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103-562: The festival is funded in part by the Ministry of Radio, Cinema, and Television, the provincial government of Jilin , and the Changchun municipal government. This article related to a Chinese festival or holiday is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an Asian film festival is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jilin Jilin

206-480: A sub-provincial city ) and one autonomous prefecture : These nine prefecture-level divisions are in turn subdivided into 60 county-level divisions (21 districts , 20 county-level cities , 16 counties , and three autonomous counties ). (See List of administrative divisions of Jilin .) These administrative divisions are explained in greater detail at Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China . At

309-556: A community in Jilin (Kirin), where both Manchu and Chinese Bannermen were settled at a town called Wulakai, and eventually the Chinese Bannermen there could not be differentiated from Manchus since they were effectively Manchufied (assimilated). The Han civilian population was in the process of absorbing and mixing with them when Lattimore wrote his article. Around the time of World War I , Zhang Zuolin established himself as

412-566: A distinct culture, closely tied to Korea . The majority of the province speaks Mandarin, the official language of China. Closer to the east, many people speak Korean . Some people of Qian Gorlos autonomous county speak Mongolian. The Goguryeo sites and tombs found in Ji'an, Jilin , including Hwando Mountain City , Gungnae City , and the pyramidal Tomb of the General , have been listed as part of

515-654: A distinct geographical entity, and that "Manchuria" ( Manzhou ) was used as a toponym by the Chinese. According to Elliott, the Manchu imperial lineage believed that their original homeland was the Changbai Mountains . The Qing court endeavored to create a regional identity focused on the Changbai Mountains, which gradually became a symbol of Manchu identity. However, it is uncertain whether that notion

618-741: A few days every winter, and it is never heavy. This explains why corresponding latitudes of North America were fully glaciated during glacial periods of the Quaternary while Manchuria, though even colder, always remained too dry to form glaciers  – a state of affairs enhanced by stronger westerly winds from the surface of the ice sheet in Europe. Manchuria was the homeland of several ethnic groups, including Manchu , Mongols , Koreans , Nanai , Nivkhs , Ulchs , Hui , possibly Turkic peoples , and ethnic Han Chinese in southern Manchuria. Various ethnic groups and their respective kingdoms, including

721-487: A new name for their ethnic group. However neither the name Manchu or the Chinese rendering of Manshū as Manzhou ever acquired geographical connotations, while in Japanese, both Manchuria and Manchu are rendered as Manshū . According to Nakami Tatsuo, Manzhou was used to refer to Manchu people or one of their states rather than a region: "Originally, Manzhou was the name of the Manchu people or of their state; it

824-483: A northerly continental monsoon climate, with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. Average January temperatures range from −20 to −14 °C (−4 to 7 °F). Rainfall averages at 350 to 1,000 mm (13.8 to 39.4 in). Major cities in this province include Changchun , Jilin City , Baishan , Baicheng , Siping , Yanji , Songyuan , Tonghua and Liaoyuan . Jilin consists of nine prefecture-level divisions : eight prefecture-level cities (including

927-632: A powerful warlord with influence over most of Manchuria. During his rule, the Manchurian economy grew tremendously, backed by the immigration of Chinese from other parts of China. The Japanese assassinated him on 2 June 1928, in what is known as the Huanggutun Incident . Following the Mukden Incident in 1931 and the subsequent Japanese invasion of Manchuria , the Japanese declared Manchuria an "independent state", and appointed

1030-727: A remaining Chinese region (known as Manchuria). In modern literature, "Manchuria" usually refers to Manchuria in China. As a result of the Treaties of Aigun and Peking, Qing China lost access to the Sea of Japan . Manchuria in China also came under strong Russian influence with the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin to Vladivostok . In the Chuang Guandong movement, many Han farmers, mostly from

1133-586: A two-phase RMB60 million comprehensive river port; the first phase is finished. The port is on the Songhua River, has an annual throughput of two million tons, and will connect to the waterways of Northeast China. Aviation takes Changchun as the center, supplemented by Yanji and Baishan. It can go directly to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Haikou, Ningbo, Dalian, Kunming, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and so on. Changchun Longjia Airport, Yanji Airport, Tonghua Sanyuanpu Airport and Changbaishan Airport, etc. Jilin

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1236-411: Is Changchun Longjia International Airport ; other commercial airports include Yanji Chaoyangchuan International Airport , Tonghua Sanyuanpu Airport , Baicheng Chang'an Airport , Songyuan Chaganhu Airport and Changbaishan Airport . Jilin is landlocked. River navigation is possible from April to November. The major river ports are at Da'an, Jilin city and Fuyu. In 2007, Jilin started construction on

1339-620: Is 112.72 km (43.52 sq mi), of which 30 km (12 sq mi) has been set aside for development and use. By the end of 2006, the total fixed assets investment of the Changchun Economic and Technological Development Zone reached 38.4 billion yuan. There were 1656 registered enterprises in this zone including 179 foreign-funded enterprises. The regional gross product of the zone reached 101.8 billion yuan; industrial output value reached 233.0 billion Yuan; overall financial revenue reached 15.7 billion yuan. Changchun

