Rally of Indonesia (also known as the Indonesia Rally ) is the largest rallying event held in Indonesia . Currently part of the Asia Pacific Rally Championship (APRC), it has twice been incorporated into the World Rally Championship (WRC) calendar, in 1996 and 1997; a planned running in 1998 was cancelled due to political crisis that year.
137-658: This rally is mostly held in North Sumatra , although it was also held several times in South Sumatra and South Sulawesi . The APRC event on 25–26 September 2010 was to be observed by the FIA as a candidate event for an inclusion to the WRC 2012 calendar, although ultimately neither event were held; the rally returned as a national event in 2013. After nine years of absence, it was announced that Indonesia would return to
274-565: A lingua franca that was called Bahasa Melayu pasar ("Bazaar Malay") or Bahasa Melayu rendah ("Low Malay") as opposed to the Bahasa Melayu tinggi ("High Malay") of Malacca. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin and the most important development, however, has been that pidgin creolised, creating several new languages such as the Ambonese Malay , Manado Malay and Betawi language . European writers of
411-405: A Bangsa Melayu ('Malay Nation') and the position of Malay language, but disagreed over the role of Islam and Malay rulers. The conservatives supported Malay language , Islam and Malay monarchy as constituting the key pillars of Malayness, but within a secular state that restricted the political role of Islam. The leftists concurred with the secular state but wanted to end feudalism , whereas
548-693: A German annexation of the northern peninsula and the potential of its involvement for a commercial canal or railway network across the Isthmus of Kra , posed a serious threat to the British economic interest and political dominance in the region. Severely alarmed, the British and the Siamese entered the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, partitioning the peninsula between the British and the Siamese jurisdiction. The Anglo-Siamese Treaty attested that
685-601: A clay brick monument dating back to 110 CE in the Bujang Valley , shows that a maritime trading route with South Indian Tamil kingdoms was already established since the second century. The growth of trade with India brought coastal people in much of maritime Southeast Asia into contact with the major religions of Hinduism and Buddhism . Throughout this area a most profound in influence has been exerted by India which seems to have introduced into it architecture, sculpture, writing, monarchy, religion, iron, cotton and
822-672: A host of elements of higher culture. Indian religions, cultural traditions and Sanskrit began to spread across the land. Hindu temples were built in the Indian style, local kings began referring to themselves as " raja " and more desirable aspects of Indian government were adopted. The beginning of the Common Era saw the rise of Malay states in the coastal areas of the Sumatra and Malay Peninsula ; Srivijaya , Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom , Gangga Negara , Langkasuka , Kedah , Pahang ,
959-765: A member of the Asahan royal family, was selected as head of state for the NST. While the Dutch wanted the NST to be seen as an orderly and progressive alternative to the republic, western-educated aristocrats saw it as a bastion for their own ethnic interests. Following the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference in late 1949, the Dutch withdrew military support for the State of East Sumatra and its local authority began to collapse. The short-lived state
1096-636: A naval base in Langkawi , requesting its lease from Siam, influenced by Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz 's vision of using the island as a hub for a global submarine cable network. With its deep natural harbor, Langkawi was strategically positioned between German territories in China and the Pacific, facilitating warship restocking and enhancing commercial interests for German investors. In October 1899, Behn, Meyer & Co approached Kedah's Crown Prince to lease
1233-530: A paradigm of statecraft and a point of cultural reference for successor states such as Johor Sultanate (1528–present), Perak Sultanate (1528–present), Pahang Sultanate (1470–present), Siak Sri Indrapura Sultanate (1725–1946), Pelalawan Sultanate (1725–1946) and Riau-Lingga Sultanate (1824–1911). Across the South China Sea in the 14th century, another Malay realm, the Bruneian Empire
1370-633: A subsequent Dutch victory. Meanwhile, particularly after 1869, Dutch tobacco plantation activities expanded on the east coast, including the estab;ishment of Deli Maatschappij and London Sumatra , using land leased from the Malay sultans. As there was a worker shortage, the Dutch began importing labourers from Java , Southern China and Southern India . This first big wave of migration established substantial Javanese , Chinese , and Indian populations in North Sumatra that remain to this day. By 1874,
1507-696: A vassal to the Sultanate of Brunei. Brunei also expanded its influence in Mindanao, Philippines when Sultan Bolkiah married Leila Macanai, the daughter of the Sultan of Sulu . However, states like the kingdom of Pangasinan , Rajahnate of Cebu and Kedatuan of Madja-as tried to resist Brunei's and Islam's spread into the Philippines. Brunei's fairly loose river based governmental presence in Borneo projected
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#17327659240061644-587: A worldwide decrease in temperatures between 3 and 5 °C (5.4 and 9.0 °F), and up to 15 °C (27 °F) in higher latitudes. Additional studies in Lake Malawi in East Africa show significant amounts of ash deposited by the Toba Caldera eruptions, despite a great distance from the area, but these studies offer little indication of a significant climatic effect in East Africa. According to
1781-514: Is a province of Indonesia located in the northern part of the island of Sumatra , just south of Aceh . Its capital and largest city is Medan on the east coast of the island. It is bordered by Aceh on the northwest and Riau and West Sumatra on the southeast, by coastlines located on the Indian Ocean to the west, and by the Strait of Malacca (with a maritime border with Malaysia ) to
1918-698: Is also spoken in southern Thailand , Cocos Islands , Christmas Island , Sri Lanka . It is spoken natively by approximately 33 million people throughout the Malay Archipelago and is used as a second language by an estimated 220 million. The oldest form of Malay is descended from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the earliest Austronesian settlers in Southeast Asia. This form would later evolve into Old Malay when Indian cultures and religions began penetrating
2055-433: Is located in the city of Medan , governed by a governor . Earlier governments ruled all of Sumatra (1945-1950); and a North Sumatra Province that included Aceh (1950-1956). In 1956, Aceh split off to form a separate Aceh Province. North Sumatra is currently subdivided into 25 regencies ( kabupaten ) and 8 autonomous cities (formerly municipalities). When originally created as a province with its current boundaries, it
2192-563: Is located on a high plateau that runs along the Bukit Barisan mountains, from central North Sumatra to the western coast. The tallest mountain in the province is Mount Sinabung in Karo Regency , at elevation around 2,460 metres (8,070 ft), the most active volcano in the region. Volcanic activities (cracks where steam, gas, and lava are emitted) were observed at the summit in 1912; recent documented events include an eruption in
