106-865: The Manila Metropolitan Theater ( Filipino : Tanghalang Metropolitan ), also known as the Metropolitan Theater , abbreviated as the MET , is a historic Philippine Art Deco building located in Plaza Lawton in Ermita , Manila. It is recognized as the forefront of the Art Deco architectural style in the Philippines. Designed by architect Juan M. Arellano , the Metropolitan Theater was inaugurated on December 10, 1931. The theater
212-556: A "Modernizing the Language Approach Movement" (MOLAM). Lacuesta hosted a number of "anti-purist" conferences and promoted a "Manila Lingua Franca" which would be more inclusive of loanwords of both foreign and local languages. Lacuesta managed to get nine congressmen to propose a bill aiming to abolish the SWP with an Akademia ng Wikang Filipino , to replace the balarila with a Gramatica ng Wikang Filipino , to replace
318-402: A United States analysis released years after the war, US casualties were 10,380 dead and 36,550 wounded; Japanese dead were 255,795. Filipino deaths during the occupations, on the other hand, are estimated to be more be around 527,000 (27,000 military dead, 141,000 massacred, 22,500 forced labor deaths and 336,500 deaths due war related famine). The Philippine population decreased continuously for
424-517: A common Malayo-Polynesian language due to the Austronesian migration from Taiwan. The common Malayo-Polynesian language split into different languages, and usually through the Malay language, the lingua franca of maritime Southeast Asia, these were able to adopt terms that ultimately originate from other languages such as Japanese , Hokkien , Sanskrit , Tamil , and Arabic . The Malay language
530-585: A common national language, termed Filipino , to replace Pilipino. Neither the original nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino; Instead, tasking the National Assembly to: take steps toward the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino. In 1987, a new constitution designated Filipino as the national language and, along with English, as an official language. That constitution included several provisions related to
636-540: A force of 700 vessels and 174,000 men. The initial Leyte landing was followed by landings on Mindoro, Luzon and Mindanao. During the campaign, the Imperial Japanese Army conducted a suicidal defense of the islands. Cities such as Manila were reduced to rubble. Around 500,000 Filipinos died during the occupation. Japan launched an attack on the Philippines on 8 December 1941, just ten hours after their attack on Pearl Harbor . Initial aerial bombardment
742-477: A last-ditch resistance. The Philippine Commonwealth troops and the recognized guerrilla fighter units rose up everywhere for the final offensive. Filipino guerrillas also played a large role during the liberation. One guerrilla unit came to substitute for a regularly constituted American division, and other guerrilla forces of battalion and regimental size supplemented the efforts of the US Army units. Moreover,
848-627: A resolution on November 9, 1937 recommending Tagalog to be basis of the national language. On December 30, President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 134, s. 1937, approving the adoption of Tagalog as the language of the Philippines, and proclaimed the national language of the Philippines so based on the Tagalog language. Quezon himself was born and raised in Baler, Aurora , which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. The order stated that it would take effect two years from its promulgation. On December 31 of
954-483: A return to the Philippines. Quezon's political rival, former president Aguinaldo , sided with the Japanese invaders as a collaborator. In exchange, Japan initially was going to appoint Aguinaldo as President of a Japanese puppet-state in the Philippines, but later gave him the position of National Distribution Corporation head, placing him in charge of rationing prime commodities for the Japanese war effort. Most of
1060-636: A soft opening in June 2021, with its official reopening postponed several times due to the COVID-19 pandemic . On June 29, 2024, an orchestral event "OST Symphony: K-drama in Concert" was held in the Metropolitan Theater. The Metropolitan Theater was designed by Filipino architect Juan M. Arellano in the Art Deco style. Arellano was inspired by the phrase "On Wings of Song" for the structural configuration of
1166-429: A week and was known as Linggo ng Wika (Language Week). The celebration coincides with the month of birth of President Manuel L. Quezon, regarded as the "Ama ng Wikang Pambansa" (Father of the national language). In 1946, Proclamation No. 35 of March 26 provided for a week-long celebration of the national language. this celebration would last from March 27 until April 2 each year, the last day coinciding with birthday of
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#17327796952731272-801: Is a translation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Usually, the diacritics are not written, and the syntax and grammar are based on that of Tagalog . the General Assembly proclaims this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among
1378-600: Is argued that current state of the Filipino language is contrary to the intention of Republic Act (RA) No. 7104 that requires that the national language be developed and enriched by the lexicon of the country's other languages. It is further argued that, while the official view (shared by the government, the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino , and a number of educators) is that Filipino and Tagalog are considered separate languages, in practical terms, Filipino may be considered