1442-634: Is a calque of Latin of the Japanese placename Manshū ( 満州 , "Region of the Manchus"), which dates from the 18th century. According to the American researcher Mark C. Elliott, the term Manshū first appeared as a placename in Katsuragawa Hoshū's 1794 work Hokusa Bunryaku in two maps, "Ashia zenzu" and "Chikyū hankyū sōzu", which were also created by Katsuragawa. According to Junko Miyawaki-Okada, Japanese geographer Takahashi Kageyasu

1545-424: Is a term that refers to a region in northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day northeast China , and historically parts of the modern-day Russian Far East , often referred to as Outer Manchuria . Its definition may refer to varying geographical extents as follows: in the narrow sense, the area constituted by three Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang , Jilin , and Liaoning but broadly also including

1648-559: Is also home to many Mongols and Hui . In present-day Chinese, an inhabitant of the Northeast is a "Northeasterner" ( 东北人 ; Dōngběirén ). "The Northeast" is a term that expresses the entire region, encompassing its history and various cultures. It is usually restricted to the "Three East Provinces" or "Three Northeast Provinces", excluding northeastern Inner Mongolia. In China, the term Manchuria ( traditional Chinese : 滿洲 ; simplified Chinese : 满洲 ; pinyin : Mǎnzhōu )

1751-451: Is also the location of one of the largest factories where CRRC manufactures bullet trains. In November 2016, CRCC Changchun unveiled the first bullet train carriages in the world that would have sleeper berths, and would be capable of running in ultra low temperature environments. Nicknamed Panda , they are capable of running at 250 kmph, operate at -40 degrees Celsius , have Wi-Fi hubs and contain sleeper berths that fold into seats during

1854-555: Is centered upon rice, wheat, maize, and sorghum. Rice is mostly cultivated in the eastern parts, such as Yanbian Prefecture . The Changbai Mountains are an important source of lumber. Sheep herding is an important activity in the western parts, such as Baicheng . Among its natural resources, Jilin has the largest reserves of shale oil and one of the top five largest mineral reserves in China. Compared to other provinces of China, Jilin has extensive deposits of Kieselguhr , wollastonite , floatstone , and molybdenum . Industry in Jilin

1957-409: Is concentrated on automobiles, train carriages, and iron alloy. Jilin is one of the most important commodity grain bases in China. It is ranked 6th in timber production. Traditionally, Jilin has been known as a major pharmaceutical center, with yields of ginseng and deer antlers among the largest in China, being used extensively in the field of Chinese medicine . The zone was founded in 1992 and

2060-493: Is controversial" based on reasons outlined by Mariko Asano Tamanoi in the "Introduction" of Crossed Histories: Manchuria in the Age of Empire (2005). According to Tamanoi, "'Manchuria' is a product of Japanese imperialism, and to call the area Manzhou is to accept uncritically a Japanese colonial legacy." Japan used the name "Manchuria" to convey the idea of a contested region distinct from China while China insisted on its ownership of

2163-620: Is in 5 km (1.93 sq mi) area is in the Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone. Its planned area is 2.44 km (0.94 sq mi). It relies on the same infrastructure and policies as its parent zone. There are 35,216 km (21,882 mi) of highways, including over 500 km (310 mi) of expressways. The province has a rail network, begun by the Japanese, with Changchun as its main hub. There are four major new railway projects which started construction in 2007. One of these,

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2266-537: Is in Jilin city, covering 818 km (316 sq mi) of planned area with 242 km (93 sq mi) established. The leading industries in the zone are new materials, refined chemical products, integration of photoelectron and mechanism, electronics , medicine and bioengineering . A mere 14 km (8.7 mi) from Songhua Lake, the nearest bus and train stations are within 3 km (1.9 mi). The Jilin Economic and Technological Development Zone

2369-579: Is inhabited by Han Chinese , Manchus , Hui , Mongols and Xibe . Most ethnic Koreans live in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture . The Manchu people were once the majority in the area of Jilin, making it part of their historical region. With the adoption of Han culture and the Chinese languages by the Manchu people, the Manchu language is considered a critically endangered language . Koreans comprise about 4% of

2472-547: Is one of the three provinces of Northeast China . Its capital and largest city is Changchun . Jilin borders North Korea ( Rasŏn , North Hamgyong , Ryanggang and Chagang ) and Russia ( Primorsky Krai ) to the east, Heilongjiang to the north, Liaoning to the south, and Inner Mongolia to the west. Along with the rest of Northeast China , Jilin underwent an early period of industrialization. However, Jilin's economy, characterized by heavy industry , has been facing economic difficulties with privatization . This prompted

2575-480: Is rarely used today, and the term is often negatively associated with the Japanese imperial legacy and the puppet state of Manchukuo . The Northeast ( Tōhoku ) was also used as a name for Manchuria by the Japanese during the 1920s and 1930s. Manchuria consists mainly of the northern side of the funnel-shaped North China Craton , a large area of tilled and overlaid Precambrian rocks spanning 100 million hectares (250 million acres). The North China Craton