2329-513: Is only used for Johor . Kedah is not included as Malay in the Kedah chronicle/ Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (ca. 1821). Hikayat Aceh (ca. 1625, manuscript ca. 1675) linked Malay ethnicity with Johor, but certainly not Aceh or Deli. Also known as Melayu asli (aboriginal Malays) or Melayu purba (ancient Malays), the Proto-Malays are of Austronesian origin and thought to have migrated to
2466-558: Is predominantly inhabited by other Batak groups ( Toba , Simalungun and Karo ). The Nias people are indigenous to Nias Island and its surrounding islets. With the opening of tobacco plantations in East Sumatra during the colonial era, the colonial government employed many contract labourers for plantations, they were mainly Chinese, Javanese and Indian migrants, who were majority does not returned after end contract and decided to stay in North Sumatra. The rapid urbanisation in
2603-399: Is the site of a supervolcanic eruption that occurred 69,000 to 77,000 years ago, estimated at VEI 8, that formed a climate-changing event. Recent advances in dating methods suggest more precise dating at 74,000 years ago. It is the largest-known explosive eruption on Earth in the last 25 million years. It has been accepted that the eruption of the Toba Caldera led to a volcanic winter with
2740-568: The Acehnese , Banjarese , Bugis , Mandailing , Minangkabau and Javanese . Throughout their history, the Malays have been known as a coastal-trading community with fluid cultural characteristics. They absorbed , shared and transmitted numerous cultural features of other local ethnic groups, such as those of Minang and Acehnese. The epic literature, the Malay Annals , associates
2877-663: The Batu Islands . There are 419 islands in North Sumatra. The outer islands include the island of Simuk (the most westerly of the Batu Islands) and the island of Berhala in the Strait of Malacca. The Nias archipelago, located off the coast of western Sumatra in the Indian Ocean, consists of Nias Island and other much smaller islands in its vicinity. Its administrative centre is located at the city of Gunungsitoli on
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#17327659240063014-746: The British colonial government , a legacy that can be witnessed today in the Malaysian administrative system. Later during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , British Malaya and Borneo , the Japanese maintained a favourable relationship with the Sultans and other Malay leaders, this is partially composed to foster the trust of the Malay public that was generally loyal towards
3151-706: The Dutch East India Company (the VOC) in 1641. Coastal areas of North Sumatra felt economic impacts as the VOC subsequently reduced the presence of trade in Malacca and shifted resources towards Batavia . Still, North Sumatra also saw an increase in Arab, Chinese and Indian traders. After Britain gained a position on the nearby island of Penang , the British traded heavily with the east coast of Sumatra. Prior to
3288-736: The Federation of Malaya , the West's last major dependency in Southeast Asia, attained independence in a peaceful transfer of power . The federation was reconstituted as Malaysia with the addition in 1963 of Singapore (separated in 1965), Sabah and Sarawak . The Malay language is one of the most prominent languages of the world, especially of the Austronesian family. Variants and dialects of Malay are used as an official language in Brunei , Malaysia , Indonesia and Singapore . The language
3425-595: The Indian Ocean islands of Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands in 1886. British intervention in the affairs of Malay states was formalised in 1895, when Malay rulers accepted British Residents in administration, and the Federated Malay States was formed. In 1909, Kedah , Kelantan , Terengganu and Perlis were handed over by Siam to the British. These states along with Johor , later became known as Unfederated Malay States . During
3562-583: The Kingdom of Singapura in Temasek . His dynasty ruled the island kingdom until the end of the 14th century, when the Malay polity once again faced the wrath of Javanese invaders. In 1400, his great-great-grandson, Parameswara , headed north and established the Malacca Sultanate . The new kingdom succeeded Srivijaya and inherited much of the royal and cultural traditions, including a large part of
3699-461: The Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century triggered a major revolution in Malay history, the significance of which lies in its far-reaching political and cultural legacy. Common definitive markers of Malayness —the religion of Islam , the Malay language and traditions—are thought to have been promulgated during this era, resulting in the ethnogenesis of the Malay as a major ethnoreligious group in
3836-535: The Malaios (Malays) so because of the banishment of his father from his country. Albuquerque explained that Parameswara fled ( malayo ) from the kingdom of Palembang to Malacca. The word "Melayu" as an ethnonym , to allude to a clearly different ethnological cluster, is assumed to have been made fashionable throughout the integration of the Malacca Sultanate as a regional power in the 15th century. It
3973-590: The Malay , native to the east coast; several Batak groups, indigenous to the west coast and central highlands; the Nias people of Nias Island and its surrounding islets; and Chinese , Javanese , and Indian peoples, who first migrated to Sumatra during Dutch rule . North Sumatra is home to the Toba Supervolcano , located in what is now Lake Toba , which erupted 74,000–75,000 years ago , wiping out nearly all of humanity. The supereruption resulted in
4110-622: The Malay Archipelago in a long series of migrations between 2500 and 1500 BCE. Notable Proto-Malays of today are Moken , Jakun , Orang Kuala , Temuan and Orang Kanaq . The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History , has pointed out a total of three theories of the origin of Malays: The Deutero-Malays are an Iron Age people descended partly from the subsequent Austronesian peoples who came equipped with more advanced farming techniques and new knowledge of metals. The Deutero-Malay settlers were not nomadic like their predecessors: instead they settled and established kampungs which serve as
4247-525: The Melayu Kingdom and Chi Tu . Between the 7th and 13th centuries, many of these small, often prosperous peninsula and Sumatran maritime trading states, became part of the mandala of Srivijaya, a great confederation of city-states centred in Sumatra . Early during this period, the earliest known mention of the word "Malayu" was used in Chinese sources in 644 CE. Later in the mid-14th century,
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4384-617: The Nias people also came from the Austronesian peoples , though their initial ancestors may have arrived earlier: ancestors of the Nias people are thought to have come from Taiwan through the Philippines 4,000 to 5,000 years ago. Ten years of research involving blood samples of 440 Nias people in 11 villages on Nias island show similarities between their Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA and that of Taiwanese and Filipino peoples . The eastern coastal area of North Sumatra, located on
4521-532: The Orang Laut become subject to Islamisation and Malayisation . In the course of history, the term "Malay" has been extended to other ethnic groups within the " Malay world "; this usage is nowadays largely confined to Malaysia and Singapore, where descendants of immigrants from these ethnic group are termed as anak dagang ("traders") and who are predominantly from the Indonesian archipelago such as