1484-401: Is frequently used. While the word Tagalista literally means "one who specializes in Tagalog language or culture" or a "Tagalog specialist", in the context of the debates on the national language and " Imperial Manila ", the word Tagalista is used as a reference to "people who promote or would promote the primacy of Tagalog at the expense of [the] other [Philippine] indigenous tongues". This
1590-485: Is that speech variety spoken in Metro Manila and other urban centers where different ethnic groups meet. It is the most prestigious variety of Tagalog and the language used by the national mass media. The other yardstick for distinguishing a language from a dialect is: different grammar, different language. "Filipino", "Pilipino" and "Tagalog" share identical grammar. They have the same determiners (ang, ng and sa);
1696-414: Is the indigenous written and spoken language of Metro Manila and other urban centers in the Philippines used as the language of communication of ethnic groups . However, as with the 1973 and 1987 Constitutions, 92-1 went neither so far as to categorically identify, nor so far as to dis-identify this language as Tagalog. Definite, absolute, and unambiguous interpretation of 92–1 is the prerogative of
1802-650: The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino Language, or KWF), superseding the Institute of Philippine Languages. The KWF reports directly to the President and was tasked to undertake, coordinate and promote researches for the development, propagation and preservation of Filipino and other Philippine languages. On May 13, 1992, the commission issued Resolution 92-1, specifying that Filipino
1908-479: The American colonial period , English became an additional official language of the Philippines alongside Spanish; however, the number of speakers of Spanish steadily decreased. The United States initiated policies that led to the gradual removal of Spanish from official use in the Philippines. This was not done through an outright ban, but rather through a strategic shift in language policy that promoted English as
2014-697: The Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ (English: Grammar of the National Language ) of grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced the 20-letter Abakada alphabet which became the standard of the national language. The alphabet was officially adopted by the Institute for the Tagalog-Based National Language. In 1959, the language became known as Pilipino in an effort to disassociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group . The changing of
2120-955: The Japanese Occupation in the Second World War , the Metropolitan Theater was still active. It became the home of the New Philippines Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Francisco Santiago , which held its inaugural concert in July 1942. Alongside concerts and film screenings, the Met was the stage for the performances of the Dramatic Philippines theater group founded by Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo and Narciso Pimentel, Jr. from 1943 to 1944. They performed Rodrigo's translations and adaptations of Western plays . The Japanese authorities utilized
2226-547: The Mariano Marcos State University in Batac, Ilocos Norte, that Filipino was simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with as yet no grammatical element or lexicon coming from Ilokano , Cebuano , Hiligaynon , or any of the other Philippine languages . He said further that this is contrary to the intention of Republic Act No. 7104, which requires that the national language be developed and enriched by
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#17327796952732332-713: The Supreme Court in the absence of directives from the KWF, otherwise the sole legal arbiter of the Filipino language. Filipino was presented and registered with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), by Ateneo de Manila University student Martin Gomez, and was added to the ISO registry of languages on September 21, 2004, with it receiving the ISO 639-2 code fil . On August 22, 2007, it
2438-519: The trigger system of morphosyntactic alignment that is also common among Austronesian languages. It has head-initial directionality. It is an agglutinative language but can also display inflection . It is not a tonal language and can be considered a pitch-accent language and a syllable-timed language. It has nine basic parts of speech . The Philippines is a multilingual state with 175 living languages originating and spoken by various ethno-linguistic groups. Many of these languages descend from
2544-541: The 1978 restoration under Imelda Marcos , were removed. The first phase of the restoration focused on the Main Theater and was completed by March 2020. The second phase focused on the exteriors, while the third and final phase focused on fixing the office spaces and the Grand Ballroom. On December 10, 2021, the Metropolitan Theater celebrated its 90th anniversary with its formal re-opening. Previously, it had
2650-547: The 1996 foreclosure, the original murals are in the GSIS Museum and so reproductions were made for the NCCA-led restoration. The foyer's grillwork features a drooping floral balustrade in a geometric Art Deco style, originally crafted by Arcadio Arellano , the brother and collaborator of the Met's architect, Juan M. Arellano. In 2020, during its renovation, the capacity of the Main Theater was reduced from 1,600 to 990, and
2756-466: The 20-letter Abakada with a 32-letter alphabet, and to prohibit the creation of neologisms and the respelling of loanwords. This movement quietened down following the death of Lacuesta. The national language issue was revived once more during the 1971 Constitutional Convention . While there was a sizable number of delegates in favor of retaining the Tagalog-based national language, majority of
2862-467: The 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the " Bataan Death March " to Camp O'Donnell prison camp in Capas, Tarlac 105 kilometers to the north of Mariveles Bataan. Thousands of men, weakened by disease and malnutrition and treated harshly by their captors, died before reaching their destination. More men died from Japanese mistreatment in the first four months in