2678-456: Is rich in large reserves of oil, gas, coal, iron, nickel, molybdenum , talc, graphite, gypsum, cement rock, gold and silver; its reserves of oil shale are the largest in the country. Jilin is highest in altitude in the southeast and drops gently towards the northwest. The Changbai Mountains run through its southeastern regions and contains the highest peak of the province, Paektu Mountain at 2,744 m (9,003 ft). Other ranges include

2781-642: The Qing shilu the lands of the Qing state (including Manchuria and present-day Xinjiang, Mongolia, and Tibet) are thus identified as "the Middle Kingdom" in both the Chinese and Manchu languages in roughly two-thirds of the cases, while the term refers to the traditional Chinese provinces populated by the Han in roughly one third of the cases. It was also common to use "China" ( Zhongguo , Dulimbai gurun ) to refer to

2884-707: The Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom , a World Heritage Site . Paektu Mountain , especially Heaven Lake on the border with North Korea , are popular tourist destinations due to their natural scenery. Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain , including the Mausoleum of Princess Jeonghyo , are royal tombs of Balhae found in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture . National: Provinces: Autonomous Regions: Municipalities: SARs: Manchuria Manchuria

2987-611: The Evenk - Daur federation led by the Evenki chief Bombogor and beheaded Bombogor in 1640, with Qing armies massacring and deporting Evenkis and absorbing the survivors into the Banners . Chinese cultural and religious influence such as Chinese New Year, the " Chinese god ", motifs such as the dragon, spirals, and scrolls, agriculture, husbandry, methods of heating, and material goods such as iron cooking-pots, silk, and cotton spread among

3090-647: The Great Wall of China and the Willow Palisade . Chinese tenant farmers rented or even claimed title to land from the "imperial estates" and Manchu Bannerlands in the area. Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria, Han Chinese settled the path linking Jinzhou , Fengtian , Tieling , Changchun , Hulun , and Ningguta during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, and Han Chinese had become

3193-493: The Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway connecting Harbin with Dalian via Changchun was completed in 2012. Trains on the line can travel at up to 350 km/h (220 mph). The four railway projects were estimated to cost RMB13 billion, and the province urged foreign investors to invest in them. A line from Changchun to Jilin City, expected to be completed in 2015, was expected to cut the journey times between

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3296-475: The Jewish Autonomous Oblast , the southern part of Khabarovsk Krai , and the eastern edge of Zabaykalsky Krai . The name Manchuria is an exonym (derived from the endonym " Manchu ") of Japanese origin. The history of "Manchuria" ( Manzhou ) as a toponym in China is disputed, with some scholars believing it was never used while others believe it was by the late 19th century. The area

3399-765: The Liaoshen Campaign and took complete control over Manchuria. With the encouragement of the Soviet Union, Manchuria was then used as a staging ground during the Chinese Civil War for the Chinese Communist Party , which emerged victorious in 1949. Ambiguities in the treaties that ceded Outer Manchuria to Russia led to disputes over the political status of several islands. The Kuomintang government in Taiwan (Formosa) complained to

3502-739: The Shandong peninsula moved there. By 1921, Harbin, northern Manchuria's largest city, had a population of 300,000, including 100,000 Russians . Japan replaced Russian influence in the southern half of Manchuria as a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905. Most of the southern branch of the Chinese Eastern Railway was transferred from Russia to Japan, and became the South Manchurian Railway . Japanese influence extended into Outer Manchuria in

3605-765: The Sixteen Prefectures in Northern China as well. The Liao dynasty became the first state to control all of Manchuria. In the early 12th century, the Tungusic Jurchen people, who were Liao's tributaries, overthrew the Liao and formed the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) , which went on to control parts of Northern China and Mongolia after a series of successful military campaigns . During the Mongol Yuan dynasty rule of China (1271–1368), Manchuria

3708-636: The Sushen , Donghu , Xianbei , Wuhuan , Mohe , Khitan and Jurchens , have risen to power in Manchuria. Koreanic kingdoms such as Gojoseon (before 108 BCE), Buyeo (2nd century BCE to 494 CE) and Goguryeo (37 BCE to 688 CE) also became established in large parts of this area. The Chinese Qin (221–206 BCE), Han (202 BCE–9 CE and 25 CE–220 CE), Cao Wei (220–266), Western Jin (266–316), and Tang (618–690 and 705–907) dynasties controlled parts of Manchuria. Parts of northwestern Manchuria came under

3811-736: The Yalta Conference in February 1945, Joseph Stalin had agreed that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months after Germany surrendered . Accordingly, in August the Soviet Union issued its declaration of war and launched the Soviet invasion of Manchuria . Soon afterwards, the Chinese Communist Party and Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) started fighting for control over Manchuria. The communists won in

3914-750: The Yongle Emperor ( r.  1402–1424 ), establishing the Nurgan Regional Military Commission of 1409–1435. Starting in the 1580s, a Jianzhou Jurchen chieftain, Nurhaci (1558–1626), started to unify Jurchen tribes of the region. Over the next several decades, the Jurchen took control of most of Manchuria . In 1616 Nurhaci founded the Later Jin dynasty, which later became known as the Qing dynasty . The Qing defeated