4658-578: The People's Representative Council . Each of the three districts elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council (for a total of 30 members from the province). North Sumatra recorded a population of 12,985,075 in the 2010 national census, making the 4th most populous province in Indonesia, with a sex ratio of 99.59 men per 100 women. The 2015 Intermediate census gave a total of 13,923,262, while
4795-534: The Siamese . The Malacca Sultanate Itself fought two wars with the Siamese while the northern Malay states came intermittently under Siamese dominance for centuries. In 1771, the Kingdom of Siam under the new Chakri dynasty abolished the Patani Sultanate and later annexed a large part of Kedah Sultanate . Earlier, the Siamese under Ayutthaya Kingdom have had already absorbed Tambralinga and overrun
4932-557: The Singgora Sultanate in the 17th century. Between 1808 and 1813, the Siamese imposed a new administrative structure and created the semi-independent Malay kingdoms of Patani , Saiburi , Nongchik , Yaring , Yala , Reman and Rangae from Greater Patani and similarly obtained Rundung , Kupa , Tongkah , Terang while carving Setul , Langu, Perlis , Kubang Pasu from the Kedah Kingdom in 1839. In 1902,
5069-513: The State of East Sumatra ( Indonesian : Negara Sumatra Timur (NST) ) as part of the planned United States of Indonesia . The state lasted from December 1947 to August 1950. In addition to the Dutch, the NST state was supported by Malay aristocrats, most of the Simalungun rajas, some Karo chieftains, and Chinese groups who felt that the revolution threatened their interests. Dr Tengku Mansu,
5206-605: The Toba catastrophe theory , the eruption killed most humans living at that time and is believed to have created a population bottleneck in central East Africa and India, affecting the human genome to the present day. More recent studies have cast doubt on this theory and found no evidence of substantial changes in population. In North Sumatra, there are currently two national parks: the Gunung Leuser National Park and Batang Gadis National Park . According to
5343-665: The World War II , all these British possessions and protectorates that collectively known as British Malaya were occupied by the Empire of Japan . The twilight of the vast Bruneian Empire began during the Castille War against the Spanish conquistadors who arrived in the Philippines from Mexico. The war resulted in the end of the empire's dominance in the present-day Philippine Archipelago . The decline further culminated in
5480-438: The al parlare de Malaea ( Italian for "to speak of Malacca"). Classical Malay literature described the Malays in a narrower sense than the modern interpretation. Hikayat Hang Tuah (ca. 1700, manuscript ca. 1849) only identifies the Malay people as the subject of Malacca Sultanate; Brunei, at that time, is not considered Malay. Hikayat Patani (manuscript: 1876) for example, does not call Patani and Brunei as Malay, that term
5617-690: The city of Gunungsitoli , were split off from the remainder of Nias Regency. Notes: (a) UU is an abbreviation from Undang-Undang (the Indonesia statute of law). (b) South Nias Regency includes the Batu Islands . The region include 124 smaller offshore islands - 87 in South Nias Regency (primarily the Batu Islands), 11 in West Nias Regency, 19 in North Nias Regency and 7 in Nias Regency. This region comprises
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5754-426: The ethnogenesis development of the related Acehnese and Banjar people and further spreading the Indian-influenced Malay ethos within the regional sphere. The period of the 12th and 15th centuries saw the arrival of Islam and the rise of the great port-city of Malacca on the southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula — two major developments that altered the course of Malay history. The Islamic faith arrived on
5891-416: The protectorates of different foreign powers, from European colonial powers like Portuguese , Dutch and British , to regional powers like Aceh , Siam and Japan . In 1511, the Portuguese Empire captured the capital city of the Malacca Sultanate . The victorious Portuguese however, were unable to extend their political influence beyond the fort of Malacca . The Sultan maintained his overlordship on
6028-534: The " Social revolution " of 1946 orchestrated by the Communist Party of Indonesia , drastically influenced their Malayan counterparts and politically motivating them against the PKMM's ideal of Greater Indonesia and the Islamists' vision of Islamic Republic . In March 1946, UMNO emerged with the full support of the Malay sultans from the Conference of Rulers . The new movement forged a close political link between rulers and subjects never before achieved. It generated an excited Malay public opinion which, together with
6165-429: The 15th century, also refers to the "Kingdom of Bata" between Pasai and the Aru kingdom. The Batak mainly practiced animism and cannibalism and remained isolated from foreign culture and kingdoms like Srivijaya and Majapahit. The Toba people divided the Batak Lands into several independent kingdoms, which often entered into defensive alliances. Of the many kingdoms, Bakkara and their king or Sisingamangaraja held
6302-428: The 17th and 18th centuries, such as Tavernier , Thomassin and Werndly describe Malay as " language of the learned in all the Indies, like Latin in Europe ". It is also the most widely used during British and Dutch colonial era in the Malay Archipelago. The reversed was seen in the Spanish East Indies , where mass latinisation of the archipelago during the colonial years resulted the historical coup de grâce of
6439-408: The 19th century, when the Sultanate lost most of its remaining territories in Borneo to the White Rajahs of Sarawak , North Borneo Chartered Company and its lower Borneo vassals to Dutch East India Company . Brunei was a British protectorate from 1888 to 1984. Following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 which divided the Malay Archipelago into a British zone in the north and a Dutch zone in
6576-474: The 2020 census gave a total of 14,799,361, and the official estimate for mid-2023 was 15,386,640. The mid-2023 total comprised 7,721,314 males and 7,665,326 females, giving a sex ratio of 100.73 men per 100 women. It was reported in January 2024 that a group of 140 Rohingya people, consisting mostly of women and children had landed in Indonesia and been directed by the military to the North Sumatra region. This has been one of several groups that have arrived in
6713-418: The APRC in 2019 as the Rally of Indonesia, which will be held at its traditional base in North Sumatra. This article about sports in Indonesia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This rallying -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . North Sumatra North Sumatra ( Indonesian : Sumatera Utara ), also called North Sumatra Province ,
6850-452: The Austronesian expansion. Austronesian-speakers themselves are suggested to have arrived on Taiwan and the northern Philippines between 10,000 to 7,000 BCE from coastal southern China, and spread from there throughout Insular Southeast Asia. The authors concluded that the Austronesian expansion into Insular Southeast Asia and Polynesia was outgoing from the Philippines rather than Taiwan, and that modern Austronesian-speaking peoples, such as
6987-427: The British colonial government, there were no less than 147 journals and newspapers published in Malaya between 1876 and 1941. Among notable periodicals were Al-Imam (1906), Pengasuh (1920), Majlis (1935) and Utusan Melayu (1939). The rise of Malay nationalism was largely mobilised by three nationalist factions — the radicals distinguishable into the Malay left and the Islamic group which were both opposed to