2968-700: The American and Filipino officers refused to surrender, since they reasoned that Wainwright, now a prisoner who could be considered under duress, had no authority to issue orders to Sharp. For several reasons it was unknown how many did not surrender, although probably around 100 to 200 Americans ended up with Fertig's guerrillas. The names of new Filipino recruits were purposefully left off the lists of men to be surrendered. In other cases, documents were fabricated to report fewer men than were actually under Sharp. Other troops died for various reasons after getting away and others left Mindanao entirely. One resistance group in
3074-725: The Arts (NCCA), which, according to the National Cultural Heritage Act , held the right of first refusal on the sale of national cultural treasures. On June 30, 2015, the GSIS turned over ownership of the Met to the NCCA. Soon after, in December 2015, the NCCA launched the "METamorphasis" project through which students interacted with the theater through bi-weekly cleanup drives. It also included music programs and tours of
3180-593: The Central Luzon area was known as the Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon), or the People's Anti-Japanese Army, organized in early 1942 under the leadership of Luis Taruc , a communist party member since 1939. The Huks armed some 30,000 people and extended their control over portions of Luzon . However, guerrilla activities on Luzon were hampered due to the heavy Japanese presence and infighting between
3286-523: The Filipino language. Article XIV, Section 6, omits any mention of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino, and states that: as Filipino evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. And also states in the article: Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain
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3392-422: The Filipino writer Francisco Baltazar , author of the Tagalog epic Florante at Laura . In 1954, Proclamation No. 12 of March 26 provided that the week of celebration would be from March 29 to April 4 every year. This proclamation was amended the following year by President Ramon Magsaysay by Proclamation No. 186 of September 23, moving the dates of celebration to August 13–19, every year. Now coinciding with
3498-500: The Institute of National Language (later the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ or SWP) and tasking it with making a study and survey of each existing native language, hoping to choose which was to be the base for a standardized national language. Later, President Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form the NLI. Led by Jaime C. De Veyra , who sat as
3604-538: The Japanese on 2 January 1942. The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of US-Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula on April 10, 1942, and on Corregidor on May 6, 1942. Quezon and Osmeña had accompanied the troops to Corregidor and later left for the United States, where they set up a government-in-exile . MacArthur was ordered to Australia, where he started to plan for
3710-630: The Japanese-organized KALIBAPI . During the occupation, most Filipinos remained loyal to the United States, and war crimes committed by forces of the Japanese Empire against surrendered Allied forces and civilians were documented. Throughout the Philippines more than a thousand Filipinos, composed of mothers, girls, and gay men, some as young as 10, were imprisoned, forcibly taken as "comfort women", and kept in sexual slavery for Japanese military personnel during
3816-414: The Japanese. Others were combined units of Americans, military and civilian, who had never surrendered or had escaped after surrendering, and Filipinos, Christians and Moros , who had initially formed their own small units. Colonel Wendell Fertig organized such a group on Mindanao that not only effectively resisted the Japanese, but formed a complete government that often operated in the open throughout
3922-718: The Met was recognized as a National Cultural Treasure under the National Cultural Heritage Act . In May 2015, the Department of Budget and Management released ₱270 million from the National Endowment Fund for Culture and the Arts to fund the purchase of the Metropolitan Theater from its owner, the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS). The DBM released the funds to the National Commission for Culture and
4028-462: The Metropolitan Theater for various cultural and political activities during their occupation. On October 17 and 20, 1943, two Independence Symphony Concerts were held at the Met to celebrate Japan's declaration of the Philippines as an independent republic under President Jose P. Laurel . The KALIBAPI political party also used the building as a meeting center. During the Battle of Manila in 1945,
4134-611: The Metropolitan Theater marked his departure towards more modern designs. The cornerstone was laid in February 1928, with construction by Pedro Siochi & Co. as contractors. The Metropolitan Theater was inaugurated on December 10, 1931. In attendance were Mayor Earnshaw, Senate President Manuel L. Quezon , Interim American Governor George C. Butte , Speaker of the House Sergio Osmeña , and other prominent government leaders, businessmen, and society figures. During
4240-517: The Metropolitan Theater was bombed by American liberation forces. Although the Met lost its roof, the walls of the structure stood. In the subsequent post-war years, the shell of the Met was used for a variety of commercial establishments and as a home for informal settlers. During the Marcos administration , First Lady Imelda Marcos initiated the public restoration of the Metropolitan Theater, along with other historical buildings. In 1978, ₱30 million
