bolívar's family to have emigrated to the Americas was a similarly named minor Spanish governmental official named Simón de Bolívar, who had been a notary in the Spanish Basque region , and who had later arrived in Venezuela in the 1580s. The earlier Simón de Bolívar's descendants had served in
16988-561: Was a Venezuelan statesman and military officer who led what are currently the countries of Colombia , Venezuela , Ecuador , Peru , Panama , and Bolivia to independence from the Spanish Empire . He is known colloquially as El Libertador , or the Liberator of America . Simón Bolívar was born in Caracas in the Captaincy General of Venezuela into a wealthy family of American-born Spaniards ( criollo ) but lost both parents as
17125-485: Was bedridden with fever over the first two months of 1824, Tagle defected to the Royalists with the garrison and city of Callao and briefly took Lima. In response, the Peruvian congress named Bolívar dictator of Peru on 10 February 1824. Bolívar moved to northern Peru in March and began assembling an army. His repeated demands for additional men and money strained his relationship with Santander. In May 1823, conservative Royalist general Pedro Antonio Olañeta , based in
17262-555: Was captured on 27 September as he fled to join Mariño and was brought to Angostura, where he was executed by firing squad on 16 October. Bolívar then sent Sucre to reconcile with Mariño, who pledged loyalty to Bolívar on 26 January 1818. On 17 July 1817, Angostura fell to Bolívar's forces, which gained control of the Orinoco River in early August. Angostura became the provisional Republican capital and in September, Bolívar began creating formal political and military structures for
17399-430: Was controlled by Santiago Mariño , a Venezuelan Republican who had fought Monteverde in the east throughout 1813 and was unwilling to subordinate himself to Bolívar. Venezuela was economically devastated and could not support the republic's armies, and people of color remained disenfranchised and thus unsupportive of the republic. The republic was assailed from all sides by slave revolts and Royalist forces, especially
17536-402: Was defeated at the Battle of Las Queseras del Medio . A long-term stalemate ensued in which the royalists controlled the highly populated, urban north and the republicans the vast, under-populated plains of the south. Bolívar and Brión returned and tried in 1817 to capture Barcelona, where the Spaniards repulsed them. In the meantime, Piar and Mariño had occupied defenceless Angostura (a city at
17673-426: Was devastated by del Toro's death and later told Louis Peru de Lacroix , one of his generals and biographers, that he swore to never remarry. By July 1803, Bolívar had decided to leave Venezuela for Europe. He entrusted his estates to an agent and his brother and in October boarded a ship bound for Cádiz. Bolívar arrived in Spain in December 1803, then traveled to Madrid to console his father-in-law. In March 1804,
17810-772: Was fatally undermined by the mutiny of Spanish soldiers in Cádiz on 1 January [ es ] , which forced Ferdinand VII to accept a liberal constitution in March. News of the mutiny and its consequences arrived in Colombia in March and was followed by orders from Spain to Morillo to publicize the constitution and negotiate a peace that would return Colombia to the Spanish Empire. Bolívar and Morillo, seeking to gain leverage over each other, delayed talks until 21 November, when Colombian and Royalist delegates met in Trujillo, Venezuela . The delegates completed two treaties [ es ] on 25 November, establishing
17947-514: Was given command of New Granada's armies in January 1815. Bolívar next grappled with del Castillo, who had taken control of Cartagena. Bolívar besieged the city [ es ] for six weeks. His change of focus allowed the Royalist forces to regain control of the Magdalena. On 8 May, Bolívar made a truce with del Castillo, resigned his command, and sailed for self-exile on Jamaica as
18084-537: Was having second thoughts on his side. At the time that Bolívar was victorious in the west, Santiago Mariño and Manuel Piar , a pardo from the Dutch island of Curaçao , were successfully fighting royalists in eastern Venezuela. Quickly losing ground (much as Miranda had a year earlier) Monteverde took refuge in Puerto Cabello, and Bolívar occupied Caracas, re-establishing the Republic, with two "states", one in
18221-444: Was named "The Liberator" ( El Libertador ) by its town council, a title first given to him by the citizens of the Venezuelan town of Mérida on 23 May. On 2 January 1814, Bolívar was made the dictator of a Second Republic of Venezuela , which retained the weaknesses of the first republic. Though all of Venezuela but Maracaibo , Coro , and Guayana was controlled by Republicans, Bolívar only governed western Venezuela. The east
18358-712: Was one of the Spanish American wars of independence of the early nineteenth century, when independence movements in South America fought a civil war for secession and against unity of the Spanish Empire , emboldened by Spain's troubles in the Napoleonic Wars . The establishment of the Supreme Caracas Junta following the forced deposition of Vicente Emparan as Captain General of the Captaincy General of Venezuela on 19 April 1810, marked
18495-473: Was subsequently taught full-time by Rodríguez and the Venezuelan intellectuals Andrés Bello and Francisco de Andújar [ es ] . In 1797, Rodríguez's connection to the pro-independence Gual and España conspiracy forced him to go into exile, and Bolívar was enrolled in an honorary militia force. When he was commissioned as an officer after a year, his uncles Carlos and Esteban Palacios y Blanco [ es ] decided to send Bolívar to join
18632-533: Was unable to stem the royalist advance headed by Captain Domingo de Monteverde . By midyear, after the Battle of La Victoria , the Republic collapsed. Miranda capitulated to Monteverde and signed an armistice on 25 July 1812. Bolívar and other republicans continued the resistance from other parts of the Spanish South America and the Caribbean, or organized guerrilla movements in the interior of
18769-423: Was well received, as he was later in Bogotá, where he joined the army of the United Provinces of New Granada . He recruited a force and invaded Venezuela from the southwest, by crossing the Andes (1813). His chief lieutenant was the headstrong José Félix Ribas . In Trujillo, an Andean province, Bolívar emitted his infamous Decree of War to the Death with which he hoped to get the pardos and any mantuano who
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