4017-543: The "Jilin CCP Party Chief ". In 2011, the nominal GDP of Jilin province totaled RMB 1053.1 billion (US$ 167.1 billion). Its GDP has been rising at a double-digit rate since 2003, growing 51 percent from 2003 to 2007. Per capita nominal GDP increased to RMB 26,289 (US$ 3,848) in 2009. Meanwhile, the incremental value and profit of large enterprises witnessed an increase of 19 percent and 30 percent respectively, compared with 2005 figures. Jilin's agricultural production

4120-459: The 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk . Despite migration restrictions, Qing rule saw massively increasing numbers of Han Chinese both illegally and legally streaming into Manchuria and settling down to cultivate land – Manchu landlords desired Han Chinese peasants to rent their land and to grow grain; most Han Chinese migrants were not evicted as they crossed the Great Wall and Willow Palisade. During

4223-456: The 1690s, smallpox epidemics reduced Yukagir numbers by an estimated 44 percent." At the behest of people like Vasilii Poyarkov in 1645 and Yerofei Khabarov in 1650, Russian Cossacks killed some peoples like the Daur people of Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang to the extent that some authors speak of genocide . The Daurs initially deserted their villages since they had heard about the cruelty of

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4326-715: The 18th century, despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement on Manchu and Mongol lands, the Qing decided to settle Han refugees from northern China – who were suffering from famine, floods, and drought – into Manchuria and Inner Mongolia, so that Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in Manchuria and tens of thousands of hectares in Inner Mongolia by the 1780s. The Qianlong Emperor ( r.  1735–1796 ) allowed Han Chinese peasants suffering from drought to move into Manchuria despite his having issued edicts in favor of banning them from 1740 to 1776. Han Chinese then streamed into Manchuria, both illegally and legally, over

4429-558: The 1960s, but has more recently signed agreements such as the 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship , which affirm the current status quo; a minor exchange nonetheless occurred in 2004 at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri rivers). Various senses of Greater Manchuria sometimes further include Sakhalin Island , which despite its lack of mention in treaties was shown as Qing territory on period Chinese, Japanese, Russian, and French maps of

4532-621: The Amur natives including the Udeghes , Ulchis , and Nanais . In 1644, after peasant rebels sacked the Ming dynasty 's capital of Beijing, the Jurchens (now called Manchus) allied with Ming general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing, overthrowing the short-lived Shun dynasty (1644–1649) and establishing Qing-dynasty rule (1644–1912) over all of China. The Manchu conquest of China involved

4635-762: The Chemical Industrial Park, the Food Industrial Park, the Textile Industrial Park, and the Medical Industrial Park. The latter specializes in the development of traditional Chinese pharmaceuticals, mini molecule medicine, bio-pharmaceuticals and health products. In 1993, with the approval of the state, Changchun Economic & Technological Development Zone (CETDZ) became a state-level economic and technological development zone. The total area of CETDZ

4738-463: The Chinese but the People's Republic of China disapproved of it regardless. By the 1950s, Manzhou had virtually disappeared as a toponym although some still used it out of habit. The term Manchuria has been described as "controversial" or "troublesome" by several scholars including Mark C. Elliott, Norman Smith, and Mariko Asano Tamanoi. The historian Norman Smith wrote that "The term 'Manchuria'

4841-584: The Chinese, Russian and Japanese authorities and international disease experts held an 'International Plague Conference' in the northern city of Shenyang after the disease was under control to learn the lessons. It was reported that among Banner people, both Manchu and Chinese (Hanjun) in Aihun, Heilongjiang in the 1920s, would seldom marry with Han civilians, but they (Manchu and Chinese Bannermen) would mostly intermarry with each other. Owen Lattimore reported that during his January 1930 visit to Manchuria, he studied

4944-551: The Japanese along with Manchuria until the Mukden Incident of 1931. The area is home to many ethnic groups, including the Manchus , Mongols , Koreans , Nanai , Nivkhs , and Ulchs . Many of the early ancient Koreanic kingdoms were established in the area. It is the ancestral homeland to the Tungusic-speaking Jurchens and their descendants, the Manchus. Manchuria is now most often associated with

5047-648: The Jilinhada Mountains, Zhang Guangcai Mountains, and Longgang Mountains. Jilin is drained by the Yalu and Tumen rivers in the extreme southeast (which together form parts of the border between the People's Republic of China and North Korea ), by tributaries of the Liao River in the southwest, and by the Songhua and Nen rivers in the north, both eventually flowing into the Amur . Jilin has

5150-584: The Manchus and Mongols. Elliot notes that one scholar considered the use of "Manchuria" as not only inaccurate but giving approval to Japanese colonialism. During the Ming dynasty the area in which the Jurchens lived was referred to as Nurgan . During the Qing dynasty, the region was known as the "three eastern provinces" ( 東三省 ; 东三省 ; Dōngsānshěng ; Manchu   ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ ᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᡤᠣᠯᠣ , Dergi Ilan Golo ), which referred to Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Fengtian since 1683 when Jilin and Heilongjiang were separated. However, Jilin and Heilongjiang did not receive