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#17327659240067124-436: The Islamic group favoured ending royalty but sought a much larger role of Islam . Since the foundation of the Republic of Indonesia as a unitary state in 1950, all traditional Malay monarchies in Indonesia were abolished, and the Sultans positions reduced to titular heads or pretenders . The violent demise of the sultanates of Deli , Langkat , Serdang , Asahan and other Malay principalities in East Sumatra during
7261-444: The Japanese occupation officially ended with Japan's surrender in the Pacific and two days later Sukarno declared Indonesian Independence , beginning the four-year Indonesian War of Independence against the Dutch. Beginning on 3 March 1946, there was a social revolution in East Sumatra . Across 25 "native states", many sultanates were overthrown. Armed pergerakan groups (Indonesian nationalists) conducted mass killings of
7398-421: The Malay Archipelago through the Malayisation process. The expansion of Malaccan influence through trade and Dawah brought with it together the Classical Malay language, the Islamic faith, and the Malay Muslim culture; the three core values of Kemelayuan ("Malayness"). In 1511, the Malaccan capital fell into the hands of Portuguese conquistadors . However, Malacca remained an institutional prototype:
7535-452: The Malay ruling class in the territory. Despite the widespread distribution of the Malay population throughout the Malay Archipelago, modern Malay nationalism was only significantly mobilised in the early twentieth century British Malaya i. e. the Malay Peninsula . In the Netherlands Indies , the struggle against colonisation was characterised by the trans-ethnic nationalism: the so-called " Indonesian National Awakening " united people from
7672-399: The Malays to establish kingdoms beyond the traditional Srivijayan realm. Several exemplification are the enthronement of a Tambralingan prince to reign the Lavo Kingdom in present-day Central Thailand , the foundation of Rajahnate of Cebu in the Visayas and the establishment of the Tanjungpura Kingdom in what is now West Kalimantan , Borneo . The expansion is also eminent as it shaped
7809-480: The Malays, have largely ancestry from the earliest Basal-East Asians, Austroasiatic migrants from Mainland Southeast Asia, and Austronesian-speaking seafarers from the Philippines, without much admixture from previous groups. There is no definite evidence which dates the first Indian voyages across the Bay of Bengal but conservative estimates place the earliest arrivals on Malay shores at least 2,000 years ago. The discovery of jetty remains, iron smelting sites, and
7946-402: The Mesolithic era have been found in North Sumatra, including finely honed stone axes, bone tools, and painting materials. Linguistic and archaeological evidence indicates that Austronesian speakers reached Sumatra from Taiwan and the Philippines through Borneo or Java about 2,500 years ago, and the Batak probably descended from these settlers. New genetic research has found that
8083-412: The Ministerial Decree No. 44 of 2005, forest area in North Sumatra today covers 3,742,120 hectares (9,247,000 acres), consisting of a 477,070-hectare (ha) Natural Reserve Area/Natural Conservation Area, 1,297,330 ha of protected forest, 879,270 ha of limited production forest, 1,035,690 ha of permanent production forest, and 52,7600 ha of production forest that can be converted to another status. However,
8220-402: The People's Representative Council ( Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR) to create three new provinces from parts of the present North Sumatra: Nias Islands, Tapanuli, and East Sumatra; however since 2013 the Indonesian Government have maintained a moratorium on the intended creation of new provinces, regencies and cities. The present regencies and cities are grouped for convenience below according to
8357-450: The Siamese stripped the political powers of all the 7 kingdoms of Patani following a planned revolt for independence against the central government. The coup de grâce was cultivated by 1906, when the Siamese redraw the border of the Patani territories and installed a new governance and administrative system. In 1786, the island of Penang was leased to East India Company by Kedah Sultanate in exchange of military assistance against
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#17327659240068494-414: The Siamese to control the upper portion of the peninsular while the lower region was to be held under the British dominance . The British originally planned for the inclusion of Reman , Legeh and Setul under their dominion together with a cluster of northern Malay states. Nonetheless, they only managed to secure Kedah , Kelantan , Terengganu and Perlis under the agreement. The treaty also witnessed
8631-405: The Siamese. In 1819, the company also acquired Singapore from Johor Empire , later in 1824, Dutch Malacca from the Dutch, followed by Dindings from Perak by 1874 and finally Labuan from Brunei in 1886. All these trading posts officially known as Straits Settlements in 1826 and became the crown colony of British Empire in 1867. Additionally, the Straits Settlements would also encompass
8768-439: The Taiwan model. This theory also draws support from recent genetic evidence by Human Genome Organisation suggesting that the primary peopling of Asia occurred in a single migration through Southeast Asia; this route is held to be the modern Malay area and that the diversity in the area developed mainly in-place without requiring major migrations from the mainland. The expansion itself may have been driven by rising sea levels at
8905-407: The UK maintained a presence in several places that were considered important for trade, including parts of Sumatra and Kalimantan. During the Padri War , in the years prior to 1860, Dutch forces arrived in South Tapanuki at the request of a local leader to provide protection. The Siak sultan subsequently signed a treaty with the Dutch East Indies government recognizing Dutch authority over it and
9042-483: The accelerating strong current of the river. Prior to the 15th century, the term "Melayu" and its similar-sounding variants appear to apply as an old toponym to the Strait of Malacca region in general. Other suggestions include the Javanese word mlayu (as a verb: to run, participle: fugitive), or the Malay term melaju (to steadily accelerate), referring to the high mobility and migratory nature of its people. De Barros (1552) mentioned that Iskandar Shah named
9179-443: The anniversary of North Sumatra Province. Act R.I. No. 24 of 1956, promulgated on December 7, 1956, re-established an autonomous Aceh Province, independent of the Province of North Sumatra. The province of North Sumatra stretches across the island of Sumatra , between the Indian Ocean and the Strait of Malacca , with an area of 72,460.74 km . It borders the province of Aceh to the northwest and Riau and West Sumatra to
9316-407: The area over the preceding months. Ethnic groups in North Sumatra (census 2010). North Sumatra is a multi-ethnic province. The Malay people are regarded as the majority people of the east coast of the province, while the west coast of the province is mainly inhabited by the Batak ( Pakpak , Angkola and Mandailing groups). The central region around Lake Toba to the northern Karo highland
9453-451: The centre of Islamisation in the east. As a Malaccan state religion, Islam brought many great transformation into the Malaccan society and culture, and It became the primary instrument in the evolution of a common Malay identity. The Malaccan era witnessed the close association of Islam with Malay society and how it developed into a definitive marker of Malay identity. Over time, this common Malay cultural idiom came to characterise much of
