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116-811: Djibouti has a population of about 884,017 inhabitants. It is a multiethnic country. The local population grew rapidly during the latter half of the 20th century, increasing from about 69,589 in 1955 to around 869,099 by 2015. The two largest ethnic groups are the Somalis (60%) and Afars (35%). The Somali clan component is mainly composed of the Issa , followed by the Gadabuursi and the Isaaq . The remaining 5% of Djibouti's population primarily consists of Djiboutian Arabs , Ethiopians and Europeans (French and Italians). Approximately 76% of local residents are urban dwellers;

232-483: A free port and abandons the free zone . In 1948, a new currency, the Côte Française des Somalis, was created, pegged to the gold standard and convertible into dollars. In August 1966, an official visit to the territory by then French President , General Charles de Gaulle , was also met with demonstrations and rioting. In response to the protests, de Gaulle ordered another referendum. On 19 March 1967,

348-1017: A language isolate ( Nihali ). Each state and union territory of India has one or more official languages, and the Constitution of India recognizes in particular 22 " scheduled languages ". It also recognizes 212 scheduled tribal groups, which together constitute about 7.5% of the country's population. Most of its states are based on a linguistic ethnicity, including Uttar Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh , and Chhattisgarh ( Hindustanis ), Gujarat ( Gujaratis ), West Bengal ( Bengalis ), Maharashtra ( Marathis ), Odisha ( Odias ), Goa ( Konkanis ), Haryana ( Haryanvis ), Rajasthan ( Rajasthanis ), Punjab ( Punjabis ), Tamil Nadu ( Tamils ), Andhra Pradesh and Telangana ( Telugus ), Karnataka ( Kannada ), Kerala ( Malayalis ), Assam ( Assamese ), Nagaland ( Nagas ), Manipur ( Manipuris ), Mizoram ( Mizos ), Meghalaya ( Khasi ), Tripura ( Tripuri ), and Sikkim ( Sikkimese ). Jammu and Kashmir

464-522: A plurinational state , which recognizes the national distinctiveness of various indigenous peoples . Whether Canada should be described as "multinational" is an ongoing topic in academia and popular discourse. The current policy of the federal government is that Canada is bilingual —English and French are both official languages —and multicultural . In 2006, the House of Commons of Canada voted in favour of Government Business No. 11 , which states that

580-474: A second plebiscite was held to determine the fate of the territory. Initial results supported a continued but looser relationship with France. However, the referendum was again marred by reports of vote rigging on the part of the French authorities, voters rejected independence by a 50-point margin. Announcement of the plebiscite results sparked civil unrest, including several deaths. The population of Djibouti

696-613: A city and an administrative province. The Djibouti Region is one of the six regions of Djibouti. It borders the Gulf of Tadjoura and Gulf of Aden to the north and east, and the Arta Region to the south and west. The Djibouti Region is the smallest province in the country, but contains the national capital, Djibouti, and thus is the region with the greatest population of people. Djibouti Region occupies an area of 200 square kilometres (77 square miles). The administration of Djibouti City

812-588: A daytime maximum temperatures of 29 °C (84 °F). There are barely any days in the year without sunshine, and even during the winter there are many clear days. Djibouti is a multi-ethnic town. It has a population of around 777,000 residents (including suburbs like Balbala) in 2024, making it by far the largest settlement in the country. The largest ethnic group are the Somali and the second largest being Afars , both Cushitic speaking Cushitic peoples . The population of Djibouti City has risen exponentially with

928-545: A different nationality—for example, some members of the Ndebele and Tswana nations speak Zulu, and groups such as the Thembu and Hlubi speak Xhosa. As is the case throughout Africa, the nations of South Africa mostly correspond to specific regions. However, large cities such as Johannesburg are home to a mixture of national groups, leading to a " melting pot " of cultures. The government has continuously attempted to unify

1044-793: A fleet of 400 green-and-white taxis. The main bus hub in Djibouti is the Central Bus Station, located at the crossing of Rue de Bender. Djibouti is served primarily by the Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport . It is the second largest airport in the Horn of Africa , and offers flights to numerous global destinations. As of 2016 , the largest services using the airport include Air Djibouti , Yemenia , Air France , Flydubai , Ethiopian Airlines , Turkish Airlines , Kenya Airways and Qatar Airways . It

1160-674: A minority . According to the United Nations , Russia's immigrant population is the third-largest in the world, numbering over 11.6 million; most of which are from post-Soviet states , mainly Ukrainians . The republics are Tatarstan ( Volga Tatars ), Bashkortostan ( Bashkirs , Volga Tatars ), Chuvashia ( Chuvash ), Adygea ( Adyghe ), Karachay-Cherkessia ( Cherkess of Karachay-Cherkessia , Karachays , Nogais , Abaza ), Kabardino-Balkaria ( Kabardins & Balkars ), Chechnya ( Chechens ), Mordovia ( Mordvin ), Udmurtia ( Udmurts ), Mari El ( Mari ), Kalmykia ( Kalmyks ),

1276-646: A multinational state is usually multicultural or multilingual , and is geographically composed of more than one country, such as the countries of the United Kingdom . Historical multinational states that have since split into multiple states include the Ottoman Empire , British India , Qing Empire , Czechoslovakia , the Soviet Union , Yugoslavia and Austria-Hungary (a dual monarchy of two multinational states). Some analysts have described

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1392-404: A rich seabed and colorful algae. Various fish species can also be found in the local coral gardens, including groupers, jacks and barracuda. Djibouti is a major transportation hub, served by a comprehensive public transport network. Roads leading out of the city connect it to other national localities and to Somalia and Ethiopia . Public transportation is provided through buses stationed at