4346-767: The Metropolitan Theater was declared a National Historical Landmark by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP). In 2010, the National Museum recognized the Met as a National Cultural Treasure . In 1924, during the American Colonial period , the Philippine Legislature approved the project proposal of Senator Juan B. Alegre to build a "people's theater" in the Mehan Garden . There
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4452-574: The Metropolitan Theater would "emerge as the shining monument to the cultural enlightenment of the New Filipino." The Met re-opened with a production of Rosauro de la Cruz's "Isang Munting Alamat" produced by the Kabataang Barangay , then-chaired by President Marcos's daughter Imee . From 1979 to 1986, the Metropolitan Theater staged five to six shows yearly. Due to the lack of sponsorships, Executive Director Conchita Sunico rented out
4558-510: The Philippine elite, with a few notable exceptions, served under the Japanese. The puppet republic was headed by President José P. Laurel . Philippine collaboration in the puppet government began under Jorge B. Vargas , who was originally appointed by Quezon as the mayor of the City of Greater Manila before Quezon departed Manila. The only political party allowed during the occupation was
4664-540: The Philippine islands started in 1565 with the fall of Cebu. The eventual capital established by Spain for its settlement in the Philippines was Manila , situated in a Tagalog-speaking region, after the capture of Manila from the Muslim Kingdom of Luzon ruled by Raja Matanda with the heir apparent Raja Sulayman and the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom of Tondo ruled by Lakan Dula . After its fall to
4770-678: The Philippines Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts The Japanese occupation of the Philippines ( Filipino : Pananakop ng mga Hapones sa Pilipinas ; Japanese : 日本のフィリピン占領 , romanized : Nihon no Firipin Senryō ) occurred between 1941 and 1944, when the Japanese Empire occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II . The invasion of
4876-480: The Philippines provided that: The National Assembly shall take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages. On November 13, 1936, the first National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved Commonwealth Act No. 184; creating
4982-683: The Philippines started on 8 December 1941, ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor . As at Pearl Harbor, American aircraft were severely damaged in the initial Japanese attack. Lacking air cover, the American Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines withdrew to Java on 12 December 1941. General Douglas MacArthur was ordered out, leaving his men at Corregidor on the night of 11 March 1942 for Australia, 4,000 km away. The 76,000 starving and sick American and Filipino defenders in Bataan surrendered on 9 April 1942, and were forced to endure
5088-425: The Philippines their final line of defense, and to stop the American advance towards Japan. They sent every available soldier, airplane and naval vessel to the defense of the Philippines. The kamikaze corps was created specifically to defend the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. The Battle of Leyte Gulf ended in disaster for the Japanese and was the biggest naval battle of World War II. The campaign to liberate
5194-589: The Philippines was opposed by active and successful underground and guerrilla activity that increased over the years and eventually covered a large portion of the country. Opposing these guerrillas were a Japanese-formed Bureau of Constabulary (later taking the name of the old Constabulary during the Second Republic ), Kempeitai , and the Makapili . Postwar investigations showed that about 260,000 people were in guerrilla organizations and that members of
5300-471: The Philippines was the bloodiest campaign of the Pacific War. Intelligence information gathered by the guerrillas averted a disaster—they revealed the plans of Japanese General Yamashita to trap MacArthur's army, and they led the liberating soldiers to the Japanese fortifications. MacArthur's Allied forces landed on the island of Leyte on 20 October 1944, accompanied by Osmeña , who had succeeded to
5406-477: The Spaniards, Manila was made the capital of the Spanish settlement in Asia due to the city's commercial wealth and influence, its strategic location, and Spanish fears of raids from the Portuguese and the Dutch. The first dictionary of Tagalog, published as the Vocabulario de la lengua tagala , was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, and published in 1613 by the "Father of Filipino Printing" Tomás Pinpin in Pila , Laguna . A latter book of
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#17327796952735512-420: The United States, partly because of the American guarantee of independence, because of the Japanese mistreatment of Filipinos after the surrender, and because the Japanese had pressed large numbers of Filipinos into work details and put young Filipino women into brothels . General MacArthur kept his promise to return to the Philippines on 20 October 1944. The landings on the island of Leyte were accompanied by
5618-441: The anomalous additions from the 1978 restoration. Filipino language Filipino ( English: / ˌ f ɪ l ɪ ˈ p iː n oʊ / , FIH-lih-PEE-noh ; Wikang Filipino , [ˈwi.kɐŋ fi.liˈpi.no̞] ) is a language under the Austronesian language family . It is the national language ( Wikang pambansa / Pambansang wika ) of the Philippines , lingua franca (Karaniwang wika), and one of
5724-458: The anti-Japanese underground were even more numerous. Such was their effectiveness that by the end of the war, Japan controlled only twelve of the forty-eight provinces. The Philippine guerrilla movement continued to grow, in spite of Japanese campaigns against them. Throughout Luzon and the southern islands, Filipinos joined various groups and vowed to fight the Japanese. The commanders of these groups made contact with one another, argued about who