9590-514: The conservative elites. The Malay leftists were represented by Kesatuan Melayu Muda , formed in 1938 by a group of Malay intelligentsia primarily educated in Sultan Idris Training College , with an ideal of Greater Indonesia . In 1945, they reorganised themselves into a political party known as Partai Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (PKMM). The Islamists were originally represented by Kaum Muda consisted of Middle east — educated scholars with Pan-Islamic sentiment. The first Islamic political party
9727-402: The country with the primary goals of advancing and protecting the interests of Malays. In March 1946, 41 of these Malay associations formed United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), to assert Malay dominance over Malaya. The Malay and Malayness has been the fundamental basis for Malay ideology and Malay nationalism in Malaysia. All three Malay nationalist factions believed in the idea of
9864-461: The creation of Lake Toba and was rated a VEI-8 eruption . During Dutch rule, North Sumatra was administered under the Gouvernement van Sumatra , which governed the entire island of Sumatra out of Medan. In 1948, after Indonesian independence was proclaimed, Sumatra Province was divided into three sub-provinces, each of which had the right to regulate and manage its own affairs. April 15, 1948
10001-557: The early hours of 29 August 2010 and eruptions in September and November 2013, January, February and October 2014. Another volcano nearby is Mount Sibayak , also located in the Karo highland, sitting at an elevation of 2,181 metres (7,156 ft). Crystalline sulfur deposits on Mount Sibayak have historically been mined on a small scale, and seepage of sulfurous gases has caused acidic discolouration of its small crater lake . Lake Toba
10138-422: The east. With a 2020 population around 14.8 million and mid-2023 estimate around 15.4 million, North Sumatra is Indonesia's fourth most populous province and the most populous province outside of Java Island . At 72,460.74 square kilometres (27,977.25 sq mi), North Sumatra is also the third-largest province in area on the island of Sumatra behind South Sumatra and Riau . Major ethnic groups include
10275-586: The eastern part of Indonesia to the island of Papua , and to the west to North Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula . Early peoples in North Sumatra consumed mostly snails and clams, leaving large shell deposits sometimes referred to as kjokkenmoddinger (kitchen waste), some of which are still found as hills in Saentis, Hinai, Tanjung Beringin, along the Deli-Langkat shore, and on river banks. In
10412-601: The end of the Ice Age. Proponent Stephen Oppenheimer has further theorised that the expansion of peoples occurred in three rapid surges due to rising sea levels at the end of the Ice Age, and that this diaspora spread the peoples and their associated cultures, myths, and technologies not just to mainland Southeast Asia, but as far as India, the Near East, and the Mediterranean. Reviewers have found his proposals for
10549-689: The etymological origin of "Melayu" to a small river named Sungai Melayu ( ' Melayu river ' ) in Sumatra , Indonesia. The epic incorrectly stated that the river flowed to the Musi River in Palembang , while in reality it flowed to the Batang Hari River in Jambi . The term is thought to be derived from the Malay word melaju , a combination of the verbal prefix 'me' and the root word 'laju', meaning "to accelerate", used to describe
10686-455: The figure above is only de jure . In reality, the forests are not as large as the figures suggest. A lot of the forests are damaged, due to encroachment and illegal logging . So far, over 206,000 ha of forests in Sumatra have experienced changes in function. As many as 163,000 ha were converted to plantations and 42,900 ha were transmigration areas. The administrative centre of North Sumatra
10823-1226: The five cities. The new regency of Serdang Bedagai was formed on 18 December 2003 from part of Deli Serdang Regency, and the new regency of Batubara was formed on 2 January 2007 from part of Asahan Regency. Two further regencies were formed on 24 June 2008 - North Labuhanbatu and South Labuhanbatu - both from parts of Labuhanbatu Regency. The region includes 38 offshore islands - 11 in Langkat Regency, 1 in Deli Serdang, 1 in Medan City, 2 in Serdang Bedagai, 1 in Simalungun, 2 in Batubara, 4 in Asahan, 8 (riverine islands) in Tanjungbalai City, 2 in North Labuhanbatu and 6 in Labuhanbatu Regency. The province comprises three of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to
10960-487: The island for 50 years, but the plan faltered due to Siam's refusal, as dictated by the Secret Siamese Treaty of 1897, which required British consent for territorial concessions. A subsequent attempt in 1900 to acquire Pulau Lontar was similarly dismissed, prompting British concerns over potential German expansion in the region and its implications for their economic and political dominance. The prospect of
11097-638: The landlocked Lake Toba comprising 1 in North Tapanuli Regency ( Pulau Sibandang ), 5 in Samosir Regency and 1 in Humbang Hasundutan Regency. The region comprises the northeastern part of the province on the island of Sumatra, and equates to the former State of East Sumatra which existed at the time of independence. It now covers ten regencies and five cities, but originally there were just six regencies and
11234-619: The lands outside Malacca and established the Johor Sultanate in 1528 to succeed Malacca. Portuguese Malacca faced several unsuccessful retaliation attacks by Johor until 1614, when the combined forces of Johor and the Dutch Empire , ousted the Portuguese from the peninsula. As per agreement with Johor in 1606, the Dutch later took control of Malacca. Historically, Malay states of the peninsula had hostile relations with
11371-443: The main units in society. These kampungs were normally situated on the riverbanks or coastal areas and generally self-sufficient in food and other necessities. By the end of the 1st century BCE, these kampungs were beginning to engage in some trade with the outside world. The Deutero-Malays are considered the direct ancestors of the present-day Malay people. A more recent theory holds that rather than being populated by expansion from
11508-549: The mainland, the Ice Age populations of the Malay Peninsula, neighbouring Indonesian Archipelago, and the then-exposed continental shelf ( Sundaland ) instead developed locally from the first human settlers and expanded to the mainland. Proponents of this theory hold that this expansion gives a far more parsimonious explanation of the linguistic, archaeological, and anthropological evidence than earlier models, particularly
11645-585: The many Malay subgroups, mainly due to hundreds of years of immigration and assimilation of various regional ethnicity and tribes within Maritime Southeast Asia . Historically, the Malay population is descended primarily from the earlier Malayic -speaking Austronesians and Austroasiatic tribes who founded several ancient maritime trading states and kingdoms, notably Brunei , Kedah , Langkasuka , Gangga Negara , Chi Tu , Nakhon Si Thammarat , Pahang , Melayu and Srivijaya . The advent of
11782-465: The members of aristocratic families. To opportunistic pergerakan militants (including Communist Party of Indonesia members Xarim MS and Luat Siregar), the revolutionary movement was seen as a means for East Sumatra to be freed from colonial rule and to join the larger Indonesian National Revolution . Participants of the revolution were believed to be provoked by leaders to kill aristocrats and create violence with three prime objectives: to eliminate