1508-1022: Is Jewish autonomous oblast ( Jews , but there are a few of them, because of migration to Israel after dissolution of the Soviet Union ), 6 administrative-territorial units with a special status , which are Agin-Buryat Okrug ( Buryats ) in Zabaykalsky Krai , Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug ( Buryats ) in Irkutsk Oblast , Koryak Okrug ( Koryaks ) in Kamchatka Krai , Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District ( Dolgans , Nenets , Enets , Nganasans ) and Evenkiysky District ( Evenki ) in Krasnoyarsky Krai , Komi-Permyak Okrug ( Komi ) in Perm Krai . The Tatars, Bashkirs, and Chechens are three predominantly Muslim minorities in

1624-479: Is Russian . However, Russia's 193 minority ethnic groups speak over 100 languages. According to the 2002 Census, 142.6 million people speak Russian, followed by Tatar with 5.3 million, and Ukrainian with 1.8 million speakers. The constitution gives the individual republics of the country the right to establish their own state languages in addition to Russian. Djibouti (city) Djibouti (also called Djibouti City and Jibuti in early Western texts)

1740-563: Is no ethnic majority in Ghana . The plurality group, the Akan people , are a meta-ethnicity (that is, a collection of similar but distinct ethnicities). While Akan is the most-widely spoken language in Ghana, English is the official language of government. Kenya is home to more than 70 ethnic groups; the most populous of which are the Kikuyu , at about 20 percent of the population. Together,

1856-1140: Is a multinational state consisting of 56 ethnic groups with the Han people the largest ethnic group in mainland China. As of 2010, 91.51% of the population were classified as Han (~1.2 billion). Besides the Han Chinese majority, 55 other ethnic (minority) groups are categorized in present China, numbering approximately 105 million people (8%), mostly concentrated in the bordering northwest, north, northeast, south and southwest but with some in central interior areas. The major minority ethnic groups in China are Zhuang (16.9 million), Hui (10.5 million), Manchu (10.3 million), Uyghur (10 million), Miao (9.4 million), Yi (8.7 million), Tujia (8.3 million), Tibetan (6.2 million), Mongolian (5.9 million), Dong (2.8 million), Buyei (2.8 million), Yao (2.7 million), Bai (1.9 million), Korean (1.8 million), Hani (1.6 million), Li (1.4 million), Kazakh (1.4 million) and Dai (1.2 million). At least 126,000 people from Canada ,

1972-565: Is a multinational state, and is home to over 193 ethnic groups. In the 2010 Census, roughly 81% of the population were ethnic Russians , and 19% of the population were minorities; while around 84.93% of the Russia's population was of European descent , of which the vast majority were Slavs as well as minorities of Germanic , Baltic-Finns and other peoples. There are 22 republics in Russia, designated to have their own ethnicities, cultures, and languages. In 13 of them, ethnic Russians consist

2088-508: Is a terminus of the Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway . For most of its length, the railway runs parallel to the abandoned metre-gauge Ethio-Djibouti Railway . However, the standard-gauge railway is built on a new, straighter right-of-way that allows for much higher speeds. New stations have been built outside city centres, and the old stations have been decommissioned. On 10 January 2017, the 100 km section of Djibouti side

2204-627: Is a trading hub linking Europe , the Far East , the Horn of Africa and the Persian Gulf . An estimated 2,500 ships pass through and call through the port every day. The Djibouti International Free Trade Zone (DIFTZ) is a special economic zone located to the west of the city, which is subject to different economic regulations. The city's port is the terminus for Ethiopian oil transport and export. Increase in railway infrastructure has further enabled Ethiopian and Eritrean oil products to reach

2320-464: Is dominated by trade, most local businesses have their headquarters in the city. Djibouti Telecom , the largest telecommunications company in the country, is based here. During its existence, Djibouti Airlines also had its head office in the city. Djibouti City is the financial hub to many entrepreneurial industries ranging from construction, retail, import and export, money transfer companies, and Internet cafés . Djibouti City main trading ports,

2436-420: Is filled with bazaars and souks nestled along narrow streets. Djibouti City has wide streets, restaurants , Plaza (town squares) and cafes while many of the boulevards are lined with trees. It is serves as both a center for commerce and entertainment , as well as a residential area. To accommodate the growing middle class, many new apartments and housing developments are being constructed in and around

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2552-705: Is formed of three municipalities: The commune of Ras-Dika, commune of Boulaos and commune of Balbala. The Djibouti City Council elected members headed by the mayor, who serves a five-year term and appoints deputies. The mayor of Djibouti City, who has executive powers, and the National Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, social services, local roads and refuse collection. Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements. Djibouti City

2668-539: Is identifies the city with Canbala by O.G.S. Crawford . Canbala appears in Muhammad al-Idrisi 's map of 1192 on the coast of the Horn of Africa , southeast of the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb , and with Cambaleh, a town where the Venetian traveler Bragadino, a thirteenth-century European visitor to Ethiopia , resided for eight years. In 1896, the settlement was made the capital of French Somaliland . The main purpose of

2784-507: Is now the downtown area. They became dockers and constitute the first local proletariat. The French and natives built hotels, houses, mosques and churches. The Yemeni, Egyptian, Greek , Armenian and Italian merchants and traders flock to this promise that Djibouti represents. Additionally, the rich agricultural southern area of Ambouli continued to flourish due to an abundance of date palm farms and Orchards . Djibouti did not attract as many boats as Aden . In 1896, Léonce Lagarde became

2900-525: Is only in Nigeria that they are classified as a single ethnic group for political expediency. Nigeria is also made up of many other ethnic groups like the Yoruba , Igbo and Ibibio . Prior to colonialism, they were not self identified as one ethnic nationality but are so today along with the three Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo which classification does carry between each group of who is part of and not part of

3016-459: Is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a dabqaad . Djiboutian music has Somali and Afar roots. Most Somali songs follow the pentatonic scale . That is, they only use five pitches per octave in contrast to a heptatonic (seven note) scale, often found in Western music . At first listen, Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as Ethiopia, Sudan or

3132-477: Is quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for

3248-545: Is similar to Urdu, and many of whom were educated in Urdu under British rule). Bengalis feared they would be marginalized despite their demographic strength as, at the time, the largest ethnic group of Pakistan. These grievances culminated in the secession of East Bengal (which had been part of the administrative unit of East Pakistan ) and the creation of Bangladesh. Today, nationalist movements within Pakistan include those of