5830-476: The birthday of President Manuel L. Quezon. The reason for the move being given that the original celebration was a period "outside of the school year, thereby precluding the participation of schools in its celebration". In 1988, President Corazon Aquino signed Proclamation No. 19, reaffirming the celebration every August 13 to 19. In 1997, the celebration was extended from a week to a month by Proclamation 1041 of July 15 signed by President Fidel V. Ramos . It
5936-449: The building: a rectangular-shaped auditorium flanked by pavilions on either side. Throughout the design, Arellano weaved Filipino decorative elements into the Art Deco style. Philippine Magazine editor A.V.H. Hartendorp described the style as "modern expressionistic." The façade's focal point is its proscenium-like central window of stained glass that corresponds with the shape and scale of the Main Theater inside. The stained glass marquee
6042-436: The camps than had died in the four months of battle previously. The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government structure in the Philippines. Although the Japanese had promised independence for the islands after occupation, they initially organized a Council of State through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943, when they declared the Philippines an independent republic. Most of
6148-419: The center of Japanese occupation, had 38,000 guerrillas who were eventually consolidated under the command of American civil engineer Colonel Wendell Fertig . Fertig's guerrillas included many American and Filipino troops who had been part of the force on Mindanao under Major General William F. Sharp . When Wainwright had ordered Sharp's forces to surrender, Sharp considered compelled to obey this order. Many of
6254-445: The chair of the Institute and as the representative of Samar-Leyte-Visayans , the Institute's members were composed of Santiago A. Fonacier (representing the Ilokano-speaking regions ), Filemon Sotto (the Cebu-Visayans ), Casimiro Perfecto (the Bikolanos ), Felix S. Sales Rodriguez (the Panay-Visayans ), Hadji Butu (the languages of Muslim Filipinos ), and Cecilio Lopez (the Tagalogs ). The Institute of National Language adopted
6360-414: The commonwealth presidency upon the death of Quezon on 1 August 1944. Landings then followed on the island of Mindoro and around Lingayen Gulf on the west side of Luzon , and the push toward Manila was initiated. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was restored. Fighting was fierce, particularly in the mountains of northern Luzon , where Japanese troops had retreated, and in Manila, where they put up
6466-561: The cooperative Filipino population eased the problems of supply, construction and civil administration and furthermore eased the task of Allied forces in recapturing the country. Fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on 2 September 1945. The Philippines had suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction by the time the war was over. An estimated 527,000 Filipinos, both military and civilians, had been killed from all causes; of these between 131,000 and 164,000 were killed in seventy-two war crime events. According to
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#17327796952736572-442: The crimes they committed during the war. After the war, then General Douglas MacArthur hid facts about Japan's human experimentation from the war crimes tribunal. His actions pardoned those who committed the human experimentations. The United States afterwards received human experimentation data from Japan, as exchange for MacArthur's actions which protected Japanese war criminals from legal persecution. Japanese occupation of
6678-461: The delegates who were non-Tagalogs were even in favor of scrapping the idea of a "national language" altogether. A compromise was reached and the wording on the 1973 constitution made no mention of dropping the national language Pilipino or made any mention of Tagalog. Instead, the 1973 Constitution , in both its original form and as amended in 1976, designated English and Pilipino as official languages and provided for development and formal adoption of
6784-448: The floor's elevation was adjusted to comply with safety regulations. The ceiling is decorated with Art Deco mangoes, bananas, and tropical leaves bas-reliefs designed by Isabelo Tampinco. Above the proscenium arch are eight bas-relief figures by Francesco Riccardo Monti. Originally intending to reproduce the figures from historical photographs, in 2017, the NCCA were surprised to discover the original Monti figures intact after dismantling
6890-479: The following pre-war decade, the Metropolitan Theater hosted international artists including Ted Shawn , Jascha Heifetz , Amelita Galli-Curci , and Fritz Kreisler . The theater also hosted the local dance productions of Lubov Adameit, Leonor Orosa-Goquingco , Paul Szilard, and Trudl Dubsky . Other significant events at the theater include the premier of production studio LVN Pictures 's inaugural film Giliw Ko (1939). Unlike other similar establishments, during
6996-499: The infamous Bataan Death March on which 7,000–10,000 died or were murdered. The 13,000 survivors on Corregidor surrendered on 6 May. Japan occupied the Philippines for over three years, until the surrender of Japan . A highly effective guerrilla campaign by Philippine resistance forces controlled sixty percent of the islands, mostly forested and mountainous areas. MacArthur supplied them by submarine and sent reinforcements and officers. The Filipino population remained generally loyal to