11919-562: The most dominant Malay state of the region. By the end of the 13th century, the remnants of the Malay empire in Sumatra was finally destroyed by the Javanese invaders during the Pamalayu expedition ( Pamalayu means "war against the Malays"). In 1299, through the support of the loyal servants of the empire, the Orang laut , a Malay prince of Palembang origin, Sang Nila Utama established
12056-480: The most sway due to customs and traditions which consider Bakkara the place of origin of the Batak people. The Nias people on Nias Island remained isolated during its early era. Its people practiced agriculture and cultivation, made art carvings, and adhered to shamanist and pagan practices. By c. 1500 , there were several kingdoms on the east coast of Sumatra, namely the larger Nagur and Aru kingdoms and
12193-441: The name of Republic of Riau. Nevertheless, what follows is specific to the peninsula Malay nationalism that resulted in the formation of the Federation of Malaya , later reconstituted as Malaysia. The earliest and most influential instruments of Malay national awakening were the periodicals which politicised the position of the Malays in the face of colonialism and alien immigration of non-Malays. In spite of repressions imposed by
12330-603: The names of North Sumatran states he defeated in one expedition to conquer Srivijaya . States that he mentioned included Sriwijaya, Malayur, Kendara, and the Panai Kingdom . Furthermore, the Negarakertagama epic by Mpu Prapanca from the 14th century list countries found in North Sumatra, Pane, Haru, Mandailing, Tamiang, Lawas, and Barus, which were mainly defeated by the Majapahit . The earliest kingdom that
12467-544: The next day. The main force followed on bicycles. There was some resistance from the Dutch forces, particularly around Pematangsiantar , but the last major town, Sibolga , fell on 15 March. During the Japanese occupation of North Sumatra, the leader of the Japanese Armed Forces was centred in Bukittinggi , moving the de facto capital out of the Dutch centre of Medan. The occupation lasted 3 years. In 1945
12604-455: The nineteenth century, Dutch power was concentrated on the island of Java and parts of the Moluccas. In the nineteenth century, the Dutch began to focus more on to areas outside Java, including North Sumatra, driving out British influence. Dutch control was formalized with the handover of most of Indonesia in the 1814 Treaty of London , which was renewed in the 1824 Treaty of London . However,
12741-407: The northeast coast of Nias. The Batu Islands, just southeast of Nias, consist of 51 islands including three major islands: Pini, Tanahbala and Tanahmasa. Pulau Telo is their administrative centre on the small island of Situasi. Other islands in North Sumatra include Imanna, Pasu, Bawa, Hamutaia, Batu Makelele, Masa, Bau, Simaleh, Makole, Jake, and Wunga [ id ] . Half of the province
12878-800: The original settlement and dispersal worthy of further study, but have been sceptical of his more diffusionist claims. Malays are an Austronesian-speaking ethnic group of Insular Southeast Asia , and the Malay Peninsula . A study in 2021 concluded that a distinctive Basal-East Asian lineage (sometimes termed as ' East- and Southeast Asian lineage ' (ESEA)), which is ancestral to modern East and Southeast Asians, Polynesians, and Siberians, originated in Mainland Southeast Asia at ~50,000 BCE, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively. Basal-East Asian ancestry, as well as later Austroasiatic -associated ancestry, spread into Maritime Southeast Asia prior to
13015-478: The process of Malayisation . Other significant Malay sultanates were the Kedah Sultanate (1136–present), Kelantan Sultanate (1411–present), Patani Sultanate (1516–1771), Reman Kingdom (1785–1909) and Legeh Kingdom (1755–1902) that dominated the northern part of the Malay Peninsula. Jambi Sultanate (1460–1907), Palembang Sultanate (1550–1823) and Indragiri Sultanate (1298–1945) controlled much of
13152-485: The process. Initially, Classical Malay was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Malay kingdoms of Southeast Asia. One of these dialects, that was developed in the literary tradition of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century, eventually became predominant. The Malaccan era was marked with the transformation of the Malay language into an Islamic language, in similar fashion to Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Swahili. An adapted Arabic script called Jawi
13289-505: The projected new provinces within which they are situated: . This region contains the substantial island of Nias and various small offshore islands, including the Batu Islands to the south. Originally it comprised a single Nias Regency (created on 7 November 1956), but on 25 February 2003 the southern part of the island (including the Batu Islands) was split off to form a separate South Nias Regency . On 29 October 2008 two new regencies - North Nias and West Nias - together with
13426-602: The province also attract neighbouring people from Aceh, Riau and West Sumatra, which is the Aceh and Minangkabau people presents. Bataks make up 44.95% of the population, including the Batak Karo and Mandailing. The Javanese come second with 30.62%, the Malays add up to 5.92% and the ethnic Chinese comprise 5.75%. The Nias people make up around 4.10% and the rest are Minangkabau (2.66%), Acehnese (1.07%), ethnic Indian (1.00%) and other ethnic groups (1.15%) The distribution of
13563-540: The region vulnerable to outside influences from Aceh , Melaka , Portugal , Siak , and Minangkabau . The Sultanate of Aceh worked to spread Islam across the eastern coast, and in the Padri War , succeeded in spreading Islam into the southern Tapanuli kingdom. As a result of this warfare and cultural shifts, the three big kingdoms split into several small kingdoms and sultanates, including Deli , Serdang , Asahan , Langkat Sultanate , Maropat, Lingga. Malacca fell to
13700-463: The region. In literature, architecture, culinary traditions , traditional dress, performing arts, martial arts and royal court traditions, Malacca set a standard that later Malay sultanates emulated. The golden age of the Malay sultanates in the Malay Peninsula , Sumatra and Borneo saw many of their inhabitants, particularly from various tribal communities like the Batak , Dayak , Orang Asli and
13837-412: The region. Old Malay contained some terms last until today, but remained unintelligible to modern speakers, while the modern language is already largely recognisable in written Classical Malay , which the oldest form dating back to 1303 CE. Malay evolved into Classical Malay through the gradual influx of numerous Arabic and Persian vocabulary when Islam made its way to the region, changing significantly in
13974-422: The remainder are Buddhists, Hindus, or follow folk religions such as Confucians, Parmalim, and Taoists. These are the recognized religions of North Sumatra: Malay people Malays ( / m ə ˈ l eɪ / mə- LAY ; Malay : Orang Melayu , Jawi : أورڠ ملايو ) are an Austronesian ethnoreligious group native to eastern Sumatra , the Malay Peninsula and coastal Borneo , as well as
14111-518: The second wave of migration from mainland Southeast Asia c. 1000 BC , the Young Malays or Deutero Malays settled on the coast. They mainly lived by fishing and by cultivating the marshy land for agriculture. Their villages were scattered along the big rivers that flow to the east coast of North Sumatra such as Besitang, Wampu , Asahan , and Barumun . Larger villages grew at the mouths of rivers and became centres of government. Relics of
14248-601: The shores of the Straits of Malacca, has been widely visited by Hindus and by Chinese traders for centuries since the founding of early Situs Kota Cina or Chinatown sites in Hamparan Perak c. 11th–14th centuries CE . Barus , a trading port on the western coast of Tapanuli, attracted Middle Age era traders in search of camphor , which was popular in Ancient Egypt. In 1030, Rajendra Chola recorded