3364-569: Is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of Djibouti . It overlooks the Gulf of Tadjoura , with access to both the harbour and airport . The Governor's Palace of Djibouti was the seat of the governor of French Somaliland and French Territory of the Afars and the Issas from 1884 to 1977. The Regional Somali Language Academy is an intergovernmental regulating body for

3480-487: Is the capital city of the Republic of Djibouti . It is located in the coastal Djibouti Region on the Gulf of Tadjoura . Djibouti has a population of around 780,000 inhabitants, which counts for 73% of the country's population. The settlement was founded in 1888 by the French, on land leased from the ruling Somali and Afar Sultans. During the ensuing period, it served as the capital of French Somaliland and its successor

3596-456: Is the largest airport in Djibouti and serves as a major gateway for travellers to the Horn of Africa and the world. Located approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from the city centre, the airport was opened in 1948. Originally a modest-sized facility, the airport grew considerably in size in the post-independence period after numerous successive renovation projects. Outbound international travel from

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3712-543: Is the only union territory in the country based on this which is home to the Kashmiris , Dogras , Ladakhis , Gujjars , Bakarwals , Paharis , Dards , Hanjis , and several other people groups. Furthermore, several other Indian states are themselves ethnically, linguistically, and religiously diverse. The tribes of Uttar Pradesh are Agarias , Baigas , Bhars , Cheros , Gonds , Kolis , Korwas , Tharus , Bhoksas , Bhotiyas , Jaunsaris , and Rajis ; Madhya Pradesh

3828-661: Is the primary official and national language, followed by English . In Sabah and Sarawak, English is the official language, although many locals speak a dialect of Malay. Myanmar (also known as Burma) is an ethnically diverse nation with 135 distinct ethnic groups officially recognized by the Burmese Government . These are grouped into eight "major national ethnic races": Bamar , Chin , Kachin , Karen , Kayah , Mon , Rakhine , Shan The "major national ethnic races" are grouped primarily according to region rather than linguistic or ethnic affiliation, as for example

3944-661: Is the seat of the Government of Djibouti . Many government departments, as well as the President's residence at the presidential palace are based. The National Assembly (formerly the Chamber of Deputies) is the country's legislature consisting of 65 members elected every five years. Although unicameral, the Constitution provides for the creation of a senate . The Social Development Agency of Djibouti (Agence de Développement Sociale de Djibouti) has its head offices here, as does

4060-454: Is then that this point begins to be used as departure for caravans towards Harar . The French subsequently founded Djibouti in 1888, in a previously uninhabited stretch of coast. According to one account, this was due to "its superiority to Obok both in respect to harbour accommodation and in nearness to Harrar ." Ambouli was a small village before the French arrived it was about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of Ras Djiboutil, Ambouli

4176-544: Is where tribes such as the Gonds, Bhils , Baiga, Korku , Bhadia , Halba , Kaul , Mariya , Malto and Sahariya ; Chhattisgarh 's tribal population consists mainly of the Gonds, Kanwars , Brinjhwasr , Bhaina , Bhatra , Uraon , Oraons , Kamar , Halba, Baiga, Sanwras , Korwas , Bhariatis , Nageshias , Manghwars , Kharias , and Dhanwars ; Bihar has the Bhojpuris , Maithils , and Magadhis , and Jharkhand has

4292-567: The Allied offensive against the Italians included a blockade of French Somaliland . On 25 September the RAF launched several airstrikes on the city, prompting French official Nouailhetas to institute a brutal reign of terror against Europeans and African inhabitants of the city. Famine set in malnutrition-related diseases took many lives, 70% of them women and children and many townsfolk left for

4408-495: The Arabian Peninsula , but it is ultimately recognizable by its own unique tunes and styles. Traditional Afar music resembles the folk music of other parts of the Horn of Africa such as Ethiopia ; it also contains elements of Arabic music . The history of Djibouti is recorded in the poetry and songs of its nomadic people, and goes back thousands of years to a time when the peoples of Djibouti traded hides and skins for

4524-703: The Central Thais , Isan , and Northern Thais , 22 Austroasiatic peoples, with significant populations of Northern Khmer and Kuy , 11 Sino-Tibetan -speaking hill tribes , 3 Austronesian peoples being Malays , Moken , and Urak Lawoi . Immigrants in the nation includes communities like the Chinese , Indians , and Thai Portuguese . However, the Royal Thai Government officially recognizes only 62 of these ethnolinguistic groups. The Vietnamese government recognizes 54 ethnic groups , of which

4640-596: The Doraleh Container Terminal , a third major seaport intended to further develop the national transit capacity. A$ 396 million project, it has the capacity to accommodate 1.5 million 6.1-metre (20 ft) container units annually. There are also daily scheduled ferry services from the Port de Peche to Tadjoura , Obock also some other destinations in Yemen , Somalia and Eritrea . Djibouti

4756-592: The European Union as a multinational state or a potential one. Many attempts have been made to define what a multinational state is. One complicating factor is that it is possible for members of a group that could be considered a nation to identify with two different nationalities simultaneously. As Ilan Peleg wrote in Democratizing the Hegemonic State : One can be a Scot and a Brit in

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4872-619: The Free French was André Bayardelle . In 1946, Djibouti received the status of overseas territory . An elected territorial assembly was created then, in 1956, a government council charged, under the chairmanship of the head of the territory , with the management of local affairs. At the same time, fiscal, customs and monetary measures are put in place to promote the development of the deep-water port, to finally compete with Aden . Port facilities are expanding considerably and can afford to accommodate 2,000 ships per year. Djibouti becomes

4988-530: The French Territory of the Afars and Issas . There is evidence of human settlement on the eastern coastline of Djibouti dating back to the Bronze Age . From 1862 until 1894, the land to the north of the Gulf of Tadjoura was called Obock and was ruled by Issa and Afar Sultans , local authorities with whom France signed various treaties between 1883 and 1887 to first gain a foothold in