5253-481: The Qing in official documents, international treaties, and foreign affairs. In diplomatic documents, the term "Chinese language" ( Dulimbai gurun i bithe ) referred to the Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol languages, and the term "Chinese people" (中國人 Zhongguo ren; Manchu: Dulimbai gurun i niyalma) referred to all Han, Manchus, and Mongol subjects of the Qing. The Qing explicitly stated that the lands in Manchuria belonged to "China" (Zhongguo, Dulimbai gurun) in Qing edicts and in

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5356-638: The Russians the first time Khabarov came. The second time he came, the Daurs decided to do battle against the Russians instead, but were slaughtered by Russian guns. The Russians came to be known as "red-beards". The Amur natives called Russian Cossacks luocha (羅剎), after demons in Buddhist mythology, because of their cruelty towards the Amur tribespeople, who were subjects of the Qing. The Qing viewed Russian proselytization of Eastern Orthodox Christianity to

5459-400: The area of the Kwantung Leased Territory on the Liaodong Peninsula . It is not to be confused with the southern province of Guangdong . The term "Manchuria" is deprecated among people of the People's Republic of China (PRC) due to its association with Japanese imperialism , the puppet state of Manchukuo of the Empire of Japan , and Manchurian nationalism . Official state documents use

5562-406: The area. The drainage basin of the Amur River apart to the east towards Mongolia roughly corresponds to the geographical area of the historic land of the Manchu people. The northern boundary was marked by mountains. The geographical term "Manchuria" was first used in the 18th or 19th century by the Japanese . "Manchuria" – variations of which arrived in European languages through Dutch –

5665-545: The central government to undertake a campaign called " Revitalize the Northeast ". The region contains large deposits of oil shale . The name "Jilin" originates from girin ula , a Manchu phrase meaning "along the river", shortened to Kirin in English. This Manchu term was transcribed into jilin wula ( t   吉林烏拉 , s   吉林乌拉 ) in Chinese characters and shortened the first two characters, which are transcribed in English as Chi-lin ( Wade-Giles ) and later "Jilin" ( Hanyu Pinyin ). In ancient times, Jilin

5768-567: The central part of northeastern China, bordering Russia and North Korea in the east and southeast respectively. Jilin has an area of 190,000 km (73,000 sq mi) and a population of 24 million. Its capital is Changchun , which lies 113 km (70 mi) west of Jilin City . Jilin is rich in natural mineral deposits with 136 types of minerals, of which 70 have been extracted. Jilin has an abundance of Traditional Chinese medicine resources, with approximately 27,000 kinds of wild plants and 9,000 kinds of medicinal herbs. The province

5871-508: The cities from 96 minutes to 30. The railway network in Jilin can be divided into two directions in the northwest–southeast and southwest–northeast. The main trunk line Beijing-Harbin railway runs through the north and south of Jilin. From Jilin Province, it can go directly to Harbin, Shenyang, Dalian, Beijing, Tianjin, Xi'an, Shijiazhuang, Wuhan, Jinan, and so on. By the end of 2015, the railway business mileage of Jilin province reached 4,877.4 km (3,030.7 mi). The main commercial airport

5974-403: The control of the First Turkic Khaganate of 552–603 and of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate of 581–630. Early Manchuria had a mixed economy of hunting, fishing, livestock, and agriculture. With the Song dynasty (960–1269) to the south, the Khitan people of Inner Mongolia created the Liao dynasty (916–1125) and conquered Outer Mongolia and Manchuria, going on to control the adjacent part of

6077-419: The day. Changchun High-Tech Industrial Development Area is connected by four roads and one light-rail line to the downtown area. The nearest train station, Changchun Station, is twenty minutes away by light rail. In 2002, Changchun HDA became the first area in Northeast China to qualify for the environmental certification of ISO14001. Its landscaping ratio reaches 38%. Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone

6180-514: The deaths of over 25 million people. The Qing dynasty built the Willow Palisade – a system of ditches and embankments – during the later 17th century to restrict the movement of Han civilians into Jilin and Heilongjiang. Only bannermen , including Han bannermen, were allowed to settle in Jilin and Heilongjiang . After conquering the Ming, the Qing often identified their state as "China" (中國, Zhongguo ; "Middle Kingdom"), and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun ("Middle Kingdom") in Manchu. In

6283-424: The deposed Qing emperor Puyi as puppet emperor of Manchukuo . Under Japanese control, Manchuria was brutally run, with a systematic campaign of terror and intimidation against the local populations including arrests, organised riots and other forms of subjugation. Manchukuo was used by Japan as a base to invade the rest of China. At that time, hundreds of thousands of Japanese settlers arrived in Manchuria . At

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6386-544: The eastern Inner Mongolian prefectures of Hulunbuir , Hinggan , Tongliao , and Chifeng , collectively known as Northeast China; in a broader sense, the area of historical Manchuria includes the aforementioned regions plus the Amur river basin, parts of which were ceded to the Russian Empire by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty during the Amur Annexation of 1858–1860. The parts of Manchuria ceded to Russia are collectively known as Outer Manchuria or Russian Manchuria, which include present-day Amur Oblast , Primorsky Krai ,