14385-564: The shores of what are now the states of Kedah , Perak , Kelantan and Terengganu , from around the 12th century. The earliest archaeological evidence of Islam from the Malay Peninsula is the Terengganu Inscription Stone dating from the 14th century found in Terengganu state, Malaysia . By the 15th century, the Malacca Sultanate, whose hegemony reached over much of the western Malay Archipelago , had become
14522-467: The smaller Panai and Batangiou kingdoms. To the west, in the hinterland of Tapanuli , another kingdom emerged: a Batak kingdom founded by descendants of Sisingamangaraja. This kingdom gradually expanded its influenced throughout Tapanuli to Angkola, Mandailing, and Dairi. The three largest kingdoms in North Sumatra in the sixteenth century were Nagur, the Batak kingdom under the rule of King Sisingamangaraja, and Aru. Wars between these three kingdoms made
14659-437: The smaller islands that lie between these locations. These locations are today part of the countries of Malaysia , Indonesia (eastern and southern Sumatra , Bangka Belitung Islands , West Kalimantan and Riau Islands ), the southern part of Thailand ( Pattani , Satun , Songkhla , Yala and Narathiwat ), Singapore and Brunei Darussalam . There is considerable linguistic, cultural, artistic and social diversity among
14796-508: The south, all Malay sultanates in Sumatra and Southern Borneo became part of the Dutch East Indies . Though some of Malay sultans maintain their power under Dutch control, some were abolished by the Dutch government under the accusation of retaliation against the colonial rule, like the case of Palembang Sultanate in 1823, Jambi Sultanate in 1906 and Riau Sultanate in 1911. In the late 19th century, Germany sought to establish
14933-546: The southeast. The province contains a broad, low plain along the Strait of Malacca on which the provincial capital, Medan, is located. In the south and west, the land rises to the Bukit Barisan mountain range that runs the length of Sumatra; the mountains here surround Lake Toba , which was formed from the caldera of an ancient volcano. Several large islands in the Indian Ocean off the west coast of Sumatra are currently part of North Sumatra, most notably Nias Island and
15070-497: The southeastern shores of Sumatra. Deli Sultanate (1632–1946), Serdang Sultanate (1728–1948), Langkat Sultanate (1568–1948) and Asahan Sultanate (1630–1948) governed eastern Sumatra. While West Borneo observed the rise of Pontianak Sultanate (1771–1950), Mempawah Sultanate (1740–1950) and Matan Sultanate (1590–1948), Sanggau Sultanate, Sintang Sultanate, and Sekadau Sultanate. Between 1511 and 1984, numerous Malay kingdoms and sultanates fell under direct colonisation or became
15207-642: The southwestern part of the province on the island of Sumatra , and equates to the former Tapanoeli Residency which existed at the time of independence (except for Nias Island). When the province was created, the region comprised three regencies ( North Tapanuli , Central Tapanuli and South Tapanuli ) and the city of Sibolga . A fourth regency - Dairi - was created on 23 September 1964 from part of North Tapanuli Regency. Two more new regencies were formed on 23 November 1998 - Mandailing Natal from part of South Tapanuli Regency, and Toba Samosir from another part of North Tapanuli Regency. The city of Padang Sidempuan
15344-470: The state and additionally Kelantan received Jeli from Legeh (which had been under Siamese jurisdiction since 1902). The Siamese then abdicated Tunku Baharuddin, the King of Setul , the sole Malay kingdom remained under Siamese territory in 1916. The treaty nonetheless, manage to seal the fate of the Malay states of Kedah , Kelantan , Terengganu and Perlis to retain a degree of their sovereign powers under
15481-622: The state of Kedah being reduced the most, with Tarutao , Butang islands groups, Sendawa , Langgu and the principality of Setul were all being divorced into the Siamese hands, a similar fate was also followed in northeastern coast of Kelantan that was demanded to renounced their right on the Tabal district , including Sungai Golok and Sungai Padi ; while Perlis lost its Pujoh district. Then-British controlled Federated Malay State of Perak however, saw an enlargement of their land area, with southern territories of Reman being transferred into
15618-486: The sultan. Nonetheless, in a series of massacres known as Pontianak incidents , the Japanese assassinated virtually all of the West Kalimantan Malay sultans, including a large numbers of Malay intelligentsias after they have been falsely accused of planning an uprising and coup d'etat against the Japanese. It was believed that West Kalimantan took two generations to recover from the near-total collapse of
15755-593: The sultanates had been formally included within the Dutch East Indies, and in Deli, the sultan of Deli granted the Dutch sole rights over taxation and leases, in exchange for an annual pension. That year, the East Coast Residency was established. On March 12, 1942, Japanese forces landed in Palubuhan Ruku on the east coast, and advanced on Medan. The advance force reported it had captured the town
15892-454: The sultanates of Asahan , Serdang , Deli and Langkat . The Dutch proceeded further into Batakland and North Sumatra, invading Toba, Karo Highland, Nias and Silindung with the help of Christian missionaries, such as Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen , who worked to Christianize the area. The Dutch invasion into Batakland met resistance by Sisingamangaraja XII , causing a guerilla war lasting 30 years until and Sisingmangaraja XII's death in battle and
16029-530: The sultans and aristocrats (who were seen as Dutch allies), to seize their wealth (to fund the Indonesian independence campaign), and to eliminate the region's feudal social structure. The Dutch authorities, working with the East Sumatra Union ( Persatuan Sumatra Timur ), which had been formed in 1938 by westernized Malay elites to reassert Malay and Simalungun ethnic interests, established
16166-439: The surprising political apathy of the non-Malays, led to Britain's abandonment of the radical Malayan Union plan. By July, UMNO succeeded in obtaining an agreement with the British to begin negotiations for a new constitution. Negotiations continued from August to November, between British officials on the one hand, and the Sultans' representatives and UMNO and the other. Two years later the semi independent Federation of Malaya
16303-517: The territories of its predecessor. In the north of the peninsula, the power vacuum left by the collapse of Srivijaya was filled by the growth of the kingdom of Tambralinga in the 12th century. Between the 13th to early 14th century, the kingdom succeeded to incorporate most of the Malay Peninsula under its mandala. The campaign led by Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja (1230–1263) managed to capture Jaffna kingdom in Sri Lanka between 1247 and 1258. He
16440-463: The tribes, clans, and ethnic groups in North Sumatra is as follows: As well as Indonesian , languages spoken in the province include various dialects of Batak languages (particularly around Lake Toba ), Javanese (various regions in the east of the province, especially around Medan ), Malay , Minangkabau and the Nias language (parts of Nias ). Religion in North Sumatra (2022) More than 95% of all residents are either Muslim or Christian;