7102-410: The island. Some guerrilla units would later be assisted by American submarines which delivered supplies, evacuate refugees and the injured, as well as inserted individuals and whole units, such as the 5217th Reconnaissance Battalion, and Alamo Scouts . By the end of the war, some 277 separate guerrilla units, made up of some 260,715 individuals, fought in the resistance movement. Select units of
7208-498: The latest edition being published in 2013 in Manila. Spanish served in an official capacity as language of the government during the Spanish period. Spanish played a significant role in unifying the Philippines, a country made up of over 7,000 islands with a multitude of ethnicities, languages, and cultures. Before Spanish rule, the archipelago was not a unified nation, but rather a collection of independent kingdoms, sultanates, and tribes, each with its own language and customs. During
7314-401: The latter national. This is similar to the comparison between Castilian and Spanish , or Mandarin and Chinese . Political designations aside, Tagalog and Filipino are linguistically the same, sharing, among other things, the same grammatical structure. On May 23, 2007, Ricardo Maria Nolasco, KWF chair and a linguistics expert, acknowledged in a keynote speech during the NAKEM Conference at
7420-408: The lexicon of the country's other languages, something toward which the commission was working. On August 24, 2007, Nolasco elaborated further on the relationship between Tagalog and Filipino in a separate article, as follows: Are "Tagalog," "Pilipino" and "Filipino" different languages? No, they are mutually intelligible varieties, and therefore belong to one language. According to the KWF, Filipino
7526-431: The name did not, however, result in universal acceptance among non- Tagalogs , especially Cebuanos who had previously not accepted the 1937 selection. The 1960s saw the rise of the purist movement where new words were being coined to replace loanwords. This era of "purism" by the SWP sparked criticisms by a number of persons. Two counter-movements emerged during this period of "purism": one campaigning against Tagalog and
7632-523: The naval forces were ordered to leave; and because of the circumstances in the Pacific region, reinforcement and resupply of his ground forces were impossible. Under the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila Bay . Manila, declared an open city to prevent its destruction, was occupied by
7738-443: The occupation, the Japanese were also known to have killed Filipino infants as an act of entertainment and stress-reliever. The Japanese also sent "doctors" and "surgeons" to the Philippines, who performed human experimentation of native Filipinos. Some of these experiments included amputations, dissections, and suturing blood vessels of live humans. Surgeons gruesomely performed vivisections on Filipinos. Before such experiments,
7844-512: The occupation. Each of the Japanese military installations in the Philippines during the occupation had a location where the women were held, which they called a "comfort station". One such place where these women were imprisoned was Bahay na Pula . The Filipinos that were forced to sexual slavery by the Japanese were kidnapped from the population and were routinely gang-raped, tortured, and humiliated. Many of them had their breasts cut off or received damaging wounds whenever they fought back against
7950-401: The official name of Tagalog, or even a synonym of it. Today's Filipino language is best described as "Tagalog-based". The language is usually called Tagalog within the Philippines and among Filipinos to differentiate it from other Philippine languages, but it has also come to be known as Filipino to differentiate it from the languages of other countries; the former implies a regional origin,
8056-556: The other campaigning for more inclusiveness in the national language. In 1963, Negros Occidental congressman Innocencio V. Ferrer took a case reaching the Supreme Court questioning the constitutionality of the choice of Tagalog as the basis of the national language (a case ruled in favor of the national language in 1970). Accusing the national language as simply being Tagalog and lacking any substantial input from other Philippine languages, Congressman Geruncio Lacuesta eventually led
8162-818: The peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. ang Pangkalahatáng Kapulungán ay nagpapahayág ng PANGKALAHATÁNG PAGPAPAHAYÁG NA ITÓ NG MGÁ KARAPATÁN NG TÁO bílang pangkalahatáng pamantáyang maisasagawâ pára sa lahát ng táo at bansâ, sa layúning ang báwat táo at báwat galamáy ng lipúnan, na láging nása ísip ang Pahayág na itó, ay magsíkap sa pamamagítan ng pagtutúrò at edukasyón na maitagúyod ang paggálang sa mgá karapatán at kalayáang itó at sa pamamagítan ng mgá hakbáng na pagsúlong na pambansâ at pandaigdíg, ay makamtán ang pangkalahatán at mabísang pagkilála at pagtalíma sa mgá itó, magíng ng mgá mamamayán ng mgá Kasáping Estádo at ng mgá mamamayán ng mgá teritóryo na nása ilálim ng kaniláng nasasakúpan. Japanese occupation of
8268-409: The primary language for education, governance, and law. At present, Spanish was designated an optional and voluntary language under the 1987 Constitution, along with Arabic. While Spanish and English were considered "official languages" during the American colonial period, there existed no "national language" initially. Article XIII, section 3 of the 1935 constitution establishing the Commonwealth of
8374-408: The public at affordable rates, offering Class A shares for ₱100.00 and Class B shares for ₱5.00 par value. Filipino architect Juan M. Arellano was commissioned by the government to design the theater and was sent to the United States to study under Thomas W. Lamb , one of America's leading architects in theater design. At that point, Arellano was known for his neoclassical architectural style , but