5104-662: The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) trade bloc. Additionally, the Regional Somali Language Academy , a language regulator established in June 2013 by the governments of Djibouti , Somalia and Ethiopia , has its headquarters in the city. The architecture of Djibouti reflects the city's history since the early 1890s and is marked by both native Djiboutians , Yemeni , French and modern buildings. The old section

5220-548: The Javanese , Sundanese , Malays , Madurese , Bugis , Torajans , Bataks , Mandarese , Minangkabos , Betawi , Banjarese , Acehnese , Balinese , Dayaks , Sasaks , Cirebonese , Lampungese , Palembang , Gorontaloa , Minahasan , Nias , and Makassarese . Another group of indigenous peoples in the country are the native Melanesians in the Maluku Islands and Western New Guinea , which include tribes such as

5336-743: The Kinnauris , Gujjars , Lahaulis , Gaddis , Swanglas , Pangwalis , Khampas , and others; Arunachal Pradesh being the home of various tribes like the Abor , Hruso , Apatanis , Nyishis , Tagins , Galos , Khamptis , Mishmis , Monpa , any Naga tribes, Sherdukpens , and Singpho ; the Assam includes the Assamese, Bodo , and Karbi peoples . Indonesia is a very diverse country with over 1,300 ethnic groups. The vast majority of them speak Austronesian languages and among these tribal people groups are

5452-894: The Komi Republic ( Komi ), Karelia ( Karelians , ethnic Finns , Vepsians ), Ingushetia ( Ingushs ), North Ossetia-Alania ( Ossetians ), Sakha ( Yakuts , Evenki , Evens , Dolgans , Yukaghir ), Buryatia ( Buryats ), Khakassia ( Khakas ), the Altai Republic ( Altai , ethnic Kazakhs ), Tuva ( Tuvans ), and Dagestan (ethnic Azerbaijanis , Chechens , Avars , Dargins , Kumyks , Lezgins , Laks , Tabasarans , Nogais , Aguls , Rutuls , Tsakhurs , Tats and others). There are also 4 autonomous okrugs which are Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug ( Khanty & Mansi ), Nenets Autonomous Okrug ( Nenets ), Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug ( Nenets , Selkup ), and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug ( Chukchi ), 1 autonomous oblast , it

5568-649: The Ogaden , including trade in Harari coffee and khat . Djibouti began to develop as a commercial center. In 1933, Djibouti was the first town to be wired to electricity in French Somaliland . On 12 July 1926, the Fontainebleau, a Messageries Maritimes steamer loaded with cotton and heading for China caught fire while approaching Djibouti. The captain decided to flood the holds and run aground his ship in

5684-741: The Pakistan Movement , which demanded a separate state for the Muslims of the British Raj . The movement was based on the two-nation theory put forward by Muhammad Ali Jinnah : the idea that Hindus and Muslims in British India represented not only different religious communities but also distinct nations, and hence that, in the event of Indian independence , they should be divided into two nation states. Jinnah (known in Pakistan as "Quaid-e-Azam", meaning "the great leader") outlined

5800-730: The Pashtuns , Tajiks , Hazaras , Uzbeks , Aimaqs , Turkmens , Balochs , and Sadats . Among the minor groups are the Pashayis , Nuristanis , Pamiris , Kurds , Kyrgyz , and several others. The four major groups that compose Bhutan's ethnic population are the Ngalops , which make up the majority, the Sharchops , the Lhotshampas , and the aboriginal or indigenous tribal peoples living in villages and communities scattered throughout

5916-589: The Québécois "form a nation within a united Canada". According to Canadian political philosopher Charles Blattberg, Canada should be seen as a multinational country. All Canadians are members of Canada as a civic or political community, a community of citizens, and this is a community that contains many other kinds within it. These include not only communities of ethnic, regional, religious, and civic (the provincial and municipal governments) sorts, but also national communities, which often include or overlap with many of

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6032-514: The Red Sea in the Horn of Africa at the urging of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. In 1900, during the early part of the colonial era, there were virtually no Christians in the area, with only about 100–300 followers coming from the schools and orphanages of the few Catholic missions in French Somaliland . Islam is the driving force behind the unity of varying ethnic groups from different parts of

6148-399: The Santhals , Oraons , Mundas , Kharias , and Hos while both states are home to several other groups like the Hindustani -speaking peoples; Uttarakhand is where the Garhwalis , Kumaonis , and tribes like the Jaunsaris, Bhotiyas, Tharus, Bhoksas, Rajis, and Banrawats resides; Karnataka houses the Kannadigas , Tuluvas , and several others; Himachal Pradesh is home to tribes like

6264-452: The Second World War , Djibouti was hit by Italian airstrikes on 21 June 1940, which killed many people in the town. The anti-aircraft fire was intense and two Italian aircraft failed to return, but fires and explosions were seen in Djibouti. Overnight, several waves of Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 bombers attacked the port facilities. After the France fell and the colony was then ruled by the pro-Axis Vichy (French) government . By that time,

6380-428: The Sindhis , Pashtuns , Balochs , Mohajirs , and Kashmiris . The members of these movements assert that Islam cannot be considered the sole basis for nationhood, and that Pakistan is therefore a multinational state. Their demands range from increased autonomy or the transformation of Pakistan into a federation , to the recognition of language rights for non-Urdu-speaking populations, to outright secession. Despite

6496-460: The Somali language in the Horn region. On 28 June 2013, the Government of Djibouti , the Federal Government of Somalia and the Government of Ethiopia launched the Regional Somali Language Academy at a ceremony in Djibouti City. The event was organized by Djibouti 's Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Culture and Waqf in conjunction with the Somali-Speaking PEN Centre of Djibouti, and was attended by around 50 prominent Somali-speaking intellectuals from