16577-598: The various parts of the Dutch colony in the development of a national consciousness as "Indonesians". In Brunei, despite some attempt made to arouse Malay political consciousness between 1942 and 1945, there was no significant history of ethnic-based nationalism. In Thailand however, Pattani separatism against Thai rule is regarded by some historians as a part of the wider sphere of peninsular Malay nationalism. A similar secession movement can be witnessed in modern-day Indonesia, where both autochthonously-Malay provinces of Riau and Riau Islands sought to gain independence under
16714-471: The word Malay was already recognized as a collective people sharing similar heritage, customs and language. Srivijaya's influence spread over all the coastal areas of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, western Java and western Borneo , as well as the rest of the Malay Archipelago . Enjoying both Indian and Chinese patronage, its wealth was gained mostly through trade. At its height, the Old Malay language
16851-563: Was Partai Orang Muslimin Malaya (Hizbul Muslimin) formed in March 1948, later succeeded by Pan-Malayan Islamic Party in 1951. The third group was the conservatives consisted of the westernised elites who were bureaucrats and members of royal families that shared a common English education mostly at the exclusive Malay College Kuala Kangsar . They formed voluntary organisations known as Persatuan Melayu ('Malay Associations') in various parts of
16988-520: Was applied to report the social partialities of the Malaccans as opposed to foreigners as of the similar area, especially the Javanese and Thais . This is evidenced from the early 16th century Malay word-list by Antonio Pigafetta who joined the Magellan's circumnavigation , that made a reference to how the phrase chiara Malaiu ('Malay ways') was used in the maritime Southeast Asia , to refer to
17125-430: Was born. The new constitutional arrangement largely reverted to the basic pattern of pre-war colonial rule and built on the supremacy of the individual Malay states. Malay rights and privileges were safeguarded. The traditional Malay rulers thus retained their prerogatives, while their English-educated descendants came to occupy positions of authority at the centre, which was being progressively decolonised. In August 1957,
17262-552: Was composed of 10 regencies and 6 cities, but an 11th regency ( Dairi Regency ) was created on 23 September 1964. Fourteen more new regencies and two new cities were created between 1998 and 2008. All these are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with their official estimates for mid-2023. Regencies and cities are sub-divided into 455 districts , which in turn are further sub-divided into 6,110 villages (as of early 2024). Proposals have been under consideration since 2013 by
17399-678: Was conquered by the Portuguese in 1511. It reached its golden age in the mid-16th century when it controlled land as far south as present day Kuching in Sarawak , north towards the Philippine Archipelago . The empire broadened its influence in Luzon by defeating Datu Gambang of the Kingdom of Tondo and by founding a satellite state , Kota Seludong in present-day Manila , setting up the Muslim Rajah, Rajah Sulaiman I as
17536-709: Was divided into three sub-provinces: North Sumatra, Central Sumatra and South Sumatra . North Sumatra was an amalgamation of three administrative regions called Residencies: the Residency of Aceh, the East Sumatra Residency, and the Residency of Tapanuli. The publication of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia (R.I.) No. 10, Year 1948 on April 15, 1948, formalized the division of these three provinces. The date of 15 April 1948 has been subsequently celebrated as
17673-551: Was eventually defeated by the forces of the Pandyan dynasty from Tamil Nadu in 1263 and was killed by the brother of Emperor Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I . The invasion marked an unrivaled feature in the history of Southeast Asia , it was the only time there was an armed maritime expedition beyond the borders of the region. The cultivation of Malay polity system also diffused beyond the proper Sumatran-Peninsular border during this era. The age avowed by exploration and migration of
17810-543: Was later designated as the anniversary of the Province of North Sumatra. Archaeological understanding of early North Sumatran peoples is limited compared to that of other nearby regions. Prehistoric relics in North Sumatra show that the oldest population may have been Austronesian or Melanesian . Archaeological evidence indicates that their dispersal took place in the Mesolithic era (Middle Stone Age). They spread to
17947-635: Was located close to present-day Medan and Deli Serdang . Its people are believed to have been descendants of the Karo people from the interior of North Sumatra. An area near Lake Toba called Batakland (or the Batak Lands ) housed kingdoms of Batak people. It was first mentioned in Zhao Rugua 's 13th-century Description of the Barbarous Peoples , which refers to a 'Ba-ta' dependency of Srivijaya . The Suma Oriental , written in
18084-463: Was on the rise to become the most powerful polity in Borneo . By the middle of the 15th century, Brunei entered into a close relationship with the Malacca Sultanate. The sultan married a Malaccan princess, adopted Islam as the court religion, and introduced an efficient administration modelled on Malacca. Brunei profited from trade with Malacca but gained even greater prosperity after the great Malay port
18221-490: Was present on the eastern coast of North Sumatra was the Aru Kingdom , which existed from the 13th to the 16th century CE. In its height, the kingdom was a maritime power and controlled the northern part of the Malacca strait . The kingdom was initially established as a Karo polity . The indigenous population practiced native animism and Hinduism . Starting in 13th century, some also practiced Islam . Aru's capital
18358-907: Was split off from South Tapanuli Regency on 21 June 2001. Two further regencies were formed on 25 February 2003 - Humbang Hasundutan from part of North Tapanuli Regency, and Pakpak Bharat from part of Dairi Regency. A new Samosir Regency was created from part of Toba Samosir Regency on 18 December 2003 (more recently, the remaining part of this regency was renamed Toba Regency). Another two regencies were created on 17 July 2007 - Padang Lawas and North Padang Lawas , both from parts of South Tapanuli Regency. The region includes 60 small offshore islands - 24 in Mandailing Natal, 31 in Central Tapanuli (the largest being Mursala Island off Sibolga) and 5 in Sibolga City, plus 7 islands in
18495-513: Was used as its official language and became the lingua franca of the region, replacing Sanskrit, the language of Hinduism. The Srivijayan era is considered the golden age of Malay culture. The glory of Srivijaya however began to wane after the series of raids by the Tamil Chola dynasty in the 11th century. After the fall of Srivijaya in 1025 CE, the Malayu kingdom of Jambi, Sumatra, became
18632-521: Was used replacing the Kawi script, Islamic religious and cultural terminologies were abundantly assimilated, discarding many Hindu-Buddhist words, and Malay became the language of Islamic medium of instruction and dissemination throughout Southeast Asian region. At the height of Malacca's power in the 15th century, the Classical Malay spread beyond the traditional Malay speaking world and resulted in
18769-532: Was viewed with suspicion, and Dr Tengku Mansur entered into negotiations with Mohammad Hatta to reunify East Sumatra with the Republic of Indonesia in May 1950. Mansur surrendered authority to the republic and East Sumatra merged with Tapanuli to become the province of North Sumatra on August 15, 1950. After Indonesian independence, at the first session of the National Committee of Regions (KND), Sumatra
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