6489-512: The eighteenth century Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares of privately owned land in Manchuria and 203,583 hectares of lands which were part of courier stations, noble estates, and Banner lands; in garrisons and towns in Manchuria Han Chinese made up 80% of the population. The Qing resettled Han Chinese farmers from north China to the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation. Han Chinese squatters reclaimed wasteland, and other Han rented land from Manchu landlords. By

6592-481: The end of the year 2017, the total population is 27.17 million. [1] The politics of Jilin is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Jilin is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jilin. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jilin Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed

6695-422: The first three decades of the 20th century, implying that these regions were extensions of each other. Tamanoi notes that the name "Manchuria" cannot be found on Chinese maps and acknowledged that she "should use the term in quotation marks" even though she did not. Historian Bill Sewell denies that Manchuria is "a genuine geographic term", claiming the Japanese never viewed Manchuria as a discrete entity and it

6798-492: The full function of provinces until 1907. The Japanese also used the name "Three Eastern Provinces" ( Tōsanshō ) during the 1920s and 1930s along with Manshū . However, after the Manchurian Incident of 1931, Tōsanshō was completely replaced by Manshū in Japanese usage while the Three Provinces and Northeast became the orthodox name for the same region in Chinese usage. Manchuria has been referred to as Guandong ( 關東 ; 关东 ; Guāndōng ), which literally means "east of

6901-484: The huge Pacific Ocean causes complete monsoonal wind reversal. In summer, when the land heats faster than the ocean, low-pressure forms over Asia and warm, moist south to southeasterly winds bring heavy, thundery rain, yielding annual rainfall ranging from 400 mm (16 in), or less in the west, to over 1,150 mm (45 in) in the Changbai Mountains . Temperatures in summer are very warm to hot, with July average maxima ranging from 31 °C (88 °F) in

7004-438: The indigenous peoples along the Amur River as a threat. In 1858 Russian diplomacy forced a weakening Qing dynasty to cede Manchuria north of the Amur to Russia under the Treaty of Aigun . In 1860, with the Treaty of Peking , the Russians managed to obtain a further large slice of Manchuria, east of the Ussuri River . As a result, Manchuria became divided into a Russian half (known as Outer Manchuria or Russian Manchuria), and

7107-429: The late 18th century, Manchus in Beijing were sent to Manchuria as part of a plan to reduce the burden on the court, but they tried to return by every means possible. With the exception of 20,000 to 30,000 soldiers and their families and a military colony established in the 1850s, Manchuria was devoid of Manchus. By 1900, 15 million of Manchuria's 17 million inhabitants were Han Chinese. The Russian conquest of Siberia

7210-407: The late 1920s, he found "no single Chinese name for Manchuria as a unit". Historical geographer Philippe Forêt concurred, noting that there is no word for Manchuria in either Chinese or Manchu languages. Another perspective delineated by scholars such as Mark C. Elliott and Li Narangoa argues that Manchu consciousness of their homeland as a unique place contributed to the creation of Manchuria as

7313-436: The majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800. To increase the Imperial Treasury's revenue, the Qing sold formerly Manchu-only lands along the Sungari to Han Chinese at the beginning of the Daoguang Emperor 's 1820–1850 reign, and Han Chinese filled up most of Manchuria's towns by the 1840s, according to Abbé Huc . The demographic change was not caused solely by Han migration. Manchus also refused to stay in Manchuria. In

7416-426: The more mountainous parts where they have poorly developed orthents , as well as in the extreme north where permafrost occurs and orthels dominate. The climate of Manchuria has extreme seasonal contrasts, ranging from humid, almost tropical heat in summer to windy, dry, Arctic cold in winter. This pattern occurs because the position of Manchuria on the boundary between the great Eurasian continental landmass and

7519-410: The name remained in common use among the Chinese Communist Party into the 1930s. Names for the region were relatively fluid before the Mukden Incident of 1931, after which alternative names in Japanese were discarded for Manshū , and Dongbei (Northeast) and Dongsansheng (Three Eastern Provinces) became the orthodox names for the Chinese. According to Mark Gamsa, Manzhou was not widely used among

7622-511: The pass", and similarly Guanwai ( 關外 ; 关外 ; Guānwài ; 'outside the pass'), a reference to Shanhai Pass in Qinhuangdao in today's Hebei , at the eastern end of the Great Wall of China . This usage is seen in the expression Chuǎng Guāndōng (literally "Rushing into Guandong") referring to the mass migration of Han Chinese to Manchuria in the 19th and 20th centuries. The name Guandong later came to be used more narrowly for

7725-615: The population, owing to its proximity to the Korean Peninsula . The majority of the province speaks Mandarin . Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service. Jilin is part of Northeast China and shares many similarities in culture to neighbouring regions, such as Errenzhuan and Yangge . Among its music , Jiju, or Jilin Opera , is a form of traditional entertainment that Jilin has innovated over its short migrant history. The ethnic Koreans of Jilin have

7828-598: The puppet state of Manchukuo was founded covering not only the northeastern three provinces but also parts of eastern Inner Mongolia. In 1933, the Bureau of Information and the Publicity Department of Foreign Affairs of the Manchukuo Government published a Handbook of Information of Manchukuo stating that Manchuria did not belong to China, had its own history and traditions, and was the home of