6612-483: The US and Europe are living in Mainland China. In addition, there are also unrecognized ethnic groups , for example: Chuanqing people (穿青人), and others, who account for over 730,000 people. However, the Republic of China (ROC), which ruled mainland China from 1912 to 1949 and currently governs the island of Taiwan since 1945, had recognized five main ethnic groups under Five Races Under One Union : Han, Hui, Manchu, Mongol and Tibetan. Since retreating to Taiwan,

6728-437: The hinterland . The locals named the blockade the carmii, a word for a type of sorghum usually reserved for cattle, but used as human food at the height of the famine. The head doctor at the hospital committed suicide in despair. Only a few Arab dhows (boutres) managed to run the blockade to Djibouti and Obock and only two French ships from Madagascar managed to run it. The Japanese declaration of war (7 December 1941) gave

6844-496: The international financial crisis . Djibouti has been considered an oasis of peace and a model of political stability in a region . Tourism in Djibouti is centered in the Djibouti region. City landmarks include historic buildings, two important public squares, and the Hall of the People. Many private companies offer organized tours of these sites. The two small Maskali and Moucha islands are situated an hour's boat ride from Djibouti. They feature madreporic mangroves , with

6960-480: The 180 sovereign states then in existence were ethnically and nationally homogeneous, if a homogeneous state was defined as one in which minorities made up less than 5 percent of the population. Sujit Choudhry therefore argues that "[t]he age of the agriculturally homogeneous state, if ever there was one, is over". Most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are former colonies and, as such, are not drawn along national lines, making them truly multinational states. There

7076-407: The 1920s, the first local movie theaters opened, during a time when Djibouti City was growing in size. Film theaters became a place where local residents could watch movies in a relaxed atmosphere. With the development of the local film industry, additional theaters were launched. Among these establishments was the Eden in 1934, Olympia in 1939, Le Paris in 1965, and Al Hilal in 1975. During

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7192-432: The 1970s, the capital city had five movie theaters, with one in each district. A few local attempts at film making were also concurrently carried out with the participation of local actors. One of these was Burta Djinka , a film in Somali directed by G. Borg in 1972. Following independence in 1977, a growing number of government-owned production and distribution companies as well as actual projection theaters sprang up. In

7308-453: The 1990s two of the biggest cinemas, Odeon and Olympia, closed their doors. The languages of Djibouti include Arabic and French (official), and Somali and Afar (primary), which are the mother tongues of the Somali and Afar ethnic groups, respectively. Both languages belong to the larger Afro-Asiatic family. Religion in Djibouti (2016) Islam entered the region very early on, as a group of persecuted Muslims had sought refuge across

7424-466: The Ambonese, native Timorese peoples , Biak, Dani , Moi, Arfak, Amungme, Asmat , and Korowai , among others. Non-indigenous peoples includes Indos (half-Dutch, half-native Indonesians), Mardijkers , ethnic Chinese and Peranakans , ethnic Indians , Arabs , Iranians , Japanese , Koreans , and several others. The largest ethnicity in Indonesia is the Javanese which makes up 40% of the population and most of them live indigenously in Java island ,

7540-411: The Djibouti Bus Service Enterprise. The city at large serves as a point of intersection for the main roads and highways linking different parts of the country. It is one of the most accessible urban areas in the country, where one can find public and private transportation 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. A significant number of the city's residents use the local informal minibuses and taxis, which include

7656-404: The Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport accounts for the majority of all air passengers traveling to and from Djibouti. Due to its strategic location, the facility acts as a civil aviation hub for the rest of the country. This makes for a large number of departures and arrivals, and it is not unusual for flights to be delayed in the holding pattern before landing. The Port of Djibouti is one of

7772-443: The French interest in colonizing the region was to protect their trade routes to Madagascar and Indochina from the encroachment of other European powers. The town later grew considerably in size following the construction of the Franco-Ethiopian Railway . In 1895, Djibouti, which, not so long ago, was just a peninsula , already had 5,000 inhabitants . Many Issa and Afar nomads left their herds to settle here, built houses on what

7888-803: The Mezz Tower, SALAAM Tower and East Africa Bank. Djibouti City is the headquarters of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD). The Théâtre des Salines opened in 1965 as an important cultural landmark in the national capital . Open-air, in the form of an arena ; with concrete bleachers, the Théâtre des Salines is a mythical place for Djiboutians who were born before the country's independence . Indeed, this place has hosted many shows for several decades (plays, concerts, one man show etc...). The National Archives and Library of Djibouti hosts many artifacts and artistic treasures in Djibouti , it holds many culturally important artefacts , including old coins, bartering tools, traditional artwork, ancient weaponry and pottery items. The presidential palace

8004-562: The ROC government recognizes 16 groups of Taiwanese aborigines , which constitutes a number 569,000 or 2.38% of the island 's population. The PRC classifies them as Gāoshān . India has more than 2,000 ethnolinguistic groups which includes over 645 indigenous tribes with 52 major tribes among them, and over 80,000 subcultures, and every major religion is represented being Hinduism , Islam , Adivasi , Sikhism , Buddhism , and Christianity as are four major language families ( Indo-Aryan , Dravidian , Austroasiatic , and Sino-Tibetan ) and

8120-574: The Shan Major National Ethnic Race includes 33 ethnic groups speaking languages in at least four widely differing language families. Many unrecognized ethnic groups exist, the largest being the Burmese Chinese and Panthay (who together form 3% of the population), Burmese Indians (who form 2% of the population), Rohingya , Anglo-Burmese and Gurkha . Nepal is a multi-ethnic country with over 100 ethnic groups. Most ethnic groups fall into one of two categories and either speak Indo-Aryan languages or Sino-Tibetan languages . The official language of

8236-559: The United Kingdom, a Jew and an American in the United States, an Igbo and a Nigerian in Nigeria ... One might find it hard to be a Slovak and a Hungarian, an Arab and an Israeli, a Breton and a Frenchman. A state may also be a society , and a multiethnic society has people belonging to more than one ethnic group, in contrast to societies that are ethnically homogeneous . By some definitions of "society" and "homogeneous", virtually all contemporary national societies are multiethnic. The scholar David Welsh argued in 1993 that fewer than 20 of