8480-870: The rear. Various guerrilla forces formed throughout the archipelago, ranging from groups of US Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) forces who refused to surrender to local militia initially organized to combat banditry brought about by disorder caused by the invasion. Several islands in the Visayas region had guerrilla forces led by Filipino officers, such as Colonel Macario Peralta in Panay , Major Ismael Ingeniero in Bohol , and Captain Salvador Abcede in Negros . The island of Mindanao , being farthest from
8586-511: The resistance would go on to be reorganized and equipped as units of the Philippine Army and Constabulary. When General MacArthur returned to the Philippines with his army in late 1944, he was well-supplied with information; it is said that by the time MacArthur returned, he knew what every Japanese lieutenant ate for breakfast and where he had his haircut. But the return was not easy. The Japanese Imperial General Staff decided to make
8692-554: The same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein (known locally as Pablo Clain) at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He wrote a dictionary, which he later passed to Francisco Jansens and José Hernández. Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlúcar and published as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly re-edited, with
8798-398: The same personal pronouns (siya, ako, niya, kanila, etc.); the same demonstrative pronouns (ito, iyan, doon, etc.); the same linkers (na, at and ay); the same particles (na and pa); and the same verbal affixes -in, -an, i- and -um-. In short, same grammar, same language. In connection with the use of Filipino, or specifically the promotion of the national language, the related term Tagalista
8904-636: The same year, Quezon proclaimed Tagalog as the basis of the Wikang Pambansâ (National Language) giving the following factors: On June 7, 1940, the Philippine National Assembly passed Commonwealth Act No. 570 declaring that the Filipino national language would be considered an official language effective July 4, 1946 (coinciding with the country's expected date of independence from the United States). That same year,
9010-539: The soldier's sexual advancements. Many were also murdered and disposed like animals. Decades after the war, victims of Japan's colonial sex slave system initiated for their documented slavery to be inscribed to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register; however, Japan's government blocked the inscription to defend itself from its own war crimes by using its monetary contributions to threaten UNESCO. During
9116-512: The space to GMA TV for Vilma Santos 's variety show Vilma! and leased out office space in the building, allowing it to survive despite financial difficulties. The Met closed its doors again in 1996 following conflicts of ownership between the Manila City government and the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS). In 2010, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo attempted to revive the Metropolitan Theater, to no avail. That same year,
9222-425: The stained glass is a segmented arch with rows of small finials on the upper edge. Muslim-inspired minarets crown the top of the concave roof, which suggested its status as a theater back in its prime days. Located at the entrance are elaborate wrought iron gates which are patterned into leaf designs and various lines. Accenting the ground level are capiz lamps and banana-leaf formed pillars which go alternately with
9328-494: The theater grounds. The project ran until April 2016, paving the way for the eventual restoration of the building. The initial restoration construction work began in February 2017 but was suspended when discovering of original features led the NCCA to revise the designs, with work resuming in 2019. The goal of the NCCA-led restoration was to preserve the building and restore it to its pre-war state, as designed by Juan M. Arellano. Thus, additional structures, such as those added during
9434-522: The theater's entrances. The Main Theater is accessed through a foyer with a two-story ceiling and stairways on either side leading to the balcony. By the stairways are the Adam and Eve bronze sculptures done by Italian artist Franceso Riccardo Monti. Displayed on opposite sides of the foyer are two mural paintings by National Artist Fernando Amorsolo , titled The Dance and The History of Music . Since
9540-606: The time of the Leyte invasion, four submarines were dedicated exclusively to the delivery of supplies. Other guerrilla units were attached to the SWPA, and were active throughout the archipelago. Some of these units were organized or directly connected to pre-surrender units ordered to mount guerrilla actions. An example of this was Troop C, 26th Cavalry . Other guerrilla units were made up of former Philippine Army and Philippine Scouts soldiers who had been released from POW camps by
9646-695: The two official languages ( Wikang opisyal / Opisyal na wika ) of the country, with English . It is a standardized variety of the native language Tagalog , spoken and written in Metro Manila , the National Capital Region, and in other urban centers of the archipelago. The 1987 Constitution mandates that Filipino be further enriched and developed by the other languages of the Philippines . Filipino, like other Austronesian languages, commonly uses verb-subject-object order, but can also use subject-verb-object order. Filipino follows
9752-518: The use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system. and: The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Section 17(d) of Executive Order 117 of January 30, 1987 renamed the Institute of National Language as Institute of Philippine Languages . Republic Act No. 7104, approved on August 14, 1991, created