7931-405: The region by rejecting the name "Manchuria". Japanese colonists who returned to Japan from Manchukuo in the post-war period used terms such as Manshu (Manchuria), Man-mō (Manchuria-Mongolia), and Mō-man (Mongolia-Manchuria) almost interchangeably. Hyphenated terms such as Man-sēn (Manchuria and Korea) and Man-mō (Manchuria-Mongolia) emerged in Japanese media and traveler writings during

8034-518: The region. In 1932, the area was incorporated into Manchukuo , a puppet state set up by Japan . Changchun (then called Xinjing), capital of Jilin today, was made the capital of Manchukuo. After the defeat of Japan in 1945, the Red Army captured Jilin after Operation August Storm . The region, with the rest of northeastern China, was ceded to the Communists by the Soviet Union . Manchuria

8137-605: The risk of attacking the United States and the British Empire in 1941. There was a major epidemic known as the Manchurian plague in 1910–1911, likely caused by the inexperienced hunting of marmots , many of whom are diseased. The cheap railway transport and the harsh winters, where the hunters sheltered in close confinement, helped to propagate the disease. The response required close coordination between

8240-438: The south to 24 °C (75 °F) in the extreme north. In winter, however, the vast Siberian High causes very cold, north-to-northwesterly winds that bring temperatures as low as −5 °C (23 °F) in the extreme south and −30 °C (−22 °F) in the north where the zone of discontinuous permafrost reaches northern Heilongjiang . However, because the winds from Siberia are exceedingly dry, snow falls only on

8343-541: The southern parts of Amur Oblast and Khabarovskiy Kray , and a corner of Zabaykalʼskiy Kray . These districts were acknowledged as Qing territory by the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk but ceded to the Russian Empire due to the Amur Annexation in the unequal 1858 Treaty of Aigun and 1860 Convention of Beijing (the People's Republic of China indirectly questioned the legitimacy of these treaties in

8446-430: The term Manchuria is imperialistic in nature and has no "precise meaning" since the Japanese deliberately promoted the use of "Manchuria" as a geographic name to promote its separation from China at the time they were setting up their puppet state of Manchukuo. In the 1920s, Japanese media still presented Manchuria as part of China, albeit as a distinct region, and sometimes called it the "Garden of China". However, in 1932,

8549-616: The term Northeast Region (东北; Dōngběi) to describe the region. Northeast China is predominantly occupied by Han Chinese due to internal Chinese migrations and Sinicization of the Manchus , especially during the Qing dynasty . It is considered the original homeland of several historical groups besides the Manchus, including the Yemaek the Xianbei , the Shiwei , and the Khitans . The area

8652-515: The three Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang , Jilin , and Liaoning . The former Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo further included the prefectures of Chengde (now in Hebei ), and Hulunbuir , Hinggan , Tongliao , and Chifeng (now in Inner Mongolia ). The region of the Qing dynasty referenced as Manchuria originally further included Primorskiy Kray , the Jewish Autonomous Oblast ,

8755-535: The toponym is still used, some scholars treat the term with caution or avoid it altogether due to its association with Japanese colonialism . The term is deprecated in China due to its association with Japanese imperialism and ethnic connotations. As a result, areas once considered part of Manchuria are simply referred to as the Northeast . The Three Provinces and the Northeast were also in concurrent use among

8858-506: The wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917 , but Outer Manchuria had reverted to Soviet control by 1925. Manchuria was an important region due to its rich natural resources including coal, fertile soil, and various minerals. For pre–World War II Japan , Manchuria was an essential source of raw materials. Without occupying Manchuria, the Japanese probably could not have carried out their plan for conquest over Southeast Asia or taken

8961-650: Was administered as Liaoyang province . In 1375 Naghachu , a Mongol official of the Mongolia-based Northern Yuan dynasty of 1368–1635 in Liaoyang province invaded Liaodong, but later surrendered to the Ming dynasty in 1387. In order to protect the northern border areas, the Ming dynasty decided to "pacify" the Jurchens in order to deal with its problems with Yuan remnants along its northern border. The Ming solidified control over Manchuria under

9064-601: Was glaciated during the Quaternary , but the surface geology of most of the lower-lying and more fertile parts of Manchuria consists of very deep layers of loess , which have been formed by the wind-borne movement of dust and till particles formed in glaciated parts of the Himalayas , Kunlun Shan and Tien Shan , as well as the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts. Soils are mostly fertile mollisols and fluvents except in

9167-484: Was Europeans who first started using the name Manchuria to refer to the location. Others such as Forêt described Manchuria as a solely geographical term without indicating a political connection and used it in that capacity despite acknowledging its imperialistic overtones. The historian Gavan McCormack agreed with Robert H. G. Lee's statement that "The term Manchuria or Man-chou is a modern creation used mainly by westerners and Japanese", with McCormack writing that

9270-654: Was an independent continent before the Triassic period and is known to have been the northernmost piece of land in the world during the Carboniferous . The Khingan Mountains in the west are a Jurassic mountain range formed by the collision of the North China Craton with the Siberian Craton , which marked the final stage of the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea . No part of Manchuria