8352-693: The Viet (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census), ethnic Vietnamese account for 85.32% of the nation's population and the non-Vietnamese ethnic groups account for the remaining percent. The ethnic Vietnamese inhabit a little less than half of Vietnam, while the ethnic minorities inhabit the majority of Vietnam's land (albeit the least fertile parts of the country). The central highland peoples commonly termed Degar or Montagnards ( mountain people ) consist of two main ethnolinguistic types-- Malayo-Polynesian and Mon–Khmer . About 30 groups of various cultures and dialects are spread over

8468-496: The annual precipitation falls between October and May. The city sees on average 163.5 millimetres (6.44 in) of rainfall per year. Average high temperatures range from 29 °C (84 °F) during the months of December, January and February, to about 42 °C (108 °F) in July. There are two seasons: a hot dry season from May to October and a cooler season with more precipitation from November to April (winter). The rainfall on

8584-529: The capital. The banking sector is one of the principal foundations of Djibouti's economy. The financial sector of the Republic of Djibouti has grown dramatically in recent years, a process that began in the early 2000s, and that was in large part prompted by an explosion the number of exchange agencies and remittances throughout the country. The Djiboutian financial sector, with total assets of 265 billion DJF or 10.2 per cent of GDP, has not been affected by

8700-608: The city. A few of the building fronts have been renovated and date back to the 19th century. The Place of 27 June in the city center is also distinguished by its Moorish -inspired arches. Due to its numerous exotic edifices and structures, the city has also been likened to a European settlement. Since independence, the people of Djibouti have introduced new infrastructure and technology , which has led to new and innovative building concepts, ideas and construction techniques. Notable taller architecture in Djibouti City includes

8816-448: The coast usually occurs between November and March, whereas further inland it falls between April and October. In the summer months, temperatures routinely exceed 40 °C (104 °F), with relative humidity at its lowest point of the year. Sunshine is abundant in the city, averaging eight to ten hours a day year-round. It is lowest during the rainy period, when there is some coastal fog and greater cloud coverage as warm air passes over

8932-700: The colony some respite, since the Royal Navy were forced to withdraw all but two ships from the blockade for use in the Far East. The rule of Nouailhetas was too brutal for even the authoritarian leaders at Vichy to stand for. In October 1942 he was recalled and forced to retire without a pension, Following the war, he escaped to Portugal . He returned to face a military tribunal and was acquitted on 17 July 1953, which sparked outrage in Djibouti . The Commander-in-Chief, East Africa , William Platt , codenamed

9048-533: The cool sea surface. However, precipitation is highly variable and long periods without any rainfall occur throughout the year. Unusual episodes of heavy rain sometimes occur, with a maximal 224 millimetres (8.82 in) falling in November 1949. This climate zone has summers that reach a maximum temperature of 41.7 °C (107.1 °F) and a minimum temperature of 32 °C (90 °F). Winters have average nighttime temperatures of 21 °C (70 °F) and

9164-723: The country is Nepali , earlier known as Gorkhali in the Kingdom of Nepal , which is part of the Indo-Aryan group and is the spoken by majority of the population. The Indo-Aryan languages languages are spoken by Madhesi people ( Maithili , Bhojpuri , Awadhi ) and Tharu ethnic groups which constitutes majority of the speakers in southern Nepal in the Terai region. The people who speak Sino-Tibetan languages includes Tamang , Newari , Magar , Gurung , Kiranti and Sherpa ethnic groups in central and northern Nepal. Much of

9280-508: The country's various nationalities and to foster a South African identity. Many of the nationalities found in South Africa are also found in bordering countries, and in some cases, more members live in South Africa than in the country where the group originated. For example, there are more Sotho , Tswana, and Swazi people living in South Africa than in the bordering nation states of Lesotho , Botswana , and Eswatini , respectively. In

9396-438: The country, and has significantly shaped the values and traditions of Djibouti. Multiethnic A multinational state or a multinational union is a sovereign entity that comprises two or more nations or states . This contrasts with a nation state , where a single nation accounts for the bulk of the population. Depending on the definition of "nation" (which touches on ethnicity , language, and political identity),

9512-950: The country. Russia is also home to small Buddhist populations, such as the nomadic Buryats in Buryatia, and the Kalmyks; native to Kalmykia, the only Buddhist region in Europe. There are also the Shamanistic peoples of Siberia and the Far North ; the Finno-Ugric peoples of Northwest Russia and the Volga region ; the Korean inhabitants of Sakhalin ; and the diverse peoples of the North Caucasus . Russia's official language

9628-561: The country. There are also Tibetan refugees that have been around since 1959 during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion . While the ethnic Khmer make up 90-94% of Cambodia , others consists of four different major minority groups: the Chams , the indigenous highland Khmer Loeu tribes, the ethnic Chinese , and the ethnic Vietnamese , in addition to other smaller minority groups such as the Khmer Krom . The People's Republic of China (PRC)

9744-544: The establishment of Urdu as the country's sole official language is a form of cultural imperialism that ignores the heritage of Pakistan's diverse peoples. The most successful of these movements was Bengali nationalism , which led to the creation of the Bengali -speaking nation-state of Bangladesh . The movement asserted that Urdu's official status gave an unfair advantage to Muhajirs (most of whom speak Urdu as their mother tongue) and Punjabis (whose mother tongue, Punjabi ,

9860-437: The ethnic Lao who make up the majority in the country, 32 Mon-Khmer peoples, 7 Tibeto-Burmese peoples, and 2 Hmong - Loumien peoples. They are generally spread across the nation each with their own distinct traditions, cultures and languages. When it was formed on 16 September 1963, Malaysia comprised four independent, self-governing nations: Malaya , Singapore , Sabah , and Sarawak . In 1965, Singapore seceded from