9858-499: The various groups. including Hukbalahap troops attacking American-led guerrilla units. Lack of equipment, rough terrain and undeveloped infrastructure made coordination of these groups nearly impossible, and for several months in 1942, all contact was lost with the Philippine resistance forces. Communications were restored in November 1942 when the reformed Philippine 61st Division on Panay island, led by Colonel Macario Peralta,
9964-477: The victims were forced by the Japanese to dig their own graves first. In some cases, the bodies of vivisected Filipinos were sewed back up, then the living victims were shot dead. In other cases, the vivisected victims were left with huge open stomachs then dumped in their graves along with their intestines and left to die. Many of the doctors and surgeons who performed their human experimentations kept quiet about their deeds until some information came out decades after
10070-466: The war. In those cases, the "wartime friends" of the doctors who exposed their own acts tried to prevent the historical stories from coming out to the public in a bid to defend Japanese war crimes. The majority of the doctors, however, never spoke about their crimes and remained at-large in Japan until their comfortable retirement. Some Japanese ultra-nationalists have harassed doctors who wanted to tell about
10176-569: Was able to establish radio contact with the USAFFE command in Australia. This enabled the forwarding of intelligence regarding Japanese forces in the Philippines to the SWPA command, as well as consolidating the once sporadic guerrilla activities and allowing the guerrillas to help in the war effort. Increasing amounts of supplies and radios were delivered by submarine to aid the guerrilla effort. By
10282-467: Was allocated for the restoration through a loan from the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS). The restoration was done under the supervision of the architects Otilio and Alejandro Arellano, both nephews of the Met's original architect Juan M. Arellano . The Metropolitan Theater re-opened in December 1978, after just four months of work, making the pre-Christmas opening deadline desired by Imelda Marcos. President Ferdinand Marcos said that he hoped
10388-480: Was executed by the Kraut Art Glass Company, with the "Metropolitan" label backlit and surrounded by Filipino floral motifs. The stained glass marquee is highlighted on both sides by curving walls of colorful, decorated tiles resembling batik patterns of Southeast Asia . There are also moldings of zigzag and wavy lines that go with the sponged and painted multi-colored walls. The wall that frames
10494-612: Was followed by landings of ground troops both north and south of Manila . The defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command of General Douglas MacArthur , who had been recalled to active duty in the United States Army earlier in the year and was designated commander of the United States Armed Forces in the Asia-Pacific region. The aircraft of his command were destroyed;
10600-500: Was generally used by the ruling classes and the merchants from the states and various cultures in the Philippine archipelago for international communication as part of maritime Southeast Asia. In fact, Filipinos first interacted with the Spaniards using the Malay language. In addition to this, 16th-century chroniclers of the time noted that the kings and lords in the islands usually spoke around five languages. Spanish intrusion into
10706-686: Was headed by Horace B. Pond of the Pacific Commercial Company, who was joined on the Board by Antonio Melian of El Hogar Filipino, Enrique Zóbel of Ayala y Compañia , University of the Philippines President Rafael Palma , Senator Manuel Camus , Leopold Kahn of Levy Hermanos, and businessman J.L. Pierce. The Metropolitan Theater Company raised ₱1 million to fund the project through community efforts, including fundraising dinners and selling stock to
10812-403: Was heavily damaged during the Battle of Manila and subsequently went through several restoration programs of varying levels of success. After its most extensive public restoration efforts, the Metropolitan Theater reopened on December 10, 2021, the 90th anniversary of its inauguration. It is currently under the administration of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). In 1976,
10918-683: Was in charge of what territory, and began to formulate plans to assist the return of American forces to the islands. They gathered important intelligence information and smuggled it out to the US Army, a process that sometimes took months. General MacArthur formed a clandestine operation to support the guerrillas. He had Lieutenant Commander Charles "Chick" Parsons smuggle guns, radios and supplies to them by submarine. The guerrilla forces, in turn, built up their stashes of arms and explosives and made plans to assist MacArthur's invasion by sabotaging Japanese communications lines and attacking Japanese forces from
11024-470: Was little, however, that came of it until 1928, when Manila Mayor Tomas Earnshaw spearheaded a project to build a theater. The City of Manila leased out 8,293 square meters of public land in the Mehan Garden to the newly-formed Metropolitan Theater Company at ₱1.00 for 99 years. The Metropolitan Theater Company was made up of wealthy Manila businessmen who would provide the capital for the venture. It
11130-463: Was reported that three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English , in order to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines . De la Rama said it
11236-416: Was the dream of Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna , Cavite , Quezon , Aurora , Nueva Ecija , Batangas , Rizal , and Metro Manila , all of which mentioned are natively Tagalog-speaking. Since 1997, a month-long celebration of the national language occurs during August, known in Filipino as Buwan ng Wika (Language Month). Previously, this lasted only
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