9373-597: Was approved to be national-level border economic cooperation zone in 1992, with a planning area of 24 km (9.3 sq mi). In 2002 and 2001, the Hunchun Export Processing Zone and Hunchun Sino-Russia Trade Zone were set up in it. It has a strategic location at the junction of the borders of China, Russia and Korea. It focuses on the development of sea food processing, electronic product manufacture, bio-pharmaceuticals, textile industry and other industries. The Hunchun Export Processing Zone

9476-408: Was expanded again to include a part of Inner Mongolia , giving it a border with the independent state of Mongolia , though this was later reversed. In recent times Jilin has, with the rest of heavy industry -based Northeast China , been facing economic difficulties with privatization . This prompted the central government to undertake a campaign called " Revitalize the Northeast ". Jilin lies in

9579-594: Was founded in May 1998 and is in the northeast of Jilin city. The zone has a total planned area of 28 km (11 sq mi). It is 90 km (56 mi) from Changchun, 5 km (3.1 mi) from Jilin Airport, and 8 km (5.0 mi)from Jilin Railway Station. Major industries include refined chemicals, bioengineering, fine processing of chemical fiber, and farm products. It is divided into four parts:

9682-607: Was historically referred to by various names in the Qing dynasty such as Guandong (East of the Pass ) or the Three Provinces referring to Fengtian , Heilongjiang , and Jilin . Manchuria as a geographical term was first used in the 18th or 19th centuries by the Japanese before spreading to Europe . The term was promoted by the Japanese Empire in support for the existence of its puppet state, Manchukuo . Although

9785-742: Was inhabited by the Xianbei , Sushen , the Mohe , Jurchens , and the Wùjí ( 勿吉 ). The kingdoms of Buyeo and Goguryeo ruled parts of this area. The region then fell successively under the domination of the Xiongnu , Xianbei state , Goguryeo , Balhae , Khitan Liao Dynasty , the Jurchen Jin Dynasty , and the Mongol Yuan dynasty . During the Qing Dynasty , much of the area

9888-439: Was met with indigenous resistance to colonization, but Russian Cossacks crushed the natives. The conquest of Siberia and Manchuria also resulted in the spread of infectious diseases . Historian John F. Richards wrote: "... New diseases weakened and demoralized the indigenous peoples of Siberia. The worst of these was smallpox "because of its swift spread, the high death rates, and the permanent disfigurement of survivors." ... In

9991-518: Was not the name of a region. In fact, neither Manchus nor Han Chinese have ever called China's Northeast 'Manzhou'." Even advocates of an independent Manchuria such as Inaba Iwakichi acknowledged this. In 1912, British diplomat and sinologist Herbert Giles stated in China and the Manchus that "'Manchuria' is unknown to the Chinese or to the Manchus themselves as a geographical expression". According to Owen Latimore, during his travels in China during

10094-495: Was shared among ordinary Manchus, and there is evidence that part of that effort was to combat widespread acculturation among Manchus, resulting in the loss of their language. As part of this effort, Jesuits were commissioned to create maps that enhanced Manchu conceptualization of their homeland, which Elliot believes to have been the original impetus to label the region as Manchuria in European and Japanese maps. In 1877, Manzhou

10197-703: Was the first to use the term Manshū as a toponym in 1809 in the Nippon Henkai Ryakuzu , and it was from that work that Westerners adopted the name. By the 1830s, various Indo-European forms of Manshū could be found. However, according to Li Narangoa, the term was introduced to Japan in the 18th century through European maps following Jesuit conventions. Manshū then increasingly appeared on maps by Japanese cartographers such as Kondi Jūzō, Takahashi Kageyasu, Baba Sadayoshi, and Yamada Ren. Their maps were brought to Europe by Philipp Franz von Siebold . According to Japanese scholar Nakami Tatsuo, Siebold

10300-476: Was the one who brought the usage of the term Manchuria to Europeans after borrowing it from the Japanese, who were the first to use it in a geographic manner in the 18th century. The history of the use of "Manchuria" as a toponym in China is uncertain. According to one stream of thought, it was not used by the Manchus or the Chinese. The name Manchu was given to the Jurchen people by Hong Taiji in 1635 as

10403-484: Was the staging ground from which the communists eventually conquered the rest of China in the Chinese Civil War . In 1949, Jilin province was smaller, encompassing only the environs of Changchun and Jilin City , and the capital was at Jilin City, while Changchun was a municipality independent from the province. In the 1950s, Jilin was expanded to its present borders. During the Cultural Revolution , Jilin

10506-480: Was under the control of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose area of control extended to encompass much of what is Russia 's Primorsky Krai today. After the Primorsky Krai area was ceded to Russia in 1860, the government began to open the area up to Han Chinese migrants, most of whom came from Shandong . By the beginning of the 20th century, Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group of

10609-432: Was used as a toponym in an essay by Gong Chai, a scholar from Ningbo . The description of Manzhou located it to the northeast of Beijing and identified it as the birthplace of the dynasty. Manzhou was used as a place name again 20 years later by Qing officials. Manzhou began to appear on Chinese maps in the first decade of the 1900s. Maps that used Manzhou were in the minority during the early Republican period but

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