9976-607: The ethnic groups migrated from neighbouring countries over the centuries from India and Tibet . Pakistan 's population comprises various ethnolinguistic groups; the major groups are the Punjabis , Pashtuns , Sindhis , Saraikis , Balochs , Brahuis , Paharis , and Muhajirs . Minor groups includes the Kashmiris , Chitralis , Shina , Baltis , Kohistanis , Torwalis , Hazaras , Burusho , Wakhis , Kalash , Siddis , Uzbeks , Nuristanis , Pamiris , Hazarewals and several other minorities. Present-day Pakistan arose out of

10092-508: The fact that Punjabis are widely seen as the dominant ethnic group in Pakistan, both economically and politically, there is also a small Punjabi movement that asserts that the Punjabi language has been unfairly subordinated to Urdu and supports the reestablishment of cultural and economic links with East Punjab in India. The Philippines has more than 182 distinct ethnolinguistic groups that

10208-630: The federation. Today, Malaya, Sabah, and Sarawak each have their own ethnic majority. Generally, however, Malaysia is considered to have three major groups: Bumiputeras ( Malays , Orang Asal , and Peranakans ), ethnic Chinese , and ethnic Indians . While the Malays make up the majority of population in the country, the Ibans for Sarawak and the Kadazan-Dusun , Murut , and Sama-Bajau peoples for Sabah are dominant in their respective states. Malay

10324-503: The first governor of the French Somali Coast, a new name for the French dependencies in the region. At the start of the 20th century, Djibouti had 10,000 inhabitants and was considered a major regional port. Its main activity remains the supply of French ships en route to Indochina or Madagascar . Only 150,000 tonnes of freight per year are handled. In addition, the railway line has not yet been fully exploited. Although

10440-673: The five largest groups—the Kikuyu, Luo , Luhya , Kamba , and Kalenjin —account for 70 percent of Kenyans. The largest nation in Nigeria is the Hausa-Fulani , which accounts for 29 percent of the country's population. However, the group actually encompasses two distinct ethnicities: the Hausa and the Fulani (or Fulbe). While both ethnicities are found in large areas of West Africa , it

10556-416: The government of Djibouti has launched a major campaign to combat illegal immigration , citing security and public health concerns. The majority of local residents speak Somali (303,100 speakers) or Afar (101,200 speakers) as a first language, which are the mother tongues of the Somali and Afar ethnic groups, respectively and the two main demographic groups in the city. Both languages belong to

10672-431: The government of such a state." This movement culminated in the creation of Pakistan in 1947 through the partition of India . Urdu was then promoted as the national language of all South Asian Muslims . However, Pakistan remains ethnically diverse. Punjabis are the largest ethnolinguistic group, but at 45 percent of the population, they do not make up an absolute majority. Furthermore, only 8 percent of Pakistanis speak

10788-783: The group aside from them Nigeria as about 250–500 other ethnic nationalities considered minorities with some large enough to control the outcomes of elections in states such as the Igala and Urhobo. While some are so small that they only show up in one local Government area. Present-day South Africa is the successor state to the Union of South Africa , which was formed from four British colonies in 1910. South Africa has eleven official languages ( Afrikaans , English, Ndebele , Pedi , Sotho , Swazi , Tsonga , Tswana , Venda , Xhosa , and Zulu ) and formally recognizes several other languages spoken by minority nations. Speakers of each language may be of

10904-490: The highland territory. Other minority groups include the Chams —remnants of the once-mighty Champa Kingdom, conquered by the Vietnamese through a progress called " Nam Tiến ", Hmong , Chinese , and Thái . Montenegro is the only European state with no ethnic majority, but many others have ethnic minorities that form a majority within a province or region (see multilingual countries and regions of Europe ). Russia

11020-543: The initial French efforts to establish commercial influence in the region proved to be unsuccessful enough to require a government bailout, the Franco-Ethiopian Railway itself was a success and allowed Djibouti's commerce to quickly eclipse the former caravan-based trade carried on with nearby Zeila in British Somaliland . Djibouti became the center of exports from southern Ethiopia and

11136-503: The interior. Poetry has been traditionally recited in the villages by special readers called gabaye. This was a way of recording the community's history and customs, as well as current events. Djiboutian cuisine is a mixture of Somali , Afar, Yemeni , and French cuisine , with some additional South Asian (especially Indian ) culinary influences. Local dishes are commonly prepared using Middle Eastern spices, ranging from saffron to cinnamon . Spicy dishes come in many variations, from

11252-520: The larger Afroasiatic family. There are two official languages in Djibouti: Arabic (Afroasiatic) and French ( Indo-European ). Arabic is of social, cultural and religious importance. In formal settings, it consists of Modern Standard Arabic . Colloquially, about 40,000 local residents speak the Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic dialect, also known as Southern Yemeni Arabic due to Yemeni immigrants. French

11368-529: The largest and busiest seaports in the Horn region . As of 2013 , the container terminal at the port handles the bulk of the nation's trade. About 70% of the seaport's activity consists of imports to and exports from neighboring Ethiopia, which depends on the harbour as its main maritime outlet. The port also serves as an international refueling center and transshipment hub. In 2012, the Djiboutian government in collaboration with DP World started construction on

11484-470: The middle of the harbor of Djibouti, causing significant inconvenience for port traffic. The city then proposed using the wreck as a promontory of a new deep-water port , connecting it to the Marabout plateau by a 700-meter jetty. The idea was accepted and work began in 1931. The first phase was completed in 1935 and considerably increased port and rail traffic. An oil terminal was built in 1937. During

11600-529: The most populous island in the country. Generally, people who live outside of Jakarta still retain the ethnic language and utilize it in daily conversations. As a result, formation of distinct dialects each unique to the regions, is prominently used among the population. The government of Laos recognizes over 160 ethnic groups with 49 main ethnicities. These main Laotian ethnic groups separated into 4 linguistic groups which are 8 Lao-Tai peoples which includes

11716-478: The national language, Urdu, as their mother tongue . As a result, many nationalist movements that oppose the two-nation theory have emerged, arguing that Pakistan is not only a linguistically diverse state but also a multinational one, and that, therefore, each ethnolinguistic group of Pakistan is a distinct nation. Common grievances of these movements include the idea that Punjabis dominate Pakistan politically and economically, thus marginalizing other groups, and that

11832-632: The negotiations for the surrender of French Somaliland "Pentagon", because there were five sides: himself, the Vichy governor, the Free French , the British minister at Addis Ababa and the United States. Christian Raimond Dupont surrendered and Colonel Raynal's troops crossed back into French Somaliland on 26 December 1942, completing its liberation. The official handover took place at 10:00 p.m. on 28 December. The first governor appointed under

11948-527: The other kinds. He thus recognizes the following nations within Canada: those formed by the various First Nations , that of francophone Quebecers, that of the anglophones who identify with English Canadian culture , and perhaps that of the Acadians . While Pashto and Dari being Afghanistan 's two official languages, the nation is separated into several ethnolinguistic groups which the major ones include

12064-508: The past, this has led to conflict. Lesotho still claims large swathes of South Africa, and attempts have been made to cede some South African territory to Botswana and Eswatini. All three states were intended to be incorporated in the Union of South Africa, but those plans never came to fruition because of power struggles within their apartheid governments. Since 2010, under the presidency of Evo Morales , Bolivia has been officially defined as

12180-495: The perfumes and spices of ancient Egypt , India , and China . Afar Oral Literature is also quite musical. Popular Djiboutian musicians include Nima Djama , Abdo Xamar Qoodh , Mohamed Ali Fourchette , Abdallah Lee , Shay Lia , and Xabiiba Cabdilaahi . Storytelling is an ancient custom in Djiboutian culture. This tradition is continued by a love of cinema. The earliest forms of public film display in Djibouti were in French . In

12296-591: The region and elsewhere. Among the guests were Somalia 's Minister of Information, Posts and Telecommunications Abdullahi Elmoge Hersi , Somaliland ’s Minister of Culture Abiib Diriye Nur, and the Vice President of the Somali Region of Ethiopia Abdihakim Igal Omar. Djibouti has several public parks. The largest of these is the Lagarde Park . Djibouti City economy, like that of Djibouti ,

12412-477: The region. The exchange of Franco-British diplomatic notes of 2 and 9 February 1888 fixed the territorial limit between the colonies of the two countries; leaving explicitly under French authority the southern coasts of the Gulf of Tadjoura, including a peninsula composed of insubmersible plateaux, Ras Djibouti as a highly strategic location, a future bridgehead for French designs in the rest of Africa and Asia. It

12528-462: The remainder are pastoralists . Djiboutians' culture is primarily rooted in Somali and Afar traditions. They speak different Cushitic languages , which are part of the larger Afro-Asiatic language family. Historically, they have been nomadic pastoralists . However, recently the population has become urbanized - today, more than half live in the capital , along with the nearby towns and villages of

12644-417: The small local Catholic population, which it estimates numbered around 7,000 individuals in 2006. Among the places of worship , they are predominantly Muslim mosques. There are also Christian churches and temples : Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church , Roman Catholic Diocese of Djibouti ( Catholic Church ), Protestant churches , Evangelical Churches . Djibouti has the distinction of being both

12760-415: The succeeding French Territory of the Afars and Issas . When Djibouti declared Independence on 27 June 1977, the population of Djibouti was over 110,000, the city has served as the administrative and commercial capital of the Republic of Djibouti. Djibouti has an arid climate ( Köppen : BWh ). It is characterised by very hot rainless summers and a very warm, slightly wetter winter season. Most of

12876-471: The successive waves of immigrants and refugees arriving throughout the 20th century. Many of the immigrants arrived from Ethiopia and Somalia in 1985 and 1991. In 2001 many undocumented immigrants , were expelled from Djibouti. Another mass wave of Yemeni refugees from Yemen arrived in 2015. Djibouti City was nicknamed the "French Hong Kong in the Red Sea" due to its cosmopolitan urbanism. In 2023,

12992-842: The theory as follows: It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It

13108-536: The traditional Fah-fah or " Soupe Djiboutienne " (spicy boiled beef soup), to the yetakelt wet (spicy mixed vegetable stew). Xalwo (pronounced "halwo") or halva is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions, such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. Halva is made from sugar , corn starch , cardamom powder, nutmeg powder, and ghee . Peanuts are sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor. After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using incense ( cuunsi ) or frankincense ( lubaan ), which

13224-817: The vast majority of them speaking Austronesian languages , with the Tagalogs , Bisayans , Ilocanos , Bikols , Kapampangans , Pangasinans , Ivatans , Romblomanons , Masbateños , Kamayos , Moros , Igorots , Lumads , Mangyans , and Zamboangueños being the most prevalent. Among the immigrants and mixed peoples are the Spanish Filipinos , Chinese Filipinos , Japanese Filipinos , Mestizo de Españols , Mestizo de Sangleys , Tornatrás , Indian Filipinos , Sangils , Jewish Filipinos , and American Filipinos . There are some 70 ethnic groups in Thailand which make up 24 ethnolinguistically Tai peoples such as

13340-412: Was growing rapidly, from officially about 17,000 inhabitants in 1947. In 1949, the plan of Djibouti consisted of four main features: a hierarchical system of streets laid out in a grid, large blocks consisting of small-scale domestic dwellings, the organization of these blocks around central open spaces, and the concentration of cultural institutions to form a civic center. It then became the headquarters of

13456-463: Was inherited from the colonial period and is the primary language of instruction. About 14,200 Djiboutians speak it as a first language. Immigrant languages include Omani Arabic (38,900 speakers) and Amharic (1,400 speakers). Djibouti's population is predominantly Muslim . Islam is observed by 94% of the nation's population (around 740,000 as of 2012 ), whereas the remaining 6% of residents are Christian adherents. The Diocese of Djibouti serves

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